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Ito Y, Inoue S, Kagoya Y. Gene editing technology to improve antitumor T-cell functions in adoptive immunotherapy. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:13. [PMID: 38468282 PMCID: PMC10926667 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy, in which tumor-reactive T cells are prepared in vitro for adoptive transfer to the patient, can induce an objective clinical response in specific types of cancer. In particular, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T-cell therapy has shown robust responses in hematologic malignancies. However, its efficacy against most of the other tumors is still insufficient, which remains an unmet medical need. Accumulating evidence suggests that modifying specific genes can enhance antitumor T-cell properties. Epigenetic factors have been particularly implicated in the remodeling of T-cell functions, including changes to dysfunctional states such as terminal differentiation and exhaustion. Genetic ablation of key epigenetic molecules prevents the dysfunctional reprogramming of T cells and preserves their functional properties.Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)-based gene editing is a valuable tool to enable efficient and specific gene editing in cultured T cells. A number of studies have already identified promising targets to improve the therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T cells using genome-wide or focused CRISPR screening. In this review, we will present recent representative findings on molecular insights into T-cell dysfunction and how genetic modification contributes to overcoming it. We will also discuss several technical advances to achieve efficient gene modification using the CRISPR and other novel platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ito
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Kagoya
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Tsimpos P, Desiderio S, Cabochette P, Poelvoorde P, Kricha S, Vanhamme L, Poulard C, Bellefroid EJ. Loss of G9a does not phenocopy the requirement for Prdm12 in the development of the nociceptive neuron lineage. Neural Dev 2024; 19:1. [PMID: 38167468 PMCID: PMC10759634 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-023-00179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Prdm12 is an epigenetic regulator expressed in developing and mature nociceptive neurons, playing a key role in their specification during neurogenesis and modulating pain sensation at adulthood. In vitro studies suggested that Prdm12 recruits the methyltransferase G9a through its zinc finger domains to regulate target gene expression, but how Prdm12 interacts with G9a and whether G9a plays a role in Prdm12's functional properties in sensory ganglia remain unknown. Here we report that Prdm12-G9a interaction is likely direct and that it involves the SET domain of G9a. We show that both proteins are largely co-expressed in dorsal root ganglia during early murine development, opening the possibility that G9a plays a role in DRG and may act as a mediator of Prdm12's function in the development of nociceptive sensory neurons. To test this hypothesis, we conditionally inactivated G9a in neural crest using a Wnt1-Cre transgenic mouse line. We found that the specific loss of G9a in the neural crest lineage does not lead to dorsal root ganglia hypoplasia due to the loss of somatic nociceptive neurons nor to the ectopic expression of the visceral determinant Phox2b as observed upon Prdm12 ablation. These findings suggest that Prdm12 function in the initiation of the nociceptive lineage does not critically involves its interaction with G9a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Tsimpos
- ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, B- 6041, Belgium
| | - Simon Desiderio
- ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, B- 6041, Belgium
| | - Pauline Cabochette
- ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, B- 6041, Belgium
| | - Philippe Poelvoorde
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sadia Kricha
- ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, B- 6041, Belgium
| | - Luc Vanhamme
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Coralie Poulard
- Cancer Research Cancer of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69000, France
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, F-69000, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, F-69000, France
| | - Eric J Bellefroid
- ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, B- 6041, Belgium.
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Dai X, Park JJ, Du Y, Na Z, Lam SZ, Chow RD, Renauer PA, Gu J, Xin S, Chu Z, Liao C, Clark P, Zhao H, Slavoff S, Chen S. Massively parallel knock-in engineering of human T cells. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:1239-1255. [PMID: 36702900 PMCID: PMC11260498 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of targeted knock-in for cell therapeutic applications is generally low, and the scale is limited. In this study, we developed CLASH, a system that enables high-efficiency, high-throughput knock-in engineering. In CLASH, Cas12a/Cpf1 mRNA combined with pooled adeno-associated viruses mediate simultaneous gene editing and precise transgene knock-in using massively parallel homology-directed repair, thereby producing a pool of stably integrated mutant variants each with targeted gene editing. We applied this technology in primary human T cells and performed time-coursed CLASH experiments in blood cancer and solid tumor models using CD3, CD8 and CD4 T cells, enabling pooled generation and unbiased selection of favorable CAR-T variants. Emerging from CLASH experiments, a unique CRISPR RNA (crRNA) generates an exon3 skip mutant of PRDM1 in CAR-Ts, which leads to increased proliferation, stem-like properties, central memory and longevity in these cells, resulting in higher efficacy in vivo across multiple cancer models, including a solid tumor model. The versatility of CLASH makes it broadly applicable to diverse cellular and therapeutic engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Dai
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan J Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- M.D.-Ph.D. Program, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yaying Du
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenkun Na
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stanley Z Lam
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ryan D Chow
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- M.D.-Ph.D. Program, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul A Renauer
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jianlei Gu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shan Xin
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Chu
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cun Liao
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Paul Clark
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Slavoff
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
- M.D.-Ph.D. Program, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Combined Program in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Center for RNA Science and Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Zhao F, Guo X, Li X, Liu F, Fu Y, Sun X, Yang Z, Zhang Z, Qin Z. Identification and Expressional Analysis of Putative PRDI-BF1 and RIZ Homology Domain-Containing Transcription Factors in Mulinia lateralis. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1059. [PMID: 37626944 PMCID: PMC10451705 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Mollusca represents one of the ancient bilaterian groups with high morphological diversity, while the formation mechanisms of the precursors of all germ cells, primordial germ cells (PGCs), have not yet been clarified in mollusks. PRDI-BF1 and RIZ homology domain-containing proteins (PRDMs) are a group of transcriptional repressors, and PRDM1 (also known as BLIMP1) and PRDM14 have been reported to be essential for the formation of PGCs. In the present study, we performed a genome-wide retrieval in Mulinia lateralis and identified 11 putative PRDMs, all of which possessed an N-terminal PR domain. Expressional profiles revealed that all these prdm genes showed specifically high expression levels in the given stages, implying that all PRDMs played important roles during early development stages. Specifically, Ml-prdm1 was highly expressed at the gastrula stage, the key period when PGCs arise, and was specifically localized in the cytoplasm of two or three cells of blastula, gastrula, or trochophore larvae, matching the typical characteristics of PGCs. These results suggested that Ml-prdm1-positive cells may be PGCs and that Ml-prdm1 could be a candidate marker for tracing the formation of PGCs in M. lateralis. In addition, the expression profiles of Ml-prdm14 hinted that it may not be associated with PGCs of M. lateralis. The present study provides insights into the evolution of the PRDM family in mollusks and offers a better understanding of the formation of PGCs in mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaolin Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xixi Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Fang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yifan Fu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zujing Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Zhenkui Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (F.Z.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (F.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
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5
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Zhong Q, Xiao X, Qiu Y, Xu Z, Chen C, Chong B, Zhao X, Hai S, Li S, An Z, Dai L. Protein posttranslational modifications in health and diseases: Functions, regulatory mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e261. [PMID: 37143582 PMCID: PMC10152985 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) refer to the breaking or generation of covalent bonds on the backbones or amino acid side chains of proteins and expand the diversity of proteins, which provides the basis for the emergence of organismal complexity. To date, more than 650 types of protein modifications, such as the most well-known phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, methylation, SUMOylation, short-chain and long-chain acylation modifications, redox modifications, and irreversible modifications, have been described, and the inventory is still increasing. By changing the protein conformation, localization, activity, stability, charges, and interactions with other biomolecules, PTMs ultimately alter the phenotypes and biological processes of cells. The homeostasis of protein modifications is important to human health. Abnormal PTMs may cause changes in protein properties and loss of protein functions, which are closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. In this review, we systematically introduce the characteristics, regulatory mechanisms, and functions of various PTMs in health and diseases. In addition, the therapeutic prospects in various diseases by targeting PTMs and associated regulatory enzymes are also summarized. This work will deepen the understanding of protein modifications in health and diseases and promote the discovery of diagnostic and prognostic markers and drug targets for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xina Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yijie Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chunyu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Baochen Chong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xinjun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shan Hai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shuangqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhenmei An
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Li Q, Wang W, Wu S, Li J, Dong M, Wang L, Song L. CgBlimp-1 inhibits granulocytes proliferation and interleukin production in the immune response of oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:104652. [PMID: 36736934 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocyte-inducible maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) is a SET domain and zinc fingers containing transcriptional repressor, which is necessary for regulating the development of many immune cell lineages and keeping immune homeostasis. In the present study, a Blimp-1 homologue (designated as CgBlimp-1) was identified from oyster Crassostrea gigas, which contained a conserved SET domain and five ZnF_C2H2 domains and shared high homology with Blimp-1 from other species. The mRNA transcripts of CgBlimp-1 were highly expressed in gill and hepatopancreas. CgBlimp-1 protein was detected to be specifically expressed in granulocytes. After V. splendidus stimulation, the mRNA expression level of CgBlimp-1 in haemocytes up-regulated significantly at 24, 48, and 96 h, which was 4.39-fold (p < 0.05), 7.68-fold (p < 0.01) and 2.65-fold (p < 0.05) of that in control group, respectively. When the expression of CgBlimp-1 was knocked-down in vivo by RNAi, the mRNA expressions of downstream transcription factor CgMyc-A (1.63-fold of that in control group, p < 0.05) and cell cycle related gene CgCDK2 (1.70-fold, p < 0.05) increased significantly at 24 h after V. splendidus stimulation. Concomitantly, the ratio of EdU+ haemocytes increased notably (p < 0.01) while the proportion of haemocytes in G0/G1 phase decreased dramatically (p < 0.001), compared to that in control group. More specifically, the proportion of granulocytes in total haemocytes increased apparently (p < 0.05) in CgBlimp-1-RNAi oysters, together with up-regulation (p < 0.05) of the ratio of EdU+ granulocytes and down-regulation (p < 0.001) of the proportion of granulocytes in G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of CgIL17-1, CgIL17-2 and CgIL17-4 in haemocytes increased significantly in CgBlimp-1-RNAi oysters, which was 1.71-fold (p < 0.05), 144.70-fold (p < 0.01) and 1.93-fold (p < 0.05) of that in control group, respectively. Aforementioned results suggested that CgBlimp-1 could reduce the proliferation of granulocytes by arresting cell cycle in G1/G0 phase and avoid over-expression of interleukin to maintain homeostasis in the immune response of oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Shasha Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jialuo Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Miren Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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7
