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Zhang L, Kitzmiller CE, Richard AS, Popli S, Choe H. The ability of human TIM1 to bind phosphatidylethanolamine enhances viral uptake and efferocytosis compared to rhesus and mouse orthologs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.29.605603. [PMID: 39131348 PMCID: PMC11312472 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.29.605603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin (TIM)-family proteins facilitate the clearance of apoptotic cells, are involved in immune regulation, and promote infection of enveloped viruses. These processes are frequently studied in experimental animals such as mice or rhesus macaques, but functional differences among the TIM orthologs from these species have not been described. Previously, we reported that while all three human TIM proteins bind phosphatidylserine (PS), only human TIM1 (hTIM1) binds phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and that this PE-binding ability contributes to both phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells and virus infection. Here we show that rhesus macaque TIM1 (rhTIM1) and mouse TIM1 (mTIM1) bind PS but not PE and that their inability to bind PE makes them less efficient than hTIM1. We also show that alteration of only two residues of mTIM1 or rhTIM1 enables them to bind both PE and PS, and that these PE-binding variants are more efficient at phagocytosis and mediating viral entry. Further, we demonstrate that the mucin domain also contributes to the binding of the virions and apoptotic cells, although it does not directly bind phospholipid. Interestingly, contribution of the hTIM1 mucin domain is more pronounced in the presence of a PE-binding head domain. These results demonstrate that rhTIM1 and mTIM1 are inherently less functional than hTIM1, owing to their inability to bind PE and their less functional mucin domains. They also imply that mouse and macaque models underestimate the activity of hTIM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhou Zhang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Claire E. Kitzmiller
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Audrey S. Richard
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sonam Popli
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Tutunea-Fatan E, Arumugarajah S, Suri RS, Edgar CR, Hon I, Dikeakos JD, Gunaratnam L. Sensing Dying Cells in Health and Disease: The Importance of Kidney Injury Molecule-1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:795-808. [PMID: 38353655 PMCID: PMC11164124 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), also known as T-cell Ig and mucin domain-1 (TIM-1), is a widely recognized biomarker for AKI, but its biological function is less appreciated. KIM-1/TIM-1 belongs to the T-cell Ig and mucin domain family of conserved transmembrane proteins, which bear the characteristic six-cysteine Ig-like variable domain. The latter enables binding of KIM-1/TIM-1 to its natural ligand, phosphatidylserine, expressed on the surface of apoptotic cells and necrotic cells. KIM-1/TIM-1 is expressed in a variety of tissues and plays fundamental roles in regulating sterile inflammation and adaptive immune responses. In the kidney, KIM-1 is upregulated on injured renal proximal tubule cells, which transforms them into phagocytes for clearance of dying cells and helps to dampen sterile inflammation. TIM-1, expressed in T cells, B cells, and natural killer T cells, is essential for cell activation and immune regulatory functions in the host. Functional polymorphisms in the gene for KIM-1/TIM-1, HAVCR1 , have been associated with susceptibility to immunoinflammatory conditions and hepatitis A virus-induced liver failure, which is thought to be due to a differential ability of KIM-1/TIM-1 variants to bind phosphatidylserine. This review will summarize the role of KIM-1/TIM-1 in health and disease and its potential clinical applications as a biomarker and therapeutic target in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tutunea-Fatan
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shabitha Arumugarajah
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rita S. Suri
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cassandra R. Edgar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ingrid Hon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jimmy D. Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakshman Gunaratnam
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Brozat JF, Harbalioğlu N, Hohlstein P, Abu Jhaisha S, Pollmanns MR, Adams JK, Wirtz TH, Hamesch K, Yagmur E, Weiskirchen R, Tacke F, Trautwein C, Koch A. Elevated Serum KIM-1 in Sepsis Correlates with Kidney Dysfunction and the Severity of Multi-Organ Critical Illness. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5819. [PMID: 38892009 PMCID: PMC11172102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 is shed from proximal tubular cells in acute kidney injury (AKI), relaying tubular epithelial proliferation. Additionally, KIM-1 portends complex immunoregulation and is elevated after exposure to lipopolysaccharides. It thus may represent a biomarker in critical illness, sepsis, and sepsis-associated AKI (SA-AKI). To characterise and compare KIM-1 in these settings, we analysed KIM-1 serum concentrations in 192 critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Irrespective of kidney dysfunction, KIM-1 serum levels were significantly higher in patients with sepsis compared with other critical illnesses (191.6 vs. 132.2 pg/mL, p = 0.019) and were highest in patients with urogenital sepsis, followed by liver failure. Furthermore, KIM-1 levels were significantly elevated in critically ill patients who developed AKI within 48 h (273.3 vs. 125.8 pg/mL, p = 0.026) or later received renal replacement therapy (RRT) (299.7 vs. 146.3 pg/mL, p < 0.001). KIM-1 correlated with markers of renal function, inflammatory parameters, hematopoietic function, and cholangiocellular injury. Among subcomponents of the SOFA score, KIM-1 was elevated in patients with hyperbilirubinaemia (>2 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and thrombocytopenia (<150/nL, p = 0.018). In univariate and multivariate regression analyses, KIM-1 predicted sepsis, the need for RRT, and multi-organ dysfunction (MOD, SOFA > 12 and APACHE II ≥ 20) on the day of admission, adjusting for relevant comorbidities, bilirubin, and platelet count. Additionally, KIM-1 in multivariate regression was able to predict sepsis in patients without prior (CKD) or present (AKI) kidney injury. Our study suggests that next to its established role as a biomarker in kidney dysfunction, KIM-1 is associated with sepsis, biliary injury, and critical illness severity. It thus may offer aid for risk stratification in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Frederik Brozat
- Department for Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.F.B.); (N.H.); (P.H.); (S.A.J.); (M.R.P.); (J.K.A.); (T.H.W.); (K.H.); (C.T.)
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Neval Harbalioğlu
- Department for Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.F.B.); (N.H.); (P.H.); (S.A.J.); (M.R.P.); (J.K.A.); (T.H.W.); (K.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Philipp Hohlstein
- Department for Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.F.B.); (N.H.); (P.H.); (S.A.J.); (M.R.P.); (J.K.A.); (T.H.W.); (K.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Samira Abu Jhaisha
- Department for Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.F.B.); (N.H.); (P.H.); (S.A.J.); (M.R.P.); (J.K.A.); (T.H.W.); (K.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Maike Rebecca Pollmanns
- Department for Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.F.B.); (N.H.); (P.H.); (S.A.J.); (M.R.P.); (J.K.A.); (T.H.W.); (K.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Jule Katharina Adams
- Department for Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.F.B.); (N.H.); (P.H.); (S.A.J.); (M.R.P.); (J.K.A.); (T.H.W.); (K.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Theresa Hildegard Wirtz
- Department for Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.F.B.); (N.H.); (P.H.); (S.A.J.); (M.R.P.); (J.K.A.); (T.H.W.); (K.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Karim Hamesch
- Department for Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.F.B.); (N.H.); (P.H.); (S.A.J.); (M.R.P.); (J.K.A.); (T.H.W.); (K.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Eray Yagmur
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Western Palatine Hospital, Hellmut-Hartert-Straße 1, 67655 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department for Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.F.B.); (N.H.); (P.H.); (S.A.J.); (M.R.P.); (J.K.A.); (T.H.W.); (K.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department for Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.F.B.); (N.H.); (P.H.); (S.A.J.); (M.R.P.); (J.K.A.); (T.H.W.); (K.H.); (C.T.)
