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Baiu DC, Sharma A, Schehr JL, Basu J, Smith KA, Ohashi M, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC, Gumperz JE. Human CD4 + iNKT cell adoptive immunotherapy induces anti-tumour responses against CD1d-negative EBV-driven B lymphoma. Immunology 2024; 172:627-640. [PMID: 38736328 PMCID: PMC11223969 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a conserved population of innate T lymphocytes that are uniquely suitable as off-the-shelf cellular immunotherapies due to their lack of alloreactivity. Two major subpopulations of human iNKT cells have been delineated, a CD4- subset that has a TH1/cytolytic profile, and a CD4+ subset that appears polyfunctional and can produce both regulatory and immunostimulatory cytokines. Whether these two subsets differ in anti-tumour effects is not known. Using live cell imaging, we found that CD4- iNKT cells limited growth of CD1d+ Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B-lymphoblastoid spheroids in vitro, whereas CD4+ iNKT cells showed little or no direct anti-tumour activity. However, the effects of the two subsets were reversed when we tested them as adoptive immunotherapies in vivo using a xenograft model of EBV-driven human B cell lymphoma. We found that EBV-infected B cells down-regulated CD1d in vivo, and administering CD4- iNKT cells had no discernable impact on tumour mass. In contrast, xenotransplanted mice bearing lymphomas showed rapid reduction in tumour mass after administering CD4+ iNKT cells. Immunotherapeutic CD4+ iNKT cells trafficked to both spleen and tumour and were associated with subsequently enhanced responses of xenotransplanted human T cells against EBV. CD4+ iNKT cells also had adjuvant-like effects on monocyte-derived DCs and promoted antigen-dependent responses of human T cells in vitro. These results show that allogeneic CD4+ iNKT cellular immunotherapy leads to marked anti-tumour activity through indirect pathways that do not require tumour cell CD1d expression and that are associated with enhanced activity of antigen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C. Baiu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Akshat Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Schehr
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jayati Basu
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kelsey A. Smith
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eric C. Johannsen
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shannon C. Kenney
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jenny E. Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Wyatt-Johnson SK, Afify R, Brutkiewicz RR. The immune system in neurological diseases: What innate-like T cells have to say. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:913-923. [PMID: 38365015 PMCID: PMC10999338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The immune system classically consists of 2 lines of defense, innate and adaptive, both of which interact with one another effectively to protect us against any pathogenic threats. Importantly, there is a diverse subset of cells known as innate-like T cells that act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems and are pivotal players in eliciting inflammatory immune responses. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the regulatory impact of these innate-like T cells in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and that such immune cells can traffic into the brain in multiple pathological conditions, which can be typically attributed to the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. However, until now, it has been poorly understood whether innate-like T cells have direct protective or causative properties, particularly in CNS diseases. Therefore, in this review, our attention is focused on discussing the critical roles of 3 unique subsets of unconventional T cells, namely, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells, in the context of CNS diseases, disorders, and injuries and how the interplay of these immune cells modulates CNS pathology, in an attempt to gain a better understanding of their complex functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Reham Afify
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind.
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3
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Yazdanpanah E, Dadfar S, Shadab A, Orooji N, Nemati M, Pazoki A, Esmaeili SA, Baharlou R, Haghmorad D. Berberine: A natural modulator of immune cells in multiple sclerosis. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1213. [PMID: 38477663 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Berberine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid found in such plants as Berberis vulgaris, Berberis aristata, and others, revealing a variety of pharmacological properties as a result of interacting with different cellular and molecular targets. Recent studies have shown the immunomodulatory effects of Berberine which result from its impacts on immune cells and immune response mediators such as diverse T lymphocyte subsets, dendritic cells (DCs), and different inflammatory cytokines. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by the recruitment of autoreactive T cells into the CNS causing demyelination, axonal damage, and oligodendrocyte loss. There have been considerable changes discovered in MS regards to the function and frequency of T cell subsets such as Th1 cells, Th17 cells, Th2 cells, Treg cells, and DCs. In the current research, we reviewed the outcomes of in vitro, experimental, and clinical investigations concerning the modulatory effects that Berberine provides on the function and numbers of T cell subsets and DCs, as well as important cytokines that are involved in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Yazdanpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sepehr Dadfar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Alireza Shadab
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Niloufar Orooji
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - MohammadHossein Nemati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Alireza Pazoki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Rasoul Baharlou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Dariush Haghmorad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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4
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Hebbandi Nanjundappa R, Shao K, Krishnamurthy P, Gershwin ME, Leung PSC, Sokke Umeshappa C. Invariant natural killer T cells in autoimmune cholangiopathies: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103485. [PMID: 38040101 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) constitute a specialized subset of lymphocytes that bridges innate and adaptive immunity through a combination of traits characteristic of both conventional T cells and innate immune cells. iNKT cells are characterized by their invariant T cell receptors and discerning recognition of lipid antigens, which are presented by the non-classical MHC molecule, CD1d. Within the hepatic milieu, iNKT cells hold heightened prominence, contributing significantly to the orchestration of organ homeostasis. Their unique positioning to interact with diverse cellular entities, ranging from epithelial constituents like hepatocytes and cholangiocytes to immunocytes including Kupffer cells, B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells, imparts them with potent immunoregulatory abilities. Emergering knowledge of liver iNKT cells subsets enable to explore their therapeutic potential in autoimmne liver diseases. This comprehensive review navigates the landscape of iNKT cell investigations in immune-mediated cholangiopathies, with a particular focus on primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, across murine models and human subjects to unravel the intricate involvements of iNKT cells in liver autoimmunity. Additionally, we also highlight the prospectives of iNKT cells as therapeutic targets in cholangiopathies. Modulation of the equilibrium between regulatory and proinflammatory iNKT subsets can be defining determinant in the dynamics of hepatic autoimmunity. This discernment not only enriches our foundational comprehension but also lays the groundwork for pioneering strategies to navigate the multifaceted landscape of liver autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, IWK Research Center, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Yu X, Mai Y, Wei Y, Yu N, Gao T, Yang J. Therapeutic potential of tolerance-based peptide vaccines in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109740. [PMID: 36696858 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused by the dysfunction of the body's immune regulatory system, which leads to the recognition of self-antigens and the destruction of self-tissues and is mediated by immune cells such as T and B cells, and affects 5-10% of the population worldwide. Current treatments such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids can only relieve symptoms of the disease and are accompanied by serious side effects that affect patient quality of life. The recent rise in antigen-specific therapies, especially vaccines carrying autoantigenic peptides, promises to change this disadvantage, where research has increased dramatically in the last decade. This therapy established specific immune tolerance by delivering peptide fragments containing disease-specific self-antigen epitopes to suppress excessive immune responses, thereby exerting a therapeutic effect, with high safety and specificity. This article presents the latest progress on the treatment of autoimmune diseases with autoantigen peptide vaccines. It includes the construction of peptide vaccine delivery system, the mechanism of inducing immune tolerance and its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yaping Mai