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Truong BT, Shull LC, Lencer E, Bend EG, Field M, Blue EE, Bamshad MJ, Skinner C, Everman D, Schwartz CE, Flanagan-Steet H, Artinger KB. PRDM1 DNA-binding zinc finger domain is required for normal limb development and is disrupted in split hand/foot malformation. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049977. [PMID: 37083955 PMCID: PMC10151829 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Split hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a rare limb abnormality with clefting of the fingers and/or toes. For many individuals, the genetic etiology is unknown. Through whole-exome and targeted sequencing, we detected three novel variants in a gene encoding a transcription factor, PRDM1, that arose de novo in families with SHFM or segregated with the phenotype. PRDM1 is required for limb development; however, its role is not well understood and it is unclear how the PRDM1 variants affect protein function. Using transient and stable overexpression rescue experiments in zebrafish, we show that the variants disrupt the proline/serine-rich and DNA-binding zinc finger domains, resulting in a dominant-negative effect. Through gene expression assays, RNA sequencing, and CUT&RUN in isolated pectoral fin cells, we demonstrate that Prdm1a directly binds to and regulates genes required for fin induction, outgrowth and anterior/posterior patterning, such as fgfr1a, dlx5a, dlx6a and smo. Taken together, these results improve our understanding of the role of PRDM1 in the limb gene regulatory network and identified novel PRDM1 variants that link to SHFM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany T. Truong
- Human Medical Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lomeli C. Shull
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ezra Lencer
- Biology Department, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA
| | - Eric G. Bend
- Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Michael Field
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW 2298, AUS
| | - Elizabeth E. Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Brotman-Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Brotman-Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristin B. Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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8
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Di Zazzo E, Rienzo M, Casamassimi A, De Rosa C, Medici N, Gazzerro P, Bifulco M, Abbondanza C. Exploring the putative role of PRDM1 and PRDM2 transcripts as mediators of T lymphocyte activation. J Transl Med 2023; 21:217. [PMID: 36964555 PMCID: PMC10039509 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell activation and programming from their naïve/resting state, characterized by widespread modifications in chromatin accessibility triggering extensive changes in transcriptional programs, is orchestrated by several cytokines and transcription regulators. PRDM1 and PRDM2 encode for proteins with PR/SET and zinc finger domains that control several biological processes, including cell differentiation, through epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Different transcripts leading to main protein isoforms with (PR +) or without (PR-) the PR/SET domain have been described. Although many studies have established the critical PRDM1 role in hematopoietic cell differentiation, maintenance and/or function, the single transcript contribution has not been investigated before. Otherwise, very few evidence is currently available on PRDM2. Here, we aimed to analyze the role of PRDM1 and PRDM2 different transcripts as mediators of T lymphocyte activation. METHODS We analyzed the transcription signature of the main variants from PRDM1 (BLIMP1a and BLIMP1b) and PRDM2 (RIZ1 and RIZ2) genes, in human T lymphocytes and Jurkat cells overexpressing PRDM2 cDNAs following activation through different signals. RESULTS T lymphocyte activation induced an early increase of RIZ2 and RIZ1 followed by BLIMP1b increase and finally by BLIMP1a increase. The "first" and the "second" signals shifted the balance towards the PR- forms for both genes. Interestingly, the PI3K signaling pathway modulated the RIZ1/RIZ2 ratio in favor of RIZ1 while the balance versus RIZ2 was promoted by MAPK pathway. Cytokines mediating different Jak/Stat signaling pathways (third signal) early modulated the expression of PRDM1 and PRDM2 and the relationship of their different transcripts confirming the early increase of the PR- transcripts. Different responses of T cell subpopulations were also observed. Jurkat cells showed that the acute transient RIZ2 increase promoted the balancing of PRDM1 forms towards BLIMP1b. The stable forced expression of RIZ1 or RIZ2 induced a significant variation in the expression of key transcription factors involved in T lymphocyte differentiation. The BLIMP1a/b balance shifted in favor of BLIMP1a in RIZ1-overexpressing cells and of BLIMP1b in RIZ2-overexpressing cells. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first characterization of PRDM2 in T-lymphocyte activation/differentiation and novel insights on PRDM1 and PRDM2 transcription regulation during initial activation phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Monica Rienzo
- Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina De Rosa
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Medici
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy.
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9
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Alvanou M, Lysandrou M, Christophi P, Psatha N, Spyridonidis A, Papadopoulou A, Yannaki E. Empowering the Potential of CAR-T Cell Immunotherapies by Epigenetic Reprogramming. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071935. [PMID: 37046597 PMCID: PMC10093039 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell-based, personalized immunotherapy can nowadays be considered the mainstream treatment for certain blood cancers, with a high potential for expanding indications. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts), an ex vivo genetically modified T-cell therapy product redirected to target an antigen of interest, have achieved unforeseen successes in patients with B-cell hematologic malignancies. Frequently, however, CAR-T cell therapies fail to provide durable responses while they have met with only limited success in treating solid cancers because unique, unaddressed challenges, including poor persistence, impaired trafficking to the tumor, and site penetration through a hostile microenvironment, impede their efficacy. Increasing evidence suggests that CAR-Ts' in vivo performance is associated with T-cell intrinsic features that may be epigenetically altered or dysregulated. In this review, we focus on the impact of epigenetic regulation on T-cell differentiation, exhaustion, and tumor infiltration and discuss how epigenetic reprogramming may enhance CAR-Ts' memory phenotype, trafficking, and fitness, contributing to the development of a new generation of potent CAR-T immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alvanou
- Hematology Department-Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, George Papanikolaou Hospital, 570 10 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Institute of Cell Therapy, University of Patras, 265 04 Rio, Greece
| | - Memnon Lysandrou
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Institute of Cell Therapy, University of Patras, 265 04 Rio, Greece
| | - Panayota Christophi
- Hematology Department-Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, George Papanikolaou Hospital, 570 10 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Institute of Cell Therapy, University of Patras, 265 04 Rio, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Psatha
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 570 10 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Spyridonidis
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Institute of Cell Therapy, University of Patras, 265 04 Rio, Greece
| | - Anastasia Papadopoulou
- Hematology Department-Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, George Papanikolaou Hospital, 570 10 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Yannaki
- Hematology Department-Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, George Papanikolaou Hospital, 570 10 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, USA
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10
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Sarhan M, Miyagawa K, Ueda H. Domain analysis of Drosophila Blimp-1 reveals the importance of its repression function and instability in determining pupation timing. Genes Cells 2023; 28:338-347. [PMID: 36852536 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The PRDM family transcription repressor Blimp-1 is present in almost all multicellular organisms and plays important roles in various developmental processes. This factor has several conserved motifs among different species, but the function of each motif is unclear. Drosophila Blimp-1 plays an important role in determining pupation timing by acting as an unstable transcriptional repressor of the βftz-f1 gene. Thus, Drosophila provides a good system for analyzing the molecular and biological functions of each region in Blimp-1. Various Blimp-1 mutants carrying deletions at the conserved motifs were induced under the control of the heat shock promoter in prepupae, and the expression patterns of βFTZ-F1 and Blimp-1 and pupation timing were observed. The results showed that the regions with strong and weak repressor functions exist within the proline-rich middle section of the factor and near the N-terminal conserved motif, respectively. Rapid degradation was supported by multiple regions that were mainly located in a large proline-rich region. Results revealed that pupation timing was affected by the repression ability and stability of Blimp-1. This suggests that both the repression function and instability of Blimp-1 are indispensable for the precise determination of pupation timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Sarhan
- The Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koichi Miyagawa
- The Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ueda
- The Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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11
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Karamanavi E, McVey DG, van der Laan SW, Stanczyk PJ, Morris GE, Wang Y, Yang W, Chan K, Poston RN, Luo J, Zhou X, Gong P, Jones PD, Cao J, Kostogrys RB, Webb TR, Pasterkamp G, Yu H, Xiao Q, Greer PA, Stringer EJ, Samani NJ, Ye S. The FES Gene at the 15q26 Coronary-Artery-Disease Locus Inhibits Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2022; 131:1004-1017. [PMID: 36321446 PMCID: PMC9770135 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have discovered a link between genetic variants on human chromosome 15q26.1 and increased coronary artery disease (CAD) susceptibility; however, the underlying pathobiological mechanism is unclear. This genetic locus contains the FES (FES proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase) gene encoding a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase involved in the regulation of cell behavior. We investigated the effect of the 15q26.1 variants on FES expression and whether FES plays a role in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Analyses of isogenic monocytic cell lines generated by CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-mediated genome editing showed that monocytes with an engineered 15q26.1 CAD risk genotype had reduced FES expression. Small-interfering-RNA-mediated knockdown of FES promoted migration of monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. A phosphoproteomics analysis showed that FES knockdown altered phosphorylation of a number of proteins known to regulate cell migration. Single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed that in human atherosclerotic plaques, cells that expressed FES were predominately monocytes/macrophages, although several other cell types including smooth muscle cells also expressed FES. There was an association between the 15q26.1 CAD risk genotype and greater numbers of monocytes/macrophage in human atherosclerotic plaques. An animal model study demonstrated that Fes knockout increased atherosclerotic plaque size and within-plaque content of monocytes/macrophages and smooth muscle cells, in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high fat diet. CONCLUSIONS We provide substantial evidence that the CAD risk variants at the 15q26.1 locus reduce FES expression in monocytes and that FES depletion results in larger atherosclerotic plaques with more monocytes/macrophages and smooth muscle cells. This study is the first demonstration that FES plays a protective role against atherosclerosis and suggests that enhancing FES activity could be a potentially novel therapeutic approach for CAD intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Karamanavi
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - David G. McVey
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Sander W. van der Laan
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands (S.W.v.d.L., G.P.)
| | - Paulina J. Stanczyk
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Gavin E. Morris
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Yifan Wang
- Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Y.W., H.Y., S.Y.)
| | - Wei Yang
- Shantou University Medical College, China (W.Y., J.C., S.Y.)
| | - Kenneth Chan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (K.C., R.N.P., J.L., X.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Robin N. Poston
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (K.C., R.N.P., J.L., X.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Jun Luo
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (K.C., R.N.P., J.L., X.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Xinmiao Zhou
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (K.C., R.N.P., J.L., X.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Peng Gong
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Peter D. Jones
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Junjun Cao
- Shantou University Medical College, China (W.Y., J.C., S.Y.)
| | - Renata B. Kostogrys
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Poland (R.B.K.)
| | - Tom R. Webb
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands (S.W.v.d.L., G.P.)
| | - Haojie Yu
- Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Y.W., H.Y., S.Y.)