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Cao J, Qing J, Zhu L, Chen Z. Role of TIM-1 in the development and treatment of tumours. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1307806. [PMID: 38831760 PMCID: PMC11144867 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1307806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin structural domain 1 (TIM-1, also known as hepatitis A virus cell receptor 1) is a co-stimulatory molecule that is expressed predominantly on the surface of T cells. TIM-1 promotes the activation and proliferation of T cells, cytokine secretion, and can also be overexpressed in various types of cancer. Upregulation of TIM-1 expression may be associated with the development and progression of cancer. After reviewing the literature, we propose that TIM-1 affects tumour development mainly through two pathways. In the Direct pathway: overexpression in tumours activates tumour-related signaling pathways, mediates the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, and directly affects tumour development directly. In the indirect pathway: In addition to changing the tumour microenvironment and influencing the growth of tumours, TIM-1 binds to ligands to encourage the activation, proliferation, and generation of cytokines by immune cells. This review examines how TIM-1 stimulates the development of tumours in direct and indirect ways, and how TIM-1 is exploited as a target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmeng Cao
- Joint Inspection Center of Precision Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Jilin Qing
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Liya Zhu
- Graduate school, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhizhong Chen
- Joint Inspection Center of Precision Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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5
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Wang C, Liu J, Wu Q, Wang Z, Hu B, Bo L. The role of TIM-3 in sepsis: a promising target for immunotherapy? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328667. [PMID: 38576606 PMCID: PMC10991702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, with limited effective treatment options. The T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in various immune-related disorders. This narrative review aims to explore the role of TIM-3 in sepsis and evaluate its potential as a promising target for immunotherapy. We discuss the dynamic expression patterns of TIM-3 during sepsis and its involvement in regulating immune responses. Furthermore, we examine the preclinical studies investigating the regulation of TIM-3 signaling pathways in septic models, highlighting the potential therapeutic benefits and challenges associated with targeting TIM-3. Overall, this review emphasizes the importance of TIM-3 in sepsis pathogenesis and underscores the promising prospects of TIM-3-based immunotherapy as a potential strategy to combat this life-threatening condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changli Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhai Liu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoji Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulong Bo
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Al-Danakh A, Safi M, Jian Y, Yang L, Zhu X, Chen Q, Yang K, Wang S, Zhang J, Yang D. Aging-related biomarker discovery in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer patients. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1348189. [PMID: 38590525 PMCID: PMC11000233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1348189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Older patients with cancer, particularly those over 75 years of age, often experience poorer clinical outcomes compared to younger patients. This can be attributed to age-related comorbidities, weakened immune function, and reduced tolerance to treatment-related adverse effects. In the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) era, age has emerged as an influential factor impacting the discovery of predictive biomarkers for ICI treatment. These age-linked changes in the immune system can influence the composition and functionality of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) that play a crucial role in the cancer response. Older patients may have lower levels of TIICs infiltration due to age-related immune senescence particularly T cell function, which can limit the effectivity of cancer immunotherapies. Furthermore, age-related immune dysregulation increases the exhaustion of immune cells, characterized by the dysregulation of ICI-related biomarkers and a dampened response to ICI. Our review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to the impact of age on ICI-related biomarkers and ICI response. Understanding these mechanisms will facilitate the development of treatment approaches tailored to elderly individuals with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al-Danakh
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Mohammed Safi
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yuli Jian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinqing Zhu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Kangkang Yang
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shujing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Deyong Yang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Surgery, Healinghands Clinic, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Ebrahimi N, Abdulwahid AHRR, Mansouri A, Karimi N, Bostani RJ, Beiranvand S, Adelian S, Khorram R, Vafadar R, Hamblin MR, Aref AR. Targeting the NF-κB pathway as a potential regulator of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:106. [PMID: 38418707 PMCID: PMC10902086 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Advances in cancer immunotherapy over the last decade have led to the development of several agents that affect immune checkpoints. Inhibitory receptors expressed on T cells that negatively regulate the immune response include cytotoxic T‑lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), which have been studied more than similar receptors. Inhibition of these proteins and other immune checkpoints can stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells, and prevent the tumor from escaping the immune response. However, the administration of anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 antibodies has been associated with adverse inflammatory responses similar to autoimmune diseases. The current review discussed the role of the NF-κB pathway as a tumor promoter, and how it can govern inflammatory responses and affect various immune checkpoints. More precise knowledge about the communication between immune checkpoints and NF-κB pathways could increase the effectiveness of immunotherapy and reduce the adverse effects of checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ebrahimi
- Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Atena Mansouri
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Karimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Islamic Azad University Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran
| | | | - Sheida Beiranvand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Samaneh Adelian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Roya Khorram
- Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Vafadar
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Xsphera Biosciences, Translational Medicine Group, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Chiuariu T, Șalaru D, Ureche C, Vasiliu L, Lupu A, Lupu VV, Șerban AM, Zăvoi A, Benchea LC, Clement A, Tudurachi BS, Sascău RA, Stătescu C. Cardiac and Renal Fibrosis, the Silent Killer in the Cardiovascular Continuum: An Up-to-Date. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:62. [PMID: 38392276 PMCID: PMC10889423 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) often coexist and have a major impact on patient prognosis. Organ fibrosis plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cardio-renal syndrome (CRS), explaining the high incidence of heart failure and sudden cardiac death in these patients. Various mediators and mechanisms have been proposed as contributors to the alteration of fibroblasts and collagen turnover, varying from hemodynamic changes to the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, involvement of FGF 23, and Klotho protein or collagen deposition. A better understanding of all the mechanisms involved has prompted the search for alternative therapeutic targets, such as novel inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), serelaxin, and neutralizing interleukin-11 (IL-11) antibodies. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of cardiac and renal fibrosis in the CKD and heart failure (HF) population and highlights the therapeutic alternatives designed to target the responsible pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traian Chiuariu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Carol I Boulevard, No. 50, 700503 Iasi, Romania
| | - Delia Șalaru
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Carol I Boulevard, No. 50, 700503 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carina Ureche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Carol I Boulevard, No. 50, 700503 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Vasiliu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Carol I Boulevard, No. 50, 700503 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ancuta Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Adela Mihaela Șerban
- Cardiology Department, Heart Institute Niculae Stăncioiu, 19-21 Motilor Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Zăvoi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Carol I Boulevard, No. 50, 700503 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Catalina Benchea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Carol I Boulevard, No. 50, 700503 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Clement
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Carol I Boulevard, No. 50, 700503 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Sorin Tudurachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Carol I Boulevard, No. 50, 700503 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu Andy Sascău
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Carol I Boulevard, No. 50, 700503 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristian Stătescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Carol I Boulevard, No. 50, 700503 Iasi, Romania
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Anderson AC. Discovery of TIM-3: Beyond a Th1 Regulator. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:359-360. [PMID: 38227909 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
This Pillars of Immunology article is a commentary on “Th1-specific cell surface protein Tim-3 regulates macrophage activation and severity of an autoimmune disease,” a pivotal article written by L. Monney, C. A. Sabatos, J. L. Gaglia, A. Ryu, H. Waldner, T. Chernova, S. Manning, E. A. Greenfield, A. J. Coyle, R. A. Sobel, G. J. Freeman, and V. K. Kuchroo, and published in Nature, in 2002. https://www.nature.com/articles/415536a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Anderson
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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10
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Tian W, Liu M, Liu Y, Lv Q, Cheng H, Gu Y, Li M. TIM-3 regulates the proliferation by BDNF-mediated PI3K/AKT axis in the process of endometriosis. Mol Med 2023; 29:170. [PMID: 38114892 PMCID: PMC10731854 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (TIM-3) initially discovered on the surface of Th1 cells, negatively regulates immune responses and mediates apoptosis of Th1 cells. An increasing number of studies have since shown that TIM-3 is crucial in the genesis and development of immune diseases, cancers, and chronic infectious illnesses. However, the effect of TIM-3 on endometriosis is still unknown. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to measure TIM-3 levels in endometriosis. Cell Counting Kit-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, colony-forming, Transwell® migration, Matrigel® invasion, and flow cytometry assays were used to explore the function of TIM-3 in vitro, and xenograft experiments in nude mice were used to assess its role in vivo. According to the RNA seq, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was screened. The involvement of specific proliferation-related signaling molecules was determined by transfecting a plasmid and adding an inhibitor in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS TIM-3 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly higher in eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues than in normal endometrial tissues. By examining the effects of TIM-3 overexpression and knockdown on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, and lesions formation in vivo, we found that the expression of TIM-3 was positively correlated with cell proliferation and clone formation in vitro, as well as lesions growth in nude mice. By adding the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT) pathway inhibitor LY294002 and knocking down PI3K, we further verified that TIM-3 promotes proliferation in vivo and in vitro via the PI3K pathway. By transfecting the plasmid into ESC cells and gave inhibitors to endometriotic rats models, we tested that TIM-3 regulates the proliferation by BDNF-mediated PI3K/AKT axis. CONCLUSION TIM-3 can promote the proliferation of endometriosis by BDNF-mediated PI3K/AKT axis in vivo and in vitro, which may provide a new therapeutic target for the treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tian
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuqiu Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qingfeng Lv
- Department of Obstetrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - HuaFeng Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanling Gu
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingjiang Li
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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11
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Liu Z, Xu X, Liu H, Zhao X, Yang C, Fu R. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for multiple myeloma immunotherapy. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:99. [PMID: 38017516 PMCID: PMC10685608 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is related to immune disorders, recent studys have revealed that immunotherapy can greatly benefit MM patients. Immune checkpoints can negatively modulate the immune system and are closely associated with immune escape. Immune checkpoint-related therapy has attracted much attention and research in MM. However, the efficacy of those therapies need further improvements. There need more thoughts about the immune checkpoint to translate their use in clinical work. In our review, we aggregated the currently known immune checkpoints and their corresponding ligands, further more we propose various ways of potential translation applying treatment based on immune checkpoints for MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xintong Xu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xianghong Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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12
