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Shelukhina I, Siniavin A, Kasheverov I, Ojomoko L, Tsetlin V, Utkin Y. α7- and α9-Containing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Functioning of Immune System and in Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076524. [PMID: 37047495 PMCID: PMC10095066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) present as many different subtypes in the nervous and immune systems, muscles and on the cells of other organs. In the immune system, inflammation is regulated via the vagus nerve through the activation of the non-neuronal α7 nAChR subtype, affecting the production of cytokines. The analgesic properties of α7 nAChR-selective compounds are mostly based on the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. The molecular mechanism of neuropathic pain relief mediated by the inhibition of α9-containing nAChRs is not fully understood yet, but the role of immune factors in this process is becoming evident. To obtain appropriate drugs, a search of selective agonists, antagonists and modulators of α7- and α9-containing nAChRs is underway. The naturally occurring three-finger snake α-neurotoxins and mammalian Ly6/uPAR proteins, as well as neurotoxic peptides α-conotoxins, are not only sophisticated tools in research on nAChRs but are also considered as potential medicines. In particular, the inhibition of the α9-containing nAChRs by α-conotoxins may be a pathway to alleviate neuropathic pain. nAChRs are involved in the inflammation processes during AIDS and other viral infections; thus they can also be means used in drug design. In this review, we discuss the role of α7- and α9-containing nAChRs in the immune processes and in pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuri Utkin
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +7-495-3366522
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2
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Caruso G, Di Pietro L, Caraci F. Gap Junctions and Connexins in Microglia-Related Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation: Perspectives for Drug Discovery. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030505. [PMID: 36979440 PMCID: PMC10046203 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia represent the immune system of the brain. Their role is central in two phenomena, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which are at the roots of different pathologies related to the central nervous system (CNS). In order to maintain the homeostasis of the brain and re-establish the equilibrium after a threatening imbalance, microglia communicate with each other and other cells within the CNS by receiving specific signals through membrane-bound receptors and then releasing neurotrophic factors into either the extracellular milieu or directly into the cytoplasm of nearby cells, such as astrocytes and neurons. These last two mechanisms rely on the activity of protein structures that enable the formation of channels in the membrane, namely, connexins and pannexins, that group and form gap junctions, hemichannels, and pannexons. These channels allow the release of gliotransmitters, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glutamate, together with calcium ion (Ca2+), that seem to play a pivotal role in inter-cellular communication. The aim of the present review is focused on the physiology of channel protein complexes and their contribution to neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress-related phenomena, which play a central role in neurodegenerative disorders. We will then discuss how pharmacological modulation of these channels can impact neuroinflammatory phenomena and hypothesize that currently available nutraceuticals, such as carnosine and N-acetylcysteine, can modulate the activity of connexins and pannexins in microglial cells and reduce oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0957385036
| | - Lucia Di Pietro
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Scuola Superiore di Catania, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
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Raj K, Singh S, Chib S, Mallan S. Microbiota- Brain-Gut-Axis Relevance to Parkinson's Disease: Potential Therapeutic Effects of Probiotics. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3049-3067. [PMID: 36200207 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666221003112300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common type of neurogenerative disease among middleaged and older people, characterized by aggregation of alpha-synuclein and dopaminergic neuron loss. The microbiota- gut-brain axis is a dynamic bidirectional communication network and is involved in the pathogenesis of PD. The aggregation of misfolded protein alpha-synuclein is a neuropathological characteristic of PD, originates in the gut and migrates to the central nervous system (CNS) through the vagus nerve and olfactory bulb. The change in the architecture of gut microbiota increases the level short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and other metabolites, acting on the neuroendocrine system and modulating the concentrations of gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, and other neurotransmitters. It also alters the vagus and intestinal signalling, influencing the brain and behaviour by activating microglia and systemic cytokines. Both experimental and clinical reports indicate the role of intestinal dysbiosis and microbiota host interaction in neurodegeneration. Probiotics are live microorganisms that modify the gut microbiota in the small intestine to avoid neurological diseases. Probiotics have been shown in clinical and preclinical studies to be effective in the treatment of PD by balancing the gut microbiota. In this article, we described the role of gut-microbiota in the pathogenesis of PD. The article aims to explore the mechanistic strategy of the gut-brain axis and its relation with motor impairment and the use of probiotics to maintain gut microbial flora and prevent PD-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadga Raj
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Shivani Chib
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Sudhanshu Mallan
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
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Zuhrotun Nisa F, Astuti M, Mubarika Haryana S, Murdiati A. Effect of Papaya Leaves (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) Extract on Immune Response (TLR-7, TLR-9) and Inflammation (COX-2) in Rats Induces DMBA (7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]antrasen). Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 23:1450-1455. [PMID: 33274874 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.1450.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE TLR is known to regulate the immune system in cancer. TLR-7 and TLR-9 can enhance the antitumor immune system in many types of solid tumors. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a biomarker of inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of papaya leaves extract on immune response (TLR 7, TLR 9) and inflammation (COX-2) in rats induced DMBA. MATERIALS AND METHODS This experimental study used Sprague dawley female rats of age more less 50 days. Rats were divided into 4 groups: Negative Control (NC), Positive Control (PC), Cancer Drug Doxorubicin (DOXO) and Papaya Leaves Extract (PLE). The study was conducted for 13 weeks. DMBA induction performed for 5 weeks with administration of 2 times per week. RESULTS the expression of TLR-7 of PLE and DOXO was higher than PC groups significantly different (p<0.05). The expression of TLR-9 of PLE was higher than NC, PC and DOXO groups but not significantly different (p>0.05) while the expression of COX-2 of PLE and DOXO groups was lower than NC and PC groups but not significantly different (p>0.05). CONCLUSION It can be concluded that papaya leaves extract can improve the immune system and reduce inflammation. It shows that papaya leaves extract has potent as anti-cancer.
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Danladi J, Sabir H. Innate immunity, inflammation activation and heat-shock protein in COVID-19 pathogenesis. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 358:577632. [PMID: 34186336 PMCID: PMC8196476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19 is a serious pandemic of the 21st century, which has caused a devastating loss of lives and a global economic catastrophe. A successful vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 has suffered a delay due to lack of substantial knowledge about its mechanisms of action. Understanding the innate immune system against SARS-CoV-2 and the role of heat shock proteins' (HSP) inhibiting and resolution of inflammatory pathways may provide information to the low SARS-CoV-2 mortality rates in Africa. In addition, bats being a host to different viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 possess a well specialized IFN-innate antiviral inflammatory response, showing no signs of disease or pro-inflammatory cytokine storm. We discuss the molecular pathways in COVID-19 with a focus on innate immunity, inflammation, HSP responses, and suggest appropriate candidates for therapeutic targets and The contribution of the innate immune system to the efficacy of mRNA or vector based Corona immunizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibrin Danladi
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Hemmen Sabir
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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Darma A, Athiyyah AF, Ranuh RG, Endaryanto A, Budiono B, Sudarmo SM. Effects of probiotics on the enhancement of the innate mucosal immune response against pathogenic bacteria. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 12:445-450. [PMID: 33604000 PMCID: PMC7867706 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v12i5.4606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Probiotics have been widely used for host immune system enhancement but with limited knowledge regarding the immunomodulation mechanisms by which they assist the mucosal innate immune response. We investigated the effects of probiotics on the modulation of the innate mucosal immune response particularly in association with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and p105. Materials and Methods: We randomized 24 male BALB/c mice into four groups. Two groups were administered probiotics for 21 consecutive days; one of these groups was challenged with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on day 15. The third group was challenged with only LPS. The fourth group remained untreated. All mice were sacrificed after 21 days. An immunohistochemistry procedure on the ileum was performed and monoclonal antibodies specific for TLR-2, TLR-4 and NF-κB p65 and p105 were used for the analysis of innate lymphoid cells. Results: In the LPS-only treated group, there was a significant decrease in p105, indicating an alternative transcription pathway for the process of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In the probiotics-only treated group there was significant enhancement of TLR-2 and TLR-4 and NF-κB p65 and p105. When mice treated with probiotics were exposed to LPS, there was a significant decrease in NF-κB p65 and p105, indicating employment of the classical pathway for pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Conclusion: Probiotics can enhance the innate mucosal immune response in healthy mice and can maintain the homeostasis of the gut mucosal immune response against LPS through the activation of the classical NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Darma
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Alpha Fardah Athiyyah
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Reza Gunadi Ranuh
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Anang Endaryanto
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Budiono Budiono
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Subijanto Marto Sudarmo
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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The Intestinal Barrier and Current Techniques for the Assessment of Gut Permeability. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081909. [PMID: 32824536 PMCID: PMC7463717 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is essential in human health and constitutes the interface between the outside and the internal milieu of the body. A functional intestinal barrier allows absorption of nutrients and fluids but simultaneously prevents harmful substances like toxins and bacteria from crossing the intestinal epithelium and reaching the body. An altered intestinal permeability, a sign of a perturbed barrier function, has during the last decade been associated with several chronic conditions, including diseases originating in the gastrointestinal tract but also diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. This has led to an intensified interest from researchers with diverse backgrounds to perform functional studies of the intestinal barrier in different conditions. Intestinal permeability is defined as the passage of a solute through a simple membrane and can be measured by recording the passage of permeability markers over the epithelium via the paracellular or the transcellular route. The methodological tools to investigate the gut barrier function are rapidly expanding and new methodological approaches are being developed. Here we outline and discuss, in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo techniques and how these methods can be utilized for thorough investigation of the intestinal barrier.