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (K.C., R.N.P., J.L., X.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Peter A. Greer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada (P.A.G.)
| | - Emma J. Stringer
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Shu Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
- Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Y.W., H.Y., S.Y.)
- Shantou University Medical College, China (W.Y., J.C., S.Y.)
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12
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Tang TF, Chan YT, Cheong HC, Cheok YY, Anuar NA, Looi CY, Gan GG, Wong WF. Regulatory network of BLIMP1, IRF4, and XBP1 triad in plasmacytic differentiation and multiple myeloma pathogenesis. Cell Immunol 2022; 380:104594. [PMID: 36081178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody secreting plasma cell plays an indispensable role in humoral immunity. As activated B cell undergoes germinal center reaction and develops into plasma cell, it gradually loses B cell characteristics and embraces functional changes associated with immunoglobulins production. Differentiation of B cell into plasma cell involves drastic changes in cell structure, granularity, metabolism, gene expression and epigenetic regulation that couple with the mounting capacity for synthesis of a large quantity of antigen-specific antibodies. The interplay between three hallmark transcriptional regulators IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1, is critical for supporting the cellular reprograming activities during B to plasma cell transition. IRF4 promotes plasma cell generation by directing immunoglobulin class switching, proliferation and survival; BLIMP1 serves as a transcriptional repressor that extinguishes B cell features; whereas XBP1 controls unfolded protein response that relieves endoplasmic reticulum stress and permits antibody release during terminal differentiation. Intriguingly, high expression of IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1 molecules have been reported in myeloma cells derived from multiple myeloma patients, which negatively impact treatment outcome, prognosis, and relapse frequency. Despite the introduction of immunomodulatory drugs in recent years, multiple myeloma is still an incurable disease with poor survival rate. An in-depth review of IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1 triad molecules in plasma cell generation and multiple myeloma tumorigenesis may provide clues to the possibility of targeting these molecules in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Teng Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yi Ying Cheok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Adila Anuar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Bioscience, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gin Gin Gan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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13
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The Pleiotropy of PAX5 Gene Products and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710095. [PMID: 36077495 PMCID: PMC9456430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX5, a member of the Paired Box (PAX) transcription factor family, is an essential factor for B-lineage identity during lymphoid differentiation. Mechanistically, PAX5 controls gene expression profiles, which are pivotal to cellular processes such as viability, proliferation, and differentiation. Given its crucial function in B-cell development, PAX5 aberrant expression also correlates with hallmark cancer processes leading to hematological and other types of cancer lesions. Despite the well-established association of PAX5 in the development, maintenance, and progression of cancer disease, the use of PAX5 as a cancer biomarker or therapeutic target has yet to be implemented. This may be partly due to the assortment of PAX5 expressed products, which layers the complexity of their function and role in various regulatory networks and biological processes. In this review, we provide an overview of the reported data describing PAX5 products, their regulation, and function in cellular processes, cellular biology, and neoplasm.
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14
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Liotti A, Ferrara AL, Loffredo S, Galdiero MR, Varricchi G, Di Rella F, Maniscalco GT, Belardo M, Vastano R, Prencipe R, Pignata L, Romano R, Spadaro G, de Candia P, Pezone A, De Rosa V. Epigenetics: an Opportunity to Shape Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. Immunol Suppl 2022; 167:451-470. [PMID: 36043705 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics connects genetic and environmental factors: it includes DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications and the regulation of chromatin accessibility by non-coding RNAs, all of which control constitutive or inducible gene transcription. This plays a key role in harnessing the transcriptional programs of both innate and adaptive immune cells due to its plasticity and environmental-driven nature, piloting myeloid and lymphoid cell fate decision with no change in their genomic sequence. In particular, epigenetic marks at the site of lineage specific transcription factors and maintenance of cell type-specific epigenetic modifications, referred to as "epigenetic memory", dictate cell differentiation, cytokine production and functional capacity following repeated antigenic exposure in memory T cells. Moreover, metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming occurring during a primary innate immune response leads to enhanced responses to secondary challenges, a phenomenon known as "trained immunity". Here we discuss how stable and dynamic epigenetic states control immune cell identity and plasticity in physiological and pathological conditions. Dissecting the regulatory circuits of cell fate determination and maintenance is of paramount importance for understanding the delicate balance between immune cell activation and tolerance, in healthy conditions and in autoimmune diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Liotti
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Anne Lise Ferrara
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Rella
- Department of Breast and Thoracic Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Teresa Maniscalco
- Neurological Clinic and Stroke Unit and Multiple Sclerosis Center "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Belardo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Vastano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Prencipe
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Pignata
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Roberta Romano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Paola de Candia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pezone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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15
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The RNA helicase DDX5 cooperates with EHMT2 to sustain alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma growth. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111267. [PMID: 36044855 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood characterized by the inability to exit the proliferative myoblast-like stage. The alveolar fusion positive subtype (FP-RMS) is the most aggressive and is mainly caused by the expression of PAX3/7-FOXO1 oncoproteins, which are challenging pharmacological targets. Here, we show that the DEAD box RNA helicase 5 (DDX5) is overexpressed in alveolar RMS cells and that its depletion and pharmacological inhibition decrease FP-RMS viability and slow tumor growth in xenograft models. Mechanistically, we provide evidence that DDX5 functions upstream of the EHMT2/AKT survival signaling pathway, by directly interacting with EHMT2 mRNA, modulating its stability and consequent protein expression. We show that EHMT2 in turns regulates PAX3-FOXO1 activity in a methylation-dependent manner, thus sustaining FP-RMS myoblastic state. Together, our findings identify another survival-promoting loop in FP-RMS and highlight DDX5 as a potential therapeutic target to arrest RMS growth.
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16
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Ito Y, Kagoya Y. Epigenetic engineering for optimal CAR-T cell therapy. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:3664-3671. [PMID: 36000807 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cell therapy and immune checkpoint therapy (ICT), have significantly improved the clinical outcomes of patients with several types of cancer. To broaden its applicability further and induce durable therapeutic efficacy, it is imperative to understand how antitumor T cells elicit cytotoxic functions, survive as memory T cells, or are impaired in their effector functions (exhausted) at the molecular level. T cell properties are regulated by their gene expression profiles, which are further controlled by epigenetic architectures, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Multiple studies have elucidated specific epigenetic genes associated with T-cell phenotypic changes. Conversely, exogenous modification of these key epigenetic factors can significantly alter T cell functions by extensively altering the transcription network, which can be applied in cancer immunotherapy by improving T cell persistence or augmenting effector functions. Since CAR-T cell therapy involves a genetic engineering step during the preparation of the infusion products, it would be a feasible strategy to additionally modulate specific epigenetic genes in CAR-T cells to improve their quality. Here, we review recent studies investigating how individual epigenetic factors play a crucial role in T-cell biology. We further discuss future directions to integrate these findings for optimal cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ito
- Division of Immune Response, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute
| | - Yuki Kagoya
- Division of Immune Response, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute.,Division of Cellular Oncology, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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17
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Fernandez NC, Shinoda K. The Role of B Lymphocyte Subsets in Adipose Tissue Development, Metabolism, and Aging. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:4133-4145. [PMID: 35950657 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue contains resident B lymphocytes (B cells) with varying immune functions and mechanisms, depending on the adipose depot type and location. The heterogeneity of B cells and their functions affect the immunometabolism of the adipose tissue in aging and age-associated metabolic disorders. B cells exist in categorizations of subsets that have developmental or phenotypic differences with varying functionalities. Subsets can be categorized as either protective or pathogenic depending on their secretion profile or involvement in metabolic maintenance. In this article, we summarized recent finding on the B cell heterogeneity and discuss how we can utilize our current knowledge of adipose resident B lymphocytes for potential treatment for age-associated metabolic disorders. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-13, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Fernandez
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kosaku Shinoda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Bronx, New York, USA
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18
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Establishment of H3K9-methylated heterochromatin and its functions in tissue differentiation and maintenance. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:623-640. [PMID: 35562425 PMCID: PMC9099300 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heterochromatin is characterized by dimethylated or trimethylated histone H3 Lys9 (H3K9me2 or H3K9me3, respectively) and is found at transposable elements, satellite repeats and genes, where it ensures their transcriptional silencing. The histone methyltransferases (HMTs) that methylate H3K9 — in mammals Suppressor of variegation 3–9 homologue 1 (SUV39H1), SUV39H2, SET domain bifurcated 1 (SETDB1), SETDB2, G9A and G9A-like protein (GLP) — and the ‘readers’ of H3K9me2 or H3K9me3 are highly conserved and show considerable redundancy. Despite their redundancy, genetic ablation or mistargeting of an individual H3K9 methyltransferase can correlate with impaired cell differentiation, loss of tissue identity, premature aging and/or cancer. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the roles of the known H3K9-specific HMTs in ensuring transcriptional homeostasis during tissue differentiation in mammals. We examine the effects of H3K9-methylation-dependent gene repression in haematopoiesis, muscle differentiation and neurogenesis in mammals, and compare them with mechanistic insights obtained from the study of model organisms, notably Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. In all these organisms, H3K9-specific HMTs have both unique and redundant roles that ensure the maintenance of tissue integrity by restricting the binding of transcription factors to lineage-specific promoters and enhancer elements. Histone H3 Lys9 (H3K9)-methylated heterochromatin ensures transcriptional silencing of repetitive elements and genes, and its deregulation leads to impaired cell and tissue identity, premature aging and cancer. Recent studies in mammals clarified the roles H3K9-specific histone methyltransferases in ensuring transcriptional homeostasis during tissue differentiation.