- School of Science and Technology Centers, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yaya Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Na Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Preparation, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Preparation, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
| | - Jianhong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
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Hatton SL, Pandey MK. Fat and Protein Combat Triggers Immunological Weapons of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Launch Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1089. [PMID: 35163013 PMCID: PMC8835271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, affecting up to 10 million people. This disease mainly happens due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons accountable for memory and motor function. Partial glucocerebrosidase enzyme deficiency and the resultant excess accumulation of glycosphingolipids and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation have been linked to predominant risk factors that lead to neurodegeneration and memory and motor defects in PD, with known and unknown causes. An increasing body of evidence uncovers the role of several other lipids and their association with α-syn aggregation, which activates the innate and adaptive immune system and sparks brain inflammation in PD. Here, we review the emerging role of a number of lipids, i.e., triglyceride (TG), diglycerides (DG), glycerophosphoethanolamines (GPE), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), sphingolipids, gangliosides, glycerophospholipids (GPL), and cholesterols, and their connection with α-syn aggregation as well as the induction of innate and adaptive immune reactions that trigger neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Loraine Hatton
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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7
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Bharadwaj NS, Gumperz JE. Harnessing invariant natural killer T cells to control pathological inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:998378. [PMID: 36189224 PMCID: PMC9519390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.998378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate T cells that are recognized for their potent immune modulatory functions. Over the last three decades, research in murine models and human observational studies have revealed that iNKT cells can act to limit inflammatory pathology in a variety of settings. Since iNKT cells are multi-functional and can promote inflammation in some contexts, understanding the mechanistic basis for their anti-inflammatory effects is critical for effectively harnessing them for clinical use. Two contrasting mechanisms have emerged to explain the anti-inflammatory activity of iNKT cells: that they drive suppressive pathways mediated by other regulatory cells, and that they may cytolytically eliminate antigen presenting cells that promote excessive inflammatory responses. How these activities are controlled and separated from their pro-inflammatory functions remains a central question. Murine iNKT cells can be divided into four functional lineages that have either pro-inflammatory (NKT1, NKT17) or anti-inflammatory (NKT2, NKT10) cytokine profiles. However, in humans these subsets are not clearly evident, and instead most iNKT cells that are CD4+ appear oriented towards polyfunctional (TH0) cytokine production, while CD4- iNKT cells appear more predisposed towards cytolytic activity. Additionally, structurally distinct antigens have been shown to induce TH1- or TH2-biased responses by iNKT cells in murine models, but human iNKT cells may respond to differing levels of TCR stimulation in a way that does not neatly separate TH1 and TH2 cytokine production. We discuss the implications of these differences for translational efforts focused on the anti-inflammatory activity of iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhila S Bharadwaj
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jenny E Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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8
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Tootee A, Nikbin B, Ghahary A, Esfahani EN, Arjmand B, Aghayan H, Qorbani M, Larijani B. Immunopathology of Type 1 Diabetes and Immunomodulatory Effects of Stem Cells: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:169-197. [PMID: 33538679 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666210203212809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disorder which occurs as a result of an intricate series of pathologic interactions between pancreatic β-cells and a wide range of components of both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. Stem-cell therapy, a recently-emerged potentially therapeutic option for curative treatment of diabetes, is demonstrated to cause significant alternations to both different immune cells such as macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells and non-cellular elements including serum cytokines and different components of the complement system. Although there exists overwhelming evidence indicating that the documented therapeutic effects of stem cells on patients with T1D is primarily due to their potential for immune regulation rather than pancreatic tissue regeneration, to date, the precise underlying mechanisms remain obscure. On the other hand, immune-mediated rejection of stem cells remains one of the main obstacles to regenerative medicine. Moreover, the consequences of efferocytosis of stem-cells by the recipients' lung-resident macrophages have recently emerged as a responsible mechanism for some immune-mediated therapeutic effects of stem-cells. This review focuses on the nature of the interactions amongst different compartments of the immune systems which are involved in the pathogenesis of T1D and provides explanation as to how stem cell-based interventions can influence immune system and maintain the physiologic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tootee
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, . Iran
| | - Behrouz Nikbin
- Research Center of Molecular Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, . Iran
| | - Aziz Ghahary
- British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Plastic Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, . Canada
| | - Ensieh Nasli Esfahani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, . Iran
| | - Babak Arjmand
- Cell therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, . Iran
| | - Hamidreza Aghayan
- Cell therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, . Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, . Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, . Iran
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Ye C, Low BE, Wiles MV, Brusko TM, Serreze DV, Driver JP. CD70 Inversely Regulates Regulatory T Cells and Invariant NKT Cells and Modulates Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1763-1777. [PMID: 32868408 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The CD27-CD70 costimulatory pathway is essential for the full activation of T cells, but some studies show that blocking this pathway exacerbates certain autoimmune disorders. In this study, we report on the impact of CD27-CD70 signaling on disease progression in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Specifically, our data demonstrate that CD70 ablation alters thymocyte selection and increases circulating T cell levels. CD27 signaling was particularly important for the thymic development and peripheral homeostasis of Foxp3+Helios+ regulatory T cells, which likely accounts for our finding that CD70-deficient NOD mice develop more-aggressive T1D onset. Interestingly, we found that CD27 signaling suppresses the thymic development and effector functions of T1D-protective invariant NKT cells. Thus, rather than providing costimulatory signals, the CD27-CD70 axis may represent a coinhibitory pathway for this immunoregulatory T cell population. Moreover, we showed that a CD27 agonist Ab reversed the effects of CD70 ablation, indicating that the phenotypes observed in CD70-deficient mice were likely due to a lack of CD27 signaling. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the CD27-CD70 costimulatory pathway regulates the differentiation program of multiple T cell subsets involved in T1D development and may be subject to therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ye
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | | | | | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | | | - John P Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611;
