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Islam MA, Pathak K, Saikia R, Pramanik P, Das A, Talukdar P, Shakya A, Ghosh SK, Singh UP, Bhat HR. An in-depth analysis of COVID-19 treatment: Present situation and prospects. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400307. [PMID: 39106224 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) the most contagious infection caused by the unique type of coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), produced a global pandemic that wreaked havoc on the health-care system, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Several methods were implemented to tackle the virus, including the repurposing of existing medications and the development of vaccinations. The purpose of this article is to provide a complete summary of the current state and future possibilities for COVID-19 therapies. We describe the many treatment classes, such as antivirals, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies, that have been repurposed or developed to treat COVID-19. We also looked at the clinical evidence for these treatments, including findings from observational studies and randomized-controlled clinical trials, and highlighted the problems and limitations of the available evidence. Furthermore, we reviewed existing clinical trials and prospective COVID-19 therapeutic options, such as novel medication candidates and combination therapies. Finally, we discussed the long-term consequences of COVID-19 and the importance of ongoing research into the development of viable treatments. This review will help physicians, researchers, and policymakers to understand the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ariful Islam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kalyani Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Riya Saikia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Pallab Pramanik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Aparoop Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Prasenjit Talukdar
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, DUIET, Dibrugarh, University, Assam, India
| | - Anshul Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Surajit Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Udaya Pratap Singh
- Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hans Raj Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Bader El Din NG, Farouk S. Exploring the Impact of Different Inflammatory Cytokines on Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2024; 44:233-243. [PMID: 38563804 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2024.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health concern affecting millions worldwide. Chronic HCV infection often leads to liver inflammation and can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Inflammatory cytokines are crucial in modulating the immune response during HCV infection. This review aims to investigate the impact of different inflammatory cytokines on HCV infection and associated immune responses. This review was conducted to identify relevant studies on the interplay between inflammatory cytokines and HCV infection. The analysis focused on the effects of key inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), on HCV replication, immune cell activation, and liver inflammation. The findings reveal that these inflammatory cytokines can significantly influence HCV infection and the subsequent immune response. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1 have been shown to enhance HCV replication, while IFN-γ exerts antiviral effects by inhibiting viral replication and promoting immune cell-mediated clearance of infected hepatocytes. Moreover, these cytokines contribute to the recruitment and activation of immune cells, such as natural killer cells, T cells, and macrophages, which play critical roles in controlling HCV infection. Understanding the precise mechanisms by which inflammatory cytokines impact HCV infection is crucial for developing more targeted therapeutic strategies. Modulating the levels or activity of specific cytokines may provide opportunities to attenuate HCV replication, reduce liver inflammation, and improve treatment outcomes. In conclusion, this review highlights the significance of inflammatory cytokines in influencing HCV infection and associated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha G Bader El Din
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Institute, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally Farouk
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Institute, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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Qi F, Yan Y, Lv Q, Liu M, Liu M, Li F, Deng R, Liang X, Li S, Mou G, Bao L. IL-37 possesses both anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Animal Model Exp Med 2024. [PMID: 38803038 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to elucidate the function of IL-37 in middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, thereby providing a novel therapeutic strategy for managing the clinical treatment of inflammatory response caused by respiratory virus infection. METHODS We investigated the development of MERS by infecting hDPP4 mice with hCoV-EMC (107 TCID50 [50% tissue culture infectious dose]) intranasally. We infected A549 cells with MERS-CoV, which concurrently interfered with IL-37, detecting the viral titer, viral load, and cytokine expression at certain points postinfection. Meanwhile, we administered IL-37 (12.5 μg/kg) intravenously to hDPP4 mice 2 h after MERS-CoV-2 infection and collected the serum and lungs 5 days after infection to investigate the efficacy of IL-37 in MERS-CoV infection. RESULTS The viral titer of MERS-CoV-infected A549 cells interfering with IL-37 was significantly reduced by 4.7-fold, and the viral load of MERS-CoV-infected hDPP4 mice was decreased by 59-fold in lung tissue. Furthermore, the administration of IL-37 suppressed inflammatory cytokine and chemokine (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interferon-γ, and IL-17A) expression and ameliorated the infiltration of inflammatory cells in hDPP4 mice. CONCLUSION IL-37 exhibits protective properties in severe pneumonia induced by MERS-CoV infection. This effect is achieved through attenuation of lung viral load, suppression of inflammatory cytokine secretion, reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration, and mitigation of pulmonary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Model, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwei Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Model, Beijing, China
| | - Mingya Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Fengdi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Model, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Model, Beijing, China
| | - Xujian Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Model, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Guocui Mou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Bao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Model, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Beijing, China
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Riyaz Tramboo S, Elkhalifa AM, Quibtiya S, Ali SI, Nazir Shah N, Taifa S, Rakhshan R, Hussain Shah I, Ahmad Mir M, Malik M, Ramzan Z, Bashir N, Ahad S, Khursheed I, Bazie EA, Mohamed Ahmed E, Elderdery AY, Alenazy FO, Alanazi A, Alzahrani B, Alruwaili M, Manni E, E. Hussein S, Abdalhabib EK, Nabi SU. The critical impacts of cytokine storms in respiratory disorders. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29769. [PMID: 38694122 PMCID: PMC11058722 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokine storm (CS) refers to the spontaneous dysregulated and hyper-activated inflammatory reaction occurring in various clinical conditions, ranging from microbial infection to end-stage organ failure. Recently the novel coronavirus involved in COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) has been associated with the pathological phenomenon of CS in critically ill patients. Furthermore, critically ill patients suffering from CS are likely to have a grave prognosis and a higher case fatality rate. Pathologically CS is manifested as hyper-immune activation and is clinically manifested as multiple organ failure. An in-depth understanding of the etiology of CS will enable the discovery of not just disease risk factors of CS but also therapeutic approaches to modulate the immune response and improve outcomes in patients with respiratory diseases having CS in the pathogenic pathway. Owing to the grave consequences of CS in various diseases, this phenomenon has attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians throughout the globe. So in the present manuscript, we have attempted to discuss CS and its ramifications in COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases, as well as prospective treatment approaches and biomarkers of the cytokine storm. Furthermore, we have attempted to provide in-depth insight into CS from both a prophylactic and therapeutic point of view. In addition, we have included recent findings of CS in respiratory diseases reported from different parts of the world, which are based on expert opinion, clinical case-control research, experimental research, and a case-controlled cohort approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahana Riyaz Tramboo
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Ahmed M.E. Elkhalifa
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, 11673, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, 1158, Sudan
| | - Syed Quibtiya
- Department of General Surgery, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Srinagar, 190011, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Sofi Imtiyaz Ali
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Naveed Nazir Shah
- Department of Chest Medicine, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, 191202, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Syed Taifa
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Rabia Rakhshan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Iqra Hussain Shah
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Muzafar Ahmad Mir
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Masood Malik
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Zahid Ramzan
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Nusrat Bashir
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Shubeena Ahad
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Ibraq Khursheed
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kashmir, 191201, Nunar, Ganderbal, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Elsharif A. Bazie
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, 1158, Sudan
| | - Elsadig Mohamed Ahmed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, 1158, Sudan
| | - Abozer Y. Elderdery
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawaz O. Alenazy
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awadh Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muharib Alruwaili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Manni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanaa E. Hussein
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ezeldine K. Abdalhabib
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
| | - Showkat Ul Nabi
- Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
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Al-Tawfiq JA. Developments in treatment for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Expert Rev Respir Med 2024; 18:295-307. [PMID: 38881206 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2024.2369714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An important respiratory pathogen that has led to multiple hospital outbreaks both inside and outside of the Arabian Peninsula is the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Given the elevated case fatality rate, there exists a pressing requirement for efficacious therapeutic agents. AREAS COVERED This is an updated review of the developments in MERS treatment approaches. Using databases like PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, and Google Scholar, a thorough search was carried out utilizing keywords like 'MERS,' 'MERS-CoV,' and 'Middle East respiratory syndrome' in conjunction with 'treatment' or 'therapy' from Jan 2012 to Feb 2024. EXPERT OPINION MERS-CoV is a highly pathogenic respiratory infection that emerged in 2012 and continues to pose a significant public health threat. Despite ongoing efforts to control the spread of MERS-CoV, there is currently no specific antiviral treatment available. While many agents have been tested both in vivo and in vitro, none of them have been thoroughly examined in extensive clinical trials. Only case reports, case series, or cohort studies have been made available as clinical studies. However, there is a limited number of randomized-controlled trials. Because cases are irregular and sporadic, conducting a large prospective randomized trials for establishing an efficacious treatment might be difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Speciality Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Awad AM, Hansen K, Del Rio D, Flores D, Barghash RF, Kakkola L, Julkunen I, Awad K. Insights into COVID-19: Perspectives on Drug Remedies and Host Cell Responses. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1452. [PMID: 37892134 PMCID: PMC10604481 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of the COVID-19 global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, ongoing research has centered on minimizing viral spread either by stopping viral entry or inhibiting viral replication. Repurposing antiviral drugs, typically nucleoside analogs, has proven successful at inhibiting virus replication. This review summarizes current information regarding coronavirus classification and characterization and presents the broad clinical consequences of SARS-CoV-2 activation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed in different human cell types. It provides publicly available knowledge on the chemical nature of proposed therapeutics and their target biomolecules to assist in the identification of potentially new drugs for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Awad
- Department of Chemistry, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Kamryn Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Diana Del Rio
- Department of Chemistry, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Derek Flores
- Department of Chemistry, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Reham F. Barghash
- Institute of Chemical Industries Research, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Kareem Awad
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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Ma D, Wang X, Li M, Hu C, Tang L. Reconsideration of interferon treatment for viral diseases: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110485. [PMID: 37348227 PMCID: PMC10272952 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Periodic pandemics of coronavirus (CoV)-related pneumonia have been a major challenging issue since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012. The ongoing pandemic of CoV disease (COVID-19) poses a substantial threat to public health. As for the treatment options, only limited antiviral agents have been approved hitherto, and clinicians mainly focus on currently available drugs including the conventional antiviral interferons (IFNs). In clinical practice, IFNs, when used either alone or in combination with ribavirin and/or lopinavir/ritonavir, have shown promising outcomes, to some extent, in SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV treatment. Although the efficacy and safety of IFNs in COVID-19 treatment remain unclear, their possible use merits further evaluation. We present a review that summarizes current evidence of IFN treatment for COVID-19 and elaborates on other challenges in terms of the timing of IFN treatment initiation, treatment duration, and IFN type to be used. The review findings suggested that IFN acts by directly inhibiting viral replication and activating immune cell subsets. However, there is a lack of well-designed and controlled clinical trials providing firm evidence for the efficacy or safety of IFN therapy for CoVs. Additionally, critically ill patients with multiple immunosuppression-associated comorbidities may not benefit from IFN therapy, necessitating screening of those patients who would most benefit from IFN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ma
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, GuiZhou, China; Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, GuiZhou, China
| | - Ximin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chujiao Hu
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, GuiZhou, China.