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Huang K, Dong W, Liu W, Yan Y, Wan P, Peng Y, Xu Y, Zeng X, Cao Y. 2- O-β-d-Glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic Acid, an Ascorbic Acid Derivative Isolated from the Fruits of Lycium Barbarum L., Modulates Gut Microbiota and Palliates Colitis in Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11408-11419. [PMID: 31556290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of 2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid (AA-2βG), a natural ascorbic acid derivative from the fruits of Lycium barbarum, on treating the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice were investigated. The results revealed that AA-2βG had palliating effects on DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in terms of slowing down the trends of body weight and solid fecal mass loss, reducing colitis disease activity index, improving serum physiological and biochemical indicators, increasing colon length, blocking proinflammatory cytokines, and increasing tight junction proteins. Additionally, AA-2βG treatment could promote the production of short-chain fatty acids and modulate the composition of the gut microbiota. The key bacteria related to IBD were found to be Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae, Rikenellaceae, Parasutterella, Parabacteroides, and Clostridium. The results indicated that AA-2βG might treat IBD through the regulation of gut microbiota, suggesting that AA-2βG has the potential to be used as a dietary supplement in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyin Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Wei Dong
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Wanyu Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yamei Yan
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center , Yinchuan 750002 , Ningxia , China
| | - Peng Wan
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yujia Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yujuan Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xiaoxiong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Youlong Cao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center , Yinchuan 750002 , Ningxia , China
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9
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Cellular and Molecular Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Focusing on Intestinal Barrier Function. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020193. [PMID: 30813280 PMCID: PMC6407030 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut relies on several cellular and molecular mechanisms to allow for an intact and dynamical intestinal barrier. Normally, only small amounts of luminal content pass the mucosa, however, if the control is broken it can lead to enhanced passage, which might damage the mucosa, leading to pathological conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is well established that genetic, environmental, and immunological factors all contribute in the pathogenesis of IBD, and a disturbed intestinal barrier function has become a hallmark of the disease. Genetical studies support the involvement of intestinal barrier as several susceptibility genes for IBD encode proteins with key functions in gut barrier and homeostasis. IBD patients are associated with loss in bacterial diversity and shifts in the microbiota, with a possible link to local inflammation. Furthermore, alterations of immune cells and several neuro-immune signaling pathways in the lamina propria have been demonstrated. An inappropriate immune activation might lead to mucosal inflammation, with elevated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can affect the epithelium and promote a leakier barrier. This review will focus on the main cells and molecular mechanisms in IBD and how these can be targeted in order to improve intestinal barrier function and reduce inflammation.
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Abstract
Microglial cells derive from fetal macrophages which immigrate into and disseminate throughout the central nervous system (CNS) in early embryogenesis. After settling in the nerve tissue, microglial progenitors acquire an idiosyncratic morphological phenotype with small cell body and moving thin and highly ramified processes currently defined as "resting or surveillant microglia". Physiology of microglia is manifested by second messenger-mediated cellular excitability, low resting membrane conductance, and expression of receptors to pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs), as well as receptors to classical neurotransmitters and neurohormones. This specific physiological profile reflects adaptive changes of myeloid cells to the CNS environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Garaschuk
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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11
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Natural molecules induce and synergize to boost expression of the human antimicrobial peptide β-defensin-3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9869-E9878. [PMID: 30275324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805298115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are mucosal defense effectors of the human innate immune response. In the intestine, AMPs are produced and secreted by epithelial cells to protect the host against pathogens and to support homeostasis with commensals. The inducible nature of AMPs suggests that potent inducers could be used to increase their endogenous expression for the prevention or treatment of diseases. Here we aimed at identifying molecules from the natural pharmacopoeia that induce expression of human β-defensin-3 (HBD3), one of the most efficient AMPs, without modifying the production of proinflammatory cytokines. By screening, we identified three molecules isolated from medicinal plants, andrographolide, oridonin, and isoliquiritigenin, which induced HBD3 production in human colonic epithelial cells. This effect was observed without activation of the NF-κB pathway or the expression of associated proinflammatory cytokines. We identified the EGF receptor as the target of these compounds and characterized the downstream-activated MAPK pathways. At the chromatin level, molecules increased phosphorylation of histone H3 on serine S10 and recruitment of the c-Fos, c-Jun, and Elk1 or c-Myc transcription factors at the HBD3 promoter. Interestingly, stimulating cells with a combination of andrographolide and isoliquiritigenin synergistically enhanced HBD3 induction 10-fold more than observed with each molecule alone. Finally, we investigated the molecular basis governing the synergistic effect, confirmed our findings in human colonic primary cells, and demonstrated that synergism increased cellular antimicrobial activity. This work shows the capability of small molecules to achieve induction of epithelial antimicrobial defenses while simultaneously avoiding the deleterious risks of an inflammatory response.