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Takahashi M, Kinugawa S, Takada S, Kakutani N, Furihata T, Sobirin MA, Fukushima A, Obata Y, Saito A, Ishimori N, Iwabuchi K, Tsutsui H. The disruption of invariant natural killer T cells exacerbates cardiac hypertrophy and failure caused by pressure overload in mice. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:489-501. [PMID: 31957919 DOI: 10.1113/ep087652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We questioned whether the disruption of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells exacerbates left ventricular (LV) remodelling and heart failure after transverse aortic constriction in mice. What are the main findings and their importance? Pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction increased the infiltration of iNKT cells in mouse hearts. The disruption of iNKT cells exacerbated LV remodelling and hastened the transition from hypertrophy to heart failure, in association with the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling. Activation of iNKT cells modulated the immunological balance in this process and played a protective role against LV remodelling and failure. ABSTRACT Chronic inflammation is involved in the development of cardiac remodelling and heart failure (HF). Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, a subset of T lymphocytes, have been shown to produce various cytokines and orchestrate tissue inflammation. The pathophysiological role of iNKT cells in HF caused by pressure overload has not been studied. In the present study, we investigated whether the disruption of iNKT cells affected this process in mice. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and a sham operation were performed in male C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and iNKT cell-deficient Jα18 knockout (KO) mice. The infiltration of iNKT cells was increased after TAC. The disruption of iNKT cells exacerbated left ventricular (LV) remodelling and hastened the transition to HF after TAC. Histological examinations also revealed that the disruption of iNKT cells induced greater myocyte hypertrophy and a greater increase in interstitial fibrosis after TAC. The expressions of interleukin-10 and tumour necrosis factor-α mRNA and their ratio in the LV after TAC were decreased in the KO compared with WT mice, which might indicate that the disruption of iNKT cells leads to an imbalance between T-helper type 1 and type 2 cytokines. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase was significantly increased in the KO mice. The disruption of iNKT cells exacerbated the development of cardiac remodelling and HF after TAC. The activation of iNKT cells might play a protective role against HF caused by pressure overload. Targeting the activation of iNKT cells might thus be a promising candidate as a new therapeutic strategy for HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashige Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kinugawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shingo Takada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Kakutani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Furihata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Arata Fukushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshikuni Obata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akimichi Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishimori
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunobiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Wang HX, Li WJ, Hou CL, Lai S, Zhang YL, Tian C, Yang H, Du J, Li HH. CD1d-dependent natural killer T cells attenuate angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodelling via IL-10 signalling in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:83-93. [PMID: 29939225 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims CD1d is a member of the cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various antigen-presenting cells, which is recognized by natural killer T (NKT) cells. CD1d-dependent NKT cells play an important role in immune-mediated diseases; but the role of these cells in regulating cardiac remodelling remains unknown. Methods and results Cardiac remodelling was induced by angiotensin (Ang) II infusion for 2 weeks. Ang II-induced increase in hypertension, cardiac performance, hypertrophy and fibrosis, inflammatory response, and activation of the NF-kB and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathways was significantly aggravated in CD1d knockout (CD1dko) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice, but these effects were markedly abrogated in WT mice treated with α-galactosylceramide (αGC), a specific activator of NKT cells. Adoptive transfer of CD1dko bone marrow cells to WT mice further confirmed the deleterious effect of CD1dko. Moreover, IL-10 expression was significantly decreased in CD1dko hearts but increased in αGC-treated mice. Co-culture experiments revealed that CD1dko dendritic cells significantly reduced IL-10 mRNA expression from NKT cells. Administration of recombinant murine IL-10 to CD1dko mice improved hypertension, cardiac performance, and adverse cardiac remodelling induced by Ang II, and its cardioprotective effect was possibly associated with activation of STAT3, and inhibition of the TGF-β1 and NF-kB pathways. Conclusion These findings revealed a previously undefined role for CD1d-dependent NKT cells in Ang II-induced cardiac remodelling, hence activation of NKT cells may be a novel therapeutic target for hypertensive cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cui-Liu Hou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Lai
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital the Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Long Zhang
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital the Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Tian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital the Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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12
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McCright JC, Maisel K. Engineering drug delivery systems to overcome mucosal barriers for immunotherapy and vaccination. Tissue Barriers 2019; 8:1695476. [PMID: 31775577 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1695476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces protect our bodies from pathogens and external irritants using a system of biological barriers. Overcoming these barriers is a significant drug delivery challenge, particularly for immunotherapies that aim to modulate the local immune response. Reaching local lymphoid tissues and draining lymph nodes (LNs) requires crossing the mucus mesh, mucosal epithelium, and either targeting M cells covering lymphoid tissues or utilizing lymphatic transport that shuttles molecules and particulates from the periphery to the LN. We first highlight the barrier properties of mucus and mucosal epithelium, and the function of the mucosal immune system. We then dive into existing drug delivery technologies that have been engineered to overcome each of these barriers. We particularly focus on novel strategies for targeting lymphoid tissues, which has been shown to enhance immunotherapies and vaccinations, via directly targeting LNs, lymphatic vessels, and M cells that transport samples of mucosal content to the lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C McCright
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Katharina Maisel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
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13
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3,4-Dideoxy-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro- and 4-OH epimeric 3-deoxy-3,3-difluoro-α-GalCer analogues: Synthesis and biological evaluation on human iNKT cells stimulation. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:195-213. [PMID: 31185411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
iNKT cells recognize CD1d/α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) complexes via their invariant TCR receptor and stimulate the immune response. Many α-GalCer analogues have been investigated to interrogate this interaction. Following our previous work related to the modification of the hydrogen bond network between α-GalCer and CD1d, we have now focused our attention on the synthesis of 3-deoxy-3,3-difluoro- and 3,4-dideoxy-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-α-GalCer analogues, and studied their ability to stimulate human iNKT cells. In each case, deoxygenation at the indicated positions was accompanied by difluoro introduction in order to evaluate the resulting electronic effect on the stability of the ternary CD1d/Galcer/TCR complex which has been rationalized by modeling study. With deoxy-difluorination at the 3-position, the two epimeric 4-OH analogues were investigated to establish their capacity to compensate for the lack of the hydrogen bond donating group at the 3-position. The 3,4-dideoxytetrafluoro analogue was of interest to highlight the amide NH-bond hydrogen bond properties.
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14
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Hu L, Zhao C, Ma J, Jing Y, Du Y. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of α-galactopyranosylceramide mimics promoting Th2 cytokines production. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1357-1362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
Resolution of inflammation is pivotal to restoring tissue homeostasis, yet there is limited understanding of how this process is regulated. In this issue of Immunity, Liew et al. (2017) reveal a critical role for invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in switching inflammation to tissue repair in an interlukin-4-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiguang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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16
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Roles of Natural Killer T Cells and Natural Killer Cells in Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102487. [PMID: 31137499 PMCID: PMC6567827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse natural killer T (NKT) cells and natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that are highly abundant in the liver. In addition to their already-known antitumor and antimicrobial functions, their pathophysiological roles in the kidney have recently become evident. Under normal circumstances, the proportion of activated NKT cells in the kidney increases with age. Administration of a synthetic sphingoglycolipid ligand (alpha-galactosylceramide) further activates NKT cells, resulting in injury to renal vascular endothelial cells via the perforin-mediated pathway and tubular epithelial cells via the TNF-α/Fas ligand pathway, causing acute kidney injury (AKI) with hematuria. Activation of NKT cells by common bacterial DNA (CpG-ODN) also causes AKI. In addition, NKT cells together with B cells play significant roles in experimental lupus nephritis in NZB/NZW F1 mice through their Th2 immune responses. Mouse NK cells are also assumed to be involved in various renal diseases, and there may be complementary roles shared between NKT and NK cells. Human CD56+ T cells, a functional counterpart of mouse NKT cells, also damage renal cells through a mechanism similar to that of mice. A subpopulation of human CD56+ NK cells also exert strong cytotoxicity against renal cells and contribute to the progression of renal fibrosis.