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19
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Liu YW, Fu SH, Chien MW, Hsu CY, Lin MH, Dong JL, Lu RJH, Lee YJ, Chen PY, Wang CH, Sytwu HK. Blimp-1 moulds the epigenetic architecture of IL-21-mediated autoimmune diseases through an autoregulatory circuit. JCI Insight 2022; 7:151614. [PMID: 35503415 PMCID: PMC9220827 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive regulatory domain 1 (PRDM1) encodes B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1), also known as a master regulator of T cell homeostasis. We observed a negative relationship between Blimp-1 and IL-21 based on our previous data that Blimp-1 overexpression in T cells suppresses autoimmune diabetes while Blimp-1–deficient T cells contribute to colitis in NOD mice. Reanalysis of published data sets also revealed an inverse correlation between PRDM1 and IL21 in Crohn’s disease. Here, we illustrate that Blimp-1 repressed IL-21 by reducing chromatin accessibility and evicting an IL-21 activator, c-Maf, from the Il21 promoter. Moreover, Blimp-1 overexpression–mediated reduction in permissive chromatin structures at the Il21 promoter could override IL-21–accelerated autoimmune diabetogenesis in small ubiquitin-like modifier–defective c-Maf–transgenic mice. An autoregulatory feedback loop to harness IL-21 expression was unveiled by the evidence that IL-21 addition induced time-dependent Blimp-1 expression and subsequently enriched its binding to the Il21 promoter to suppress IL-21 overproduction. Furthermore, intervention of this feedback loop by IL-21 blockade, with IL-21R.Fc administration or IL-21 receptor deletion, attenuated Blimp-1 deficiency–mediated colitis and reinforced the circuit between Blimp-1 and IL-21 in the regulation of autoimmunity. We highlight the translation of Blimp-1–based epigenetic and transcriptomic profiles applicable to a personalized medicine approach in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Liu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Huei Fu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Chien
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yuan Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ling Dong
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rita Jui-Hsien Lu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jing Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yang Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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20
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Nadeau S, Martins GA. Conserved and Unique Functions of Blimp1 in Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:805260. [PMID: 35154079 PMCID: PMC8829541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.805260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp1), is an evolutionarily conserved transcriptional regulator originally described as a repressor of gene transcription. Blimp1 crucially regulates embryonic development and terminal differentiation in numerous cell lineages, including immune cells. Initial investigations of Blimp1’s role in immunity established its non-redundant role in lymphocytic terminal effector differentiation and function. In B cells, Blimp1 drives plasmablast formation and antibody secretion, whereas in T cells, Blimp1 regulates functional differentiation, including cytokine gene expression. These studies established Blimp1 as an essential transcriptional regulator that promotes efficient and controlled adaptive immunity. Recent studies have also demonstrated important roles for Blimp1 in innate immune cells, specifically myeloid cells, and Blimp1 has been established as an intrinsic regulator of dendritic cell maturation and T cell priming. Emerging studies have determined both conserved and unique functions of Blimp1 in different immune cell subsets, including the unique direct activation of the igh gene transcription in B cells and a conserved antagonism with BCL6 in B cells, T cells, and myeloid cells. Moreover, polymorphisms associated with the gene encoding Blimp1 (PRDM1) have been linked to numerous chronic inflammatory conditions in humans. Blimp1 has been shown to regulate target gene expression by either competing with other transcription factors for binding to the target loci, and/or by recruiting various chromatin-modifying co-factors that promote suppressive chromatin structure, such as histone de-acetylases and methyl-transferases. Further, Blimp1 function has been shown to be essentially dose and context-dependent, which adds to Blimp1’s versatility as a regulator of gene expression. Here, we review Blimp1’s complex roles in immunity and highlight specific gaps in the understanding of the biology of this transcriptional regulator, with a major focus on aspects that could foster the description and understanding of novel pathways regulated by Blimp1 in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Nadeau
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute (IBIRI), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gislâine A Martins
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute (IBIRI), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States
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21
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Robinson E, Care MA, Walker K, Campbell M, Tooze RM, Doody GM. A System for In Vitro Generation of Mature Murine Plasma Cells Uncovers Differential Blimp-1/ Prdm1 Promoter Usage. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:514-525. [PMID: 34911772 PMCID: PMC7612223 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Upon encounter with Ag, B cells undergo a sequential process of differentiation to become Ab-secreting plasma cells. Although the key drivers of differentiation have been identified, research has been limited by the lack of in vitro models recapitulating the full process for murine B cells. In this study, we describe methodology using BCR or TLR ligation to obtain plasma cells that are phenotypically mature, have exited cell cycle and express a gene signature concordant with long-lived plasma cells. Dependent on the initial stimuli, the transcriptomes also show variation including the enhanced expression of matrisome components after BCR stimulation, suggestive of unique functional properties for the resultant plasma cells. Moreover, using the new culture conditions we demonstrate that alternative promoter choice regulating the expression of the master transcription factor Blimp-1/Prdm1 can be observed; when the canonical B cell promoter for Prdm1 is deleted, differentiating B cells exhibit flexibility in the choice of promoter, dictated by the initiating stimulus, with preferential maintenance of expression following exposure to TLR ligation. Thus our system provides a readily tractable model for furthering our understanding of plasma cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Robinson
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Matthew A Care
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kieran Walker
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michelle Campbell
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Reuben M Tooze
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; and
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gina M Doody
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; and
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22
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Whittaker DE, Oleari R, Gregory LC, Le Quesne-Stabej P, Williams HJ, Torpiano JG, Formosa N, Cachia MJ, Field D, Lettieri A, Ocaka LA, Paganoni AJ, Rajabali SH, Riegman KL, De Martini LB, Chaya T, Robinson IC, Furukawa T, Cariboni A, Basson MA, Dattani MT. A recessive PRDM13 mutation results in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and cerebellar hypoplasia. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e141587. [PMID: 34730112 PMCID: PMC8670848 DOI: 10.1172/jci141587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive regulatory (PR) domain containing 13 (PRDM13) putative chromatin modifier and transcriptional regulator functions downstream of the transcription factor PTF1A, which controls GABAergic fate in the spinal cord and neurogenesis in the hypothalamus. Here, we report a recessive syndrome associated with PRDM13 mutation. Patients exhibited intellectual disability, ataxia with cerebellar hypoplasia, scoliosis, and delayed puberty with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH). Expression studies revealed Prdm13/PRDM13 transcripts in the developing hypothalamus and cerebellum in mouse and human. An analysis of hypothalamus and cerebellum development in mice homozygous for a Prdm13 mutant allele revealed a significant reduction in the number of Kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons in the hypothalamus and PAX2+ progenitors emerging from the cerebellar ventricular zone. The latter was accompanied by ectopic expression of the glutamatergic lineage marker TLX3. Prdm13-deficient mice displayed cerebellar hypoplasia and normal gonadal structure, but delayed pubertal onset. Together, these findings identify PRDM13 as a critical regulator of GABAergic cell fate in the cerebellum and of hypothalamic kisspeptin neuron development, providing a mechanistic explanation for the cooccurrence of CHH and cerebellar hypoplasia in this syndrome. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence linking disrupted PRDM13-mediated regulation of Kiss1 neurons to CHH in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E. Whittaker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Louise C. Gregory
- Section of Molecular Basis of Rare Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Polona Le Quesne-Stabej
- Section of Molecular Basis of Rare Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hywel J. Williams
- Section of Molecular Basis of Rare Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - GOSgene
- Section of Molecular Basis of Rare Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- GOSgene is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments
| | - John G. Torpiano
- Department of Paediatrics and
- Adult Endocrinology Service, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | | | - Mario J. Cachia
- Adult Endocrinology Service, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Daniel Field
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Louise A. Ocaka
- Section of Molecular Basis of Rare Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alyssa J.J. Paganoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sakina H. Rajabali
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley L.H. Riegman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa B. De Martini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Taro Chaya
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Albert Basson
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mehul T. Dattani
- Section of Molecular Basis of Rare Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Poulard C, Noureddine LM, Pruvost L, Le Romancer M. Structure, Activity, and Function of the Protein Lysine Methyltransferase G9a. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101082. [PMID: 34685453 PMCID: PMC8541646 DOI: 10.3390/life11101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G9a is a lysine methyltransferase catalyzing the majority of histone H3 mono- and dimethylation at Lys-9 (H3K9), responsible for transcriptional repression events in euchromatin. G9a has been shown to methylate various lysine residues of non-histone proteins and acts as a coactivator for several transcription factors. This review will provide an overview of the structural features of G9a and its paralog called G9a-like protein (GLP), explore the biochemical features of G9a, and describe its post-translational modifications and the specific inhibitors available to target its catalytic activity. Aside from its role on histone substrates, the review will highlight some non-histone targets of G9a, in order gain insight into their role in specific cellular mechanisms. Indeed, G9a was largely described to be involved in embryonic development, hypoxia, and DNA repair. Finally, the involvement of G9a in cancer biology will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Poulard
- Cancer Research Cancer of Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (L.P.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Lara M. Noureddine
- Cancer Research Cancer of Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (L.P.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadat-Beirut 90565, Lebanon
| | - Ludivine Pruvost
- Cancer Research Cancer of Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (L.P.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Cancer Research Cancer of Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (L.P.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
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24
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Functional Interplay between Methyltransferases and Inflammasomes in Inflammatory Responses and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147580. [PMID: 34299198 PMCID: PMC8306412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An inflammasome is an intracellular protein complex that is activated in response to a pathogenic infection and cellular damage. It triggers inflammatory responses by promoting inflammatory cell death (called pyroptosis) and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Many types of inflammasomes have been identified and demonstrated to play a central role in inducing inflammatory responses, leading to the onset and progression of numerous inflammatory diseases. Methylation is a biological process by which methyl groups are transferred from methyl donors to proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular molecules. Methylation plays critical roles in various biological functions by modulating gene expression, protein activity, protein localization, and molecular stability, and aberrant regulation of methylation causes deleterious outcomes in various human diseases. Methylation is a key determinant of inflammatory responses and diseases. This review highlights the current understanding of the functional relationship between inflammasome regulation and methylation of cellular molecules in inflammatory responses and diseases.