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Vadstein O, Attramadal KJK, Bakke I, Forberg T, Olsen Y, Verdegem M, Giatsis C, Skjermo J, Aasen IM, Gatesoupe FJ, Dierckens K, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P. Managing the Microbial Community of Marine Fish Larvae: A Holistic Perspective for Larviculture. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1820. [PMID: 30210457 PMCID: PMC6119882 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of high-quality juveniles is a bottleneck in the farming of many marine fish species. Detrimental larvae-microbe interactions are a main reason for poor viability and quality in larval rearing. In this review, we explore the microbial community of fish larvae from an ecological and eco-physiological perspective, with the aim to develop the knowledge basis for microbial management. The larvae are exposed to a huge number of microbes from external and internal sources in intensive aquaculture, but their relative importance depend on the rearing technology used (especially flow-through vs. recirculating systems) and the retention time of the water in the fish tanks. Generally, focus has been on microbes entering the system, but microbes from growth within the system is normally a substantial part of the microbes encountered by larvae. Culture independent methods have revealed an unexpected high richness of bacterial species associated with larvae, with 100-250 operational taxonomic units associated with one individual. The microbiota of larvae changes rapidly until metamorphosis, most likely due to changes in the selection pressure in the digestive tract caused by changes in host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. Even though the microbiota of larvae is distinctly different from the microbiota of the water and the live food, the microbiota of the water strongly affects the microbiota of the larvae. We are in the early phase of understanding larvae-microbe interactions in vivo, but some studies with other animals than fish emphasize that we so far have underestimated the complexity of these interactions. We present examples demonstrating the diversity of these interactions. A large variety of microbial management methods exist, focusing on non-selective reduction of microbes, selective enhancement of microbes, and on improvement of the resistance of larvae against microbes. However, relatively few methods have been studied extensively. We believe that there is a lot to gain by increasing the diversity of approaches for microbial management. As many microbial management methods are perturbations of the microbial community, we argue that ecological theory is needed to foresee and test for longer term consequences in microbe-microbe and microbe-larvae interactions. We finally make some recommendations for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Vadstein
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari J. K. Attramadal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingrid Bakke
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torunn Forberg
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yngvar Olsen
- Department of Biology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marc Verdegem
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cristos Giatsis
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jorunn Skjermo
- Department of Environment and New Resources, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Inga M. Aasen
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Kristof Dierckens
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Sorgeloos
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Zhang Y, Li J, Li Q. Immune Evasion of Enteroviruses Under Innate Immune Monitoring. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1866. [PMID: 30154774 PMCID: PMC6102382 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major component of immunological defense against a great variety of pathogens, innate immunity is capable of activating the adaptive immune system. Viruses are a type of pathogen that proliferate parasitically in cells and have multiple strategies to escape from host immune pressure. Here, we review recent studies of the strategies and mechanisms by which enteroviruses evade innate immune monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
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14
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Shen Y, Liu N, Li C, Wang X, Xu X, Chen W, Xing G, Zheng W. The early response during the interaction of fungal phytopathogen and host plant. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170057. [PMID: 28469008 PMCID: PMC5451545 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants can be infected by a variety of pathogens, most of which can cause severe economic losses. The plants resist the invasion of pathogens via the innate or acquired immune system for surviving biotic stress. The associations between plants and pathogens are sophisticated beyond imaging and the interactions between them can occur at a very early stage after their touching each other. A number of researchers in the past decade have shown that many biochemical events appeared even as early as 5 min after their touching for plant disease resistance response. The early molecular interactions of plants and pathogens are likely to involve protein phosphorylation, ion fluxes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other signalling transduction. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in the study for molecular interaction response of fungal pathogens and host plant at the early infection stage, which included many economically important crop fungal pathogens such as cereal rust fungi, tomato Cladosporium fulvum, rice blast and so on. By dissecting the earlier infection stage of the diseases, the avirulent/virulent genes of pathogen or resistance genes of plant could be defined more clearly and accurately, which would undoubtedly facilitate fungal pathogenesis study and resistant crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhen Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
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Going Fishing. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:1-2. [PMID: 29320784 DOI: 10.1159/000485754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Systemic effects in naïve mice injected with immunomodulatory lectin ArtinM. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187151. [PMID: 29084277 PMCID: PMC5662225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) contain N-glycans, which are important glycotargets for plant lectins, to induce immunomodulation. The lectin ArtinM obtained from Artocarpus heterophyllus interacts with TLR2 N-glycans to stimulate IL-12 production by antigen-presenting cells and to drive the immune response toward the Th1 axis, conferring resistance against intracellular pathogens. This immunomodulatory effect was demonstrated by subcutaneously injecting (s.c.) ArtinM (0.5 μg) in infected mice. In this study, we evaluated the systemic implications of ArtinM administration in naïve BALB/c mice. The mice were s.c. injected twice (7 days interval) with ArtinM (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 μg), LPS (positive control), or PBS (negative control) and euthanized after three days. None of the ArtinM-injected mice exhibited change in body weight, whereas the relative mass of the heart and lungs diminished in mice injected with the highest ArtinM dose (5.0 μg). Few and discrete inflammatory foci were detected in the heart, lung, and liver of mice receiving ArtinM at doses ≥2.5 μg. Moreover, the highest dose of ArtinM was associated with increased serum levels of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) and globulins as well as an augmented presence of neutrophils in the heart and lung. IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 measurements in the liver, kidney, spleen, heart, and lung homogenates revealed decreased IL-10 level in the heart and lung of mice injected with 5.0 μg ArtinM. We also found an augmented frequency of T helper and B cells in the spleen of all ArtinM-injected naïve mice, whereas the relative expressions of T-bet, GATA-3, and ROR-γt were similar to those in PBS-injected animals. Our study demonstrates that s.c. injection of high doses of ArtinM in naïve mice promotes mild inflammatory lesions and that a low immunomodulatory dose is innocuous to naïve mice.
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Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury: An Immunological Context. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7010011. [PMID: 28124982 PMCID: PMC5297300 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) afflicts people of all ages and genders, and the severity of injury ranges from concussion/mild TBI to severe TBI. Across all spectrums, TBI has wide-ranging, and variable symptomology and outcomes. Treatment options are lacking for the early neuropathology associated with TBIs and for the chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral deficits. Inflammation and neuroinflammation appear to be major mediators of TBI outcomes. These systems are being intensively studies using animal models and human translational studies, in the hopes of understanding the mechanisms of TBI, and developing therapeutic strategies to improve the outcomes of the millions of people impacted by TBIs each year. This manuscript provides an overview of the epidemiology and outcomes of TBI, and presents data obtained from animal and human studies focusing on an inflammatory and immunological context. Such a context is timely, as recent studies blur the traditional understanding of an “immune-privileged” central nervous system. In presenting the evidence for specific, adaptive immune response after TBI, it is hoped that future studies will be interpreted using a broader perspective that includes the contributions of the peripheral immune system, to central nervous system disorders, notably TBI and post-traumatic syndromes.
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Salciccia A, Grulke S, de la Rebière de Pouyade G, Franck T, Detilleux J, Serteyn D, Sandersen C. Assessment of systemic inflammation by time-trends of blood granulocyte count and plasma myeloperoxidase and elastase concentrations following colic surgery in horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 26:541-8. [PMID: 27147114 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine changes in blood granulocyte counts and in plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO) and elastase (ELT) concentrations in surgical colic cases, and to determine the relationship between these changes and the surgical procedure performed, occurrence of postoperative ileus, and final outcome. DESIGN Prospective clinical study conducted over a 12-month period. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Fifty-three horses undergoing emergency laparotomy and surviving at least 12 hours postoperatively. INTERVENTIONS Blood samples were taken before surgery, during surgery, at the recovery from anesthesia, and then serially until the 150th hour after the first blood sampling. Granulocyte counts were performed by an automated cell hematology analyzer. Specific ELISAs were performed for the MPO and ELT measurements. Mixed models were used to compare the time-trends of the 3 parameters. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Taking all horses together, the time-trends of MPO and ELT were not significantly different from each other, but they were significantly different from the granulocyte time-trend. The type of surgical procedure did not influence the time-trends of the 3 parameters. Significant changes in the granulocyte time-trends were associated with postoperative ileus and outcome. Significant changes in the MPO time-trends were associated with outcome. The ELT time-trends were not influenced by ileus or outcome. CONCLUSIONS Granulocyte counts and MPO change over time and are related to the severity of the inflammatory reaction in surgical colic cases. These time-trends may allow evaluation of treatment efficacy in an effort to modulate excessive granulocyte activation and degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Salciccia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium.,the Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Grulke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium.,the Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Geoffroy de la Rebière de Pouyade
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium.,the Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Thierry Franck
- the Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Johann Detilleux
- the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Quantitative Genetics, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium.,the Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Sandersen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium.,the Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
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19
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Effects of parasite pressure on parasite mortality and reproductive output in a rodent-flea system: inferring host defense trade-offs. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3337-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Liu LJ, Wang W, Zhong Z, Lin S, Lu L, Wang YT, Ma DL, Leung CH. Inhibition of TLR1/2 dimerization by enantiomers of metal complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12278-12281. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Complex 1 and its enantiomer Λ-1 are reported for the first time to inhibit NF-κB transduction via the modulation of Pam3CSK4-induced TLR1/2 heterodimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Wanhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- China
| | - Lihua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Kowloon Tong
- China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
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21
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Schreiber F, Arasteh JM, Lawley TD. Pathogen Resistance Mediated by IL-22 Signaling at the Epithelial-Microbiota Interface. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:3676-82. [PMID: 26497621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal colonization resistance to bacterial pathogens is generally associated, among other factors, with mucosal homeostasis that preserves the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Mucosal homeostasis depends on physical and molecular interactions between three components: the resident microbiota, the epithelial layer and the local immune system. The cytokine IL-22 helps to orchestrate this three-way interaction. IL-22 is produced by immune cells present beneath the epithelium and is induced by bacteria present in the intestine. IL-22 stimulates the epithelial cells via the IL-22RA1-IL-10R2 receptor complex inducing changes in the expression of genes involved in the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity, with a variety of functions in pathogen resistance such as mucus layer modifications and hydration, tight junction fortification and the production of a broad range of bactericidal compounds. These mechanisms of pathogen resistance, in turn, affect the microbiota composition and create an environment that excludes pathogens. Here we highlight the role of IL-22 as key mediator in the give-and-take relationship between the microbiota and the host that impacts pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Schreiber
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.