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17
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A natural killer T-cell subset that protects against airway hyperreactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:565-576.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Akimoto H, Fukuda-Kawaguchi E, Duramad O, Ishii Y, Tanabe K. A Novel Liposome Formulation Carrying Both an Insulin Peptide and a Ligand for Invariant Natural Killer T Cells Induces Accumulation of Regulatory T Cells to Islets in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:9430473. [PMID: 31781669 PMCID: PMC6855036 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9430473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of pancreatic β cells by autoantigen-reactive diabetogenic cells. Antigen-specific therapies using islet autoantigens for restoring immune tolerance have emerged as promising approaches for the treatment of T1D but have been unsuccessful in humans. Herein, we report that RGI-3100-iB, a novel liposomal formulation carrying both α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), which is a representative ligand for invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, and insulin B chain 9-23 peptide, which is an epitope for CD4+ T cells, could induce the accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in islets in a peptide-dependent manner, followed by the remarkable prevention of diabetes onset in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. While multiple administrations of a monotherapy using either α-GalCer or insulin B peptide in a liposomal formulation was confirmed to delay/prevent T1D in NOD mice, RGI-3100-iB synergistically enhanced the prevention effect of each monotherapy and alleviated insulitis in NOD mice. Immunopathological analysis showed that Foxp3+ Tregs accumulated in the islets in RGI-3100-iB-treated mice. Cotransfer of diabetogenic T cells and splenocytes of NOD mice treated with RGI-3100-iB, but not liposomal α-GalCer encapsulating an unrelated peptide, to NOD-SCID mice resulted in the prevention of diabetes and elevation of Foxp3 mRNA expression in the islets. These data indicate that the migration of insulin B-peptide-specific Tregs to islet of NOD mice that are involved in the suppression of pathogenic T cells related to diabetes onset and progression could be enhanced by the administration of liposomes containing α-GalCer and insulin B peptide.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Compounding
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Galactosylceramides/administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Insulin/administration & dosage
- Islets of Langerhans/drug effects
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Liposomes
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Natural Killer T-Cells/drug effects
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Akimoto
- Research Division, REGiMMUNE Corporation, 35-3 Nihonbashi Hakozaki-cho, BRICK GATE 5F, Chuou-Ku, Tokyo 103-0015, Japan
| | - Emi Fukuda-Kawaguchi
- Research Division, REGiMMUNE Corporation, 35-3 Nihonbashi Hakozaki-cho, BRICK GATE 5F, Chuou-Ku, Tokyo 103-0015, Japan
| | - Omar Duramad
- Research Division, REGiMMUNE Inc, 820 Heinz Ave, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Ishii
- Research Division, REGiMMUNE Corporation, 35-3 Nihonbashi Hakozaki-cho, BRICK GATE 5F, Chuou-Ku, Tokyo 103-0015, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanabe
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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19
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Wang H, Hogquist KA. How Lipid-Specific T Cells Become Effectors: The Differentiation of iNKT Subsets. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1450. [PMID: 29997620 PMCID: PMC6028555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to peptide-recognizing T cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor that specifically recognizes self- or foreign-lipids presented by CD1d molecules. There are three major functionally distinct effector states for iNKT cells. Owning to these innate-like effector states, iNKT cells have been implicated in early protective immunity against pathogens. Yet, growing evidence suggests that iNKT cells play a role in tissue homeostasis as well. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about the underlying mechanisms that regulate the effector states of iNKT subsets, with a highlight on the roles of a variety of transcription factors and describe how each subset influences different facets of thymus homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiguang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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20
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The Role of Invariant NKT in Autoimmune Liver Disease: Can Vitamin D Act as an Immunomodulator? Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:8197937. [PMID: 30046564 PMCID: PMC6038587 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8197937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct lineage of T cells which express both the T cell receptor (TCR) and natural killer (NK) cell markers. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells bear an invariant TCR and recognize a small variety of glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d (nonclassical MHC-I). CD1d-restricted iNKT cells are regulators of immune responses and produce cytokines that may be proinflammatory (such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)) or anti-inflammatory (such as IL-4). iNKT cells also appear to play a role in B cell regulation and antibody production. Alpha-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a derivative of the marine sponge, is a potent stimulator of iNKT cells and has been proposed as a therapeutic iNKT cell activator. Invariant NKT cells have been implicated in the development and perpetuation of several autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Animal models of SLE have shown abnormalities in iNKT cells numbers and function, and an inverse correlation between the frequency of NKT cells and IgG levels has also been observed. The role of iNKT cells in autoimmune liver disease (AiLD) has not been extensively studied. This review discusses the current data with regard to iNKT cells function in AiLD, in addition to providing an overview of iNKT cells function in other autoimmune conditions and animal models. We also discuss data regarding the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D on iNKT cells, which may serve as a potential therapeutic target, given that deficiencies in vitamin D have been reported in various autoimmune disorders.
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21
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Abstract
The inability to elicit strong and durable cellular responses is a major obstacle in the development of successful vaccines, in particular those against malaria. In this regard, the generation of novel adjuvants that will potently boost cell-mediated immunity induced by candidate vaccines is helpful. We and others have found a glycolipid, called α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), which could be presented on CD1d expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and stimulate natural killer T (NKT) cells. This triggers the activation/maturation of APCs, particularly dendritic cells (DCs). By activating NKT cells and subsequently DCs, α-GalCer has been shown to enhance adaptive immune responses, particularly of CD8
+ T cells, induced by the vaccines. More recently, we identified an analogue of α-GalCer, which can display a potent adjuvant activity in conjunction with malaria vaccines in mice and non-human primates. It is anticipated that CD1d-binding, NKT cell-stimulating glycolipids will be tested as adjuvants in humans in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Grazziela Coelho-Dos-Reis
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiangming Li
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Gannon M, Kulkarni RN, Tse HM, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Sex differences underlying pancreatic islet biology and its dysfunction. Mol Metab 2018; 15:82-91. [PMID: 29891438 PMCID: PMC6066785 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sex of an individual affects glucose homeostasis and the pathophysiology, incidence, and prevalence of diabetes as well as the response to therapy. Scope of the review This review focuses on clinical and experimental sex differences in islet cell biology and dysfunction during development and in adulthood in human and animal models. We discuss sex differences in β-cell and α-cell function, heterogeneity, and dysfunction. We cover sex differences in communication between gonads and islets and islet-cell immune interactions. Finally, we discuss sex differences in β-cell programming by nutrition and other environmental factors during pregnancy. Major conclusions Important sex differences exist in islet cell function and susceptibility to failure. These differences represent sex-related biological factors that can be harnessed for gender-based prevention of and therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Gannon
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Birmingham, USA; Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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23
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Uchida T, Nakashima H, Yamagata A, Ito S, Ishikiriyama T, Nakashima M, Seki S, Kumagai H, Oshima N. Repeated administration of alpha-galactosylceramide ameliorates experimental lupus nephritis in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8225. [PMID: 29844470 PMCID: PMC5974230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26470-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis is a crucial complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. In this study, we investigated the roles of mouse natural killer T (NKT) cells in lupus nephritis. From 24 weeks of age, NZB/NZW F1 mice were injected with alpha-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) or vehicle once a week for four weeks. In the α-GalCer group, the levels of proteinuria and blood urea nitrogen were significantly lower than those in the vehicle group. The histological evaluation showed a decrease in glomerular immune complex deposits and an alleviation of podocyte injury. The proportion of NKT cells in the mononuclear cell (MNC) fraction in the α-GalCer group was significantly decreased in the liver, kidney, and spleen. The proliferation and cytokine production in α-GalCer-stimulated liver MNCs were markedly diminished in the α-GalCer group (anergy). The IFN-γ production in liver MNCs stimulated by concanavalin A or an anti-CD3 antibody did not differ between the two groups, whereas the IL-4 production was significantly lower in the α-GalCer group. In addition, the IgM production in CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide-stimulated spleen MNCs was significantly lower in the α-GalCer group. These results suggest that α-GalCer suppressed Th2 immune responses in NKT cells and B cell function, thereby slowing the progression of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Uchida
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Nakashima
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Yamagata
