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Limbu S, McCloskey KE. An Endothelial Cell Is Not Simply an Endothelial Cell. Stem Cells Dev 2024. [PMID: 39030822 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2024.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are a multifaceted component of the vascular system with roles in immunity, maintaining tissue fluid balance, and vascular tone. Dysregulation or dysfunction of ECs can have far-reaching implications, leading pathologies ranging from cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, ischemia, chronic kidney disease, blood-brain barrier integrity, dementia, and tumor metastasis. Recent advancements in regenerative medicine have highlighted the potential of stem cell-derived ECs, particularly from induced pluripotent stem cells, to treat ischemic tissues, as well as models of vascular integrity. This review summarizes what is known in the generation of ECs with an emphasis on tissue-specific ECs and EC subphenotypes important in the development of targeted cell-based therapies for patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwani Limbu
- Quantitative and System Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Kara E McCloskey
- Quantitative and System Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California, Merced, USA
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2
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Noori H, Majidpour M, Sabeti Akbar-Abad M, Saravani R. Association of polymorphisms within P2RX4 with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a preliminary case-control study. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38954847 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2024.2373300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex heterogenic metabolic with a wide range of etiology. Purinergic receptors have pivotal roles in different processes and are hypothesized to have roles in the pathogenesis of T2DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three hundred subjects affected by T2DM and 300 healthy subjects were genotyped by amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). SPSS V16.0 was recruited for statistical analysis. RESULTS The findings showed that the G allele of rs25644A > G increases the risk of T2DM in our population statistically (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.14-1.99, p = 0.003). This allele in some genotype models, including the dominant model, caused an increase in the risk of T2DM. The interaction of genotypes between studied variants in the P2XR4 gene increased the risk of T2DM. Haplotype analysis showed that Ars1169727/Grs25644 haplotype caused an increase in the risk of T2DM. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that rs25644A > G plays a role in our population's increased risk of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Noori
- Department of Biology, Payame Noor University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Majidpour
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Sabeti Akbar-Abad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ramin Saravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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3
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Sierra-Marquez J, Schaller L, Sassenbach L, Ramírez-Fernández A, Alt P, Rissiek B, Zimmer B, Schredelseker J, Hector J, Stähler T, Koch-Nolte F, Staab-Weijnitz CA, Dietrich A, Kopp R, Nicke A. Different localization of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors in native mouse lung - lack of evidence for a direct P2X4-P2X7 receptor interaction. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1425938. [PMID: 38953020 PMCID: PMC11215518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1425938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction P2X receptors are a family of homo- and heterotrimeric cation channels gated by extracellular ATP. The P2X4 and P2X7 subunits show overlapping expression patterns and have been involved in similar physiological processes, such as pain and inflammation as well as various immune cell functions. While formation of P2X2/P2X3 heterotrimers produces a distinct pharmacological phenotype and has been well established, functional identification of a P2X4/P2X7 heteromer has been difficult and evidence for and against a physical association has been found. Most of this evidence stems, however, from in vitro model systems. Methods Here, we used a P2X7-EGFP BAC transgenic mouse model as well as P2X4 and P2X7 knock-out mice to re-investigate a P2X4-P2X7 interaction in mouse lung by biochemical and immunohistochemical experiments as well as quantitative expression analysis. Results No detectable amounts of P2X4 could be co-purified from mouse lung via P2X7-EGFP. In agreement with these findings, immuno-histochemical analysis using a P2X7-specific nanobody revealed only limited overlap in the cellular and subcellular localizations of P2X4 and P2X7 in both the native lung tissue and primary cells. Comparison of P2X4 and P2X7 transcript and protein levels in the respective gene-deficient and wild type mice showed no mutual interrelation between their expression levels in whole lungs. However, a significantly reduced P2rx7 expression was found in alveolar macrophages of P2rx4 -/- mice. Discussion In summary, our detailed analysis of the cellular and subcellular P2X4 and P2X7 localization and expression does not support a physiologically relevant direct association of P2X4 and P2X7 subunits or receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sierra-Marquez
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Schaller
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Sassenbach
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Ramírez-Fernández
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Alt
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Béla Zimmer
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johann Schredelseker
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Hector
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Stähler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia A. Staab-Weijnitz
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Alexander Dietrich
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robin Kopp
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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4