| | - Julia Maryam Arasteh
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.
| | - Trevor D Lawley
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.
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22
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Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria produce virulence factors called effectors, which are important components of the infection process. Effectors aid in pathogenesis by facilitating bacterial attachment, pathogen entry into or exit from the host cell, immunoevasion, and immunosuppression. Effectors also have the ability to subvert host cellular processes, such as hijacking cytoskeletal machinery or blocking protein translation. However, host cells possess an evolutionarily conserved innate immune response that can sense the pathogen through the activity of its effectors and mount a robust immune response. This “effector triggered immunity” (ETI) was first discovered in plants but recent evidence suggest that the process is also well conserved in metazoans. We will discuss salient points of the mechanism of ETI in metazoans from recent studies done in mammalian cells and invertebrate model hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajmohan Rajamuthiah
- a Division of Infectious Diseases; Rhode Island Hospital; Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Providence, RI USA
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23
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Ponichtera HE, Stadecker MJ. Dendritic cell expression of the C-type lectin receptor CD209a: A novel innate parasite-sensing mechanism inducing Th17 cells that drive severe immunopathology in murine schistosome infection. Exp Parasitol 2015; 158:42-7. [PMID: 25913088 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Following infection with the trematode helminth Schistosoma mansoni, CBA mice develop severe parasite egg-induced hepatic granulomatous inflammation as well as prominent CD4(+) T helper 17 (Th17) cell responses driven by dendritic cell (DC)-derived IL-1β and IL-23. By comparison, C57BL/6 mice develop mild hepatic immunopathology, egg stimulation of DCs does not result in IL-1β and IL-23 production, and Th17 cells fail to develop. To investigate the reasons for strain-specific differences in antigen presenting cell (APC) reactivity to eggs, we performed a comparative gene profiling analysis of normal bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) and found that CBA DCs display markedly elevated expression of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). In particular, expression of CD209a, a murine homologue of human DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN, CD209), was strikingly higher in CBA than BL/6 DCs. High CD209a surface expression was observed in various CBA splenic and granuloma APC subpopulations; however, only DCs, and not macrophages, B cells or neutrophils, were able to induce Th17 cell differentiation in response to schistosome eggs. Lentiviral gene silencing in CBA DCs, and over-expression in BL/6 DCs, demonstrated CD209a to be critical for egg-induced DC IL-1β and IL-23 production necessary for Th17 cell differentiation and expansion. These findings reveal a novel innate parasite-sensing mechanism promoting CD4(+) Th17 cells that mediate severe immunopathology in schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Ponichtera
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Miguel J Stadecker
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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24
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Diabate M, Munro P, Garcia E, Jacquel A, Michel G, Obba S, Goncalves D, Luci C, Marchetti S, Demon D, Degos C, Bechah Y, Mege JL, Lamkanfi M, Auberger P, Gorvel JP, Stuart LM, Landraud L, Lemichez E, Boyer L. Escherichia coli α-hemolysin counteracts the anti-virulence innate immune response triggered by the Rho GTPase activating toxin CNF1 during bacteremia. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004732. [PMID: 25781937 PMCID: PMC4363529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of the activities of pathogen-encoded virulence factors by the innate immune system has emerged as a new paradigm of pathogen recognition. Much remains to be determined with regard to the molecular and cellular components contributing to this defense mechanism in mammals and importance during infection. Here, we reveal the central role of the IL-1β signaling axis and Gr1+ cells in controlling the Escherichia coli burden in the blood in response to the sensing of the Rho GTPase-activating toxin CNF1. Consistently, this innate immune response is abrogated in caspase-1/11-impaired mice or following the treatment of infected mice with an IL-1β antagonist. In vitro experiments further revealed the synergistic effects of CNF1 and LPS in promoting the maturation/secretion of IL-1β and establishing the roles of Rac, ASC and caspase-1 in this pathway. Furthermore, we found that the α-hemolysin toxin inhibits IL-1β secretion without affecting the recruitment of Gr1+ cells. Here, we report the first example of anti-virulence-triggered immunity counteracted by a pore-forming toxin during bacteremia. The pathogenic potentials of most microbes depend on a repertoire of virulence factors. Despite major progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the activities of bacterial effectors, little is known about how they cooperate during infection to overcome host immune defenses and promote microbial persistence. Here, we investigated the roles of two uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) effectors that are co-ordinately expressed, α-hemolysin (HlyA) and cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1). We demonstrated that the HlyA toxin is critical for bacterial stability in the blood and showed that one important role of HlyA is to inhibit the CNF1-induced host response. Collectively, these findings reveal why the coordinated activities of HlyA and CNF1 are necessary for the full virulence of UPEC. Moreover, they unravel a HlyA-driven counter-defense mechanism used by bacteria to facilitate their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamady Diabate
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Toxines Microbiennes dans la relation hôte pathogènes, Nice, France; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, France; Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU de Nice, Hôpital l'Archet, Nice, France
| | - Patrick Munro
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Toxines Microbiennes dans la relation hôte pathogènes, Nice, France; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Elsa Garcia
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Toxines Microbiennes dans la relation hôte pathogènes, Nice, France; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Arnaud Jacquel
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, France; INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Mort Cellulaire, Differentiation et Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Gregory Michel
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Toxines Microbiennes dans la relation hôte pathogènes, Nice, France; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Sandrine Obba
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, France; INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Mort Cellulaire, Differentiation et Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Diogo Goncalves
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, France; INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Mort Cellulaire, Differentiation et Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Carmelo Luci
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, France; CNRS UMR7275, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Sandrine Marchetti
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, France; INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Mort Cellulaire, Differentiation et Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Dieter Demon
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Clara Degos
- Aix-Marseille University UM 2, INSERM U 1104, CNRS UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Yassina Bechah
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales et Emergentes, CNRS UMR 6236, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales et Emergentes, CNRS UMR 6236, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Auberger
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, France; INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Mort Cellulaire, Differentiation et Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Aix-Marseille University UM 2, INSERM U 1104, CNRS UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Lynda Maria Stuart
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Luce Landraud
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Toxines Microbiennes dans la relation hôte pathogènes, Nice, France; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, France; Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU de Nice, Hôpital l'Archet, Nice, France
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Toxines Microbiennes dans la relation hôte pathogènes, Nice, France; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Toxines Microbiennes dans la relation hôte pathogènes, Nice, France; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, Nice, France
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The role of innate immunity receptors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:936193. [PMID: 25821356 PMCID: PMC4364059 DOI: 10.1155/2015/936193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defense, fundamental for the recognition and the initiation of an inflammatory response against microorganisms. The innate immune response relies on the sensing of microbial-associated molecular patterns through specialized structures such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the nucleotide oligomerization domain- (NOD-) like receptors (NLRs). In the gut, these tasks are performed by the epithelial barrier and the presence of adaptive and innate immune mechanisms. TLRs and NLRs are distributed throughout the gastrointestinal mucosa, being more expressed in the epithelium, and in lamina propria immune and nonimmune cells. These innate immunity receptors exhibit complementary biological functions, with evidence for pathways overlapping. However, as tolerance is the predominant physiological response in the gastrointestinal mucosa, it appears that the TLRs are relatively downregulated, while NLRs play a critical role in mucosal defense in the gut.