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Cai L, Li Y, Tan J, Xu L, Li Y. Targeting LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:101. [PMID: 37670328 PMCID: PMC10478462 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In one decade, immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) has become a new pillar of cancer treatment following surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. However, not all cancer patients benefit from single or combination therapy with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies. Thus, an increasing number of immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs) have been screened and their effectiveness evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing-3 (TIM-3), and T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domain (TIGIT) constitute the second wave of immunotherapy targets that show great promise for use in the treatment of solid tumors and leukemia. To promote the research and clinical application of ICBs directed at these targets, we summarize their discovery, immunotherapy mechanism, preclinical efficiency, and clinical trial results in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letong Cai
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jiaxiong Tan
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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13
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Ding L, Liang Y, Wang Y, Tong Z, Liu W, Tan S, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wu Z, Liang X, Ma C, Gao L. T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-4 maintains adipose tissue homeostasis by orchestrating M2 macrophage polarization via nuclear factor kappa B pathway. Immunology 2023; 168:49-62. [PMID: 35908188 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is generally associated with low-grade inflammation. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) orchestrate metabolic inflammation. The classical (M1-like) or alternative (M2-like) activation of ATMs is functionally coupled with the metabolic status of fat tissues. It has been found that T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-4 (Tim-4) inhibits inflammation by regulating macrophages. However, the exact role of Tim-4 in macrophage polarization and obesity remains unknown. Here, we identified Tim-4 as a critical switch governing macrophage M1/M2 polarization and energy homeostasis. Tim-4 deletion led to spontaneous obesity in elder mice and promoted obesity severity of db/db mice. Obesity microenvironment enhanced the expression of Tim-4 in white adipose tissue and ATMs. In vitro, we detected an increase in M1-like cells and decrease in M2-like cells in both peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages from Tim-4 knockout mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Tim-4 promoted M2-like macrophages polarization via suppressing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In addition, we found that Tim-4 promoted TLR4 internalization, which might contribute to regulation of NF-κB signaling. Collectively, these results indicated that Tim-4 maintained adipose tissue homeostasis by regulating macrophage polarization via NF-κB pathway, which would provide a new target for obesity intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ding
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Tong
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Tan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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14
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Characterization of TIM-3 Expression and Its Correlation with TNF- α and IFN- γ in Patients with Surgically Resected Lung Adenocarcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2023; 2023:2352945. [PMID: 36865498 PMCID: PMC9974258 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2352945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing protein-3 (TIM-3) is an important immune checkpoint, but its role in lung cancer is still not clear. In this study, we investigated TIM-3 protein expression and its correlation with TNF-α and IFN-γ by examining the tissues of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Methods We detected the mRNA quantity of TIM-3, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in 40 surgically resected specimens from patients with lung adenocarcinoma by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The protein expression of TIM-3, TNF-α, and IFN-γ was assessed in normal tissues, paracarcinoma tissues, and tumor tissues by western blotting, respectively. The relevance between the expression and clinicopathological information of the patients was analyzed. Results The results showed that the expression level of TIM-3 was higher in tumor tissues than normal tissues and paracancerous tissues (P < 0.05). On the contrary, the expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ in tumor tissues was lower than normal tissues and paracarcinoma tissues (P < 0.05). However, the expression levels of IFN-γ mRNA were not observed to be significantly different between cancerous tissues and adjacent tissues. While TIM-3 protein expression in cancer tissues of patients with lymph node metastasis was higher than in patients without metastasis, the expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ was lower (P < 0.05). Importantly, the expression of TIM-3 was negatively correlated with the expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ, and the expression of TNF-α was found to be positively correlated with IFN-γ in the patient. Conclusion The high expression of TIM-3, the low expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ, and the synergistic effect of TNF-α and IFN-γ in patients with lung adenocarcinoma were closely related to poor clinicopathological characteristics. Overexpression of TIM-3 may play an important role in the relationship between TNF-α and IFN-γ secretion and poor clinicopathological characteristics.
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15
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Wang Z, Chen C, Su Y, Ke N. Function and characteristics of TIM‑4 in immune regulation and disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 51:10. [PMID: 36524355 PMCID: PMC9848438 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T‑cell/transmembrane immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4 (TIM‑4) is a phosphatidylserine receptor that is mainly expressed on antigen‑presenting cells and is involved in the recognition and efferocytosis of apoptotic cells. TIM‑4 has been found to be expressed in immune cells such as natural killer T, B and mast cells and to participate in multiple aspects of immune regulation, suggesting that TIM‑4 may be involved in a variety of immune‑related diseases. Recent studies have confirmed that TIM‑4 is also abnormally expressed in a variety of malignant tumor cells and is closely associated with the occurrence and development of tumors and the tumor immune microenvironment. The present study aimed to describe the expression and functional characteristics of TIM‑4 in detail and to comprehensively discuss its role in pathophysiological processes such as infection, allergy, metabolism, autoimmunity and tumor immunity. The current review provided a comprehensive understanding of the functions and characteristics of TIM‑4, as well as novel ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan 610095, P.R. China
| | - Yingzhen Su
- Kunming University School of Medicine, Kunming University School, Kunming, Yunnan 650124, P.R. China
| | - Nengwen Ke
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Nengwen Ke, Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, E-mail:
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16
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Tim-3: An inhibitory immune checkpoint is associated with maternal-fetal tolerance and recurrent spontaneous abortion. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Bote H, Mesas A, Baena J, Herrera M, Paz-Ares L. Emerging immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2022; 27:289-300. [PMID: 36203360 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2022.2113377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the last decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have impacted on the standard therapy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ICIs first showed efficacy in patients with advanced disease who had progressed after chemotherapy, later reaching the first-line therapy context alone, in combination with chemotherapy, and/or with dual-immunotherapy regimens. AREAS COVERED Most of their benefit is, however, restricted to just 20% of patients due to primary or emergence of acquired resistance. In this review, we will describe the role of new emerging ICIs in the current panorama of NSCLC therapeutic approaches, not only in metastatic disease but also in locally advanced stage disease, with specific focus on those drugs under investigation in Phase 2/3 clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Several new ICIs are now under investigation to optimize NSCLC patient management; these are usually used in combination with other well-known agents, such as 'traditional' ICIs and chemotherapy, or with other newly developed drugs. Identification of better biomarkers will provide personalized treatment approaches to overcome patient-specific immune resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Bote
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital Universitario 12 de Octbure (i+12)/Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Mesas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Baena
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital Universitario 12 de Octbure (i+12)/Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Herrera
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital Universitario 12 de Octbure (i+12)/Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital Universitario 12 de Octbure (i+12)/Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Miles J, Ward SG, Larijani B. The Fusion of Quantitative Molecular Proteomics and Immune-Oncology: A Step Towards Precision Medicine in Cancer Therapeutics. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2721-2735. [PMID: 36002439 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune systems are built-in homeostatic functions of many multicellular organisms and protect the host against foreign pathogens and infections. Dysregulation of the molecular mechanisms of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases. The immune system can also be harnessed and manipulated to provide targeted cancer therapies, some of them relying on the blockade of immune-checkpoint receptors. Two prominent immune checkpoints, PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4/CD80, comprise receptor-ligand pairs that prevent the host immune cells from attacking host tissues. However, cancer cells upregulate the respective PD-L1 and CD80 ligands for PD-1 and CTLA-4 and thereby evade the host-immune response. Therapeutic drugs that block PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4/CD80 interactions re-enable the immune system to attack cancer cells, but their prognostic biomarker remains challenging. In this review, we discuss how the use of quantitative molecular imaging can be exploited to predict the response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies and to identify cancer patients who would benefit from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Miles
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom.,Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE) & Instituto Biofisika, (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,Early Phase Trials and Sarcoma, Institut Bergonié, Cours de l'Argonne, Bordeaux, France.,FASTBASE Solutions S.L. Astondo Bidea, Scientific and Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Stephen G Ward
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Centre for Therapeutic Innovation Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Banafshé Larijani
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom.,Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE) & Instituto Biofisika, (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
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Qin L, Zheng W, Jiang S, Tang H, Cai M, Chen A, Chen Y. Noninvasive Prediction of Immune Rejection After Liver Transplantation with T cell immunoglobulin domain, and mucin domain-3. Transplant Proc 2022; 54:1881-1886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2022.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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20
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Soluble T Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain-3 (sTIM-3) Predict Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD) in Iranian Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm-120888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) is an immune-checkpoint molecule that is upregulated following allogeneic immune responses and could play an important role in the development and pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The soluble form of TIM-3 (sTIM-3) is increased following the upregulation of membranous TIM-3. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between plasma level of sTIM-3 and acute GVHD (aGVHD) incidence in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Methods: Blood samples were collected from 42 allo-HSCT patients and 20 healthy individuals 2 weeks after allo-HSCT. The plasma level of sTIM-3 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The clinical and demographic data of patients were collected from the clinical documents. Data analysis was evaluated using student t-test and one-way ANOVA tests. P-values less than 0.05 were assumed statistically significant. Results: Among 18 (42.8%) patients with aGVHD symptoms, 10 (23.8%) had severe GVHD and 8 (19%) experienced mild GVHD. Plasma sTIM-3 levels at day +14 were significantly higher in patients who developed aGVHD compared to allo-HSCT patients without GVHD and also the healthy control individuals (P-value = 0.015 and < 0.001). Among the aGVHD patients, the sTIM-3 levels in those with severe GVHD were approximately 2.5 times higher than those with mild GVHD (P-value < 0.001). Conclusions: We have identified a high plasma level of sTIM-3 as a valuable biomarker in predicting the development of acute GVHD, especially severe aGVHD in allo-HSCT patients.