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seigo Ito
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishikiriyama
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shuhji Seki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroo Kumagai
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Oshima
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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24
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Van Kaer L, Wu L. Therapeutic Potential of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:519. [PMID: 29593743 PMCID: PMC5859017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance against self-antigens is regulated by a variety of cell types with immunoregulatory properties, such as CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. In many experimental models of autoimmunity, iNKT cells promote self-tolerance and protect against autoimmunity. These findings are supported by studies with patients suffering from autoimmune diseases. Based on these studies, the therapeutic potential of iNKT cells in autoimmunity has been explored. Many of these studies have been performed with the potent iNKT cell agonist KRN7000 or its structural variants. These findings have generated promising results in several autoimmune diseases, although mechanisms by which iNKT cells modulate autoimmunity remain incompletely understood. Here, we will review these preclinical studies and discuss the prospects for translating their findings to patients suffering from autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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25
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Gianchecchi E, Delfino DV, Fierabracci A. NK cells in autoimmune diseases: Linking innate and adaptive immune responses. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:142-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Regulation of Humoral Immunity by CD1d-Restricted Natural Killer T Cells. Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809819-6.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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27
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Podbielska M, O'Keeffe J, Hogan EL. Autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis: role of sphingolipids, invariant NKT cells and other immune elements in control of inflammation and neurodegeneration. J Neurol Sci 2017; 385:198-214. [PMID: 29406905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is classified as being an autoimmune response in the genetically susceptible individual to a persistent but unidentified antigen(s). Both the adaptive and the innate immune systems are likely to contribute significantly to MS pathogenesis. This review summarizes current understanding of the characteristics of MS autoimmunity in the initiation and progression of the disease. In particular we find it timely to classify the autoimmune responses by focusing on the immunogenic features of myelin-derived lipids in MS including molecular mimicry; on alterations of bioactive sphingolipids mediators in MS; and on functional roles for regulatory effector cells, including innate lymphocyte populations, like the invariant NKT (iNKT) cells which bridge adaptive and innate immune systems. Recent progress in identifying the nature of sphingolipids recognition for iNKT cells in immunity and the functional consequences of the lipid-CD1d interaction opens new avenues of access to the pathogenesis of demyelination in MS as well as design of lipid antigen-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA; Laboratory of Signal Transduction Molecules, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Joan O'Keeffe
- Department of Biopharmaceutical & Medical Science, School of Science & Computing, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Edward L Hogan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
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28
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Duan K, Ghosh G, Lo JF. Optimizing Multiplexed Detections of Diabetes Antibodies via Quantitative Microfluidic Droplet Array. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:10.1002/smll.201702323. [PMID: 28990274 PMCID: PMC5755373 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive, single volume detections of multiple diabetes antibodies can provide immunoprofiling and early screening of at-risk patients. To advance the state-of-the-art suspension assays for diabetes antibodies, porous hydrogel droplets are leveraged in microfluidic serpentine arrays to enhance reagent transport. This spatially multiplexed assay is applied to the detection of antibodies against insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and insulinoma-associated protein 2. Optimization of assay protocol results in a shortened assay time of 2 h, with better than 20 pg mL Supporting Information detection limits across all three antibodies. Specificity and cross-reactivity tests show negligible background, nonspecific antibody-antigen, and nonspecific antibody-antibody bindings. Multiplexed detections are able to measure within 15% of target concentrations from low to high ranges. The technique enables quantifications of as little as 8000 molecules in each 500 µm droplet in a single volume, multiplexed assay format, a breakthrough necessary for the adoption of diabetes panels for clinical screening and monitoring in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Duan
- Bioengineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan at Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA
| | - Gargi Ghosh
- Bioengineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan at Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA
| | - Joe Fujiou Lo
- Bioengineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan at Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA
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29
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van Puijvelde GH, Kuiper J. NKT cells in cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Saito M, Kaburagi M, Otokuni K, Takahashi G. Functional role of natural killer T cells in non-obese pre-diabetes model mice. Cytotechnology 2017; 70:423-430. [PMID: 29098499 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-diabetic patients have a high risk of developing diabetes as well as other associated diseases. From the viewpoint of risk assessment and to assist the development of protective therapies, we focused on the functional role of natural killer T (NKT) cells in pre-diabetes. We found that the expression of an NKT cell marker gene, Va14-Ja18, was significantly lower in specific tissues/organs such as adipose tissue and pancreas in non-obese pre-diabetes model mice than in their normal littermates. Subsequently, in the pre-diabetes model mice, Va14-Ja18 was activated with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) and its effect on glucose tolerance was estimated. The simultaneous injection of α-GalCer and lymphocytes improved glucose tolerance with its maximum effect on the 3rd day. An analysis of circulating cytokine levels revealed that interferon-γ, which is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, was secreted only on the 1st day after treatment with α-GalCer and that interleukin (IL)-4, which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was secreted from the 1st to the 4th day. The prolonged secretion of IL-4 was thought to substantially contribute to the improvement of glucose tolerance. Based on these results, the functional role of NKT cells in pre-diabetes is to improve metabolic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Saito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan. .,Koganei Bioresource Laboratories, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Misako Kaburagi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Keiko Otokuni
- Koganei Bioresource Laboratories, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Genu Takahashi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
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31
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Mauvais-Jarvis F. Are estrogens promoting immune modulation and islet protection in type 1 diabetes? J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:1563-1564. [PMID: 28890307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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33
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Tocheva AS, Mansour S, Holt TGH, Jones S, Chancellor A, Sanderson JP, Eren E, Elliott TJ, Holt RIG, Gadola SD. The Clonal Invariant NKT Cell Repertoire in People with Type 1 Diabetes Is Characterized by a Loss of Clones Expressing High-Affinity TCRs. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:1452-1459. [PMID: 28062695 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in healthy people express iNKT-TCRs with widely varying affinities for CD1d, suggesting different roles for high- and low-affinity iNKT clones in immune regulation. However, the functional implications of this heterogeneity have not yet been determined. Functionally aberrant iNKT responses have been previously demonstrated in different autoimmune diseases, including human type 1 diabetes, but their relationship to changes in the iNKT clonal repertoire have not been addressed. In this study, we directly compared the clonal iNKT repertoire of people with recent onset type 1 diabetes and age- and gender-matched healthy controls with regard to iNKT-TCR affinity and cytokine production. Our results demonstrate a selective loss of clones expressing high-affinity iNKT-TCRs from the iNKT repertoire of people with type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, this bias in the clonal iNKT repertoire in type 1 diabetes was associated with increased GM-CSF, IL-4, and IL-13 cytokine secretion among Ag-stimulated low-affinity iNKT clones. Thus, qualitative changes of the clonal iNKT repertoire with the potential to affect the regulatory function of this highly conserved T cell population are already established at the early stages in type 1 diabetes. These findings may inform future rationales for the development of iNKT-based therapies aiming to restore immune tolerance in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Tocheva
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Salah Mansour
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan G H Holt
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Jones
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Chancellor
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Efrem Eren
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J Elliott
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard I G Holt
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stephan D Gadola
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;
- Translational medicine, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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34