Over the past two decades, genetic polymorphisms have been associated with several diseases including inflammatory bowel disease. Special emphasis has been given to the susceptibility to Crohn's disease, in association with abnormalities in the NOD2 and in the NLRP3/inflammasome. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying innate immune receptors dysfunction that result in the persistent inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease remain to be clarified.
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Lim YT. Vaccine adjuvant materials for cancer immunotherapy and control of infectious disease. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2015; 4:54-8. [PMID: 25648865 PMCID: PMC4313109 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants can be defined as pharmacological and immunological components that are able to modify and/or enhance antigen-specific immune responses. Based on the interdisciplinary research between immunology and material science/engineering, various vaccine adjuvant materials have been developed. By rational design and engineering of antigen or adjuvant materials, immune-modulatory vaccine systems generated to activate immune system. Here, we review the current progress of bioengineered prophylactic and/or therapeutic vaccine adjuvant for cancer and/or infectious disease, and discuss the prospect of future vaccine adjuvant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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Schmitz V, Almeida LN, Svensjö E, Monteiro AC, Köhl J, Scharfstein J. C5a and Bradykinin Receptor Cross-Talk Regulates Innate and Adaptive Immunity inTrypanosoma cruziInfection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3613-23. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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28
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Melisi D, Frizziero M, Tamburrino A, Zanotto M, Carbone C, Piro G, Tortora G. Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists for Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2014; 2:211-228. [PMID: 28548068 PMCID: PMC5344222 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has acquired increasing importance as a key player in cancer maintenance and growth. Thus, modulating anti-tumor immune mediators has become an attractive strategy for cancer treatment. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have gradually emerged as potential targets of newer immunotherapies. TLR-9 is preferentially expressed on endosome membranes of B-cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and is known for its ability to stimulate specific immune reactions through the activation of inflammation-like innate responses. Several synthetic CpG oligonucleotides (ODNs) have been developed as TLR-9 agonists with the aim of enhancing cancer immune surveillance. In many preclinical models, CpG ODNs were found to suppress tumor growth and proliferation both in monotherapy and in addition to chemotherapies or target therapies. TLR-9 agonists have been also tested in several clinical trials in patients with solid tumors. These agents showed good tolerability and usually met activity endpoints in early phase trials. However, they have not yet been demonstrated to significantly impact survival, neither as single agent treatments, nor in combination with chemotherapies or cancer vaccines. Further investigations in larger prospective studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Melisi
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Melissa Frizziero
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Anna Tamburrino
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Marco Zanotto
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Carmine Carbone
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Geny Piro
- Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Rossmann A, Mandic R, Heinis J, Höffken H, Küssner O, Kinscherf R, Weihe E, Bette M. Intraperitoneal oxidative stress in rabbits with papillomavirus-associated head and neck cancer induces tumoricidal immune response that is adoptively transferable. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4289-301. [PMID: 24944316 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE How tumors evade or suppress immune surveillance is a key question in cancer research, and overcoming immune escape is a major goal for lengthening remission after cancer treatment. Here, we used the papillomavirus-associated rabbit auricular VX2 carcinoma, a model for studying human head and neck cancer, to reveal the mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenic effects of intraperitoneal oxidative stress following O3/O2-pneumoperitoneum (O3/O2-PP) treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Solid auricular VX2 tumors were induced in immune-competent adult New Zealand White Rabbits. Animals were O3/O2-PP- or sham-treated, after which they underwent tumor ablation upon reaching no-go criteria. CD3(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and expression levels of 84 immune response genes were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Adoptive transfer of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL)-derived from animals with tumor regression-into control animals with progressing tumors was implemented to assess acquired tumor resistance functionally. RESULTS Auricular VX2 tumors regressing after O3/O2-PP treatment exhibited increased levels of CD3(+) TILs; they also exhibited enhanced expression of genes that encode receptors involved in pattern recognition, molecules that are required for antigen presentation and T cell activation, and inflammatory mediators. Adoptive cell transfer of PBLs from donor rabbits with regressing tumors to recipient rabbits with newly implanted VX2 carcinoma resulted in acquired tumor resistance of the host and tumor regression. CONCLUSION Intraperitoneal oxidative stress effectively converts the immune response against the papillomavirus-associated rabbit VX2 carcinoma from tumor permissive to tumoricidal and leads to a sustainable, adoptively transferable oncolytic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Rossmann
- Departments of Molecular Neuroscience and Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and
| | | | - Jochen Heinis
- Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Höffken
- Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Küssner
- Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University; Departments of
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Chang R, Wang Y, Chang J, Wen L, Jiang Z, Yang T, Yu K. LPS preconditioning ameliorates intestinal injury in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:675-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Ponichtera HE, Shainheit MG, Liu BC, Raychowdhury R, Larkin BM, Russo JM, Salantes DB, Lai CQ, Parnell LD, Yun TJ, Cheong C, Bunnell SC, Hacohen N, Stadecker MJ. CD209a expression on dendritic cells is critical for the development of pathogenic Th17 cell responses in murine schistosomiasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4655-65. [PMID: 24729611 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In murine schistosomiasis, immunopathology and cytokine production in response to parasite eggs are uneven and strain dependent. CBA/J (CBA) mice develop severe hepatic granulomatous inflammation associated with prominent Th17 cell responses driven by dendritic cell (DC)-derived IL-1β and IL-23. Such Th17 cells fail to develop in low-pathology C57BL/6 (BL/6) mice, and the reasons for these strain-specific differences in APC reactivity to eggs remain unclear. We show by gene profiling that CBA DCs display an 18-fold higher expression of the C-type lectin receptor CD209a, a murine homolog of human DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin, compared with BL/6 DCs. Higher CD209a expression was observed in CBA splenic and granuloma APC subpopulations, but only DCs induced Th17 cell differentiation in response to schistosome eggs. Gene silencing in CBA DCs and overexpression in BL/6 DCs demonstrated that CD209a is essential for egg-elicited IL-1β and IL-23 production and subsequent Th17 cell development, which is associated with SRC, RAF-1, and ERK1/2 activation. These findings reveal a novel mechanism controlling the development of Th17 cell-mediated severe immunopathology in helminthic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Ponichtera