| | - Lei Tang
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, GuiZhou, China.
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Mohamed AA, Nour AA, Mosbah NM, Wahba ASM, Esmail OE, Eysa B, Heiba A, Samir HH, El-Kassas AA, Adroase AS, Elamir AY, Mahmoud GM, Rafaat RS, Hassan HA, El Abd YS. Evaluation of circulating insulin-like growth factor-1, heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, and endotrophin levels as prognostic markers of COVID-19 infection severity. Virol J 2023; 20:94. [PMID: 37189123 PMCID: PMC10183690 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide pandemic challenge spreading enormously within a few months. COVID-19 is characterized by the over-activation of the immune system causing cytokine storm. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway can regulate the immune response via interaction with various implicated cytokines. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) has been shown to promote inflammation. Given the fact that coronavirus infections induce cytokines secretion leading to inflammatory lung injury, it has been suggested that H-FABP levels are affected by COVID-19 severity. Moreover, endotrophin (ETP), the cleavage product of collagen VI, may be an indicator of an overactive repair process and fibrosis, considering that viral infection may predispose or exacerbate existing respiratory conditions, including pulmonary fibrosis. This study aims to assess the prognostic capacity of circulating IGF-1, HFABP, and ETP, levels for COVID-19 severity progression in Egyptian patients. METHODS The study cohort included 107 viral RNA-positive patients and an equivalent number of control individuals with no clinical signs of infection. Clinical assessments included profiling of CBC; serum iron; liver and kidney functions; inflammatory markers. Circulating levels of IGF-1; H-FABP, and ETP were estimated using the corresponding ELISA kits. RESULTS No statistical difference in the body mass index was detected between the healthy and control groups, while the mean age of infected patients was significantly higher (P = 0.0162) than the control. Patients generally showed elevated levels of inflammatory markers including CRP and ESR concomitant with elevated serum ferritin; D dimer and procalcitonin levels, besides the COVID-19 characteristic lymphopenia and hypoxemia were also frequent. Logistic regression analysis revealed that oxygen saturation; serum IGF-1, and H-FABP can significantly predict the infection progression (P < 0.001 each). Both serum IGF-1 and H-FABP as well as O2 saturation showed remarkable prognostic potentials in terms of large AUC values, high sensitivity/specificity values, and wide confidence interval. The calculated threshold for severity prognosis was 25.5 ng/mL; 19.5 ng/mL, 94.5, % and for IGF-1, H-FABP, and O2 saturation; respectively. The calculated thresholds of serum IGF-1; H-FABP, and O2 saturation showed positive and negative value ranges of 79-91% and 72-97%; respectively, with 66-95%, 83-94% sensitivity, and specificity; respectively. CONCLUSION The calculated cut-off values of serum IGF-1 and H-FABP represent a promising non-invasive prognostic tool that would facilitate the risk stratification in COVID-19 patients, and control the morbidity/mortality associated with progressive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A Mohamed
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya A Nour
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Noha M Mosbah
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Alaa S M Wahba
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Omnia E Esmail
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basem Eysa
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Heiba
- Internal Medicine Department, Medicine and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussin H Samir
- Nephrology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed S Adroase
- Clinical Pathology Department, El-Sahel Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Y Elamir
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Mahmoud
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Rasha S Rafaat
- Neurology and Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Hatem A Hassan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Yasmine S El Abd
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
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AlMalki FA, Albukhaty S, Alyamani AA, Khalaf MN, Thomas S. The relevant information about the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using the five-question approach (when, where, what, why, and how) and its impact on the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:61430-61454. [PMID: 35175517 PMCID: PMC8852932 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is regarded as a threat because it spreads quickly across the world without requiring a passport or establishing an identity. This tiny virus has wreaked havoc on people's lives, killed people, and created psychological problems all over the world. The viral spike protein (S) significantly contributes to host cell entry, and mutations associated with it, particularly in the receptor-binding protein (RBD), either facilitate the escape of virus from neutralizing antibodies or enhance its transmission by increasing the affinity for cell entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The initial variants identified in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK have spread to various countries. On the other hand, new variants are being detected in India and the USA. The viral genome and proteome were applied for molecular detection techniques, and nanotechnology particles and materials were utilized in protection and prevention strategies. Consequently, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in extraordinary scientific community efforts to develop detection methods, diagnosis tools, and effective antiviral drugs and vaccines, where prevailing academic, governmental, and industrial institutions and organizations continue to engage themselves in large-scale screening of existing drugs, both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, COVID-19 pointed on the possible solutions for the environmental pollution globe problem. Therefore, this review aims to address SARS-CoV-2, its transmission, where it can be found, why it is severe in some people, how it can be stopped, its diagnosis and detection techniques, and its relationship with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizah A AlMalki
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Salim Albukhaty
- Deptartment of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Misan, Maysan, 62001, Iraq
| | - Amal A Alyamani
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Moayad N Khalaf
- Deptartment of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Sabu Thomas
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India
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10
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Vasiloudes KP, Greene JN. Rhinovirus, When Is It More Than Just a Cold? Rhinovirus as a Cause of Organizing Pneumonia in Two Patients With Hematological Cancer. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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11
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Kamyshnyi A, Koval H, Kobevko O, Buchynskyi M, Oksenych V, Kainov D, Lyubomirskaya K, Kamyshna I, Potters G, Moshynets O. Therapeutic Effectiveness of Interferon-α2b against COVID-19 with Community-Acquired Pneumonia: The Ukrainian Experience. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086887. [PMID: 37108051 PMCID: PMC10138580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite several targeted antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 currently being available, the application of type I interferons (IFNs) still deserves attention as an alternative antiviral strategy. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic effectiveness of IFN-α in hospitalized patients with COVID-19-associated pneumonia. The prospective cohort study included 130 adult patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). A dose of 80,000 IU of IFN-α2b was administered daily intranasally for 10 days. Adding IFN-α2b to standard therapy reduces the length of the hospital stay by 3 days (p < 0.001). The level of CT-diagnosed lung injuries was reduced from 35% to 15% (p = 0.011) and CT injuries decreased from 50% to 15% (p = 0.017) by discharge. In the group of patients receiving IFN-α2b, the SpO2 index before and after treatment increased from 94 (92-96, Q1-Q3) to 96 (96-98, Q1-Q3) (p < 0.001), while the percentage of patients with normal saturation increased (from 33.9% to 74.6%, p < 0.05), but the level of SpO2 decreased in the low (from 52.5% to 16.9%) and very low (from 13.6% to 8.5%) categories. The addition of IFN-α2b to standard therapy has a positive effect on the course of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Majdan Voli 1, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Halyna Koval
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Bukovinian State Medical University, Teatralnaya Square, 2, 58002 Chernivtsi, Ukraine
- Department of Infectious Disease, Chernivtsi Regional Clinical Hospital, Holovna, 137, 58000 Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Olha Kobevko
- Department of Infectious Disease, Chernivtsi Regional Clinical Hospital, Holovna, 137, 58000 Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo Buchynskyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Majdan Voli 1, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Denis Kainov
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Katerina Lyubomirskaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Maiakovskyi Avenue 26, 69000 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Kamyshna
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Majdan Voli 1, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Geert Potters
- Antwerp Maritime Academy, Noordkasteel Oost 6, 2030 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Olena Moshynets
- Biofilm Study Group, Department of Cell Regulatory Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnoho Str., 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
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12
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Yadav P, Chowdhury P. Effectivity of repurposed drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infections, A hope for COVID 19: inhibitor modelling studies by docking and molecular dynamics. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12327. [PMID: 36531644 PMCID: PMC9737521 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have done a comparative study on the efficacy of some currently used repurposed drugs: Oseltamivir (O), Favipiravir (F) and Hydroxychloroquine (H) in individual and in their combinational mode against CoV-2 infections. The ADME analysis has helped us to identify the inhibitory possibility of the tested drugs towards receptor 3CLpro protein of SARS-CoV-2. Various thermodynamical parameters obtained from Molecular Docking, Molecular dynamics (MD) and MMPBSA simulations like binding affinity, potential energy (Epot), RMSD, RMSF, SASA energy, interaction energies, Gibbs free energy (ΔGbind) etc. also helped us to verify the effectivity of mentioned drugs against CoV-2 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Yadav
- Department of Physics and Materials Science & Engineering, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida 201309, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Papia Chowdhury