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Usero L, Sánchez A, Pizarro E, Xufré C, Martí M, Jaraquemada D, Roura-Mir C. Interleukin-13 Pathway Alterations Impair Invariant Natural Killer T-Cell-Mediated Regulation of Effector T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2016; 65:2356-66. [PMID: 27207542 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that human natural killer T (NKT) cells can promote immunity to pathogens, but their regulatory function is still being investigated. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells have been shown to be effective in preventing type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse model. Activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, modulation of B-cell responses, and immune deviation were proposed to be responsible for the suppressive effect of iNKT cells. We studied the regulatory capacity of human iNKT cells from control subjects and patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) at disease clinical onset. We demonstrate that control iNKT cells suppress the proliferation of effector T cells (Teffs) through a cell contact-independent mechanism. Of note, suppression depended on the secretion of interleukin-13 (IL-13) by iNKT cells because an antibody blocking this cytokine resulted from the abrogation of Teff suppression; however, T1D-derived iNKT cells showed impaired regulation that could be attributed to the decrease in IL-13 secretion. Thus, alteration of the IL-13 pathway at disease onset may lead to the progression of the autoimmune response in T1D. Advances in the study of iNKT cells and the selection of agonists potentiating IL-13 secretion should permit new therapeutic strategies to prevent the development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Usero
- Immunology Unit, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez
- Immunology Unit, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduarda Pizarro
- Unitat d'Endocrinologia, Hospital de Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Xufré
- Immunology Unit, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Martí
- Immunology Unit, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Jaraquemada
- Immunology Unit, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Roura-Mir
- Immunology Unit, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Nel
- INSERM U1016 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Institut Cochin, and Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Agnes Lehuen
- INSERM U1016 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Institut Cochin, and Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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36
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Hossain MI, Hanashima S, Nomura T, Lethu S, Tsuchikawa H, Murata M, Kusaka H, Kita S, Maenaka K. Synthesis and Th1-immunostimulatory activity of α-galactosylceramide analogues bearing a halogen-containing or selenium-containing acyl chain. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3687-95. [PMID: 27325450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of CD1d ligand α-galactosylceramides (α-GalCers) were synthesized by incorporation of the heavy atoms Br and Se in the acyl chain backbone of α-galactosyl-N-cerotoylphytosphingosine. The synthetic analogues are potent CD1d ligands and stimulate mouse invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells to selectively enhance Th1 cytokine production. These synthetic analogues would be efficient X-ray crystallographic probes to disclose precise atomic positions of alkyl carbons and lipid-protein interactions in KRN7000/CD1d complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imran Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; JST, ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Takuto Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Sébastien Lethu
- JST, ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsuchikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; JST, ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kusaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kita
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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37
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Hamilton-Williams EE, Bergot AS, Reeves PLS, Steptoe RJ. Maintenance of peripheral tolerance to islet antigens. J Autoimmun 2016; 72:118-25. [PMID: 27255733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reestablishment of immune tolerance to the insulin-producing beta cells is the desired goal for type 1 diabetes (T1D) treatment and prevention. Immune tolerance to multiple islet antigens is defective in individuals with T1D, but the mechanisms involved are multifaceted and may involve loss of thymic and peripheral tolerance. In this review we discuss our current understanding of the varied mechanisms by which peripheral tolerance to islet antigens is maintained in healthy individuals where genetic protection from T1D is present and how this fails in those with genetic susceptibility to disease. Novel findings in regards to expression of neo-islet antigens, non-classical regulatory cell subsets and the impact of specific genetic variants on tolerance induction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Anne-Sophie Bergot
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peta L S Reeves
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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38
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Chang YJ, Hsuan YC, Lai ACY, Han YC, Hou DR. Synthesis of α-C-Galactosylceramide via Diastereoselective Aziridination: The New Immunostimulant 4'-epi-C-Glycoside of KRN7000. Org Lett 2016; 18:808-11. [PMID: 26844691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new immunostimulant, the 4'-epimer of α-C-GalCer, was synthesized from a C2-symmetric dienediol and α-C-allyl galactoside. The intramolecular aziridination and the following reductive ring opening provided the core of the aliphatic amino alcohol with excellent regio- and stereocontrol. The new immunostimulants 3d and 3e gave a better polarized Th1-type cytokine response in murine NKT cells than the benchmarked α-C-GalCer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| | - Yi-Chen Hsuan
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , No. 300 Jhong-Da Road, Jhong-li, Taoyuan, Taiwan 32001
| | - Alan Chuan-Ying Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| | - Yun-Chiann Han
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| | - Duen-Ren Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , No. 300 Jhong-Da Road, Jhong-li, Taoyuan, Taiwan 32001
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39
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Gourdy P, Bourgeois EA, Levescot A, Pham L, Riant E, Ahui ML, Damotte D, Gombert JM, Bayard F, Ohlsson C, Arnal JF, Herbelin A. Estrogen Therapy Delays Autoimmune Diabetes and Promotes the Protective Efficiency of Natural Killer T-Cell Activation in Female Nonobese Diabetic Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:258-67. [PMID: 26485613 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies focused on restoring immune tolerance remain the main avenue to prevent type 1 diabetes (T1D). Because estrogens potentiate FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, two regulatory lymphocyte populations that are functionally deficient in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, we investigated whether estradiol (E2) therapy influences the course of T1D in this model. To this end, female NOD mice were sc implanted with E2- or placebo-delivering pellets to explore the course of spontaneous and cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes. Treg-depleted and iNKT-cell-deficient (Jα18(-/-)) NOD mice were used to assess the respective involvement of these lymphocyte populations in E2 effects. Early E2 administration (from 4 wk of age) was found to preserve NOD mice from both spontaneous and cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes, and a complete protection was also observed throughout treatment when E2 treatment was initiated after the onset of insulitis (from 12 wk of age). This delayed E2 treatment remained fully effective in Treg-depleted mice but failed to entirely protect Jα18(-/-) mice. Accordingly, E2 administration was shown to restore the cytokine production of iNKT cells in response to in vivo challenge with the cognate ligand α-galactosylceramide. Finally, transient E2 administration potentiated the previously described protective action of α-galactosylceramide treatment in NOD females. This study provides original evidence that E2 therapy strongly protects NOD mice from T1D and reveals the estrogen/iNKT cell axis as a new effective target to counteract diabetes onset at the stage of insulitis. Estrogen-based therapy should thus be considered for T1D prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Drug Implants
- Estradiol/administration & dosage
- Estradiol/therapeutic use
- Estrogen Replacement Therapy
- Estrogens/administration & dosage
- Estrogens/therapeutic use
- Female
- Galactosylceramides/agonists
- Galactosylceramides/pharmacology
- Galactosylceramides/therapeutic use
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Depletion/adverse effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Ovariectomy/adverse effects
- Prediabetic State/drug therapy
- Prediabetic State/immunology
- Prediabetic State/metabolism
- Prediabetic State/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gourdy
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elvire A Bourgeois
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anaïs Levescot
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linh Pham
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elodie Riant
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie-Louise Ahui
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Diane Damotte
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jean-Marc Gombert
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francis Bayard
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - André Herbelin
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Staphylococcus enterotoxin B-induced T cells can efficaciously protect against type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:292-9. [PMID: 26648772 PMCID: PMC4655378 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.54589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune disease, can be protected against by natural killer T (NKT) cells. Several attempts demonstrate that NKT cells also can be produced by inducing with Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) in addition to its classical activated antigen α-galactosylceramide. Here, we examined a potential usage of SEB-induced T (SEB-T) cells for the treatment of T1D. We established the immunophenotypes of SEB-T cells via flow cytometry, and in consequence, enriched in CD8+NKT cells after SEB stimulated. A high level of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), detected by RT-PCR and ELISA, was first observed to be expressed and secreted by these SEB-T cells. Mixed lymphocyte reactions indicated that SEB-T cells could not produce a response to mitogens and allogeneic lymphocyte, and can inhibit lymphocytes response to mitogens. In an animal model, our data indicated that infusion of SEB-T cells in non-obese diabetic mice was well tolerated and could ameliorate hyperglycemia and maintain the blood glucose nearly on normal level until sacrifice. Strikingly, infusion of SEB-T cells resulted in an increase in the serum TGF-β level. These data raise the possibility that SEB-T cells can protect against T1D, which is associated with NKT cells generated in these SEB-induced cells.