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Dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors: From bench to bedside. Life Sci 2022; 297:120466. [PMID: 35271882 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can present tumoral antigens to T-cells and stimulate T-cell-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses. In addition to uptaking, processing, and presenting tumoral antigens to T-cells, co-stimulatory signals have to be established between DCs with T-cells to develop anti-tumoral immune responses. However, most of the tumor-infiltrated immune cells are immunosuppressive in the tumor microenvironment (TME), paving the way for immune evasion of tumor cells. This immunosuppressive TME has also been implicated in suppressing the DC-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses, as well. Various factors, i.e., immunoregulatory cells, metabolic factors, tumor-derived immunosuppressive factors, and inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules, have been implicated in developing the immunosuppressive TME. Herein, we aimed to review the biology of DCs in developing T-cell-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses, the significance of immunoregulatory cells in the TME, metabolic barriers contributing to DCs dysfunction in the TME, tumor-derived immunosuppressive factors, and inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules in DC-based cell therapy outcomes. With reviewing the ongoing clinical trials, we also proposed a novel therapeutic strategy to increase the efficacy of DC-based cell therapy. Indeed, the combination of DC-based cell therapy with monoclonal antibodies against novel immune checkpoint molecules can be a promising strategy to increase the response rate of patients with cancers.
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22
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Gomes de Morais AL, Cerdá S, de Miguel M. New Checkpoint Inhibitors on the Road: Targeting TIM-3 in Solid Tumors. Curr Oncol Rep 2022; 24:651-658. [PMID: 35218498 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Even though checkpoint inhibitors have become a recent milestone for the treatment of many different tumor types, eventually, most part of patients will develop resistance mechanisms and their disease will progress. New generations of checkpoint inhibitors, as the ones directed to TIM-3, are on research. RECENT FINDINGS TIM-3 expression has been associated with more advanced stages and shorter survival in several tumor types, due to its association with T-cell dysfunction, and has become an interesting target to explore. Early phase clinical trials with different anti-TIM-3 monoclonal antibodies have shown a safe toxicity profile, as cobolimab, LY3321367, or sabatolimab; however, the general antitumor activity remains to be determined and further investigations are needed. TIM-3 is implicated in resistance to immunotherapy due to its role in T cell exhaustion. However, the TIM-3 pathway is highly complex in terms of non-canonical signaling, broad expression by different immune cells and multiple ligands. Different anti-TIM-3 inhibitors are currently on research, either as monotherapy or in combination with other immunotherapies or chemotherapy, aiming to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Gomes de Morais
- START Madrid-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FJD) Early Phase Program, Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Cerdá
- START Madrid-HM Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC) Early Phase Program, HM Sanchinarro University Hospital, Calle Oña, 10, 28050, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria de Miguel
- START Madrid-HM Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC) Early Phase Program, HM Sanchinarro University Hospital, Calle Oña, 10, 28050, Madrid, Spain.
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Sinha M, Chakraborty U, Kool A, Chakravarti M, Das S, Ghosh S, Thakur L, Khuranna A, Nayak D, Basu B, Kar S, Ray R, Das S. In-vitro antiviral action of Eupatorium perfoliatum against dengue virus infection: Modulation of mTOR signaling and autophagy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114627. [PMID: 34509603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dengue virus (DENV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has recently engendered large epidemics around the world. Consequently antivirals with effective anti-DENV therapeutic activity are urgently required. In the 18th century, Europeans, as well as native inhabitants of North America, were known to adapt the medicinal property of the common perennial plant Eupatorium perfoliatum L. to treat fever and infections. Previous studies have shown that Eupatorium perfoliatum L. possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-plasmodial, anti-bacterial and antiviral activities. However, to the best of our knowledge, no anti-DENV activity of E. perfoliatum L. has been investigated at the molecular level so far. AIM OF STUDY Here, for the first time we have attempted to study the action of E. perfoliatum extract and its few bioactive components i.e., quercetin, caffeic acid and eupafolin against wild primary clinical isolate of DENV-2 infection in an in vitro model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The presence of the bioactive components in the E. perfoliatum extract, were analyzed by HPLC- DAD. Then, CC50 as well as IC50 values of the extract and its bioactive components were measured against DENV in HepG2 cell line. After that, the antiviral activity was studied by Time of addition assay using qRT-PCR. Further, the downstream signalling action of E. perfoliatum extract, was studied by Human phosphorylation MAPK antibody array, followed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Moreover, a molecular docking analysis was done to study the binding affinity of bioactive components of E. perfoliatum extract with TIM-1 transmembrane receptor protein, which is known for viral internalization. RESULT We found that E. perfoliatum extract has marked antiviral activity during pre-treatment against DENV infection in HepG2 cell line. The extract also significantly reduced the DENV induced autophagy in HepG2 cell line as detected by LC3 II localization. The presence of different bioactive compounds in E. perfoliatum extract were confirmed by HPLC-DAD. In the bioactive components, in parallel to earlier studies, quercetin showed the most significant preventive action against DENV infection. Further, in molecular docking analysis also, quercetin showed the strongest binding affinity towards DENV membrane receptor TIM-1 protein. CONCLUSION Our findings suggests that E. perfoliatum extract has significant potential to be an anti-DENV therapeutic agent. Moreover, among the bioactive components, quercetin may have a prophylaxis role in executing the antiviral activity of E. perfoliatum extract against DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonmoon Sinha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, India; Department of Virology, Dr. Anjali Chatterjee Regional Research Institute, Kolkata-700035, India; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata-700020, India.
| | - Urmita Chakraborty
- Department of Virology, Dr. Anjali Chatterjee Regional Research Institute, Kolkata-700035, India.
| | - Anirban Kool
- Department of Virology, Dr. Anjali Chatterjee Regional Research Institute, Kolkata-700035, India.
| | - Mousumi Chakravarti
- Department of Virology, Dr. Anjali Chatterjee Regional Research Institute, Kolkata-700035, India.
| | - Souvik Das
- Department of Neuroendocrinology and Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata-700026, India.
| | - Sandip Ghosh
- Department of Neuroendocrinology and Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata-700026, India.
| | - Lovnish Thakur
- School of Biosciences, Apeejay Stya University, Gurugram, Haryana-122103, India.
| | - Anil Khuranna
- Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Janakpuri, New Delhi-111058, India.
| | - Debadatta Nayak
- Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Janakpuri, New Delhi-111058, India.
| | - Biswarup Basu
- Department of Neuroendocrinology and Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata-700026, India.
| | - Subhabrata Kar
- School of Biosciences, Apeejay Stya University, Gurugram, Haryana-122103, India.
| | - Raja Ray
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, India; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata-700020, India.
| | - Satadal Das
- Department of Virology, Dr. Anjali Chatterjee Regional Research Institute, Kolkata-700035, India.
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Regulation of Tim-3 function by binding to phosphatidylserine. Biochem J 2021; 478:3999-4004. [PMID: 34813649 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tim-3 is a transmembrane protein that is highly expressed on subsets of chronically stimulated CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, with more transient expression during acute activation and infection. Tim-3 is also constitutively expressed by multiple types of myeloid cells. Like other TIM family members, Tim-3 can bind to phosphatidylserine displayed by apoptotic cells, and this interaction has been shown to mediate uptake of such cells by dendritic cells and cross-presentation of antigens to CD8+ T cells. In contrast, how the recognition of PS by Tim-3 might regulate the function of Tim-3+ T cells is not known. In their recent paper, Lemmon and colleagues demonstrate for the first time that recognition of PS by Tim-3 leads to enhanced T cell activation.