- Department of Physics and Materials Science & Engineering, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida 201309, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Poulakou G, Barakat M, Israel RJ, Bacci MR, Álvarez SN, Fonseca FLA, Kainis I, Kalomoiri S, Leontis K, Metallidis S, Panagopoulos P, Papastamopoulos V, Ragognete HG, Ramacciotti E, Rapti V, Sakka V, Syrigos KN, Tsoukalas G, Xynogalas I. Ribavirin aerosol in hospitalized adults with respiratory distress and COVID-19: An open-label trial. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 16:165-174. [PMID: 36326174 PMCID: PMC9841304 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet medical need for effective treatments for hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum antiviral with demonstrated in vitro activity against multiple viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This trial evaluated the potential of ribavirin inhalation solution (ribavirin aerosol) to reduce COVID-19 disease severity in adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and a diagnosis of respiratory distress. This phase I, multicenter, open-label, nonrandomized trial was conducted from February 2021 through August 2021. Patients received ribavirin aerosol (100 mg/ml for 30 min or 50 mg/ml for 60 min) twice daily for up to 6 days. The primary end point was change from baseline in clinical status severity, rated on a 7-point scale (1 [death]; 7 [not hospitalized; no limitations on activities]), at day 7 (or end-of-treatment/early termination) and day 30 (follow-up). Fifty-one patients were treated with ribavirin aerosol (mean age, 51.5 years; 78.4% men); mean number of doses was 9.7 (range, 1-12). Improvement of ≥1 level in clinical status severity was observed in 31.4% (16/51) and 78.4% (40/51) of patients at end-of-treatment and day 30, respectively. Of 21 patients who required a ventilator, 16 (76.2%) were able to discontinue ventilator use. Five patients (9.8%) died between end-of-treatment and day 30. Three patients (5.9%) discontinued study treatment due to adverse events. No deaths were considered related to study treatment. These data provide preliminary evidence that ribavirin aerosol may be an efficacious treatment for respiratory distress in adults with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garyfallia Poulakou
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, “Sotiria” General Hospital of Chest DiseasesNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of MedicineAthensGreece
| | | | | | - Marcelo R. Bacci
- Clinical Analysis Division, Praxis Pesquisa MedicaCentro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABCSanto AndreSão PauloBrazil
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14
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Musazadeh V, Karimi A, Bagheri N, Jafarzadeh J, Sanaei S, Vajdi M, Karimi M, Niazkar HR. The favorable impacts of silibinin polyphenols as adjunctive therapy in reducing the complications of COVID-19: A review of research evidence and underlying mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113593. [PMID: 36027611 PMCID: PMC9393179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The proceeding pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 is the latest global challenge. Like most other infectious diseases, inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune system dysfunctions play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Furthermore, the quest of finding a potential pharmaceutical therapy for preventing and treating COVID-19 is still ongoing. Silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans extracted from the milk thistle, has exhibited numerous therapeutic benefits. We reviewed the beneficial effects of silymarin on oxidative stress, inflammation, and the immune system, as primary factors involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. We searched PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct databases up to April 2022 using the relevant keywords. In summary, the current review indicates that silymarin might exert therapeutic effects against COVID-19 by improving the antioxidant system, attenuating inflammatory response and respiratory distress, and enhancing immune system function. Silymarin can also bind to target proteins of SARS-CoV-2, including main protease, spike glycoprotein, and RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase, leading to the inhibition of viral replication. Although multiple lines of evidence suggest the possible promising impacts of silymarin in COVID-19, further clinical trials are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vali Musazadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Karimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Nasim Bagheri
- Department of microbiology Islamic Azad University of medical science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaber Jafarzadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sarvin Sanaei
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Vajdi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mozhde Karimi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty ofMedical Sciences ,Tarbiat Modares University
| | - Hamid Reza Niazkar
- Breast Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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15
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Kandeel M, Al-Mubarak AIA. Camel viral diseases: Current diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:915475. [PMID: 36032287 PMCID: PMC9403476 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.915475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic viruses infect camels, generally regarded as especially hardy livestock because of their ability to thrive in harsh and arid conditions. Transmission of these viruses has been facilitated by the commercialization of camel milk and meat and their byproducts, and vaccines are needed to prevent viruses from spreading. There is a paucity of information on the effectiveness of viral immunizations in camels, even though numerous studies have looked into the topic. More research is needed to create effective vaccines and treatments for camels. Because Camels are carriers of coronavirus, capable of producing a powerful immune response to recurrent coronavirus infections. As a result, camels may be a suitable model for viral vaccine trials since vaccines are simple to create and can prevent viral infection transfer from animals to humans. In this review, we present available data on the diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative strategies for the following viral diseases in camels, most of which result in significant economic loss: camelpox, Rift Valley fever, peste des petits ruminants, bovine viral diarrhea, bluetongue, rotavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and COVID-19. Although suitable vaccines have been developed for controlling viral infections and perhaps interrupting the transmission of the virus from the affected animals to blood-feeding vectors, there is a paucity of information on the effectiveness of viral immunizations in camels and more research is needed. Recent therapeutic trials that include specific antivirals or supportive care have helped manage viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Mahmoud Kandeel
| | - Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Mukherjee MD, Kumar A, Solanki PR, Verma D, Yadav AK, Chaudhary N, Kumar P. Recent Advances in Understanding SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Updates on
Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutics for COVID-19. CORONAVIRUSES 2022; 3. [DOI: 10.2174/2666796703666220302143102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract:
A more focused approach is needed to understand the SARS-CoV-2 virulence, structure, and
genomics to devise more effective diagnostic and treatment interventions as this virus can evade the immune
attack and causes life-threatening complications such as cytokine storm. The spread of the virus is
still amplifying and causing thousands of new cases worldwide. It is essential to review current diagnostics
and treatment approaches to pave the way to correct or modify our current practices to make more
effective interventions against COVID-19. COVID-19 vaccine development has moved at a breakneck
pace since the outbreak began, utilizing practically all possible platforms or tactics to ensure the success
of vaccines. A total of 42 vaccine candidates have already entered clinical trials, including promising
results from numerous vaccine candidates in phase 1 or phase 2 trials. Further, many existing drugs are
being explored on broad-spectrum antiviral medications for their use in clinical recovery against COVID-
19. The present review attempts to re-examine the SARS-CoV-2 structure, its viral life cycle, clinical
symptoms and pathogenesis, mode of transmission, diagnostics, and treatment strategies that may be useful
for resorting to more effective approaches for controlling COVID-19. Various antiviral drugs and
vaccination strategies with their strengths and weaknesses are also discussed in the paper to augment our
understanding of COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maumita D. Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201313, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Pratima R. Solanki
- Nano-Bio Laboratory, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Damini Verma
- Nano-Bio Laboratory, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201313, India
| | - Amit K. Yadav
- Nano-Bio Laboratory, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Navneet Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology,
Delhi Technological University, Delhi-110042, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Sri Aurobindo College, Delhi University, New Delhi-110017,
India
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17
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Lin Q, Lu C, Hong Y, Li R, Chen J, Chen W, Chen J. Animal models for studying coronavirus infections and developing antiviral agents and vaccines. Antiviral Res 2022; 203:105345. [PMID: 35605699 PMCID: PMC9122840 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has become the third deadly coronavirus that infects humans and causes the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 has already caused more than six million deaths worldwide and it is likely the biggest pandemic of this century faced by mankind. Although many studies on SARS-CoV-2 have been conducted, a detailed understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 is still lacking. Animal models are indispensable for studying its pathogenesis and developing vaccines and antivirals. In this review, we analyze animal models of coronavirus infections and explore their applications on antivirals and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunni Lu
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Yuqi Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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18
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Gorący A, Rosik J, Szostak B, Ustianowski Ł, Ustianowska K, Gorący J. Human Cell Organelles in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Up-to-Date Overview. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051092. [PMID: 35632833 PMCID: PMC9144443 DOI: 10.3390/v14051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, the whole world has been struggling with the life-threatening pandemic amongst all age groups and geographic areas caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has led to more than 468 million cases and over 6 million deaths reported worldwide (as of 20 March 2022), is one of the greatest threats to human health in history. Meanwhile, the lack of specific and irresistible treatment modalities provoked concentrated efforts in scientists around the world. Various mechanisms of cell entry and cellular dysfunction were initially proclaimed. Especially, mitochondria and cell membrane are crucial for the course of infection. The SARS-CoV-2 invasion depends on angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), and cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), expressed on host cells. Moreover, in this narrative review, we aim to discuss other cell organelles targeted by SARS-CoV-2. Lastly, we briefly summarize the studies on various drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorący
- Independent Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.G.); (J.G.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Independent Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.G.); (J.G.)