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Monteiro M, Agua-Doce A, Almeida CF, Fonseca-Pereira D, Veiga-Fernandes H, Graca L. IL-9 Expression by Invariant NKT Cells Is Not Imprinted during Thymic Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3463-71. [PMID: 26297763 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cell thymic development can lead to distinct committed effector lineages, namely NKT1, NKT2, and NKT17. However, following identification of IL-9-producing iNKT cells involved in mucosal inflammation, their development remains unaddressed. In this study, we report that although thymic iNKT cells from naive mice do not express IL-9, iNKT cell activation in the presence of TGF-β and IL-4 induces IL-9 secretion in murine and human iNKT cells. Acquisition of IL-9 production was observed in different iNKT subsets defined by CD4, NK1.1, and neuropilin-1, indicating that distinct functional subpopulations are receptive to IL-9 polarization. Transcription factor expression kinetics suggest that regulatory mechanisms of IL-9 expression are shared by iNKT and CD4 T cells, with Irf4 and Batf deficiency deeply affecting IL-9 production. Importantly, adoptive transfer of an enriched IL-9(+) iNKT cell population leads to exacerbated allergic inflammation in the airways upon intranasal immunization with house dust mite, confirming the ability of IL-9-producing iNKT cells to mediate proinflammatory effects in vivo, as previously reported. Taken together, our data show that peripheral iNKT cells retain the capacity of shaping their function in response to environmental cues, namely TGF-β and IL-4, adopting an IL-9-producing NKT cell phenotype able to mediate proinflammatory effects in vivo, namely granulocyte and mast cell recruitment to the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Monteiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Agua-Doce
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina F Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diogo Fonseca-Pereira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and
| | - Henrique Veiga-Fernandes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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Gottschalk C, Mettke E, Kurts C. The Role of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Dendritic Cell Licensing, Cross-Priming, and Memory CD8(+) T Cell Generation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:379. [PMID: 26284065 PMCID: PMC4517377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
New vaccination strategies focus on achieving CD8+ T cell (CTL) immunity rather than on induction of protective antibody responses. While the requirement of CD4+ T (Th) cell help in dendritic cell (DC) activation and licensing, and in CTL memory induction has been described in several disease models, CTL responses may occur in a Th cell help-independent manner. Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) can substitute for Th cell help and license DC as well. iNKT cells produce a broad spectrum of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, thereby inducing a similar set of costimulatory molecules and cytokines in DC. This form of licensing differs from Th cell help by inducing other chemokines, while Th cell-licensed DCs produce CCR5 ligands, iNKT cell-licensed DCs produce CCL17, which attracts CCR4+ CD8+ T cells for subsequent activation. It has recently been shown that iNKT cells do not only enhance immune responses against bacterial pathogens or parasites but also play a role in viral infections. The inclusion of iNKT cell ligands in influenza virus vaccines enhanced memory CTL generation and protective immunity in a mouse model. This review will focus on the role of iNKT cells in the cross-talk with cross-priming DC and memory CD8+ T cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gottschalk
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Elisabeth Mettke
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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Magalhaes I, Kiaf B, Lehuen A. iNKT and MAIT Cell Alterations in Diabetes. Front Immunol 2015; 6:341. [PMID: 26191063 PMCID: PMC4489333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are multifactorial diseases with different etiologies in which chronic inflammation takes place. Defects in invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell populations have been reported in both T1D and T2D patients, mouse models and our recent study revealed mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell defects in T2D and obese patients. Regarding iNKT cells many studies in non-obese diabetic mice demonstrated their protective role against T1D whereas their potential role in human T1D is still under debate. Studies in mouse models and patients suggest that iNKT cells present in adipose tissue (AT) could exert a regulatory role against obesity and associated metabolic disorders, such as T2D. Scarce data are yet available on MAIT cells; however, we recently described MAIT cell abnormalities in the blood and ATs from obese and T2D patients. These data show that a link between MAIT cells and metabolic disorders pave the way for further investigations on MAIT cells in T1D and T2D in humans and mouse models. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the gut microbiota alterations associated with T1D and T2D could modulate iNKT and MAIT cell frequency and functions. The potential role of iNKT and MAIT cells in the regulation of metabolic pathways and their cross-talk with microbiota represent exciting new lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Magalhaes
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin , Paris , France ; UMR8104, CNRS , Paris , France ; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Badr Kiaf
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin , Paris , France ; UMR8104, CNRS , Paris , France ; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin , Paris , France ; UMR8104, CNRS , Paris , France ; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France ; Département de Diabétologie, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
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Van Kaer L, Wu L, Parekh VV. Natural killer T cells in multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunology 2015; 146:1-10. [PMID: 26032048 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes demyelination of neurons in the central nervous system. Traditional therapies for MS have involved anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs with significant side effects that often only provide short-term relief. A more desirable outcome of immunotherapy would be to protect against disease before its clinical manifestation or to halt disease after its initiation. One attractive approach to accomplish this goal would be to restore tolerance by targeting immunoregulatory cell networks. Although much of the work in this area has focused on CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, other studies have investigated natural killer T (NKT) cells, a subset of T cells that recognizes glycolipid antigens in the context of the CD1d glycoprotein. Studies with human MS patients have revealed alterations in the numbers and functions of NKT cells, which have been partially supported by studies with the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of MS. Additional studies have shown that activation of NKT cells with synthetic lipid antigens can, at least under certain experimental conditions, protect mice against the development of MS-like disease. Although mechanisms of this protection remain to be fully investigated, current evidence suggests that it involves interactions with other immunoregulatory cell types such as regulatory T cells and immunosuppressive myeloid cells. These studies have provided a strong foundation for the rational design of NKT-cell-based immunotherapies for MS that induce tolerance while sparing overall immune function. Nevertheless, additional pre-clinical and clinical studies will be required to bring this goal to fruition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vrajesh V Parekh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Verma S, Verma RK, Sahoo D, Srivastava SK. Reverse-phase HPLC method for the quantification of two antihyperglycemic glycolipids in Oplismenus burmannii. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1675-81. [PMID: 25891218 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipids and sphingolipids are well known for their diverse biological activities like anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antistress, anti-HIV, hepatoprotective and antimicrobial. The present study deals with the activity-guided isolation and characterization of two antihyperglycemic glycolipids, (2S)-1,2-di-O-octadecanoyl-3-O-[α-d-galctopyranosyl-(1'' → 6')-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl] glycerol (1) and 1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3S,4R,8E)-2-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-tetracosanoylamino]-2,3,4-octadecanetriol-8-ene (2) from Oplismenus burmannii and the development of a simple and validated reverse-phase HPLC analytical method for their quantification in the methanolic extracts of O. burmannii. The marker compounds 1 and 2 were isolated from the methanolic extract of O. burmannii and characterized on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Their antihyperglycemic potential was evaluated by determining their glucose uptake-stimulating potential in L6-GLUT4myc myotube cells. Finally, these analytes were separated on a Waters Spherisorb ODS 2 column with a binary gradient of methanol and water at a constant flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and detected using a photodiode array detector at 230 nm. The calibration curve was linear (r(2) > 0.999) over 1.2 orders of magnitude with acceptable accuracy, reproducibility and recovery (98.16-100.50%). The limits of detection and quantification for 1 and 2 were 1.36, 4.11 and 1.11, 3.35 µg/mL respectively. The method is simple, accurate, precise and selective and may be routinely used for the quality control analysis of whole plant extract of O. burmannii for these two glycolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surjeet Verma