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25
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Bukova I, Szczerkowska KI, Prochazkova M, Beck IM, Prochazka J, Sedlacek R. Loss of Wiz Function Affects Methylation Pattern in Palate Development and Leads to Cleft Palate. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:620692. [PMID: 34150743 PMCID: PMC8206640 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.620692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
WIZ (Widely Interspaced Zinc Finger) is associated with the G9a-GLP protein complex, a key H3K9 methyltransferase suggesting a role in transcriptional repression. However, its role in embryonic development is poorly described. In order to assess the loss of function of WIZ, we generated CRISPR/Cas9 WIZ knockout mouse model with 32 nucleotide deletion. Observing the lethality status, we identified the WIZ knockouts to be subviable during embryonic development and non-viable after birth. Morphology of developing embryo was analyzed at E14.5 and E18.5 and our findings were supported by microCT scans. Wiz KO showed improper development in multiple aspects, specifically in the craniofacial area. In particular, shorter snout, cleft palate, and cleft eyelids were present in mutant embryos. Palatal shelves were hypomorphic and though elevated to a horizontal position on top of the tongue, they failed to make contact and fuse. By comparison of proliferation pattern and histone methylation in developing palatal shelves we brought new evidence of importance WIZ dependent G9a-GLP methylation complex in craniofacial development, especially in palate shelf fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bukova
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases and the Czech Centre of Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Katarzyna Izabela Szczerkowska
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases and the Czech Centre of Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases and the Czech Centre of Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Inken M Beck
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases and the Czech Centre of Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Animal Research Centre, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases and the Czech Centre of Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases and the Czech Centre of Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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26
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Duan YC, Zhang SJ, Shi XJ, Jin LF, Yu T, Song Y, Guan YY. Research progress of dual inhibitors targeting crosstalk between histone epigenetic modulators for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113588. [PMID: 34107385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal epigenetics is a critical hallmark of human cancers. Anticancer drug discovery directed at histone epigenetic modulators has gained impressive advances with six drugs available for cancer therapy and numerous other candidates undergoing clinical trials. However, limited therapeutic profile, drug resistance, narrow safety margin, and dose-limiting toxicities pose intractable challenges for their clinical utility. Because histone epigenetic modulators undergo intricate crosstalk and act cooperatively to shape an aberrant epigenetic profile, co-targeting histone epigenetic modulators with a different mechanism of action has rapidly emerged as an attractive strategy to overcome the limitations faced by the single-target epigenetic inhibitors. In this review, we summarize in detail the crosstalk of histone epigenetic modulators in regulating gene transcription and the progress of dual epigenetic inhibitors targeting this crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chao Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Shao-Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jing Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Lin-Feng Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Tong Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yu Song
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China.
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27
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Dilshat R, Vu HN, Steingrímsson E. Epigenetic regulation during melanocyte development and homeostasis. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1033-1050. [PMID: 34003523 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytes originate in the neural crest as precursor cells which then migrate and proliferate to reach their destination where they differentiate into pigment-producing cells. Melanocytes not only determine the colour of hair, skin and eyes but also protect against the harmful effects of UV irradiation. The establishment of the melanocyte lineage is regulated by a defined set of transcription factors and signalling pathways that direct the specific gene expression programmes underpinning melanoblast specification, survival, migration, proliferation and differentiation. In addition, epigenetic modifiers and replacement histones play key roles in regulating gene expression and its timing during the different steps of this process. Here, we discuss the evidence for the role of epigenetic regulators in melanocyte development and function and how they interact with transcription factors and signalling pathways to establish and maintain this important cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramile Dilshat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hong Nhung Vu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eiríkur Steingrímsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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28
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Mucosal ribosomal stress-induced PRDM1 promotes chemoresistance via stemness regulation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:543. [PMID: 33972671 PMCID: PMC8110964 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The majorities of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases are sporadic in origin and a large proportion of etiologies are associated with environmental stress responses. In response to external and internal stress, the ribosome stands sentinel and stress-driven ribosomal dysfunction triggers the cellular decision pathways via transcriptional reprogramming. In the present study, PR domain zinc finger protein (PRDM) 1, a master transcriptional regulator, was found to be closely associated with ribosomal actions in patients with CRC and the murine models. Stress-driven ribosomal dysfunction enhanced PRDM1 levels in intestinal cancer cells, which contributed to their survival and enhanced cancer cell stemness against cancer treatment. Mechanistically, PRDM1 facilitated clustering modulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor-associated genes, which supported cancer cell growth and stemness-linked features. Ribosomal dysfunction-responsive PRDM1 facilitated signaling remodeling for the survival of tumor progenitors, providing compelling evidence for the progression of sporadic CRC.
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Seier JA, Reinhardt J, Saraf K, Ng SS, Layer JP, Corvino D, Althoff K, Giordano FA, Schramm A, Fischer M, Hölzel M. Druggable epigenetic suppression of interferon-induced chemokine expression linked to MYCN amplification in neuroblastoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001335. [PMID: 34016720 PMCID: PMC8141444 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amplification of the MYCN oncogene is a molecular hallmark of aggressive neuroblastoma (NB), a childhood cancer of the sympathetic nervous system. There is evidence that MYCN promotes a non-inflamed and T-cell infiltration-poor ('cold') tumor microenvironment (TME) by suppressing interferon signaling. This may explain, at least in part, why patients with NB seem to have little benefit from single-agent immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Targeting MYCN or its effectors could be a strategy to convert a cold TME into a 'hot' (inflamed) TME and improve the efficacy of ICB therapy. METHODS NB transcriptome analyses were used to identify epigenetic drivers of a T-cell infiltration-poor TME. Biological and molecular responses of NB cells to epigenetic drugs and interferon (IFN)-γ exposure were assessed by proliferation assays, immunoblotting, ELISA, qRT-PCR, RNA-seq and ChIP-qPCR as well as co-culture assays with T cells. RESULTS We identified H3K9 euchromatic histone-lysine methyltransferases EHMT2 and EHMT1, also known as G9a and GLP, as epigenetic effectors of the MYCN-driven malignant phenotype and repressors of IFN-γ transcriptional responses in NB cells. EHMT inhibitors enhanced IFN-γ-induced expression of the Th1-type chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10, key factors of T-cell recruitment into the TME. In MYCN-amplified NB cells, co-inhibition of EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homologue 2), a H3K27 histone methyltransferase cooperating with EHMTs, was needed for strong transcriptional responses to IFN-γ, in line with histone mark changes at CXCL9 and CXCL10 chemokine gene loci. EHMT and EZH2 inhibitor response gene signatures from NB cells were established as surrogate measures and revealed high EHMT and EZH2 activity in MYCN-amplified high-risk NBs with a cold immune phenotype. CONCLUSION Our results delineate a strategy for targeted epigenetic immunomodulation of high-risk NBs, whereby EHMT inhibitors alone or in combination with EZH2 inhibitors (in particular, MYCN-amplified NBs) could promote a T-cell-infiltrated TME via enhanced Th1-type chemokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna A Seier
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Reinhardt
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kritika Saraf
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanna S Ng
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julian P Layer
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dillon Corvino
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristina Althoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Frank A Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Schramm
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Fischer
- Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Chi Z, Lu Y, Yang Y, Li B, Lu P. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of PD-1 expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3239-3246. [PMID: 33738533 PMCID: PMC11073161 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03737-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is a co-inhibitory receptor that plays important roles in regulating T cell immunity and peripheral tolerance. PD-1 signaling prevents T cells from overactivation during acute infections, but it maintains T cell exhaustion during chronic infections. Tumor cells can exploit the PD-1 signaling pathway to evade antitumor immune responses. The PD-1 signaling pathway is also essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity. PD-1 expression is strictly and differentially regulated by diverse mechanisms in immune cells. It is activated and repressed by distinct transcription factors in different circumstances. Moreover, epigenetic mechanisms are also involved in regulating PD-1 expression. In this review, we summarize the knowledge of the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of PD-1 expression during different immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengde Chi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Institute of Basic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yinlong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Bingqing Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Peiyuan Lu
- Institute of Basic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, China.