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25
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NRAS expression is associated with prognosis and tumor immune microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 148:565-575. [PMID: 34746975 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE NRAS plays a pivotal role in progression of various kinds of somatic malignancies; however, the correlation between NRAS and lung adenocarcinoma is less known. We aim to analyze the prognostic value of NRAS expression in lung adenocarcinoma, and explore the relationship between NRAS and tumor immune microenvironment. METHODS We obtained the transcriptome profiles and clinical data of LUAD from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and three Genome Expression Omnibus datasets. Specimens from 325 patients with completely resected lung adenocarcinoma were collected for immunohistochemical assays of NRAS, PD-L1, PD-1 and TIM-3. Then, we performed gene set enrichment analysis to investigate cancer-related and immune-related signaling pathways. TIMER algorithms were performed to evaluate tumor immune infiltrating cells and immune-related biomarkers. RESULTS Compared with adjacent non-tumor tissue, NRAS expression was significantly upregulated in LUAD tissue. NRAS expression was significantly correlated with more advanced stage and positive lymph nodes. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox analysis suggested that high NRAS expression led to a poor prognosis, and could be an independent prognostic factor in LUAD patients. Besides, NRAS expression was positively correlated with CD8+ T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, and negatively correlated with B cells and CD4+ T cells. The expression level of NRAS was positively correlated with PD-L1, PD-1, and TIM-3 both at RNA and protein level. CONCLUSIONS To conclude, we found NRAS is a novel prognostic biomarker in LUAD. Besides, the expression level of NRAS may influence the prognosis of LUAD via various kinds of cancer-related pathways and remodeling TIM.
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Rezaei M, Tan J, Zeng C, Li Y, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M. TIM-3 in Leukemia; Immune Response and Beyond. Front Oncol 2021; 11:753677. [PMID: 34660319 PMCID: PMC8514831 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.753677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) expression on malignant cells has been reported in some leukemias. In myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), increased TIM-3 expression on TH1 cells, regulatory T cells, CD8+ T cells, and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which play a role in the proliferation of blasts and induction of immune escape, has been reported. In AML, several studies have reported overexpression of TIM-3 on leukemia stem cells (LSCs) but not on healthy HSCs. Overexpression of TIM-3 on exhausted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and leukemic cells in CML, ALL, and CLL patients could be a prognostic risk factor for poor therapeutic response and relapse in patients. Currently, several TIM-3 inhibitors are used in clinical trials for leukemias, and some have shown encouraging response rates for MDS and AML treatment. For AML immunotherapy, blockade TIM-3 may have dual effects: directly inhibiting AML cell proliferation and restoring T cell function. However, blockade of PD-1 and TIM-3 fails to restore the function of exhausted CD8+ T cells in the early clinical stages of CLL, indicating that the effects of TIM-3 blockade may be different in AML and other leukemias. Thus, further studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of TIM-3 inhibitors in different types and stages of leukemia. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of TIM-3 and its contribution as it relates to leukemias. We also discuss the effects of TIM-3 blockade in hematological malignancies and clinical trials of TIM-3 for leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jiaxiong Tan
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengwu Zeng
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Karmakova ТА, Sergeeva NS, Kanukoev КY, Alekseev BY, Kaprin АD. Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (KIM-1): a Multifunctional Glycoprotein and Biological Marker (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 13:64-78. [PMID: 34603757 PMCID: PMC8482821 DOI: 10.17691/stm2021.13.3.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule 1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein also known as HAVcr-1 and TIM-1 belongs to the T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain family (TIM) of proteins. TIM glycoproteins are presented on the immune cells and participate in the regulation of immune reactions. KIM-1 differs from other members of its family in that it is expressed not only by immunocompetent cells but epithelial cells as well. Cellular and humoral effects mediated by KIM-1 are involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Current understanding of the mechanisms determining the participation of KIM-1 in viral invasion, the immune response regulation, adaptive reactions of the kidney epithelium to acute ischemic or toxic injury, in progression of chronic renal diseases, and kidney cancer development have been presented in this review. Data of clinical researches demonstrating the association of KIM-1 with viral diseases and immune disorders have also been analyzed. Potential application of KIM-1 as urinary or serological marker in renal and cardiovascular diseases has been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Т А Karmakova
- Leading Researcher, Department of Predicting the Effectiveness of Conservative Therapy; P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute - Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 3, 2 Botkinsky Proezd, Moscow, 125284, Russia
| | - N S Sergeeva
- Professor, Head of the Department of Predicting the Effectiveness of Conservative Therapy; P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute - Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 3, 2 Botkinsky Proezd, Moscow, 125284, Russia; Professor, Department of Biology; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianova St., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - К Yu Kanukoev
- Urologist, Department of Urology with Chemotherapy; P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute - Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 3, 2 Botkinsky Proezd, Moscow, 125284, Russia
| | - B Ya Alekseev
- Professor, Deputy General Director for Science; National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, 249036, Russia
| | - А D Kaprin
- Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, General Director; National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, 249036, Russia
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Akkoc T, O'Mahony L, Ferstl R, Akdis C, Akkoc T. Mouse Models of Asthma: Characteristics, Limitations and Future Perspectives on Clinical Translation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1376:119-133. [PMID: 34398449 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous inflammatory airway disease primarily characterized by airway obstruction, which affects up to 15% of the population in Westernized countries with an increasing prevalence. Descriptive laboratory and clinical studies reveal that allergic asthma is due to an immunological inflammatory response and is significantly influenced by an individual's genetic background and environmental factors. Due to the limitations associated with human experiments and tissue isolation, direct mouse models of asthma provide important insights into the disease pathogenesis and in the discovery of novel therapeutics. A wide range of asthma models are currently available, and the correct model system for a given experimental question needs to be carefully chosen. Despite recent advances in the complexity of murine asthma models, for example humanized murine models and the use of clinically relevant allergens, the limitations of the murine system should always be acknowledged, and it remains to be seen if any single murine model can accurately replicate all the clinical features associated with human asthmatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Akkoc
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tubitak Marmara Research Center, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ruth Ferstl
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Tunc Akkoc
- Department of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Boucher M, Henry C, Dufour-Mailhot A, Khadangi F, Bossé Y. Smooth Muscle Hypocontractility and Airway Normoresponsiveness in a Mouse Model of Pulmonary Allergic Inflammation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:698019. [PMID: 34267677 PMCID: PMC8277197 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.698019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The contractility of airway smooth muscle (ASM) is labile. Although this feature can greatly modulate the degree of airway responsiveness in vivo, the extent by which ASM's contractility is affected by pulmonary allergic inflammation has never been compared between strains of mice exhibiting a different susceptibility to develop airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Herein, female C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were treated intranasally with either saline or house dust mite (HDM) once daily for 10 consecutive days to induce pulmonary allergic inflammation. The doses of HDM were twice greater in the less susceptible C57BL/6 strain. All outcomes, including ASM contractility, were measured 24 h after the last HDM exposure. As expected, while BALB/c mice exposed to HDM became hyperresponsive to a nebulized challenge with methacholine in vivo, C57BL/6 mice remained normoresponsive. The lack of AHR in C57BL/6 mice occurred despite exhibiting more than twice as much inflammation than BALB/c mice in bronchoalveolar lavages, as well as similar degrees of inflammatory cell infiltrates within the lung tissue, goblet cell hyperplasia and thickening of the epithelium. There was no enlargement of ASM caused by HDM exposure in either strain. Unexpectedly, however, excised tracheas derived from C57BL/6 mice exposed to HDM demonstrated a decreased contractility in response to both methacholine and potassium chloride, while tracheas from BALB/c mice remained normocontractile following HDM exposure. These results suggest that the lack of AHR in C57BL/6 mice, at least in an acute model of HDM-induced pulmonary allergic inflammation, is due to an acquired ASM hypocontractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Boucher
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Cyndi Henry
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alexis Dufour-Mailhot
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Khadangi
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ynuk Bossé
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Luo Q, Kong Y, Fu B, Li X, Huang Q, Huang Z, Li J. Increased TIM-3 +PD-1 + NK cells are associated with the disease activity and severity of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Med 2021; 22:47-56. [PMID: 34101055 PMCID: PMC8863699 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-021-00726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that natural killer (NK) cells are dysregulated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. However, the functions of NK cells and the mechanisms regulated by them in SLE remain incompletely understood. Patients with SLE were recruited from The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, and their clinical characteristics and treatments were recorded. The expression levels of T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on NK cells were examined using flow cytometry. The correlations between the increase in TIM-3+PD-1+ NK cells in the SLE patients and clinical traits, including inflammatory markers, auto-antibodies, disease activity and severity of SLE, were examined. The TIM-3+NK cells, PD-1+NK cells and TIM-3+PD-1+ NK cells were significantly increased in the SLE patients. The increase in TIM-3+PD-1+ NK cells in the patients with SLE was associated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, anti-double stranded DNA, anti-ribosomal P, SLE disease activity index and clinical features. The frequency of TIM-3+PD-1+NK cells in SLE patients with a cardiovascular disease (CVD) was significantly lower than that in SLE patients without a CVD. Moreover, the increased TIM-3+PD-1+ NK cells were significantly decreased in SLE patients following treatment. The present study suggested that the increased TIM-3+PD-1+ NK cells were associated with the disease activity and severity of SLE and may play a role in SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyuan Kong