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Bartosz Szostak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
| | - Łukasz Ustianowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
| | - Klaudia Ustianowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (B.S.); (Ł.U.); (K.U.)
| | - Jarosław Gorący
- Independent Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (A.G.); (J.G.)
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19
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Ershov FI, Narovlyansky AN. [The problem of the use of interferons in the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 (Coronaviridae: Coronavirinae: Betacoronavirus: Sarbecovirus)]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:115-125. [PMID: 35521984 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
By the end of 2021, about 200 studies on the effect of interferons (IFNs) on the incidence and course of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 (Coronaviridae: Coronavirinae: Betacoronavirus: Sarbecovirus) have been reported worldwide, with the number of such studies steadily increasing. This review discusses the main issues of the use of IFN drugs in this disease. The literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, RSCI databases, as well as in the Google Scholar preprint database using the available search queries «MeSH for coronavirus», «SARS-CoV-2», «IFN drugs», and «COVID-19». Interferon therapy is indicated for early administration (within the first 5 days of patient admission) in cases of mild to moderate COVID-19 to take advantage of the narrow therapeutic window of IFNs action. Control and suppression of viral replication requires therapy with IFNs and other effective antiviral agents that inhibit the reproduction of SARS-CoV-2 and induce several interferon-stimulated genes (ISG). Type I IFNs (IFN-I) exhibit potent pro-inflammatory properties and activate a wide variety of different cell types that respond to IFNs stimulation and pathogen entry. IFN-III confer local mucosal antiviral immunity without inducing the strong systemic pro-inflammatory responses associated with IFN-I. The use of IFNs drugs in the therapy of new coronavirus infection requires a cautious and differentiated approach, because in severe cases they can aggravate viral pathogenesis by causing excessive intensity of inflammatory reactions. The unique biological properties of substances of this class allow us to consider them as therapeutic agents with significant potential for use in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- F I Ershov
- FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - A N Narovlyansky
- FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
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20
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Zhao X, Chen D, Li X, Griffith L, Chang J, An P, Guo JT. Interferon Control of Human Coronavirus Infection and Viral Evasion: Mechanistic Insights and Implications for Antiviral Drug and Vaccine Development. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167438. [PMID: 34990653 PMCID: PMC8721920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of viral infections by various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activates an inflammatory cytokine response that inhibits viral replication and orchestrates the activation of adaptive immune responses to control the viral infection. The broadly active innate immune response puts a strong selective pressure on viruses and drives the selection of variants with increased capabilities to subvert the induction and function of antiviral cytokines. This revolutionary process dynamically shapes the host ranges, cell tropism and pathogenesis of viruses. Recent studies on the innate immune responses to the infection of human coronaviruses (HCoV), particularly SARS-CoV-2, revealed that HCoV infections can be sensed by endosomal toll-like receptors and/or cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptors in various cell types. However, the profiles of inflammatory cytokines and transcriptome response induced by a specific HCoV are usually cell type specific and determined by the virus-specific mechanisms of subverting the induction and function of interferons and inflammatory cytokines as well as the genetic trait of the host genes of innate immune pathways. We review herein the recent literatures on the innate immune responses and their roles in the pathogenesis of HCoV infections with emphasis on the pathobiological roles and therapeutic effects of type I interferons in HCoV infections and their antiviral mechanisms. The knowledge on the mechanism of innate immune control of HCoV infections and viral evasions should facilitate the development of therapeutics for induction of immune resolution of HCoV infections and vaccines for efficient control of COVID-19 pandemics and other HCoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesen Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China; National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Danying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China; National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Xinglin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China; National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Lauren Griffith
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Ping An
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
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21
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Qin S, Li R, Zheng Z, Zeng X, Wang Y, Wang X. Review of selected animal models for respiratory coronavirus infection and its application in drug research. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3032-3042. [PMID: 35285034 PMCID: PMC9088459 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous viral pneumonia cases have been reported in Wuhan, Hubei in December 2019. The pathogen has been identified as a novel coronavirus, which was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). The biological characteristics and pathogenesis mechanism of SARS‐CoV‐2 are unclear and under progress. At present, no specific preventive and therapeutic drugs are available. Animal models can reproduce the viral replication cycle and the significant functions of respiratory coronavirus infection and are urgently needed to evaluate the efficacy of drugs and vaccines, the transmission route of respiratory coronavirus, clinical features, and so on. We reviewed the current animal models of respiratory coronavirus (SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, and SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and made a comparative analysis of the route of inoculation, virus replication, clinical signs, histopathology, application, advantages, and disadvantages. Animal models of respiratory coronavirus include susceptible animal models, genetically modified models, and various animal models of infected virus adaptation strains, such as nonhuman primates, mice, hamsters, ferrets, New Zealand rabbits, cats, and other animal models, all of which have distinct advantages and limitations. This review will provide relevant information and important insights for disease management and control. Animal models for coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengle Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, GuangdongChina
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, GuangdongChina
| | | | - Xuxin Zeng
- School of MedicineFoshan UniversityFoshanChina
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, GuangdongChina
| | - Xinhua Wang
- School of MedicineFoshan UniversityFoshanChina
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22
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Temsah MH, Al-Jelaify M, Memish ZA. Guidance for the pharmacological management of COVID-19 in the emergency setting. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:639-642. [PMID: 35195482 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2043275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneera Al-Jelaify
- Pharmacy services, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health & College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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23
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Hashemian SMR, Pourhanifeh MH, Hamblin MR, Shahrzad MK, Mirzaei H. RdRp inhibitors and COVID-19: Is molnupiravir a good option? Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112517. [PMID: 34902743 PMCID: PMC8654603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid changes in the viral genome allow viruses to evade threats posed by the host immune response or antiviral drugs, and can lead to viral persistence in the host cells. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is an essential enzyme in RNA viruses, which is involved in RNA synthesis through the formation of phosphodiester bonds. Therefore, in RNA viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2, RdRp could be a crucial therapeutic target. The present review discusses the promising application of RdRp inhibitors, previously approved or currently being tested in human clinical trials, in the treatment of RNA virus infections. Nucleoside inhibitors (NIs) bind to the active site of RdRp, while nonnucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) bind to allosteric sites. Given the absence of highly effective drugs for the treatment of COVID-19, the discovery of an efficient treatment for this pandemic is an urgent concern for researchers around the world. We review the evidence for molnupiravir (MK-4482, EIDD-2801), an antiviral drug originally designed for Alphavirus infections, as a potential preventive and therapeutic agent for the management of COVID-19. At the beginning of this pandemic, molnupiravir was in preclinical development for seasonal influenza. When COVID-19 spread dramatically, the timeline for development was accelerated to focus on the treatment of this pandemic. Real time consultation with regulators took place to expedite this program. We summarize the therapeutic potential of RdRp inhibitors, and highlight molnupiravir as a new small molecule drug for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Reza Hashemian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Mohammad Karim Shahrzad
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ShohadaeTajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran.