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Di Tullio F, Schwarz M, Zorgati H, Mzoughi S, Guccione E. The duality of PRDM proteins: epigenetic and structural perspectives. FEBS J 2021; 289:1256-1275. [PMID: 33774927 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PRDF1 and RIZ1 homology domain containing (PRDMs) are a subfamily of Krüppel-like zinc finger proteins controlling key processes in metazoan development and in cancer. PRDMs exhibit unique dualities: (a) PR domain/ZNF arrays-their structure combines a SET-like domain known as a PR domain, typically found in methyltransferases, with a variable array of C2H2 zinc fingers (ZNF) characteristic of DNA-binding transcription factors; (b) transcriptional activators/repressors-their physiological function is context- and cell-dependent; mechanistically, some PRDMs have a PKMT activity and directly catalyze histone lysine methylation, while others are rather pseudomethyltransferases and act by recruiting transcriptional cofactors; (c) oncogenes/tumor suppressors-their pathological function depends on the specific PRDM isoform expressed during tumorigenesis. This duality is well known as the 'Yin and Yang' of PRDMs and involves a complex regulation of alternative splicing or alternative promoter usage, to generate full-length or PR-deficient isoforms with opposing functions in cancer. In conclusion, once their dualities are fully appreciated, PRDMs represent a promising class of targets in oncology by virtue of their widespread upregulation across multiple tumor types and their somatic dispensability, conferring a broad therapeutic window and limited toxic side effects. The recent discovery of a first-in-class compound able to inhibit PRDM9 activity has paved the way for the identification of further small molecular inhibitors able to counteract PRDM oncogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Di Tullio
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megan Schwarz
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Habiba Zorgati
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Slim Mzoughi
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Positive Regulatory Domain I-binding Factor 1 Mediates Peripheral Nerve Injury-induced Nociception in Mice by Repressing Kv4.3 Channel Expression. Anesthesiology 2021; 134:435-456. [PMID: 33370445 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcriptional repressor positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1 (PRDM1) is expressed in adult mouse dorsal root ganglion and regulates the formation and function of peripheral sensory neurons. The authors hypothesized that PRDM1 in the dorsal root ganglion may contribute to peripheral nerve injury-induced nociception regulation and that its mechanism may involve Kv4.3 channel transcriptional repression. METHODS Nociception was induced in C57BL/6 mice by applying chronic constriction injury, complete Freund's adjuvant, or capsaicin plantar injection. Nociceptive response was evaluated by mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, cold hyperalgesia, or gait analysis. The role of PRDM1 was evaluated by injection of Prdm1 knockdown and overexpression adeno-associated viruses. The interaction of PRDM1 at the Kv4.3 (Kcnd3) promoter was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Excitability of dorsal root ganglion neurons was evaluated by whole cell patch clamp recordings, and calcium signaling in spinal dorsal horn neurons was evaluated by in vivo two-photon imaging. RESULTS Peripheral nerve injury increased PRDM1 expression in the dorsal root ganglion, which reduced the activity of the Kv4.3 promoter and repressed Kv4.3 channel expression (injured vs. uninjured; all P < 0.001). Knockdown of PRDM1 rescued Kv4.3 expression, reduced the high excitability of injured dorsal root ganglion neurons, and alleviated peripheral nerve injury-induced nociception (short hairpin RNA vs. Scram; all P < 0.05). In contrast, PRDM1 overexpression in naive mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons diminished Kv4.3 channel expression and induced hyperalgesia (PRDM1 overexpression vs. control, mean ± SD; n = 13; all P < 0.0001) as evaluated by mechanical allodynia (0.6 ± 0.3 vs. 1.2 ± 0.2 g), thermal hyperalgesia (5.2 ± 1.3 vs. 9.8 ± 1.7 s), and cold hyperalgesia (3.4 ± 0.5 vs. 5.3 ± 0.6 s). Finally, PRDM1 downregulation in naive mice reduced the calcium signaling response of spinal dorsal horn neurons to thermal stimulation. CONCLUSIONS PRDM1 contributes to peripheral nerve injury-induced nociception by repressing Kv4.3 channel expression in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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Sundström Y, Shang MM, Panda SK, Grönwall C, Wermeling F, Gunnarsson I, Lundberg IE, Sundström M, Jakobsson PJ, Berg L. Identifying novel B-cell targets for chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease by screening of chemical probes in a patient-derived cell assay. Transl Res 2021; 229:69-82. [PMID: 32977027 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
B-cell secretion of autoantibodies drives autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and idiopathic inflammatory myositis. Few therapies are presently available for treatment of these patients, often resulting in unsatisfactory effects and helping only some of the patients. We developed a screening assay for evaluation of novel targets suspending B-cell maturation into antibody secreting cells, which could contribute to future drug development. The assay was employed for testing 43 high quality chemical probes and compounds inhibiting under-explored protein targets, using primary cells from patients with autoimmune disease. Probes inhibiting bromodomain family proteins and histone methyl transferases demonstrated abrogation of B-cell functions to a degree comparable to a positive control, the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib. Inhibition of each target rendered a specific functional cell and potential disease modifying effect, indicating specific epigenetic protein targets as potential new intervention points for future drug discovery and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Sundström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ming-Mei Shang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sudeepta Kumar Panda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Grönwall
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wermeling
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid E Lundberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Sundström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Berg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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He K, Hettinga A, Kale SL, Hu S, Xie MM, Dent AL, Ray A, Poholek AC. Blimp-1 is essential for allergen-induced asthma and Th2 cell development in the lung. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151760. [PMID: 32399548 PMCID: PMC7336314 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A Th2 immune response is central to allergic airway inflammation, which afflicts millions worldwide. However, the mechanisms that augment GATA3 expression in an antigen-primed developing Th2 cell are not well understood. Here, we describe an unexpected role for Blimp-1, a transcriptional repressor that constrains autoimmunity, as an upstream promoter of GATA3 expression that is critical for Th2 cell development in the lung to inhaled but not systemically delivered allergens but is dispensable for TFH function and IgE production. Mechanistically, Blimp-1 acts through Bcl6, leading to increased GATA3 expression in lung Th2 cells. Surprisingly, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, but not the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 or IL-21, is required via STAT3 activation to up-regulate Blimp-1 and promote Th2 cell development. These data reveal a hitherto unappreciated role for an IL-10–STAT3–Blimp-1 circuit as an initiator of an inflammatory Th2 response in the lung to allergens. Thus, Blimp-1 in a context-dependent fashion can drive inflammation by promoting rather than terminating effector T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun He
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Angela Hettinga
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sagar Laxman Kale
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sanmei Hu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Markus M Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Amanda C Poholek
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Emerging Roles of PRDM Factors in Stem Cells and Neuronal System: Cofactor Dependent Regulation of PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2 (Novel PRDM Factors). Cells 2020; 9:cells9122603. [PMID: 33291744 PMCID: PMC7761934 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PRDI-BF1 (positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1) and RIZ1 (retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene 1) (PR) homologous domain containing (PRDM) transcription factors are expressed in neuronal and stem cell systems, and they exert multiple functions in a spatiotemporal manner. Therefore, it is believed that PRDM factors cooperate with a number of protein partners to regulate a critical set of genes required for maintenance of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent findings about the expression of PRDM factors and function in stem cell and neuronal systems with a focus on cofactor-dependent regulation of PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2. We put special attention on summarizing the effects of the PRDM proteins interaction with chromatin modulators (NuRD complex and CtBPs) on the stem cell characteristic and neuronal differentiation. Although PRDM factors are known to possess intrinsic enzyme activity, our literature analysis suggests that cofactor-dependent regulation of PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2 is also one of the important mechanisms to orchestrate bidirectional target gene regulation. Therefore, determining stem cell and neuronal-specific cofactors will help better understanding of PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2-controlled stem cell maintenance and neuronal differentiation. Finally, we discuss the clinical aspect of these PRDM factors in different diseases including cancer. Overall, this review will help further sharpen our knowledge of the function of the PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2 with hopes to open new research fields related to these factors in stem cell biology and neuroscience.
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Cocco M, Care MA, Saadi A, Al-Maskari M, Doody G, Tooze R. A dichotomy of gene regulatory associations during the activated B-cell to plasmablast transition. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e202000654. [PMID: 32843533 PMCID: PMC7471511 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The activated B-cell (ABC) to plasmablast transition encompasses the cusp of antibody-secreting cell (ASC) differentiation. We explore this transition with integrated analysis in human cells, focusing on changes that follow removal from CD40-mediated signals. Within hours of input signal loss, cell growth programs shift toward enhanced proliferation, accompanied by ER-stress response, and up-regulation of ASC features. Clustering of genomic occupancy for IRF4, BLIMP1, XBP1, and CTCF with histone marks identifies a dichotomy: XBP1 and IRF4 link to induced but not repressed gene modules in plasmablasts, whereas BLIMP1 links to modules of ABC genes that are repressed, but not to activated genes. Between ABC and plasmablast states, IRF4 shifts away from AP1/IRF composite elements while maintaining occupancy at IRF and ETS/IRF elements. This parallels the loss of BATF expression, which is identified as a potential BLIMP1 target. In plasmablasts, IRF4 acquires an association with CTCF, a feature maintained in plasma cell myeloma lines. Thus, shifting occupancy links IRF4 to both ABC and ASC gene expression, whereas BLIMP1 occupancy links to repression of the activation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cocco
- Division of Immunology and Haematology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew A Care
- Division of Immunology and Haematology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Amel Saadi
- Division of Immunology and Haematology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Muna Al-Maskari
- Division of Immunology and Haematology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Gina Doody
- Division of Immunology and Haematology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Reuben Tooze
- Division of Immunology and Haematology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Differential epigenetic regulation between the alternative promoters, PRDM1α and PRDM1β, of the tumour suppressor gene PRDM1 in human multiple myeloma cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15899. [PMID: 32985591 PMCID: PMC7522722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72946-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell neoplasm that is characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. The transcription factor PRDM1 is a master regulator of plasma cell development and is considered to be an oncosuppressor in several lymphoid neoplasms. The PRDM1β isoform is an alternative promoter of the PRDM1 gene that may interfere with the normal role of the PRDM1α isoform. To explain the induction of the PRDM1β isoform in MM and to offer potential therapeutic strategies to modulate its expression, we characterized the cis regulatory elements and epigenetic status of its promoter. We observed unexpected patterns of hypermethylation and hypomethylation at the PRDM1α and PRDM1β promoters, respectively, and prominent H3K4me1 and H3K9me2 enrichment at the PRDM1β promoter in non-expressing cell lines compared to PRDM1β-expressing cell lines. After treatment with drugs that inhibit DNA methylation, we were able to modify the activity of the PRDM1β promoter but not that of the PRDM1α promoter. Epigenetic drugs may offer the ability to control the expression of the PRDM1α/PRDM1β promoters as components of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Ulmert I, Henriques-Oliveira L, Pereira CF, Lahl K. Mononuclear phagocyte regulation by the transcription factor Blimp-1 in health and disease. Immunology 2020; 161:303-313. [PMID: 32799350 PMCID: PMC7692253 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