- Outpatient Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Biqi Fu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshui Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zikun Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junming Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Cao Y, Li Q, Liu H, He X, Huang F, Wang Y. Role of Tim-3 in regulating tumorigenesis, inflammation, and antitumor immunity therapy. Cancer Biomark 2021; 32:237-248. [PMID: 34092621 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-210114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, cancer immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICRs), has attained considerable progresses in clinical practice. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) act as next ICRs, and originally function as a co-inhibitory receptor expressed on interferon (IFN)-γ producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Furthermore, Tim-3 has also been found to express on innate immune cells and several types of tumors, signifying the pivotal role that Tim-3 plays in chronic viral infections and cancer. In addition, Tim-3 and multiple ICRs are concurrently expressed and regulated on dysfunctional or exhausted T-cells, leading to improved antitumor immune responses in preclinical or clinical cancer therapy through co-blockade of Tim-3 and other ICRs such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). In this review, the biological characteristics of Tim-3 and the function of Tim-3 in regulating tumorigenesis and inflammation have been summarized. The usage of a single blockade of Tim-3 or in combination with multiple immunotherapy regimens have drawn attention to antitumor potential as a target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianglei He
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yigang Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Yang L, Chen X, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Wu C, Ma X, Zuo D, He H, Huang L, Li J, Xia C, Hu S, Yang X, Feng M. Generation of TIM3 inhibitory single-domain antibodies to boost the antitumor activity of chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:542. [PMID: 34079595 PMCID: PMC8157332 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules has significantly altered cancer treatment regimens. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) is one of the major inhibitory immune checkpoints expressed on T cells. Blocking the engagement of TIM3 and its inhibitory ligand galectin-9 may potentiate the effects of immunotherapy or overcome the adaptive resistance to the therapeutic blockade of programmed cell death protein 1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator and lymphocyte-activation gene 3, amongst others, as each of these immune checkpoints harbors unique properties that set it apart from the rest. Heavy chain variable fragment (VH)-derived single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) represent a class of expanding drug candidates. These sdAbs have unique advantages, including their minimal size in the antibody class, ease of expression, broad scope for modular structure design and re-engineering, and excellent tumor penetration. In the present study, two sdAbs, TIM3-R23 and TIM3-R53, were generated by immunizing rabbits with the recombinant extracellular domain of TIM3 and applying phage display technology. These sdAbs were easily expressed in mammalian cells. The purified sdAbs were able to bind to both recombinant and cell surface TIM3, and blocked it from binding to the ligand galectin-9. In vivo studies demonstrated that TIM3-R53 was able to potentiate the antitumor activity of chimeric antigen receptor T cells that targeted mesothelin. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that TIM3-R53 may be a novel and attractive immune checkpoint inhibitor against TIM3, which is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yuankui Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Changfa Wu
- Clinical Testing Branch, Hongshan District Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Xuqian Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Dianbao Zuo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Huixia He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Le Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Chunjiao Xia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Mingqian Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
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Boehne C, Behrendt AK, Meyer-Bahlburg A, Boettcher M, Drube S, Kamradt T, Hansen G. Tim-3 is dispensable for allergic inflammation and respiratory tolerance in experimental asthma. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249605. [PMID: 33822811 PMCID: PMC8023500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) has been described as a transmembrane protein, expressed on the surface of various T cells as well as different cells of innate immunity. It has since been associated with Th1 mediated autoimmune diseases and transplantation tolerance studies, thereby indicating a possible role of this receptor in counter-regulation of Th2 immune responses. In the present study we therefore directly examined the role of Tim-3 in allergic inflammation and respiratory tolerance. First, Tim-3-/- mice and wild type controls were immunized and challenged with the model allergen ovalbumin (OVA) to induce an asthma-like phenotype. Analysis of cell numbers and distribution in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid as well as lung histology in H&E stained lung sections demonstrated a comparable degree of eosinophilic inflammation in both mouse strains. Th2 cytokine production in restimulated cell culture supernatants and serum IgE and IgG levels were equally increased in both genotypes. In addition, cell proliferation and the distribution of different T cell subsets were comparable. Moreover, analysis of both mouse strains in our respiratory tolerance model, where mucosal application of the model allergen before immunization, prevents the development of an asthma-like phenotype, revealed no differences in any of the parameters mentioned above. The current study demonstrates that Tim-3 is dispensable not only for the development of allergic inflammation but also for induction of respiratory tolerance in mice in an OVA-based model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Boehne
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Behrendt
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Almut Meyer-Bahlburg
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Martin Boettcher
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Sebastian Drube
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Gesine Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Wang Z, Chen J, Wang M, Zhang L, Yu L. One Stone, Two Birds: The Roles of Tim-3 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:618710. [PMID: 33868234 PMCID: PMC8047468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.618710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein 3 (Tim-3) is an immune checkpoint and plays a vital role in immune responses during acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Targeting Tim-3 kills two birds with one stone by balancing the immune system and eliminating leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in AML. These functions make Tim-3 a potential target for curing AML. This review mainly discusses the roles of Tim-3 in the immune system in AML and as an AML LSC marker, which sheds new light on the role of Tim-3 in AML immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiding Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Hematology and BMT Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengzhen Wang
- Department of Hematology and BMT Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Hematology and BMT Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Hematology and BMT Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Liao Q, Zhou Y, Xia L, Cao D. Lipid Metabolism and Immune Checkpoints. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1316:191-211. [PMID: 33740251 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6785-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints are essential for the regulation of immune cell functions. Although the abrogation of immunosurveillance of tumor cells is known, the regulators of immune checkpoints are not clear. Lipid metabolism is one of the important metabolic activities in organisms. In lipid metabolism, a large number of metabolites produced can regulate the gene expression and activation of immune checkpoints through various pathways. In addition, increasing evidence has shown that lipid metabolism leads to transient generation or accumulation of toxic lipids that result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and then regulate the transcriptional and posttranscriptional modifications of immune checkpoints, including transcription, protein folding, phosphorylation, palmitoylation, etc. More importantly, the lipid metabolism can also affect exosome transportation of checkpoints and the degradation of checkpoints by affecting ubiquitination and lysosomal trafficking. In this chapter, we mainly empathize on the roles of lipid metabolism in the regulation of immune checkpoints, such as gene expression, activation, and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Cao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
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TIM-3 Genetic Variants Are Associated with Altered Clinical Outcome and Susceptibility to Gram-Positive Infections in Patients with Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218318. [PMID: 33171904 PMCID: PMC7664272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have reported the fundamental role of immunoregulatory proteins in the clinical phenotype and outcome of sepsis. This study investigated two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), which has a negative stimulatory function in the T cell immune response. Methods: Patients with sepsis (n = 712) were prospectively enrolled from three intensive care units (ICUs) at the University Medical Center Goettingen since 2012. All patients were genotyped for the TIM-3 SNPs rs1036199 and rs10515746. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. Disease severity and microbiological findings were secondary endpoints. Results: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated a significantly lower 28-day mortality for TIM-3 rs1036199 AA homozygous patients compared to C-allele carriers (18% vs. 27%, p = 0.0099) and TIM-3 rs10515746 CC homozygous patients compared to A-allele carriers (18% vs. 26%, p = 0.0202). The TIM-3 rs1036199 AA genotype and rs10515746 CC genotype remained significant predictors for 28-day mortality in the multivariate Cox regression analysis after adjustment for relevant confounders (adjusted hazard ratios: 0.67 and 0.70). Additionally, patients carrying the rs1036199 AA genotype presented more Gram-positive and Staphylococcus epidermidis infections, and rs10515746 CC homozygotes presented more Staphylococcus epidermidis infections. Conclusion: The studied TIM-3 genetic variants are associated with altered 28-day mortality and susceptibility to Gram-positive infections in sepsis.