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Khalil BA, Shakartalla SB, Goel S, Madkhana B, Halwani R, Maghazachi AA, AlSafar H, Al-Omari B, Al Bataineh MT. Immune Profiling of COVID-19 in Correlation with SARS and MERS. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010164. [PMID: 35062368 PMCID: PMC8778004 DOI: 10.3390/v14010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major complication of the respiratory illness coronavirus disease 2019, with a death rate reaching up to 40%. The main underlying cause of ARDS is a cytokine storm that results in a dysregulated immune response. This review discusses the role of cytokines and chemokines in SARS-CoV-2 and its predecessors SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, with particular emphasis on the elevated levels of inflammatory mediators that are shown to be correlated with disease severity. For this purpose, we reviewed and analyzed clinical studies, research articles, and reviews published on PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. This review illustrates the role of the innate and adaptive immune responses in SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 and identifies the general cytokine and chemokine profile in each of the three infections, focusing on the most prominent inflammatory mediators primarily responsible for the COVID-19 pathogenesis. The current treatment protocols or medications in clinical trials were reviewed while focusing on those targeting cytokines and chemokines. Altogether, the identified cytokines and chemokines profiles in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 provide important information to better understand SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and highlight the importance of using prominent inflammatory mediators as markers for disease diagnosis and management. Our findings recommend that the use of immunosuppression cocktails provided to patients should be closely monitored and continuously assessed to maintain the desirable effects of cytokines and chemokines needed to fight the SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The current gap in evidence is the lack of large clinical trials to determine the optimal and effective dosage and timing for a therapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariaa A. Khalil
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Sarra B. Shakartalla
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Medani 2667, Sudan
| | - Swati Goel
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Bushra Madkhana
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Habiba AlSafar
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; or
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Emirates Bio-Research Center, Ministry of Interior, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 389, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basem Al-Omari
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; or
- KU Research and Data Intelligence Support Center (RDISC) AW 8474000331, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.A.-O.); (M.T.A.B.)
| | - Mohammad T. Al Bataineh
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; or
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.A.-O.); (M.T.A.B.)
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Abstract
The coronaviruses belong to the family Coronaviridae in the order Nidovirales. CoVs are found globally and infect a variety of animals, causing illnesses that range from gastrointestinal tract infections, encephalitis and demyelination; and can be fatal. Humans coronaviruses (hCoVs) have traditionally been associated with self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal tract infections. In recent years, however, it has become increasingly evident that the hCoVs can cause more severe lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia and even acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and can lead to death. Seven CoVs are known to infect humans, with the four “common cold” CoVs circulating globally on a yearly basis. The remaining three are more pathogenic and have resulted in outbreaks with high mortality rates. This review focussed on the three pathogenic CoVs.
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27
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Xu Y, Li M, Zhou L, Liu D, He W, Liang W, Sun Q, Sun H, Li Y, Liu X. Ribavirin Treatment for Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Study. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:5287-5291. [PMID: 34916812 PMCID: PMC8672023 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s330743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread all over the world resulting in high mortality, yet no specific antiviral treatment has been recommended. Methods A retrospective descriptive study was conducted involving 19 consecutive critically ill patients during January 27, 2020 to April 18, 2020. Ribavirin was given at 0.15g q8h orally upon ICU admission for 7 to 21 days. Here, 28-day mortality, lower respiratory tract specimens (ETA), and ribavirin side effect on the day of ICU admission (Day 1), Day 7, Day 14 and Day 21 were analyzed. Results All the nineteen critically ill COVID-19 patients (14 males and 5 females, median age 56yr) survived through to the 28th day of observations with 6 patients (31.58%) being discharged from the ICU. The SARS-CoV-2 viral positivity in sputum/ETA was 100% (19/19) on Day 1, 73.68% (14/19) on Day 7, 57.89% (11/19) on Day 14 and 36.84% (7/19) on Day 21. Ribavirin side effect was not observed in these patients. Conclusion Ribavirin is well tolerated in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and may benefit COVID-19 patients through increasing the virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Manshu Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqun He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibo Liang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwen Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Huadong Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
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Comparison of experimental MERS-CoV infection acquired by three individual routes of infection in the common marmoset. J Virol 2021; 96:e0173921. [PMID: 34908447 PMCID: PMC8865480 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01739-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two strains of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), England 1 and Erasmus Medical Centre/2012 (EMC/2012), were used to challenge common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) by three routes of infection: aerosol, oral, and intranasal. Animals challenged by the intranasal and aerosol routes presented with mild, transient disease, while those challenged by the oral route presented with a subclinical immunological response. Animals challenged with MERS-CoV strain EMC/2012 by the aerosol route responded with primary and/or secondary pyrexia. Marmosets had minimal to mild multifocal interstitial pneumonia, with the greatest relative severity being observed in animals challenged by the aerosol route. Viable virus was isolated from the host in throat swabs and lung tissue. The transient disease described is consistent with a successful host response and was characterized by the upregulation of macrophage and neutrophil function observed in all animals at the time of euthanasia. IMPORTANCE Middle East respiratory syndrome is caused by a human coronavirus, MERS-CoV, similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Humans typically exhibit fever, cough, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal issues, and breathing difficulties, which can lead to pneumonia and/or renal complications. This emerging disease resulted in the first human lethal cases in 2012 and has a case fatality rate of approximately 36%. Consequently, there is a need for medical countermeasures and appropriate animal models for their assessment. This work has demonstrated the requirement for higher concentrations of virus to cause overt disease. Challenge by the aerosol, intranasal, and oral routes resulted in no or mild disease, but all animals had an immunological response. This shows that an appropriate early immunological response is able to control the disease.
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Zhuang Z, Liu D, Sun J, Li F, Zhao J. Immune responses to human respiratory coronaviruses infection in mouse models. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 52:102-111. [PMID: 34906757 PMCID: PMC8665230 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory coronaviruses (HCoVs), including the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, potentially cause severe lung infections and multiple organ damages, emphasizing the urgent need for antiviral therapeutics and vaccines against HCoVs. Small animal models, especially mice, are ideal tools for deciphering the pathogenesis of HCoV infections as well as virus-induced immune responses, which is critical for antiviral drug development and vaccine design. In this review, we focus on the antiviral innate immune response, antibody response and T cell response in HCoV infected mouse models, and discuss the potential implications for understanding the anti-HCoV immunity and fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Donglan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510320, China.
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Fang X, Ming C, Cen Y, Lin H, Zhan K, Yang S, Li L, Cao G, Li Q, Ma X. Post-sequelae one year after hospital discharge among older COVID-19 patients: a multi-center prospective cohort study. J Infect 2021; 84:179-186. [PMID: 34902448 PMCID: PMC8662958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background To systematically evaluate the prevalence of post-sequelae and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test (CAT) scoring one year after hospital discharge among older COVID-19 patients, as well as potential risk factors. Methods A multi-center prospective cohort study involving 1,233 eligible older COVID-19 patients was conducted. All patients were followed-up between Mar 1, 2021 and Mar 20, 2021. CAT scoring was adopted to measure symptom burden in COVID-19 patients. Results Of the 1233 eligible cases, 630 (51.1%) reported at least one sequelae. The top six post-sequelae included fatigue (32.4%), sweating (20.0%), chest tightness (15.8%), anxiety (11.4%), myalgia (9.0%), and cough (5.8%). Severe patients had significantly higher percentage of fatigue, sweating, chest tightness, myalgia, and cough (P<0.05), while anxiety was universal in all subjects. Sweating, anxiety, palpitation, edema of lower limbs, smell reduction, and taste change were emerging sequelae. Disease severity during hospitalization (OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.15–1.84, P = 0.002), and follow-up time (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.50–0.99, P = 0.043) were independently associated with risk of post-sequelae, while disease severity during hospitalization was significantly associated with increased risk of emerging sequelae (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.03–1.71, P = 0.029). The median of CAT score was 2 (0–5) in all patients, and a total of 120 patients (9.7%) had CAT scores ≥10. Disease severity during hospitalization (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.23–2.67, P = 0.003) and age (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.04–1.09, P<0.001) were significantly associated with increased risk of CAT scores ≥10. Conclusions While the dramatic decline in the prevalence rate of persistent symptoms is reassuring, new sequelae among older COVID-19 patients cannot be ignored. Disease severity during hospitalization, age, and follow-up time contributed to the risk of post-sequelae and CAT scoring one year after hospital discharge among older COVID-19 patients. Our study provides valuable clues for long-term post-sequelae of the older COVID-19 patients, as well as their risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Fang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; College of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Ming
- Department of ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Cen
- Department of Orthopedics, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Lin
- West China School of Clinical Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kegang Zhan
- College of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Sha Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqiang Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Pulmonary and critical care medicine center, Chinese PLA Respiratory Disease Institute, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyu Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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Karim L, Kosmider B, Bahmed K. Mitochondrial ribosomal stress in lung diseases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 322:L507-L517. [PMID: 34873929 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00078.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are involved in a variety of critical cellular functions, and their impairment drives cell injury. The mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome) is responsible for the protein synthesis of mitochondrial DNA encoded genes. These proteins are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, respiration, and ATP production required in the cell. Mitoribosome components originate from both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Their dysfunction can be caused by impaired mitochondrial protein synthesis or mitoribosome misassembly, leading to a decline in mitochondrial translation. This decrease can trigger mitochondrial ribosomal stress and contribute to pulmonary cell injury, death, and diseases. This review focuses on the contribution of the impaired mitoribosome structural components and function to respiratory disease pathophysiology. We present recent findings in the fields of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, and asthma. We also include reports on the mitoribosome dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension, high altitude pulmonary edema, bacterial and viral infections. Studies of the mitoribosome alterations in respiratory diseases can lead to novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukmane Karim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Karim Bahmed