B lymphocyte‐induced maturation protein‐1 (Blimp‐1), the transcription factor encoded by the gene Prdm1, plays a number of crucial roles in the adaptive immune system, which result in the maintenance of key effector functions of B‐ and T‐cells. Emerging clinical data, as well as mechanistic evidence from mouse studies, have additionally identified critical functions of Blimp‐1 in the maintenance of immune homeostasis by the mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) system. Blimp‐1 regulation of gene expression affects various aspects of MNP biology, including developmental programmes such as fate decisions of monocytes entering peripheral tissue, and functional programmes such as activation, antigen presentation and secretion of soluble inflammatory mediators. The highly tissue‐, subset‐ and state‐specific regulation of Blimp‐1 expression in MNPs suggests that Blimp‐1 is a dynamic regulator of immune activation, integrating environmental cues to fine‐tune the function of innate cells. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge regarding Blimp‐1 regulation and function in macrophages and dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ulmert
- Division of Biopharma, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Carlos-Filipe Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Division of Biopharma, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Iwanaga R, Truong BT, Hsu JY, Lambert KA, Vyas R, Orlicky D, Shellman YG, Tan AC, Ceol C, Artinger KB. Loss of prdm1a accelerates melanoma onset and progression. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:1052-1063. [PMID: 32562448 PMCID: PMC7864383 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive, deadly skin cancer derived from melanocytes, a neural crest cell derivative. Melanoma cells mirror the developmental program of neural crest cells in that they exhibit the same gene expression patterns and utilize similar cellular mechanisms, including increased cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and migration. Here we studied the role of neural crest regulator PRDM1 in melanoma onset and progression. In development, Prdm1a functions to promote neural crest progenitor fate, and in melanoma, we found that PRDM1 has reduced copy number and is recurrently deleted in both zebrafish and humans. When examining expression of neural crest and melanocyte development genes, we show that sox10 progenitor expression is high in prdm1a-/- mutants, while more differentiated melanocyte markers are reduced, suggesting that normally Prdm1a is required for differentiation. Data mining of human melanoma datasets indicates that high PRDM1 expression in human melanoma is correlated with better patient survival and decreased PRDM1 expression is common in metastatic tumors. When one copy of prdm1a is lost in the zebrafish melanoma model Tg(mitfa:BRAFV600E );p53-/- ;prdm1a+/- , melanoma onset occurs more quickly, and the tumors that form have a larger area with increased expression of sox10. These data demonstrate a novel role for PRDM1 as a tumor suppressor in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Iwanaga
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brittany T. Truong
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Human Medical Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jessica Y. Hsu
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Karoline A. Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rajesh Vyas
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - David Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yiqun G. Shellman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Craig Ceol
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Kristin Bruk Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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40
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Schwanke H, Stempel M, Brinkmann MM. Of Keeping and Tipping the Balance: Host Regulation and Viral Modulation of IRF3-Dependent IFNB1 Expression. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070733. [PMID: 32645843 PMCID: PMC7411613 DOI: 10.3390/v12070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response is a principal component of our immune system that allows to counter a viral attack immediately upon viral entry into host cells. Upon engagement of aberrantly localised nucleic acids, germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors convey their find via a signalling cascade to prompt kinase-mediated activation of a specific set of five transcription factors. Within the nucleus, the coordinated interaction of these dimeric transcription factors with coactivators and the basal RNA transcription machinery is required to access the gene encoding the type I IFN IFNβ (IFNB1). Virus-induced release of IFNβ then induces the antiviral state of the system and mediates further mechanisms for defence. Due to its key role during the induction of the initial IFN response, the activity of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is tightly regulated by the host and fiercely targeted by viral proteins at all conceivable levels. In this review, we will revisit the steps enabling the trans-activating potential of IRF3 after its activation and the subsequent assembly of the multi-protein complex at the IFNβ enhancer that controls gene expression. Further, we will inspect the regulatory mechanisms of these steps imposed by the host cell and present the manifold strategies viruses have evolved to intervene with IFNβ transcription downstream of IRF3 activation in order to secure establishment of a productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Schwanke
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Stempel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Melanie M. Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-531-6181-3069
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Governing the Transcriptional Regulation of ESR1. Discov Oncol 2020; 11:129-147. [PMID: 32592004 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-020-00388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of ESR1, the gene that encodes for estrogen receptor α (ER), is critical for regulating the downstream effects of the estrogen signaling pathway in breast cancer such as cell growth. ESR1 is a large and complex gene that is regulated by multiple regulatory elements, which has complicated our understanding of how ESR1 expression is controlled in the context of breast cancer. Early studies characterized the genomic structure of ESR1 with subsequent studies focused on identifying intrinsic (chromatin environment, transcription factors, signaling pathways) and extrinsic (tumor microenvironment, secreted factors) mechanisms that impact ESR1 gene expression. Currently, the introduction of genomic sequencing platforms and additional genome-wide technologies has provided additional insight on how chromatin structures may coordinate with these intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms to regulate ESR1 expression. Understanding these interactions will allow us to have a clearer understanding of how ESR1 expression is regulated and eventually provide clues on how to influence its regulation with potential treatments. In this review, we highlight key studies concerning the genomic structure of ESR1, mechanisms that affect the dynamics of ESR1 expression, and considerations towards affecting ESR1 expression and hormone responsiveness in breast cancer.
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Anderson KJ, Ósvaldsdóttir ÁB, Atzinger B, Traustadóttir GÁ, Jensen KN, Lárusdóttir AE, Bergthórsson JT, Hardardóttir I, Magnúsdóttir E. The BLIMP1-EZH2 nexus in a non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Oncogene 2020; 39:5138-5151. [PMID: 32533097 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma, resulting in antibody-secreting lymphoplasmacytic cells in the bone marrow and pathologies resulting from high levels of monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the blood. Despite the key role for BLIMP1 in plasma cell maturation and antibody secretion, its potential effect on WM cell biology has not yet been explored. Here we provide evidence of a crucial role for BLIMP1 in the survival of cells from WM cell line models and further demonstrate that BLIMP1 is necessary for the expression of the histone methyltransferase EZH2 in both WM and multiple myeloma cell lines. The effect of BLIMP1 on EZH2 levels is post-translational, at least partially through the regulation of proteasomal targeting of EZH2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis and transcriptome profiling suggest that the two factors co-operate in regulating genes involved in cancer cell immune evasion. Co-cultures of natural killer cells and cells from a WM cell line further suggest that both factors participate in immune evasion by promoting escape from natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Together, the interplay of BLIMP1 and EZH2 plays a vital role in promoting the survival of WM cell lines, suggesting a role for the two factors in Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Jade Anderson
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Árný Björg Ósvaldsdóttir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Birgit Atzinger
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Gunnhildur Ásta Traustadóttir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.,The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Kirstine Nolling Jensen
- The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Immunology, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Aðalheiður Elín Lárusdóttir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Jón Thór Bergthórsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Laboratory Haematology, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ingibjörg Hardardóttir
- The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Immunology, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Erna Magnúsdóttir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland. .,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland. .,The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.
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Liu M, Zhu Y, Xing F, Liu S, Xia Y, Jiang Q, Qin J. The polycomb group protein PCGF6 mediates germline gene silencing by recruiting histone-modifying proteins to target gene promoters. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9712-9724. [PMID: 32482889 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are essential for maintenance of lineage fidelity by coordinating developmental gene expression programs. Polycomb group ring finger 6 (PCGF6) has been previously reported to repress expression of lineage-specific genes, especially germ cell-related genes in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) via the noncanonical polycomb repressive complex PRC1.6. However, the molecular mechanism of this repression remains largely unknown. Here, using RNA-Seq, real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, and ChIP analyses, we demonstrate that PCGF6 plays an essential role in embryonic development, indicated by the partially penetrant embryonic lethality in homozygous PCGF6 (Pcgf6 -/-)-deficient mice. We also found that surviving Pcgf6-deficient mice exhibit reduced fertility. Using the Pcgf6-deficient mice, we observed that ablation of Pcgf6 in somatic tissues robustly derepresses germ cell-related genes. We further provide evidence that these genes are direct targets of PCGF6 in ESCs and that endogenous PCGF6 co-localizes with the histone-modifying proteins G9A histone methyltransferase (G9A)/G9a-like protein (GLP) and histone deacetylase 1/2 (HDAC1/2) on the promoters of the germ cell-related genes. Moreover, the binding of these proteins to their target genes correlated with methylation of Lys-9 of histone 3 and with the status of histone acetylation at these genes. Moreover, the recruitment of G9A/GLP and HDAC1/2 to target promoters depended on the binding of PCGF6. Our findings indicate that PCGF6 has a critical role in safeguarding lineage decisions and in preventing aberrant expression of germ cell-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaru Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Xia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinzhong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Fong HT, Hagen T, Inoue T. LDB1 and the SWI/SNF complex participate in both transcriptional activation and repression by Caenorhabditis elegans BLIMP1/PRDM1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194577. [PMID: 32417234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors of the BLIMP1/PRDM1 family are important regulators of development. BLIMP1/PRDM1 can both activate and repress gene expression, however, the mechanism of activation is not well understood. Therefore, we looked for factors involved in gene activation by C. elegans BLMP-1, the ortholog of BLIMP1/PRDM1. BLMP-1 activates the expression of bed-3, a gene involved in vulval development. By screening nuclear proteins that function in vulval development, we identified two proteins (LDB-1 and HAM-3) required for BLMP-1 dependent bed-3 expression. LDB-1 is the sole C. elegans member of the LIM Binding Protein (LDB) family, whereas HAM-3 is an accessory subunit of the SWI/SNF complex (ortholog of human SMARCD3/BAF60C). A core SWI/SNF subunit SWSN-1 (ortholog of human SMARCC1/BAF155) is also involved. We found that LDB-1 and HAM-3 bind to BLMP-1, suggesting that BLMP-1 recruits LDB-1 and the SWI/SNF complex to activate bed-3 expression. Interestingly, LDB-1 and HAM-3 are involved in both transcriptional activation and repression. In particular, BLMP-1, LDB-1 and HAM-3 co-regulate a set of hypodermal genes including bed-3 (activated), col-124 (activated) and lin-29 (repressed). On the other hand, LDB-1 and HAM-3 are not required for activation or repression of some genes regulated by BLMP-1 (e.g. T09D3.8, nas-10). We also found that human LDB1, SMARCD3/BAF60C and SMARCC1/BAF155 all physically interact with human BLIMP1/PRDM1 in vitro and are closely associated with BLIMP1/PRDM1 in vivo. Taken together, these results identify LDB1 and SWI/SNF as likely conserved cofactors of BLIMP1/PRDM1, which participate in activation and repression of a subset of BLIMP1/PRDM1-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Tung Fong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Thilo Hagen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
| | - Takao Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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45