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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Ali OA, Verbeke C, Johnson C, Sands RW, Lewin SA, White D, Doherty E, Dranoff G, Mooney DJ. Identification of immune factors regulating antitumor immunity using polymeric vaccines with multiple adjuvants. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1670-81. [PMID: 24480625 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The innate cellular and molecular components required to mediate effective vaccination against weak tumor-associated antigens remain unclear. In this study, we used polymeric cancer vaccines incorporating different classes of adjuvants to induce tumor protection, to identify dendritic cell (DC) subsets and cytokines critical to this efficacy. Three-dimensional, porous polymer matrices loaded with tumor lysates and presenting distinct combinations of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and various Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists affected 70% to 90% prophylactic tumor protection in B16-F10 melanoma models. In aggressive, therapeutic B16 models, the vaccine systems incorporating GM-CSF in combination with P(I:C) or CpG-ODN induced the complete regression of solid tumors (≤40 mm(2)), resulting in 33% long-term survival. Regression analysis revealed that the numbers of vaccine-resident CD8(+) DCs, plasmacytoid DCs (pDC), along with local interleukin (IL)-12, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) concentrations correlated strongly to vaccine efficacy regardless of adjuvant type. Furthermore, vaccine studies in Batf3(-/-) mice revealed that CD8(+) DCs are required to affect tumor protection, as vaccines in these mice were deficient in cytotoxic T lymphocytes priming and IL-12 induction in comparison with wild-type. These studies broadly demonstrate that three-dimensional polymeric vaccines provide a potent platform for prophylactic and therapeutic protection, and can be used as a tool to identify critical components of a desired immune response. Specifically, these results suggest that CD8(+) DCs, pDCs, IL-12, and G-CSF play important roles in priming effective antitumor responses with these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Ali
- Authors' Affiliations: Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University; Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Yuen B, Bayes JM, Degnan SM. The characterization of sponge NLRs provides insight into the origin and evolution of this innate immune gene family in animals. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:106-20. [PMID: 24092772 PMCID: PMC3879445 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The "Nucleotide-binding domain and Leucine-rich Repeat" (NLR) genes are a family of intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that are a critical component of the metazoan innate immune system, involved in both defense against pathogenic microorganisms and in beneficial interactions with symbionts. To investigate the origin and evolution of the NLR gene family, we characterized the full NACHT domain-containing gene complement in the genome of the sponge, Amphimedon queenslandica. As sister group to all animals, sponges are ideally placed to inform our understanding of the early evolution of this ancient PRR family. Amphimedon queenslandica has a large NACHT domain-containing gene complement that is dominated by bona fide NLRs (n = 135) with varied phylogenetic histories. Approximately half of these have a tripartite architecture that includes an N-terminal CARD or DEATH domain. The multiplicity of the A. queenslandica NLR genes and the high variability across the N- and C-terminal domains are consistent with involvement in immunity. We also provide new insight into the evolution of NLRs in invertebrates through comparative genomic analysis of multiple metazoan and nonmetazoan taxa. Specifically, we demonstrate that the NLR gene family appears to be a metazoan innovation, characterized by two major gene lineages that may have originated with the last common eumetazoan ancestor. Subsequent lineage-specific gene duplication, gene loss and domain shuffling all have played an important role in the highly dynamic evolutionary history of invertebrate NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Yuen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Bayes
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sandie M. Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Popoff MR, Bouvet P. Genetic characteristics of toxigenic Clostridia and toxin gene evolution. Toxicon 2013; 75:63-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Toll-like receptors as therapeutic targets for cancer. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:379-82. [PMID: 24012797 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to activate the innate immune system has been a legitimate therapeutic strategy for some years. TLRs 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9 are all validated targets for cancer and a number of companies are developing agonists and vaccine adjuvants. TLR7 in particular has established proof-of-concept as a target in the topical treatment of bladder and skin cancers. However, the development of systemic treatments targeting TLR7 for most other cancers has proved difficult owing to cardiotoxicity or myelosuppression. Tantalisingly, recent animal data have demonstrated that a new class of modified TLR7 agonists can be administered systemically with a good toxicology profile, opening up this target in therapeutic interventions for systemic cancers.
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Liu HD, Li W, Chen ZR, Hu YC, Zhang DD, Shen W, Zhou ML, Zhu L, Hang CH. Expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cerebral cortex after traumatic brain injury in a rat model. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2072-83. [PMID: 23892989 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of secondary damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex involved in innate immunity and a number of studies have suggested that the inflammasome plays a critical role in a host inflammatory signaling. Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) is a key component of the NLRP3-inflammasome, which also includes apoptotic speck-containing protein (ASC) with a cysteine protease (caspase)-activating recruitment domain and pro-caspase1. Activation of the NLRP3-inflammasome causes the processing and release of the interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin 18 (IL-18). Based on this, we hypothesized that the NLRP3-inflammasome could participate in the inflammatory response following TBI. However, the expression of NLRP3-inflammasome in cerebral cortex after TBI is not well known. Rats were randomly divided into control, sham and TBI groups (including 6 h, 1 day, 3 day and 7 day sub-group). TBI model was induced, and animals were sacrificed at each time point respectively. The expression of NLRP3-inflammasome was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunohistochemistry respectively. Immunofluorescent double labeling was performed to identify the cell types of NLRP3-inflammasome's expression. Moreover, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the alterations of IL-1β and IL-18 at each time point post-injury. The results showed that, TBI could induce assembly of NLRP3-inflammasome complex, increased expression of ASC, activation of caspase1, and processing of IL-1β and IL-18. These results suggested that NLRP3-inflammasome might play an important role in the inflammation induced by TBI and could be a target for TBI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Dong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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38
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Commensal microbiome effects on mucosal immune system development in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract. Anim Health Res Rev 2013; 13:129-41. [PMID: 22853940 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252312000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Commensal microflora play many roles within the mammalian gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that benefit host physiology by way of direct or indirect interactions with mucosal surfaces. Commensal flora comprises members across all microbial phyla, although predominantly bacterial, with population dynamics varying with host species, genotype, and environmental factors. Little is known, however, about the complex mechanisms regulating host-commensal interactions that underlie this mutually beneficial relationship and how alterations in the microbiome may influence host development and susceptibility to infection. Research into the gut microbiome has intensified as it becomes increasingly evident that symbiont-host interactions have a significant impact on mucosal immunity and health. Furthermore, evidence that microbial populations vary significantly throughout the GIT suggest that regional differences in the microbiome may also influence immune function within distinct compartments of the GIT. Postpartum colonization of the GIT has been shown to have a direct effect on mucosal immune system development, but information is limited regarding regional effects of the microbiome on the development, activation, and maturation of the mucosal immune system. This review discusses factors influencing the colonization and establishment of the microbiome throughout the GIT of newborn calves and the evidence that regional differences in the microbiome influence mucosal immune system development and maturation. The implications of this complex interaction are also discussed in terms of possible effects on responses to enteric pathogens and vaccines.