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Smith PO, Jin P, Rahman KM. Strategies for drug repurposing against coronavirus targets. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 3:100072. [PMID: 34901833 PMCID: PMC8642829 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Repurposing regulatory agency approved drugs and investigational compounds with known safety profiles can significantly fast track the drug development timeline over de novo drug discovery, with lower investment requirements and improved attrition rate. These advantages are vital in any epidemic or pandemic situation, where hospital beds are occupied by patients for whom there is no known treatment. Here we examine drug repurposing in the context of human coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and, in particular, SARS-CoV-2, the virus currently causing a continued widespread pandemic with substantial impacts on public health and economy. The key druggable targets explored were those involved in viral entry, viral replication, and viral-induced ARDS, as well as viral proteases, with a focus on the strategy by which the drugs were repurposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy O. Smith
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Peiqin Jin
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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Jamal M, Bangash HI, Habiba M, Lei Y, Xie T, Sun J, Wei Z, Hong Z, Shao L, Zhang Q. Immune dysregulation and system pathology in COVID-19. Virulence 2021; 12:918-936. [PMID: 33757410 PMCID: PMC7993139 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1898790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused by the novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global public health crisis. As of 7 January 2021, 87,640,402 confirmed cases and 1,891,692 mortalities have been reported worldwide. Studies focusing on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients have suggested a dysregulated immune response characterized by lymphopenia and cytokine storm in these patients. The exaggerated immune response induced by the cytokine storm causes septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and/or multiple organs failure, which increases the fatality rate of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herein, we review the recent research progress on epidemiology, clinical features, and system pathology in COVID-19. Moreover, we summarized the recent therapeutic strategies, which are either approved, under clinical trial, and/or under investigation by the local or global health authorities. We assume that treatments should focus on the use of antiviral drugs in combination with immunomodulators as well as treatment of the underlying comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jamal
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
| | - Hina Iqbal Bangash
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, WuhanChina
| | - Maria Habiba
- Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower, Khyber PakhtunkhwaPakistan
| | - Yufei Lei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
| | - Zimeng Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
| | - Zixi Hong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
| | - Liang Shao
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, WuhanP.R. China
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Han F, Liu Y, Mo M, Chen J, Wang C, Yang Y, Wu J. Current treatment strategies for COVID‑19 (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:858. [PMID: 34664677 PMCID: PMC8548951 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) emerged suddenly at the end of 2019 and the disease came to be known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19). To date, there is no specific therapy established to treat COVID‑19. Identifying effective treatments is urgently required to treat patients and stop the transmission of SARS‑CoV‑2 in humans. For the present review, >100 publications on therapeutic agents for COVID‑19, including in vitro and in vivo animal studies, case reports, retrospective analyses and meta‑analyses were retrieved from PubMed and analyzed, and promising therapeutic agents that may be used to combat SARS‑CoV‑2 infection were highlighted. Since the outbreak of COVID‑19, different drugs have been repurposed for its treatment. Existing drugs, including chloroquine (CQ), its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), remdesivir and nucleoside analogues, monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma, Chinese herbal medicine and natural compounds for treating COVID‑19 evaluated in experimental and clinical studies were discussed. Although early clinical studies suggested that CQ/HCQ produces antiviral action, later research indicated certain controversy regarding their use for treating COVID‑19. The molecular mechanisms of these therapeutic agents against SARS‑CoV2 have been investigated, including inhibition of viral interactions with angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 receptors in human cells, viral RNA‑dependent RNA polymerase, RNA replication and the packaging of viral particles. Potent therapeutic options were reviewed and future challenges to accelerate the development of novel therapeutic agents to treat and prevent COVID‑19 were acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabin Han
- The Translational Research Laboratory for Stem Cell and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Innovation Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital/Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Liu
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital/Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Mei Mo
- The Translational Research Laboratory for Stem Cell and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Innovation Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Juanli Chen
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital/Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- The Translational Research Laboratory for Stem Cell and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Innovation Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
- Department of Research and Development, Shandong Meijia Therapeutic Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Yong Yang
- The Translational Research Laboratory for Stem Cell and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Innovation Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Jibiao Wu
- The Translational Research Laboratory for Stem Cell and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Innovation Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
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Srinivasan K, Pandey AK, Livingston A, Venkatesh S. Roles of host mitochondria in the development of COVID-19 pathology: Could mitochondria be a potential therapeutic target? MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:38. [PMID: 34841263 PMCID: PMC8608434 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019 and its spread worldwide caused an acute pandemic of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Since then, COVID-19 has been under intense scrutiny as its outbreak led to significant changes in healthcare, social activities, and economic settings worldwide. Although angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor is shown to be the primary port of SARS-CoV-2 entry in cells, the mechanisms behind the establishment and pathologies of COVID-19 are poorly understood. As recent studies have shown that host mitochondria play an essential role in virus-mediated innate immune response, pathologies, and infection, in this review, we will discuss in detail the entry and progression of SARS-CoV-2 and how mitochondria could play roles in COVID-19 disease. We will also review the potential interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and mitochondria and discuss possible treatments, including whether mitochondria as a potential therapeutic target in COVID-19. Understanding SARS-CoV-2 and mitochondrial interactions mediated virus establishment, inflammation, and other consequences may provide a unique mechanism and conceptual advancement in finding a novel treatment for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Srinivasan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers -New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ USA
- New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY USA
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers -New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ USA
| | | | - Sundararajan Venkatesh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers -New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ USA
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Anaeigoudari A, Mollaei HR, Arababadi MK, Nosratabadi R. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: The Role of the Main Components of the Innate Immune System. Inflammation 2021; 44:2151-2169. [PMID: 34524614 PMCID: PMC8442517 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At the end of December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic began in Wuhan of China. COVID-19 affects different people with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic with recovery without hospitalization up to a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The innate and adaptive immunity appears responsible for the defense against the virus and recovery from the disease. The innate immune system, as the first line of defense, is essential for the detection of virus and subsequent activation of acquired immunity. The innate immune response is carried out by sentinel cells such as monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells and by receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRR). These receptors can recognize various components of the virus, which lead to intracellular signaling and subsequently the synthesis of various cytokines. These cytokines then recruit other immune cells, activate adaptive immune responses, and inhibit viral spreading. The most common receptors include Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and RIG-I like receptors. This review describes the current knowledge about the interplay between innate immune responses and SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the innate immune cells and the role of their receptors in viral RNA recognition, as well as their mechanisms for recognizing SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mollaei
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Nosratabadi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Department of Medical Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Joshi T, Bhat S, Pundir H, Chandra S. Identification of Berbamine, Oxyacanthine and Rutin from Berberis asiatica as anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds: An in silico study. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 109:108028. [PMID: 34649146 PMCID: PMC8504924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the shortage of specific medicines, the global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been the greatest challenge for the science community. Researchers from all over the world developed some drugs which failed to completely suppress the contiguous disease. SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), an important component in viral pathogenesis, is considered as a prospective drug target to stop SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since identification of phytochemicals with anti-Mpro activity has been carried out to develop the potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the present study was conducted to screen phytochemicals of Berberis asiatica for anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Through text mining, thirty phytochemicals were reported from B. asiatica, of which, three phytochemicals (Berbamine, Oxyacanthine, and Rutin) show high affinity with the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and exhibited favorable intermolecular interactions with the catalytic residues (His41 and Cys145) and other essential residues. The molecular dynamics simulation showed that Mpro-phytochemical complexes are more stable, less fluctuating, more compact, and moderately extended than the Mpro-X77 (Reference) complex. The number of H-bonds and MMPBSA results also demonstrates that Berbamine, Oxyacanthine, and Rutin are potent Mpro inhibitors having free energy of -20.79, -33.35, and -31.12 kcal mol-1 respectively. The toxicity risk prediction supports all phytochemicals for drug-like and non-toxic nature. From the result, we propose that binding of these phytochemicals could hamper the function of Mpro. This work suggests that selected phytochemicals could be used as novel anti-COVID-19 drug candidates, and might act as novel compounds for in vitro and in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Joshi
- Computational Biology & Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sunaullah Bhat
- Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, S.S.J Campus, Almora, 263601, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hemlata Pundir
- Department of Botany, D.S.B Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, 263002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Computational Biology & Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India.
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Establishment of a Rapid Detection System for ISG20-Dependent SARS-CoV-2 Subreplicon RNA Degradation Induced by Interferon-α. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111641. [PMID: 34769072 PMCID: PMC8583800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled nebulized interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-β have been shown to be effective in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to construct a virus-free rapid detection system for high-throughput screening of IFN-like compounds that induce viral RNA degradation and suppress the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We prepared a SARS-CoV-2 subreplicon RNA expression vector which contained the SARS-CoV-2 5′-UTR, the partial sequence of ORF1a, luciferase, nucleocapsid, ORF10, and 3′-UTR under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter. The expression vector was transfected into Calu-3 cells and treated with IFN-α and the IFNAR2 agonist CDM-3008 (RO8191) for 3 days. SARS-CoV-2 subreplicon RNA degradation was subsequently evaluated based on luciferase levels. IFN-α and CDM-3008 suppressed SARS-CoV-2 subreplicon RNA in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 193 IU/mL and 2.54 μM, respectively. HeLa cells stably expressing SARS-CoV-2 subreplicon RNA were prepared and treated with the IFN-α and pan-JAK inhibitor Pyridone 6 or siRNA-targeting ISG20. IFN-α activity was canceled with Pyridone 6. The knockdown of ISG20 partially canceled IFN-α activity. Collectively, we constructed a virus-free rapid detection system to measure SARS-CoV-2 RNA suppression. Our data suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 subreplicon RNA was degraded by IFN-α-induced ISG20 exonuclease activity.