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Valença A, Mendes-Jorge L, Bonet A, Catita J, Ramos D, Jose-Cunilleras E, Garcia M, Carretero A, Nacher V, Navarro M, Ruberte J. TIM2 modulates retinal iron levels and is involved in blood-retinal barrier breakdown. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108292. [PMID: 33065090 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Careful control of iron availability in the retina is central to maintenance of iron homeostasis, as its imbalance is associated with oxidative stress and the progression of several retinopathies. Ferritin, known for its role in iron storage and detoxification, has also been proposed as an iron-transporter protein, through its binding to Scara5 and TIM2 membrane receptors. In this study, the presence and iron-related functions of TIM2 in the mouse retina were investigated. Our results revealed for the first time the presence of TIM2 receptors in the mouse retina, mainly in Müller cells. Experimental TIM2 downregulation in the mouse retina promoted, probably due to a compensatory mechanism, Scara5 overexpression that increased retinal ferritin uptake and induced iron overload. Consecutive reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) overexpression led to impaired paracellular and transcellular endothelial transport characterized by tight junction degradation and increased caveolae number. In consequence, blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown and retinal edema were observed. Altogether, these results point to TIM2 as a new modulator of retinal iron homeostasis and as a potential target to counteract retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Valença
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal; CBATEG - Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ de La Vall Morona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain
| | - Luísa Mendes-Jorge
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal; CBATEG - Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ de La Vall Morona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain
| | - Aina Bonet
- CBATEG - Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ de La Vall Morona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Travessera Del Turons, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain
| | - Joana Catita
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal; CBATEG - Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ de La Vall Morona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Ramos
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal; CBATEG - Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ de La Vall Morona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain
| | - Eduard Jose-Cunilleras
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Travessera Del Turons, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain
| | - Miguel Garcia
- CBATEG - Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ de La Vall Morona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain
| | - Ana Carretero
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal; CBATEG - Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ de La Vall Morona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Travessera Del Turons, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain
| | - Victor Nacher
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal; CBATEG - Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ de La Vall Morona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Travessera Del Turons, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain
| | - Marc Navarro
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal; CBATEG - Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ de La Vall Morona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Travessera Del Turons, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain
| | - Jesús Ruberte
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal; CBATEG - Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ de La Vall Morona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Travessera Del Turons, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola Del Vallès), Spain.
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The Role of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Lassa Virus Cell Entry. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080857. [PMID: 32781509 PMCID: PMC7472032 DOI: 10.3390/v12080857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic Old World mammarenavirus Lassa (LASV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality and morbidity in humans in endemic regions. The development of effective strategies to combat LASV infections is of high priority, given the lack of a licensed vaccine and restriction on available treatment to off-label use of ribavirin. A better understanding of the fundamental aspects of the virus's life cycle would help to improve the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Host cell entry and restriction factors represent major barriers for emerging viruses and are promising targets for therapeutic intervention. In addition to the LASV main receptor, the extracellular matrix molecule dystroglycan (DG), the phosphatidylserine-binding receptors of the Tyro3/Axl/Mer (TAM), and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin receptor (TIM) families are potential alternative receptors of LASV infection. Therefore, the relative contributions of candidate receptors to LASV entry into a particular human cell type are a complex function of receptor expression and functional DG availability. Here, we describe the role of two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), Axl and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), in the presence and absence of glycosylated DG for LASV entry. We found that both RTKs participated in the macropinocytosis-related LASV entry and, regardless of the presence or absence of functional DG, their inhibition resulted in a significant antiviral effect.
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Qin S, Dong B, Yi M, Chu Q, Wu K. Prognostic Values of TIM-3 Expression in Patients With Solid Tumors: A Meta-Analysis and Database Evaluation. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1288. [PMID: 32850398 PMCID: PMC7417611 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing molecule-3 (TIM-3), a novel emerging immune checkpoint molecule, was reported to express both on various kinds of immune cells and tumor cells. Many previous studies have investigated the prognostic significance of TIM-3 in cancer. However, the sample number from single study was limited and results remained controversial. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for publications concerning TIM-3 expression in solid cancers up to March 2020. The correlations between TIM-3 and survival as well as clinical-pathological features were analyzed. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated by either fixed or random effects models. Results: A total of 3,072 patients were included in our meta-analysis. The result suggested that TIM-3 protein overexpression was relevant to poor overall survival (HR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.39–2.15, P < 0.001). Moreover, TIM-3 was shown to be connected with lymph node metastasis (N+ vs. N-, OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.10–2.29, P = 0.013), tumor grade (G2-3 vs. G1, OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.21–2.34, P = 0.002), as well as PD-1 expression (PD-1high vs. PD-1low, OR = 3.26, 95% CI = 2.20–4.82, P < 0.001). In database test, significant correlations between high TIM-3 mRNA expression and poor overall survival for patients with non-small cell lung cancer and gastric cancer were observed (HR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.23–1.72, P < 0.001; HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.12–1.77, P = 0.0038). Conclusion: Our meta-analysis highlights that TIM-3 has the potential to serve as a prognostic marker and a valuable therapeutic target in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Dong
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Chang W, Fa H, Xiao D, Wang J. Targeting phosphatidylserine for Cancer therapy: prospects and challenges. Theranostics 2020; 10:9214-9229. [PMID: 32802188 PMCID: PMC7415799 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite major improvements in current therapeutic methods, ideal therapeutic strategies for improved tumor elimination are still lacking. Recently, immunotherapy has attracted much attention, and many immune-active agents have been approved for clinical use alone or in combination with other cancer drugs. However, some patients have a poor response to these agents. New agents and strategies are needed to overcome such deficiencies. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is an essential component of bilayer cell membranes and is normally present in the inner leaflet. In the physiological state, PS exposure on the external leaflet not only acts as an engulfment signal for phagocytosis in apoptotic cells but also participates in blood coagulation, myoblast fusion and immune regulation in nonapoptotic cells. In the tumor microenvironment, PS exposure is significantly increased on the surface of tumor cells or tumor cell-derived microvesicles, which have innate immunosuppressive properties and facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. To date, agents targeting PS have been developed, some of which are under investigation in clinical trials as combination drugs for various cancers. However, controversial results are emerging in laboratory research as well as in clinical trials, and the efficiency of PS-targeting agents remains uncertain. In this review, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of PS, with a focus on immune suppressive features. In addition, we discuss current drug developments that are based on PS-targeting strategies in both experimental and clinical studies. We hope to provide a future research direction for the development of new agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Chang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongge Fa
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dandan Xiao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Melaiu O, Lucarini V, Giovannoni R, Fruci D, Gemignani F. News on immune checkpoint inhibitors as immunotherapy strategies in adult and pediatric solid tumors. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 79:18-43. [PMID: 32659257 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown unprecedented benefits in various adult cancers, and this success has prompted the exploration of ICI therapy even in childhood malignances. Although the use of ICIs as individual agents has achieved disappointing response rates, combinational therapies are likely to promise better results. However, only a subset of patients experienced prolonged clinical effects, thus suggesting the need to identify robust bio-markers that predict individual clinical response or resistance to ICI therapy as the main challenge. In this review, we focus on how the use of ICIs in adult cancers can be translated into pediatric malignances. We discuss the physiological mechanism of action of each IC, including PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 and the new emerging ones, LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT, B7-H3, BTLA and IDO-1, and evaluate their prognostic value in both adult and childhood tumors. Furthermore, we offer an overview of preclinical models and clinical trials currently under investigation to improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies in these patients. Finally, we outline the main predictive factors that influence the efficacy of ICIs, in order to lay the basis for the development of a pan-cancer immunogenomic model, able to direct young patients towards more specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Melaiu
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Department, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Lucarini
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Department, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Doriana Fruci
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Department, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.