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226 015, India
| | - Ram Kishor Verma
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226 015, India
| | - Dibyaranjan Sahoo
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226 015, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Srivastava
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226 015, India
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47
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Tsaih SW, Presa M, Khaja S, Ciecko AE, Serreze DV, Chen YG. A locus on mouse chromosome 13 inversely regulates CD1d expression and the development of invariant natural killer T-cells. Genes Immun 2015; 16:221-30. [PMID: 25654212 PMCID: PMC4409484 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT)-cell development is controlled by many polymorphic genes present in commonly used mouse inbred strains. Development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in NOD mice partly results from their production of fewer iNKT-cells compared to non-autoimmune prone control strains including ICR. We previously identified several iNKT-cell quantitative trait genetic loci co-localized with known mouse and human T1D regions in a (NOD × ICR)F2 cross. To further dissect the mechanisms underlying the impaired iNKT-cell compartment in NOD mice, we carried out a series of bone marrow transplantation as well as additional genetic mapping studies. We found that impaired iNKT-cell development in NOD mice was mainly due to the inability of their double-positive (DP) thymocytes to efficiently select this T-cell population. Interestingly, we observed higher levels of CD1d expression by NOD than ICR DP thymocytes. The genetic control of the inverse relationship between the CD1d expression level on DP thymocytes and the frequency of thymic iNKT-cells was further mapped to a region on Chromosome 13 between 60.12 Mb and 70.59 Mb. The NOD allele was found to promote CD1d expression and suppress iNKT-cell development. Our results indicate that genetically controlled physiological variation of CD1d expression levels modulates iNKT-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-W Tsaih
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M Presa
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - S Khaja
- 1] Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - A E Ciecko
- 1] Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Y-G Chen
- 1] Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Kim EY, Lynch L, Brennan PJ, Cohen NR, Brenner MB. The transcriptional programs of iNKT cells. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:26-32. [PMID: 25841627 PMCID: PMC6322908 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate T cells that express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) and recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d molecules. As part of innate immunity, iNKT cells rapidly produce large amounts of cytokines after activation and regulate the function of innate and adaptive immune cells in antimicrobial immunity, tumor rejection and inflammatory diseases. Global transcriptional profiling has advanced our understanding of all aspects of iNKT cell biology. In this review, we discuss transcriptional analyses of iNKT cell development, functional subsets of iNKT cells, and global comparisons of iNKT cells to other innate and adaptive immune cells. Global transcriptional analysis revealed that iNKT cells have a transcriptional profile distinct from NK cells and MHC-restricted T cells, both during thymic development and in the periphery. The transcription factors EGR2 and PLZF (and microRNA like miR-150) are key regulators of the iNKT cell transcriptome during development. PLZF is one of several factors that control the homing and maintenance of organ-specific iNKT cell populations. As in MHC-restricted T cells, specific transcription factors are characteristic of functional subsets of iNKT cells, such as the transcription factor T-bet in the NKT1 subset. Exciting future directions for global transcriptional analyses include iNKT cells in disease models, diverse NKT cells and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edy Y Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 15 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building, 5th Floor, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building, 5th Floor, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Patrick J Brennan
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building, 5th Floor, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Nadia R Cohen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, 5(th) floor, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building, 5th Floor, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Tyler CJ, Doherty DG, Moser B, Eberl M. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells: Innate adaptors of the immune system. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:10-21. [PMID: 25659480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional T cells are gaining center stage as important effector and regulatory cells that orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are amongst the best understood unconventional T cells, as they are easily accessible in peripheral blood, can readily be expanded and manipulated in vitro, respond to microbial infections in vivo and can be exploited for novel tumor immunotherapies. We here review findings that suggest that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, and possibly other unconventional human T cells, play an important role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity by promoting the activation and differentiation of various types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and even turning into APCs themselves, and thereby pave the way for antigen-specific effector responses and long-term immunological memory. Although the direct physiological relevance for most of these mechanisms still needs to be demonstrated in vivo, these findings may have implications for novel therapies, diagnostic tests and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Tyler
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Zhang H, Zhang F, Zhu Z, Luong D, Meadows GG. Chronic alcohol consumption enhances iNKT cell maturation and activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 282:139-50. [PMID: 25499027 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption exhibits diverse effects on different types of immune cells. NKT cells are a unique T cell population and play important immunoregulatory roles in different types of immune responses. The effects of chronic alcohol consumption on NKT cells remain to be elucidated. Using a mouse model of chronic alcohol consumption, we found that alcohol increases the percentage of NKT cells, especially iNKT cells in the thymus and liver, but not in the spleen or blood. Alcohol consumption decreases the percentage of NK1.1(-) iNKT cells in the total iNKT cell population in all of the tissues and organs examined. In the thymus, alcohol consumption increases the number of NK1.1(+)CD44(hi) mature iNKT cells but does not alter the number of NK1.1(-) immature iNKT cells. A BrdU incorporation assay shows that alcohol consumption increases the proliferation of thymic NK1.1(-) iNKT cells, especially the NK1.1(-)CD44(lo) Stage I iNKT cells. The percentage of NKG2A(+) iNKT cells increases in all of the tissues and organs examined; whereas CXCR3(+) iNKT cells only increases in the thymus of alcohol-consuming mice. Chronic alcohol consumption increases the percentage of IFN-γ-producing iNKT cells and increases the blood concentration of IFN-γ and IL-12 after in vivo α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) stimulation. Consistent with the increased cytokine production, the in vivo activation of iNKT cells also enhances the activation of dendritic cells (DC) and NK, B, and T cells in the alcohol-consuming mice. Taken together the data indicate that chronic alcohol consumption enhances iNKT cell maturation and activation, which favors the Th1 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA.
| | - Faya Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA
| | - Dung Luong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA
| | - Gary G Meadows
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA
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