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Siddiqui AJ, Jahan S, Ashraf SA, Alreshidi M, Ashraf MS, Patel M, Snoussi M, Singh R, Adnan M. Current status and strategic possibilities on potential use of combinational drug therapy against COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 39:6828-6841. [PMID: 32752944 PMCID: PMC7484586 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1802345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The spread of new coronavirus infection starting December 2019 as novel SARS-CoV-2, identified as the causing agent of COVID-19, has affected all over the world and been declared as pandemic. Approximately, more than 8,807,398 confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection and 464,483 deaths have been reported globally till the end of 21 June 2020. Until now, there is no specific drug therapy or vaccine available for the treatment of COVID-19. However, some potential antimalarial drugs like hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, antifilarial drug ivermectin and antiviral drugs have been tested by many research groups worldwide for their possible effect against the COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin have been identified to act by creating the acidic condition in cells and inhibiting the importin (IMPα/β1) mediated viral import. There is a possibility that some other antimalarial drugs/antibiotics in combination with immunomodulators may help in combatting this pandemic disease. Therefore, this review focuses on the current use of various drugs as single agents (hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, azithromycin, favipiravir, remdesivir, umifenovir, teicoplanin, nitazoxanide, doxycycline, and dexamethasone) or in combinations with immunomodulators additionally. Furthermore, possible mode of action, efficacy and current stage of clinical trials of various drug combinations against COVID-19 disease has also been discussed in detail.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Amir Ashraf
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mousa Alreshidi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Saquib Ashraf
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Shaqra University, Al Dawadimi, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Bapalal Vaidya Botanical Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Mejdi Snoussi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bio-resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
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Molina P, Torres Arias M. Herramientas biotecnológicas en el diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento frente a pandemias. BIONATURA 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.03.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Las pandemias son consideradas como un problema emergente de salud pública a nivel mundial, las cuales además de caracterizarse por tasas altas de morbilidad y mortalidad, ocasionan conflictos en los aspectos sociales, económicos y políticos. Las herramientas biotecnológicas, por su parte, han ido evolucionando conforme al avance tecnológico-científico, lo que ha permitido optimizar métodos de diagnóstico con alta sensibilidad y especificidad, además de mejorar el desarrollo de productos biológicos para la prevención y terapia de enfermedades. El objetivo de esta revisión es identificar la actualización de las herramientas biotecnológicas en el diagnóstico, tratamiento terapéutico y profiláctico frente a los patógenos causantes de las enfermedades pandémicas a lo largo de la historia, mediante la recopilación de información científica. Con este estudio se logró establecer que las herramientas y productos de origen biotecnológico han constituido un papel fundamental en el control de pandemias a través de la innovación constante que ha permitido alcanzar resultados eficientes tanto en diagnóstico como en el tratamiento.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Molina
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE
| | - Marbel Torres Arias
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, CENCINAT, GISAH, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE] Av. General Rumiñahui S/N y Ambato, PO BOX 171-5-231B, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
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Amplicon and Metagenomic Analysis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus and the Microbiome in Patients with Severe MERS. mSphere 2021; 6:e0021921. [PMID: 34287009 PMCID: PMC8386452 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00219-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic infection that emerged in the Middle East in 2012. Symptoms range from mild to severe and include both respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses. The virus is mainly present in camel populations with occasional zoonotic spill over into humans. The severity of infection in humans is influenced by numerous factors, and similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), underlying health complications can play a major role. Currently, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are coincident in the Middle East and thus a rapid way of sequencing MERS-CoV to derive genotype information for molecular epidemiology is needed. Additionally, complicating factors in MERS-CoV infections are coinfections that require clinical management. The ability to rapidly characterize these infections would be advantageous. To rapidly sequence MERS-CoV, an amplicon-based approach was developed and coupled to Oxford Nanopore long read length sequencing. This and a metagenomic approach were evaluated with clinical samples from patients with MERS. The data illustrated that whole-genome or near-whole-genome information on MERS-CoV could be rapidly obtained. This approach provided data on both consensus genomes and the presence of minor variants, including deletion mutants. The metagenomic analysis provided information of the background microbiome. The advantage of this approach is that insertions and deletions can be identified, which are the major drivers of genotype change in coronaviruses. IMPORTANCE Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in late 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The virus is a serious threat to people not only in the Middle East but also in the world and has been detected in over 27 countries. MERS-CoV is spreading in the Middle East and neighboring countries, and approximately 35% of reported patients with this virus have died. This is the most severe coronavirus infection so far described. Saudi Arabia is a destination for many millions of people in the world who visit for religious purposes (Umrah and Hajj), and so it is a very vulnerable area, which imposes unique challenges for effective control of this epidemic. The significance of our study is that clinical samples from patients with MERS were used for rapid in-depth sequencing and metagenomic analysis using long read length sequencing.
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Liatsos GD. Controversies’ clarification regarding ribavirin efficacy in measles and coronaviruses: Comprehensive therapeutic approach strictly tailored to COVID-19 disease stages. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:5135-5178. [PMID: 34307564 PMCID: PMC8283580 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.5135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum nucleoside antiviral drug with multimodal mechanisms of action, which supports its longevity and quality as a clinical resource. It has been widely administered for measles and coronavirus infections. Despite the large amount of data concerning the use of ribavirin alone or in combination for measles, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks, the conclusions of these studies have been contradictory. Underlying reasons for these discrepancies include possible study design inaccuracies and failures and misinterpretations of data, and these potential confounds should be addressed.
AIM To determine the confounding factors of ribavirin treatment studies and propose a therapeutic scheme for COVID-19.
METHODS PubMed database was searched over a period of five decades utilizing the terms “ribavirin” alone or combined with other compounds in measles, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and COVID-19 infections. The literature search was performed and described according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Articles were considered eligible when they reported on ribavirin dose regimens and/or specified outcomes concerning its efficacy and/or possible adverse-effects. In vitro and animal studies were also retrieved. A chapter on ribavirin’s pharmacology was included as well.
RESULTS In addition to the difficulties and pressures of an emerging pandemic, there is the burden of designing and conducting well-organized, double-blind, randomized controlled trials. Many studies have succumbed to specific pitfalls, one of which was identified in naturally ribavirin-resistant Vero cell lines in in vitro studies. Other pitfalls include study design inconsistent with the well-established clinical course of disease; inappropriate pharmacology of applied treatments; and the misinterpretation of study results with misconceived generalizations. A comprehensive treatment for COVID-19 is proposed, documented by thorough, long-term investigation of ribavirin regimens in coronavirus infections.
CONCLUSION A comprehensive treatment strictly tailored to distinct disease stages was proposed based upon studies on ribavirin and coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Liatsos
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Athens 11527, Attiki, Greece
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Alnuqaydan AM, Almutary AG, Sukamaran A, Yang BTW, Lee XT, Lim WX, Ng YM, Ibrahim R, Darmarajan T, Nanjappan S, Chellian J, Candasamy M, Madheswaran T, Sharma A, Dureja H, Prasher P, Verma N, Kumar D, Palaniveloo K, Bisht D, Gupta G, Madan JR, Singh SK, Jha NK, Dua K, Chellappan DK. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Virus-Pathophysiological Axis and the Current Treatment Strategies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:173. [PMID: 34105037 PMCID: PMC8186825 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a lethal respiratory disease with its first case reported back in 2012 (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). It is a novel, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA beta coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was isolated from a patient who died from a severe respiratory illness. Later, it was found that this patient was infected with MERS. MERS is endemic to countries in the Middle East regions, such as Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates. It has been reported that the MERS virus originated from bats and dromedary camels, the natural hosts of MERS-CoV. The transmission of the virus to humans has been thought to be either direct or indirect. Few camel-to-human transmissions were reported earlier. However, the mode of transmission of how the virus affects humans remains unanswered. Moreover, outbreaks in either family-based or hospital-based settings were observed with high mortality rates, especially in individuals who did not receive proper management or those with underlying comorbidities, such as diabetes and renal failure. Since then, there have been numerous reports hypothesising complications in fatal cases of MERS. Over the years, various diagnostic methods, treatment strategies and preventive measures have been strategised in containing the MERS infection. Evidence from multiple sources implicated that no treatment options and vaccines have been developed in specific, for the direct management of MERS-CoV infection. Nevertheless, there are supportive measures outlined in response to symptom-related management. Health authorities should stress more on infection and prevention control measures, to ensure that MERS remains as a low-level threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Alnuqaydan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arulmalar Sukamaran
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Brian Tay Wei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xiao Ting Lee
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Xuan Lim
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Min Ng
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rania Ibrahim
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thiviya Darmarajan
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Satheeshkumar Nanjappan
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER-Kolkata), Chunilal Bhawan, Maniktala, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Jestin Chellian
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mayuren Candasamy
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Nitin Verma
- Chitkara University School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Atal Shiksha Kunj, Atal Nagar, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Kishneth Palaniveloo
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies Building, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dheeraj Bisht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Bhimtal, Kumaun University Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
| | - Jyotsana R Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Shin CH, Kim KH, Jeeva S, Kang SM. Towards Goals to Refine Prophylactic and Therapeutic Strategies Against COVID-19 Linked to Aging and Metabolic Syndrome. Cells 2021; 10:1412. [PMID: 34204163 PMCID: PMC8227274 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) gave rise to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A strong correlation has been demonstrated between worse COVID-19 outcomes, aging, and metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is primarily derived from obesity-induced systemic chronic low-grade inflammation with numerous complications, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The majority of COVID-19 deaths occurs in people over the age of 65. Individuals with MetS are inclined to manifest adverse disease consequences and mortality from COVID-19. In this review, we examine the prevalence and molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced risk of COVID-19 in elderly people and individuals with MetS. Subsequently, we discuss current progresses in treating COVID-19, including the development of new COVID-19 vaccines and antivirals, towards goals to elaborate prophylactic and therapeutic treatment options in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Hyun Shin
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (K.-H.K.); (S.J.)
| | | | | | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (K.-H.K.); (S.J.)
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Kandeel M, Yamamoto M, Park BK, Al-Taher A, Watanabe A, Gohda J, Kawaguchi Y, Oh-Hashi K, Kwon HJ, Inoue JI. Discovery of New Potent anti-MERS CoV Fusion Inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:685161. [PMID: 34149429 PMCID: PMC8206564 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.685161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), capable of zoonotic transmission, has been associated with emerging viral pneumonia in humans. In this study, a set of highly potent peptides were designed to prevent MERS-CoV fusion through competition with heptad repeat domain 2 (HR2) at its HR1 binding site. We designed eleven peptides with stronger estimated HR1 binding affinities than the wild-type peptide to prevent viral fusion with the cell membrane. Eight peptides showed strong inhibition of spike-mediated MERS-CoV cell-cell fusion with IC50 values in the nanomolar range (0.25–2.3 µM). Peptides #4–6 inhibited 95–98.3% of MERS-CoV plaque formation. Notably, peptide four showed strong inhibition of MERS-CoV plaques formation with EC50 = 0.302 µM. All peptides demonstrated safe profiles without cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 10 μM, and this cellular safety, combined with their anti-MERS-CoV antiviral activity, indicate all peptides can be regarded as potential promising antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mizuki Yamamoto
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Byoung Kwon Park
- Department of Microbiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Abdulla Al-Taher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aya Watanabe
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Gohda
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jun-Ichiro Inoue
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Senior Professor Office, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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46
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Singh V, Mishra V. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current Situation and Therapeutic Options. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2666796701999201005211854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is defined as an illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). COVID-19 was first reported in the Wuhan, China, in
late December, 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a global emergency
on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 was rapidly transmitted and caused infection in 21,294,845 people and
761,779 deaths in more than 213 countries worldwide till August 16, 2020. United States of America
(USA), Brazil, India, Russia Federation, Peru, Mexico, Colombia, Spain, France, Italy, Germany, and
United Kingdom (UK) stand top COVID-19 affected countries in the world. The high transmission rate
of COVID-19 might be due to large viral incubation time (2-14 days) and some modifications in the
spike glycoprotein. Currently, effective drugs or vaccines are not developed for the treatment of novel
coronavirus. However, few antibiotics like hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir have been currently used
for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Several collaboratives are working together for developing an
effective and safe vaccine against COVID-19 and few vaccines are under clinical trial. Scientists are
also working on plasma therapy and monoclonal antibodies. Nowadays, plasma therapy is considered
the most effective treatment against COVID-19 and some promising results have been achieved. This
review focuses on several therapeutic options for COVID-19, such as anti-viral drugs, vaccines, plasma
therapy, and monoclonal antibodies. This review also covers the current situations of COVID-19 in the
world. This review is about COVID-19, which will be beneficial to researchers for the development of
potential treatment against it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veer Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vishal Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
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Aronson JK, Auker-Howlett D, Ghiara V, Kelly MP, Williamson J. The use of mechanistic reasoning in assessing coronavirus interventions. J Eval Clin Pract 2021; 27:684-693. [PMID: 32666676 PMCID: PMC7405225 DOI: 10.1111/jep.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Evidence-based medicine (EBM), the dominant approach to assessing the effectiveness of clinical and public health interventions, focuses on the results of association studies. EBM+ is a development of EBM that systematically considers mechanistic studies alongside association studies. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To explore examples of the importance of mechanistic evidence to coronavirus research. METHODS We have reviewed the mechanistic evidence in four major areas that are relevant to the management of COVID-19. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS (a) Assessment of combination therapy for MERS highlights the need for systematic assessment of mechanistic evidence. (b) That hypertension is a risk factor for severe disease in the case of SARS-CoV-2 suggests that altering hypertension treatment might alleviate disease, but the mechanisms are complex, and it is essential to consider and evaluate multiple mechanistic hypotheses. (c) Confidence that public health interventions will be effective requires a detailed assessment of social and psychological components of the mechanisms of their action, in addition to mechanisms of disease. (d) In particular, if vaccination programmes are to be effective, they must be carefully tailored to the social context; again, mechanistic evidence is crucial. We conclude that coronavirus research is best situated within the EBM+ evaluation framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Aronson
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Auker-Howlett
- Department of Philosophy and Centre for Reasoning, School of European Culture and Languages, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Virginia Ghiara
- Department of Philosophy and Centre for Reasoning, School of European Culture and Languages, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Michael P Kelly
- Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon Williamson
- Department of Philosophy and Centre for Reasoning, School of European Culture and Languages, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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48
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Goud BKM, Sharma D, Varanasi S. A review on COVID-19 for medical students. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [PMCID: PMC8219016 DOI: 10.25259/ijms_47_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has not been very long since the SARS-CoV 2002 and MERS-CoV 2012 epidemics. Yet again, nature has introduced SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19, a highly virulent strain of the coronavirus that has its origin in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Primarily, a zoonotic infection, the virus probably found its way to humans through infected wild bats sold in the Wuhan local market. What makes the virus virulent, is its ability to infect multiple people at once through single index case. This has led to inability to contain the virus with ease posing a significant threat to national and international health-care resources and economies. The objective of this review is to highlight the key features of the novel CoV-19 infection as per existing data for better understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. K. Manjunatha Goud
- Department of Biochemistry, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, RAK College of Medical Science, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
| | - Dharmendra Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine Shaqra, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
| | - Sreya Varanasi
- Department of Microbiology, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, RAK College of Medical Science, United Arab Emirates,
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49
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Mochan E, Sego TJ, Gaona L, Rial E, Ermentrout GB. Compartmental Model Suggests Importance of Innate Immune Response to COVID-19 Infection in Rhesus Macaques. Bull Math Biol 2021; 83:79. [PMID: 34037874 PMCID: PMC8149925 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has quickly spread worldwide, creating a serious health crisis. The virus is primarily associated with flu-like symptoms but can also lead to severe pathologies and death. We here present an ordinary differential equation model of the intrahost immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, fitted to experimental data gleaned from rhesus macaques. The model is calibrated to data from a nonlethal infection, but the model can replicate behavior from various lethal scenarios as well. We evaluate the sensitivity of the model to biologically relevant parameters governing the strength and efficacy of the immune response. We also simulate the effect of both anti-inflammatory and antiviral drugs on the host immune response and demonstrate the ability of the model to lessen the severity of a formerly lethal infection with the addition of the appropriately calibrated drug. Our model emphasizes the importance of tight control of the innate immune response for host survival and viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Mochan
- Department of Analytical, Physical, and Social Sciences, Carlow University, 3333 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - T J Sego
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Lauren Gaona
- Department of Analytical, Physical, and Social Sciences, Carlow University, 3333 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Emmaline Rial
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - G Bard Ermentrout
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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50
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Yu J, Lu X, Tong L, Shi X, Ma J, Lv F, Wu J, Pan Q, Yang J, Cao H, Li L. Interferon‐α‐2b aerosol inhalation is associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease‐2019. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021. [DOI: https://www.researchgate.net/deref/https%3a%2f%2fdoi.org%2f10.1111%2fbcp.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
| | - Xuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
| | - Ling Tong
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
| | - Feifei Lv
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City Yancheng City 224005 China
| | - Qiaoling Pan
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
| | - Hongcui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 79 Qingchun Rd Hangzhou City 310003 China
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