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Shen H, Zhang X, Al Hafiz MA, Liang X, Yao Q, Guo M, Xu G, Zhong X, Zhou Q, Zhao H. The Proteins Interacting with Prmt5 in Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Identified by Yeast Two-Hybridization. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:971-978. [PMID: 32370700 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200505213431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prmt5 plays major role in regulation of gene expression, RNA processing, cell growth and differentiation, signal transduction, germ cell development, etc., in mammals. Prmt5 is also related to cancer. Knowing the proteins interacting with Prmt5 is important to understand Prmt5's function in cells. Although there have been reports on proteins binding with Prmt5 in mammals, the partner proteins of Prmt5 in fish are still unclear. OBJECTIVES The objective was to obtain proteins that bind with Prmt5 in medaka, a model fish. METHODS Yeast two hybridization was adopted to achieve the objective. Medaka Prmt5 was used as a bait to fish the prey, binding proteins in a cDNA library of medaka. Co-immunoprecipitation and in silicon analysis were performed to study the interaction of medaka Mep50 and Prmt5. RESULTS Eight proteins were identified to bind with Prmt5 from 69 preliminary positive colonies. The binding proteins are methylosome protein 50 (Mep50), apolipoprotein A-I-like (Apo-AI), PR domain containing protein 1a with zinc fingers (Prdm1a), Prdm1b, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin family member 3 (Tim-3), phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase and phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase (Paics), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) and sciellin (Scl). Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed the interaction of medaka Prmt5 and Mep50. Predicted structures of medaka Prtm5 and Mep50 are similar to that of human PRMT5 and MEP50. CONCLUSION Medaka Mep50, Prdm1a, Prdm1b, Apo-AI, Tim-3, Paics, ND4, and Scl bind with Prmt5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiaosha Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Md Abdullah Al Hafiz
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiaoting Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qiting Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Maomao Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Gongyu Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xueping Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qingchun Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Haobin Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Chen X, Wyler SC, Li L, Arnold AG, Wan R, Jia L, Landy MA, Lai HC, Xu P, Liu C. Comparative Transcriptomic Analyses of Developing Melanocortin Neurons Reveal New Regulators for the Anorexigenic Neuron Identity. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3165-3177. [PMID: 32213554 PMCID: PMC7159888 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0155-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their opposing actions on food intake, POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) are derived from the same progenitors that give rise to ARH neurons. However, the mechanism whereby common neuronal precursors subsequently adopt either the anorexigenic (POMC) or the orexigenic (NPY/AgRP) identity remains elusive. We hypothesize that POMC and NPY/AgRP cell fates are specified and maintained by distinct intrinsic factors. In search of them, we profiled the transcriptomes of developing POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons in mice. Moreover, cell-type-specific transcriptomic analyses revealed transcription regulators that are selectively enriched in either population, but whose developmental functions are unknown in these neurons. Among them, we found the expression of the PR domain-containing factor 12 (Prdm12) was enriched in POMC neurons but absent in NPY/AgRP neurons. To study the role of Prdm12 in vivo, we developed and characterized a floxed Prdm12 allele. Selective ablation of Prdm12 in embryonic POMC neurons led to significantly reduced Pomc expression as well as early-onset obesity in mice of either sex that recapitulates symptoms of human POMC deficiency. Interestingly, however, specific deletion of Prdm12 in adult POMC neurons showed that it is no longer required for Pomc expression or energy balance. Collectively, these findings establish a critical role for Prdm12 in the anorexigenic neuron identity and suggest that it acts developmentally to program body weight homeostasis. Finally, the combination of cell-type-specific genomic and genetic analyses provides a means to dissect cellular and functional diversity in the hypothalamus whose neurodevelopment remains poorly studied.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons are derived from the same hypothalamic progenitors but have opposing effects on food intake. We profiled the transcriptomes of genetically labeled POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons in the developing mouse hypothalamus to decipher the transcriptional codes behind the versus orexigenic neuron identity. Our analyses revealed 29 transcription regulators that are selectively enriched in one of the two populations. We generated new mouse genetic models to selective ablate one of POMC-neuron enriched transcription factors Prdm12 in developing and adult POMC neurons. Our studies establish a previously unrecognized role for Prdm12 in the anorexigenic neuron identity and suggest that it acts developmentally to program body weight homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiameng Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypothalamic Research Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Steven C Wyler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypothalamic Research Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Li Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypothalamic Research Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Amanda G Arnold
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypothalamic Research Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Rong Wan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypothalamic Research Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypothalamic Research Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Mark A Landy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Helen C Lai
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Pin Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypothalamic Research Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Casamassimi A, Rienzo M, Di Zazzo E, Sorrentino A, Fiore D, Proto MC, Moncharmont B, Gazzerro P, Bifulco M, Abbondanza C. Multifaceted Role of PRDM Proteins in Human Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072648. [PMID: 32290321 PMCID: PMC7177584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The PR/SET domain family (PRDM) comprise a family of genes whose protein products share a conserved N-terminal PR [PRDI-BF1 (positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1) and RIZ1 (retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene 1)] homologous domain structurally and functionally similar to the catalytic SET [Su(var)3-9, enhancer-of-zeste and trithorax] domain of histone methyltransferases (HMTs). These genes are involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression through their intrinsic HMTase activity or via interactions with other chromatin modifying enzymes. In this way they control a broad spectrum of biological processes, including proliferation and differentiation control, cell cycle progression, and maintenance of immune cell homeostasis. In cancer, tumor-specific dysfunctions of PRDM genes alter their expression by genetic and/or epigenetic modifications. A common characteristic of most PRDM genes is to encode for two main molecular variants with or without the PR domain. They are generated by either alternative splicing or alternative use of different promoters and play opposite roles, particularly in cancer where their imbalance can be often observed. In this scenario, PRDM proteins are involved in cancer onset, invasion, and metastasis and their altered expression is related to poor prognosis and clinical outcome. These functions strongly suggest their potential use in cancer management as diagnostic or prognostic tools and as new targets of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.D.Z.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.A.); Tel.: +39-081-566-7579 (A.C.); +39-081-566-7568 (C.A.)
| | - Monica Rienzo
- Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.D.Z.); (A.S.)
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Anna Sorrentino
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.D.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Donatella Fiore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (D.F.); (M.C.P.); (P.G.)
| | - Maria Chiara Proto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (D.F.); (M.C.P.); (P.G.)
| | - Bruno Moncharmont
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (D.F.); (M.C.P.); (P.G.)
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.D.Z.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.A.); Tel.: +39-081-566-7579 (A.C.); +39-081-566-7568 (C.A.)
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Shull LC, Sen R, Menzel J, Goyama S, Kurokawa M, Artinger KB. The conserved and divergent roles of Prdm3 and Prdm16 in zebrafish and mouse craniofacial development. Dev Biol 2020; 461:132-144. [PMID: 32044379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the craniofacial skeleton is a highly dynamic process that requires proper orchestration of various cellular processes in cranial neural crest cell (cNCC) development, including cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, polarity and cell death. Alterations that occur during cNCC development result in congenital birth defects and craniofacial abnormalities such as cleft lip with or without cleft palate. While the gene regulatory networks facilitating neural crest development have been extensively studied, the epigenetic mechanisms by which these pathways are activated or repressed in a temporal and spatially regulated manner remain largely unknown. Chromatin modifiers can precisely modify gene expression through a variety of mechanisms including histone modifications such as methylation. Here, we investigated the role of two members of the PRDM (Positive regulatory domain) histone methyltransferase family, Prdm3 and Prdm16 in craniofacial development using genetic models in zebrafish and mice. Loss of prdm3 or prdm16 in zebrafish causes craniofacial defects including hypoplasia of the craniofacial cartilage elements, undefined posterior ceratobranchials, and decreased mineralization of the parasphenoid. In mice, while conditional loss of Prdm3 in the early embryo proper causes mid-gestation lethality, loss of Prdm16 caused craniofacial defects including anterior mandibular hypoplasia, clefting in the secondary palate and severe middle ear defects. In zebrafish, prdm3 and prdm16 compensate for each other as well as a third Prdm family member, prdm1a. Combinatorial loss of prdm1a, prdm3, and prdm16 alleles results in severe hypoplasia of the anterior cartilage elements, abnormal formation of the jaw joint, complete loss of the posterior ceratobranchials, and clefting of the ethmoid plate. We further determined that loss of prdm3 and prdm16 reduces methylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (repression) and histone 3 lysine 4 (activation) in zebrafish. In mice, loss of Prdm16 significantly decreased histone 3 lysine 9 methylation in the palatal shelves but surprisingly did not change histone 3 lysine 4 methylation. Taken together, Prdm3 and Prdm16 play an important role in craniofacial development by maintaining temporal and spatial regulation of gene regulatory networks necessary for proper cNCC development and these functions are both conserved and divergent across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lomeli Carpio Shull
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rwik Sen
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Johannes Menzel
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Susumu Goyama
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mineo Kurokawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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Cheng Y, He C, Wang M, Ma X, Mo F, Yang S, Han J, Wei X. Targeting epigenetic regulators for cancer therapy: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:62. [PMID: 31871779 PMCID: PMC6915746 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alternations concern heritable yet reversible changes in histone or DNA modifications that regulate gene activity beyond the underlying sequence. Epigenetic dysregulation is often linked to human disease, notably cancer. With the development of various drugs targeting epigenetic regulators, epigenetic-targeted therapy has been applied in the treatment of hematological malignancies and has exhibited viable therapeutic potential for solid tumors in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the aberrant functions of enzymes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation and histone methylation during tumor progression and highlight the development of inhibitors of or drugs targeted at epigenetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cai He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manni Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Mo
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junhong Han
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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50
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Prajapati RS, Hintze M, Streit A. PRDM1 controls the sequential activation of neural, neural crest and sensory progenitor determinants. Development 2019; 146:dev.181107. [PMID: 31806661 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During early embryogenesis, the ectoderm is rapidly subdivided into neural, neural crest and sensory progenitors. How the onset of lineage determinants and the loss of pluripotency markers are temporally and spatially coordinated in vivo is still debated. Here, we identify a crucial role for the transcription factor PRDM1 in the orderly transition from epiblast to defined neural lineages in chick. PRDM1 is initially expressed broadly in the entire epiblast, but becomes gradually restricted as cell fates are specified. We find that PRDM1 is required for the loss of some pluripotency markers and the onset of neural, neural crest and sensory progenitor specifier genes. PRDM1 directly activates their expression by binding to their promoter regions and recruiting the histone demethylase Kdm4a to remove repressive histone marks. However, once neural lineage determinants become expressed, they in turn repress PRDM1, whereas prolonged PRDM1 expression inhibits neural, neural crest and sensory progenitor genes, suggesting that its downregulation is necessary for cells to maintain their identity. Therefore, PRDM1 plays multiple roles during ectodermal cell fate allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra S Prajapati
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mark Hintze
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrea Streit
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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