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Kim D, Lee SA, Moon H, Kim K, Park D. The Tim gene family in efferocytosis. Genes Genomics 2020; 42:979-986. [PMID: 32648232 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-00969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the key features of the plasma membrane is the asymmetrical distribution of phospholipids across it. Especially, phosphatidylserine (PS) exclusively locates on its inner leaflet. Thus, the exposure of PS on the surface of cells could function as a signal initiating various cellular processes such as phagocytosis of apoptotic cells called efferocytosis, blood clotting, muscle formation, and viral entry. Indeed, PS on apoptotic cells stimulates phagocytes to engulf them and functions as an essential ligand for efferocytosis. Due to the importance of PS in efferocytosis, the existence of the PS receptor had been conceived. However, the PS receptor had not been revealed for a long time. Thus, the first identification of the PS receptor was significant excitement. Tim-4, a member of the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing family of genes, was one of PS receptors which first identified and received the greatest attention due to its expression in macrophages and relevance to autoimmune and allergic diseases. This review will serve to provide a comprehensive overview of Tim proteins as PS receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokhwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.,Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Sang-Ah Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.,Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Hyunji Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.,Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Kwanhyeong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Daeho Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea. .,Center for Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
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Acharya N, Sabatos-Peyton C, Anderson AC. Tim-3 finds its place in the cancer immunotherapy landscape. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000911. [PMID: 32601081 PMCID: PMC7326247 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The blockade of immune checkpoint receptors has made great strides in the treatment of major cancers, including melanoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, renal, and lung cancer. However, the success rate of immune checkpoint blockade is still low and some cancers, such as microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer, remain refractory to these treatments. This has prompted investigation into additional checkpoint receptors. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) is a checkpoint receptor expressed by a wide variety of immune cells as well as leukemic stem cells. Coblockade of Tim-3 and PD-1 can result in reduced tumor progression in preclinical models and can improve antitumor T-cell responses in cancer patients. In this review, we will discuss the basic biology of Tim-3, its role in the tumor microenvironment, and the emerging clinical trial data that point to its future application in the field of immune-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Acharya
- Department of Neurology, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine Sabatos-Peyton
- Exploratory Immuno-oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Carrizosa Anderson
- Department of Neurology, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cell Culture Systems and Drug Targets for Hepatitis A Virus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050533. [PMID: 32408660 PMCID: PMC7291253 DOI: 10.3390/v12050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is one of the major causes of acute hepatitis, and this infection occasionally causes acute liver failure. HAV infection is associated with HAV-contaminated food and water as well as sexual transmission among men who have sex with men. Although an HAV vaccine has been developed, outbreaks of hepatitis A and life-threatening severe HAV infections are still observed worldwide. Therefore, an improved HAV vaccine and anti-HAV drugs for severe hepatitis A should be developed. Here, we reviewed cell culture systems for HAV infection, and other issues. This review may help with improving the HAV vaccine and developing anti-HAV drugs.
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Discovery of New Immune Checkpoints: Family Grows Up. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:61-82. [PMID: 32185707 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The first generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) including anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 has achieved profound and great success. Till 2019 Q1, there are nine ICIs landing the oncology market: Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4, Bristol-Myers Squibb), Nivolumab (anti-PD-1, Bristol-Myers Squibb), Pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1, Merck), Atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1, Roche/Genentech), Durvalumab (anti-PD-L1, Astra Zeneca), Tremelimumab (anti-CTLA-4, Astra Zeneca), Cemiplimab (anti-PD-1, Sanofi/Regeneron), Toripalimab (anti-PD-1, Junshi), and Sintilimab (anti-PD-1, Innovent), which have covered the majority of hematologic and solid malignancies' indication. Beyond the considerable benefits for the patients, frustrated boundary still exists: limited response rate in monotherapy in late-stage population, poor effectiveness in neoplasms with immune desert and immune excluded types, and immune-related toxicities, some are life-threatened and with higher incidence in I-O combination regiment. Moreover, clinicians observed some cases switching to progression after achieving partial or complete response, indicating treatment failure or drug resistance. So people begin looking for the next generation of immune checkpoint members.
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Tim-3: A co-receptor with diverse roles in T cell exhaustion and tolerance. Semin Immunol 2020; 42:101302. [PMID: 31604535 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T cell inhibitory co-receptors play a crucial role in maintaining the balance between physiologic immune responses and maladaptive ones. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing-3 (Tim-3) is a unique inhibitory co-receptor in that its expression is chiefly restricted to interferon (IFN)γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Early reports firmly established its importance in maintaining peripheral tolerance in transplantation and autoimmunity. However, it has become increasingly clear that Tim-3 expression on T cells, together with other check-point molecules, in chronic infections and cancers can hinder productive immune responses. In this review, we outline what is currently known about the regulation of Tim-3 expression, its ligands and signaling. We discuss both its salutary and deleterious function in immune disorders, as well as the T cell-extrinsic and -intrinsic factors that regulate its function.
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Liu W, Xu L, Liang X, Liu X, Zhao Y, Ma C, Gao L. Tim-4 in Health and Disease: Friend or Foe? Front Immunol 2020; 11:537. [PMID: 32300343 PMCID: PMC7142236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4 (Tim-4) is a phosphatidylserine receptor and is selectively expressed on antigen presenting cells. Recently, Tim-4 was reported to be expressed on iNKT cells, B1 cells, and tumor cells, suggesting it has multiple biological functions. In this review, we mainly summarize the expression and regulation of Tim-4 in immune cells including T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, NKT cells, B cells, and mast cells. The expression of Tim-4 in these cells implies that Tim-4 might participate in immune related diseases. Emerging evidence emphasizes a substantial role for Tim-4 in maintaining homeostasis by regulating various immune responses, including viral infection, allergy, autoimmunity, and tumor immunity. Here, we collectively evaluated the role of Tim-4 in health and diseases. This summary will be extremely useful to fully understand the function of Tim-4 in the pathogenesis of immune related diseases, which would provide novel clues for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liyun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yangbing Zhao
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lifen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Xiao Y, Qing J, Li B, Chen L, Nong S, Yang W, Tang X, Chen Z. TIM-3 Participates in the Invasion and Metastasis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma via SMAD7/SMAD2/SNAIL1 Axis-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:1993-2006. [PMID: 32184631 PMCID: PMC7064287 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s237222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (TIM-3) was originally found to negatively regulate immune response and mediate immune escape in tumors. Subsequently, an increasing body of evidence has shown that TIM-3 exerts positive functions in the development and progression of several tumors. However, the role of TIM-3 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unknown. Methods Data from the Cancer Genome Atlas-head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and immunohistochemistry were analyzed to compare the expression of TIM-3 in NPC and non-cancerous nasopharyngitis tissues. Cell proliferation was evaluated using the Cell counting kit-8 in vitro and xenograft experiment in nude mice in vivo. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the cell cycle. The migration and invasion of NPC cells were assessed through wound healing and Transwell assays. In addition, Western blotting was used to analyze the expression of specific proteins. Results Higher expression of TIM-3 was detected in NPC tissues than normal nasopharyngeal tissues and positively correlated with the clinical stage and T classification; however, it was not correlated with gender, age, and N classification. Furthermore, overexpression of TIM-3 using lentiviral vectors increased the malignancy of 6-10B and CNE-2 cell lines that lowly express TIM-3, by promoting cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. In addition, overexpression of TIM-3 was associated with upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and MMP2, and led to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by increasing the levels of mesenchymal markers (ie, N-cadherin, Vimentin) and decreasing those of the epithelial marker E-cadherin. Further study showed that SMAD7 was downregulated in the TIM-3 overexpression group. Relatively, phosphorylated SMAD2 and downstream molecule SNAIL1 were also upregulated in this group. Conclusion TIM-3 exerts a tumor-promoting function in NPC by mediating changes in the SMAD7/SMAD2/SNAIL1 axis. These findings provide a new idea for the study of invasion, metastasis, and treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jilin Qing
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuyan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhou Nong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Tang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Tumor development is characterized by the accumulation of mutational and epigenetic changes that transform normal cells and survival pathways into self-sustaining cells capable of untrammeled growth. Although multiple modalities including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are available for the treatment of cancer, the benefits conferred are often limited. The immune system is capable of specific, durable, and adaptable responses. However, cancers hijack immune mechanisms such as negative regulatory checkpoints that have evolved to limit inflammatory and immune responses to thwart effective antitumor immunity. The development of monoclonal antibodies against inhibitory receptors expressed by immune cells has produced durable responses in a broad array of advanced malignancies and heralded a new dawn in the cancer armamentarium. However, these remarkable responses are limited to a minority of patients and indications, highlighting the need for more effective and novel approaches. Preclinical and clinical studies with immune checkpoint blockade are exploring the therapeutic potential antibody-based therapy targeting multiple inhibitory receptors. In this chapter, we discuss the current understanding of the structure, ligand specificities, function, and signaling activities of various inhibitory receptors. Additionally, we discuss the current development status of various immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting these negative immune receptors and highlight conceptual gaps in knowledge.
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Role of Co-stimulatory Molecules in T Helper Cell Differentiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:153-177. [PMID: 31758534 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a central role in orchestrating the immune response to a variety of pathogens but also regulate autoimmune responses, asthma, allergic responses, as well as tumor immunity. To cover this broad spectrum of responses, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into one of several lineages of T helper cells, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and TFH, as defined by their cytokine pattern and function. The fate decision of T helper cell differentiation integrates signals delivered through the T cell receptor, cytokine receptors, and the pattern of co-stimulatory signals received. In this review, we summarize the contribution of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors to the differentiation and maintenance of T helper cell responses.
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