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Gunaratna RT, Jiang H. A comprehensive analysis of the Manduca sexta immunotranscriptome. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39. [PMID: 23178408 PMCID: PMC3595354 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As a biochemical model, Manduca sexta has substantially contributed to our knowledge on insect innate immunity. The RNA-Seq approach was implemented in three studies to examine tissue immunotranscriptomes of this species. With the latest and largest focusing on highly regulated process- and tissue-specific genes, we further analyzed the same set of data using BLAST2GO to explore functional aspects of the larval fat body (F) and hemocyte (H) transcriptomes with (I) or without (C) immune challenge. Using immunity-related sequences from other insects, we found 383 homologous contigs and compared them with those discovered based on relative abundance changes. The major overlap of the two lists validated our previous research designed for gene discovery and transcript profiling in organisms lacking sequenced genomes. By concatenating the contigs, we established a repertoire of 232 immunity-related genes encoding proteins for pathogen recognition (16%), signal transduction (53%), microbe killing (13%) and others (18%). We examined their transcript levels along with attribute classifications and detected prominent differences in nine of the 30 level 2 gene ontology (GO) categories. The increase in extracellular proteins (155%) was consistent with the highly induced synthesis of defense molecules (e.g., antimicrobial peptides) in fat body after the immune challenge. We identified most members of the putative Toll, IMD, MAPK-JNK-p38 and JAK-STAT pathways and small changes in their mRNA levels. Together, these findings set the stage for on-going analysis of the M. sexta immunogenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh T Gunaratna
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Kong X, Tang X, Du W, Tong J, Yan Y, Zheng F, Fang M, Gong F, Tan Z. Extracellular acidosis modulates the endocytosis and maturation of macrophages. Cell Immunol 2013; 281:44-50. [PMID: 23435349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular acidosis is involved in various pathological situations of central nervous system and the effects are largely mediated by acid sensing ion channels (ASICs). However, it remains unclear whether extracellular acidosis affects immune cells. Macrophages are immune cells that play important role in immune reactions. In this study we investigated the impact of extracellular acidosis on the function of bone marrow derived macrophages (BMMs). The results showed that extracellular acidosis upregulated the endocytosis, surface molecular expression and interleukin-10 secretion of BMMs, in which the expression of ASIC1 and ASIC3 was detected. Notably, extracellular acidosis stimulated endocytosis and upregulation of surface molecules expression in BMMs could be abolished by amiloride, a blocker of ASICs, and nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs. Our findings provide new insight into the role of extracellular acidosis in the regulation of immune function and suggest ASICs as new targets for the modulation of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Kong
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Scharfstein J, Andrade D, Svensjö E, Oliveira AC, Nascimento CR. The kallikrein-kinin system in experimental Chagas disease: a paradigm to investigate the impact of inflammatory edema on GPCR-mediated pathways of host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Immunol 2013; 3:396. [PMID: 23355836 PMCID: PMC3555122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic chagasic myocarditis (CCM) depends on Trypanosoma cruzi persistence in the myocardium. Studies of the proteolytic mechanisms governing host/parasite balance in peripheral sites of T. cruzi infection revealed that tissue culture trypomastigotes (TCTs) elicit inflammatory edema and stimulate protective type-1 effector T cells through the activation of the kallikrein-kinin system. Molecular studies linked the proinflammatory phenotype of Dm28c TCTs to the synergistic activities of tGPI, a lipid anchor that functions as a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand, and cruzipain, a kinin-releasing cysteine protease. Analysis of the dynamics of inflammation revealed that TCTs activate innate sentinel cells via TLR2, releasing CXC chemokines, which in turn evoke neutrophil/CXCR2-dependent extravasation of plasma proteins, including high molecular weight kininogen (HK), in parasite-laden tissues. Further downstream, TCTs process surface bound HK, liberating lysyl-BK (LBK), which then propagates inflammatory edema via signaling of endothelial G-protein-coupled bradykinin B2 receptors (BK2R). Dm28 TCTs take advantage of the transient availability of infection-promoting peptides (e.g., bradykinin and endothelins) in inflamed tissues to invade cardiovascular cells via interdependent signaling of BKRs and endothelin receptors (ETRs). Herein we present a space-filling model whereby ceramide-enriched endocytic vesicles generated by the sphingomyelinase pathway might incorporate BK2R and ETRs, which then trigger Ca2+-driven responses that optimize the housekeeping mechanism of plasma membrane repair from cell wounding. The hypothesis predicts that the NF-κB-inducible BKR (BK1R) may integrate the multimolecular signaling platforms forged by ceramide rafts, as the chronic myocarditis progresses. Exploited as gateways for parasite invasion, BK2R, BK1R, ETAR, ETBR, and other G protein-coupled receptor partners may enable persistent myocardial parasitism in the edematous tissues at expense of adverse cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Scharfstein
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
An important activity of mucosal surfaces is the production of antibodies (Abs) referred to as secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) that serve as a first line of defense to repel pathogenic microorganisms and provide a finely tuned balance to guarantee controlled survival of essential commensal bacteria. By excluding bacteria from the epithelial cell, SIgA participates in the cross-talk between the host and its intestinal content, ensuring appropriate homeostasis under normal conditions. Besides the classical view of immune exclusion function, SIgA Abs exhibit the striking feature to adhere to gastrointestinal M cells residing in the follicle-associated epithelium in organized structures called Peyer's patches. Selective binding of SIgA results in transport across the microfold (M) cells, a process that facilitates the association of the Ab with dendritic cells (DCs) located in the underlying subepithelial dome region of Peyer's patches. Limited entry of free SIgA and SIgA-coated bacteria via this pathway is crucial to the modulation of local immune responses in an environment that limits the onset of pro-inflammatory circuits. Such a mechanism would ensure homeostasis by allowing antigen recognition under neutralized conditions and by avoiding tissue dissemination, two features that endow SIgA with non-inflammatory properties in the mucosal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, University State Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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αvβ3-integrin is a major sensor and activator of innate immunity to herpes simplex virus-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:19792-7. [PMID: 23150579 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212597109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens are sensed by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and a growing number of non-TLR receptors. Integrins constitute a family of signaling receptors exploited by viruses and bacteria to access cells. By gain- and loss-of-function approaches we found that αvβ3-integrin is a sensor of and plays a crucial role in the innate defense against herpes simplex virus (HSV). αvβ3-integrin signaled through two pathways. One concurred with TLR2, affected activation/induction of interferons type 1 (IFNs-1), NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), and a polarized set of cytokines and receptors. The virion glycoproteins gH/gL sufficed to induce IFN1 and NF-κB via this pathway. The other pathway was TLR2-independent, involved sarcoma (SRC)-spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK)-Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9)-TRIF (TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β), and affected interferon regulatory factor 3 and 7 (IRF3-IRF7). The importance of αvβ3-integrin-mediated defense is reflected in the observation that HSV evolved the immediate-early infected cellular protein 0 (ICP0) protein to counteract it. We propose that αvβ3-integrin is considered a class of non-TLR pattern recognition receptors, a role likely exerted toward viruses and bacteria that interact with integrins and mount an innate response.
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Bellavance MA, Rivest S. The neuroendocrine control of the innate immune system in health and brain diseases. Immunol Rev 2012; 248:36-55. [PMID: 22725953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune reaction takes place in the brain during immunogenic challenges, injury, and disease. Such a response is highly regulated by numerous anti-inflammatory mechanisms that may directly affect the ultimate consequences of such a reaction within the cerebral environment. The neuroendocrine control of this innate immune system by glucocorticoids is critical for the delicate balance between cell survival and damage in the presence of inflammatory mediators. Glucocorticoids play key roles in regulating the expression of inflammatory genes, and they also have the ability to modulate numerous functions that may ultimately lead to brain damage or repair after injury. Here we review these mechanisms and discuss data supporting both neuroprotective and detrimental roles of the neuroendocrine control of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Bellavance
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Genomics, CHUQ Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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Davis CG, Chang K, Osborne D, Walton AH, Ghosh S, Dunne WM, Hotchkiss RS, Muenzer JT. TLR3 agonist improves survival to secondary pneumonia in a double injury model. J Surg Res 2012; 182:270-6. [PMID: 23083640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLR) can initiate various immune responses and are therefore activated under diverse infectious states. Previous studies have focused on TLR3 primarily as an antiviral pathway. However, recent research has demonstrated its efficacy in bacterial infection. Having developed a murine double injury model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), we hypothesized that targeted administration of Poly I:C, a TLR3 agonist, would protect mice against secondary pneumonia. MATERIAL AND METHODS B6 mice underwent CLP followed 4 d afterward by an intranasal dose of Pa. Animals were given Poly I:C or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) intranasally 24 h post CLP and every day thereafter for a total of 6 d. For acute studies, mice were sacrificed at two time points, 4 d post CLP and 1 d post pneumonia (Pa). RESULTS Poly I:C treatment led to a significant improvement in survival (69% versus 33%). Cytokine analysis from bronchioalveolar lavage displayed significant differences both immediately before and after pneumonia. Bronchioalveolar lavage cultures taken at 24 h post double injury showed significantly higher colony counts in the lungs of control animals compared with those of Poly I:C animals. Measurements of TLR3 expression showed significant increases within both the immune and lung epithelial cells of Poly I:C-treated mice. Finally, the lungs of treated animals had significant increases in lymphocytes and innate cells. CONCLUSIONS The prophylactic treatment applied in this clinically relevant model further illustrates the overarching hypothesis of immune dysfunction and the possibility of corrective immune modulation within the setting of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Davis
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Alkanani AK, Rewers M, Dong F, Waugh K, Gottlieb PA, Zipris D. Dysregulated Toll-like receptor-induced interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 responses in subjects at risk for the development of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2012; 61:2525-33. [PMID: 22751696 PMCID: PMC3447890 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that altered Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling may be involved in early stages of type 1 diabetes (T1D). To do so, we analyzed TLR-induced interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 responses in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) from seropositive compared with seronegative subjects. Similar frequencies of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and monocytes were observed in seropositive and seronegative subjects. Subjects with autoantibodies had increased proportions of monocytes expressing IL-1β ex vivo. Activating PBMNCs with TLR3, TLR4, or TLR7/8 agonists in vitro led to increased percentages of IL-1β-expressing monocytes and mDCs from seropositive versus seronegative subjects. TLR ligation also resulted in a diminished IL-6 response in seropositive individuals as lower frequencies of IL-6-expressing monocytes and mDCs were induced. The dysregulated TLR-induced IL-1β and IL-6 pathways were more readily detectable in children aged <11 years and from 11 to <21 years, respectively, and did not involve altered HbA(1c) or the presence of one or more autoantibodies. Finally, subjects with autoantibodies had lower amounts of serum chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 compared with autoantibody-negative subjects. Our data may imply that alterations in innate immune pathways are detectable in genetically susceptible individuals and could be linked with the early course of T1D.
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Casabuono AC, van der Ploeg CA, Rogé AD, Bruno SB, Couto AS. Characterization of lipid A profiles from Shigella flexneri variant X lipopolysaccharide. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2011-2020. [PMID: 22847700 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In developing countries, Shigella flexneri (Sf) is the major causative agent of the endemic shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) responsible annually for one million fatalities mostly among infants. Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are characteristic components of the outer membrane of the overwhelming majority of Gram-negative bacteria. Since lipid A is essential for the viability of the Gram-negative bacteria, it is subject to extensive chemical studies with new analytical techniques. METHODS Lipid A was released by mild acid hydrolysis from the lipopolysaccharide which was obtained via the phenol/water extraction, purified and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization laser-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-LID-MS/MS). RESULTS A detailed structural study of the whole lipid A obtained from S. flexneri variant X was carried out for the first time. Thus, we have shown that lipid A is a heterogeneous mixture having different numbers of acylated and phosphoethanolamine groups attached to the diglucosamine backbone. Furthermore, we found in the phenol phase an unusual hepta-acylated lipid A species, although the abundance was very low. CONCLUSIONS MALDI-TOF-MS allowed us to unravel the lipid A heterogeneity, which was not previously reported in Sf LPS. It is well known that slight variations of the chemical structure of lipid A may change its biological activity. Thus, the knowledge of the detailed chemical structure represents an essential step for further development of new preventive or therapeutically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Casabuono
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Cs Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Cdad. Universitaria, Bs. As., Argentina
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Subunit vaccines of the future: the need for safe, customized and optimized particulate delivery systems. Ther Deliv 2012; 2:1057-77. [PMID: 22826868 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for current vaccine development is the fact that many new subunit vaccines based on highly purified recombinant proteins are poorly immunogenic and mobilize insufficient immune responses for protective immunity. Adjuvants are therefore needed in vaccine formulations to enhance, direct and maintain the immune response to vaccine antigens. Few adjuvants are currently approved for human use that mainly induce humoral immunity, and there is therefore an unmet medical need for development of effective and safe adjuvants that in addition can stimulate cellular or mucosal immunity, or combinations thereof, depending on the requirements for protection against the specific disease. Vaccine delivery systems are important components of adjuvants that allow proper delivery of antigens to antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, they often possess intrinsic immunopotentiating activity and/or can be customized towards a given immunological profile by the appropriate combination with immunopotentiating compounds. This article reviews the current status of human-tailored vaccine delivery with special focus on how to design safe particulate vaccine delivery systems with respect to composition, physicochemical properties, antigen association and choice of administration route, in order to better customize vaccine formulations towards specific diseases in the future.
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Jones RM, Mercante JW, Neish AS. Reactive oxygen production induced by the gut microbiota: pharmacotherapeutic implications. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:1519-29. [PMID: 22360484 DOI: 10.2174/092986712799828283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The resident prokaryotic microbiota of the mammalian intestine influences diverse homeostatic functions, including regulation of cellular growth, maintenance of barrier function, and modulation of immune responses. However, it is unknown how commensal prokaryotic organisms mechanistically influence eukaryotic signaling networks. Recent data has demonstrated that gut epithelia contacted by enteric commensal bacteria rapidly generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). While the induced generation of ROS via stimulation of formyl peptide receptors is a cardinal feature of the cellular response of phagocytes to pathogenic or commensal bacteria, evidence is accumulating that ROS are also similarly elicited in other cell types, including intestinal epithelia, in response to microbial signals. Additionally, ROS have been shown to serve as critical second messengers in multiple signal transduction pathways stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors. This physiologically-generated ROS is known to participate in cellular signaling via the rapid and transient oxidative inactivation of a defined class of sensor proteins bearing oxidant-sensitive thiol groups. These proteins include tyrosine phosphatases that serve as regulators of MAP kinase pathways, cytoskeletal dynamics, as well as components involved in control of ubiquitination-mediated NF-κB activation. Consistently, microbial-elicited ROS has been shown to mediate increased cellular proliferation and motility and to modulate innate immune signaling. These results demonstrate how enteric microbiota influence regulatory networks of the mammalian intestinal epithelia. We hypothesize that many of the known effects of the normal microbiota on intestinal physiology, and potential beneficial effects of candidate probiotic bacteria, may be at least partially mediated by this ROS-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Jones
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Song L, Guo Y, Deng Q, Li J. TH17 functional study in severe asthma using agent based model. J Theor Biol 2012; 309:29-33. [PMID: 22659040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
TH17 is a subset of CD4+T cells. Comparing to common asthma patients, there are more TH17 cells in the respiratory systems of the patients with severe asthma. TH17 cells are mainly adjusted by IL23 to produce IL17A and IL17F, which act on the epithelial cells and cause severe asthma. However, the TH17 function in severe asthma as a driving mechanism of neutrophilic inflammation is not yet fully understood and deserves further study. However, it is very difficult to describe the interactions between TH17 and other cells using mathematics equations due to the high complexity of immunity system. In order to explore the TH17 function in severe asthma, we used BIS (Basic Immune Simulator) platform to simulate TH17 models, and compared DC (Dendritic Cell) models with TH17 models. We studied the interaction between innate immune and adaptive immune cells, which was resulted from TH17 cells. The simulation results for the TH17 models are consistent with clinical data, which suggests that DC-IL23-TH17 axis might be the path of causing severe asthma. Our simulation studies support a role for TH17 in severe asthma, and hence it could be taken as a new target candidate for clinical treatment of severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Song
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basical Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, China
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