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Fortuny-Gomez A, Fountain SJ. Pharmacological differences between human and mouse P2X4 receptor explored using old and new tools. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10018-x. [PMID: 38767821 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the P2X4 receptor as a therapeutic target for several cardiovascular, inflammatory and neurological conditions. Key to exploring the physiological and pathophysiological roles of P2X4 is access to selective compounds to probe function in cells, tissues and animal models. There has been a recent growth in selective antagonists for P2X4, though agonist selectivity is less well studied. As there are some known pharmacological differences between P2X receptors from different species, it is important to understand these differences when designing a pharmacological strategy to probe P2X4 function in human tissue and mouse models. Here, we provide a systematic comparison of agonist and antagonist pharmacology in 1321N1 cells expressing either human or mouse P2X4 orthologues. We identify a rank order of agonist potency of ATP > 2-MeSATP > αβmeATP = BzATP > CTP = γ-[(propargyl)-imido]-ATP for human P2X4 and ATP > 2-MeSATP = CTP > ATPγS = γ-[(propargyl)-imido]-ATP = BzATP for mouse. Human P2X4 is not activated by ATPγS but can be activated by αβmeATP. We identify a rank order of antagonist potency of BAY-1797 = PSB-12062 = BX-430 > 5-BDBD > TNP-ATP = PPADS for human P2X4 and BAY-1797 > PSB-12062 = PPADS > TNP-ATP for mouse. Mouse P2X4 is not antagonised by 5-BDBD or BX-430. The study reveals key pharmacological differences between human and mouse P2X4, highlighting caution when selecting tools for comparative studies between human and mouse and ascribing cellular responses of some commonly used agonists to P2X4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fortuny-Gomez
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Samuel J Fountain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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Alveal M, Méndez A, García A, Henríquez M. Purinergic regulation of pulmonary vascular tone. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10010-5. [PMID: 38713328 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is a crucial determinant in the regulation of pulmonary vascular physiology and presents a promising avenue for addressing lung diseases. This intricate signaling system encompasses two primary receptor classes: P1 and P2 receptors. P1 receptors selectively bind adenosine, while P2 receptors exhibit an affinity for ATP, ADP, UTP, and UDP. Functionally, P1 receptors are associated with vasodilation, while P2 receptors mediate vasoconstriction, particularly in basally relaxed vessels, through modulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels. The P2X subtype receptors facilitate extracellular Ca2+ influx, while the P2Y subtype receptors are linked to endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release. Notably, the primary receptor responsible for ATP-induced vasoconstriction is P2X1, with α,β-meATP and UDP being identified as potent vasoconstrictor agonists. Interestingly, ATP has been shown to induce endothelium-dependent vasodilation in pre-constricted vessels, associated with nitric oxide (NO) release. In the context of P1 receptors, adenosine stimulation of pulmonary vessels has been unequivocally demonstrated to induce vasodilation, with a clear dependency on the A2B receptor, as evidenced in studies involving guinea pigs and rats. Importantly, evidence strongly suggests that this vasodilation occurs independently of endothelium-mediated mechanisms. Furthermore, studies have revealed variations in the expression of purinergic receptors across different vessel sizes, with reports indicating notably higher expression of P2Y1, P2Y2, and P2Y4 receptors in small pulmonary arteries. While the existing evidence in this area is still emerging, it underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive examination of the specific characteristics of purinergic signaling in the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone, particularly focusing on the disparities observed across different intrapulmonary vessel sizes. Consequently, this review aims to meticulously explore the current evidence regarding the role of purinergic signaling in pulmonary vascular tone regulation, with a specific emphasis on the variations observed in intrapulmonary vessel sizes. This endeavor is critical, as purinergic signaling holds substantial promise in the modulation of vascular tone and in the proactive prevention and treatment of pulmonary vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Alveal
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, 7500975, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Méndez
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, 7500975, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Campus Providencia, Sede Santiago, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aline García
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, 7500975, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias,, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mauricio Henríquez
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, 7500975, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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6
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Martínez-Calvo A, Biviano MD, Christensen AH, Katifori E, Jensen KH, Ruiz-García M. The fluidic memristor as a collective phenomenon in elastohydrodynamic networks. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3121. [PMID: 38600060 PMCID: PMC11006656 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluid flow networks are ubiquitous and can be found in a broad range of contexts, from human-made systems such as water supply networks to living systems like animal and plant vasculature. In many cases, the elements forming these networks exhibit a highly non-linear pressure-flow relationship. Although we understand how these elements work individually, their collective behavior remains poorly understood. In this work, we combine experiments, theory, and numerical simulations to understand the main mechanisms underlying the collective behavior of soft flow networks with elements that exhibit negative differential resistance. Strikingly, our theoretical analysis and experiments reveal that a minimal network of nonlinear resistors, which we have termed a 'fluidic memristor', displays history-dependent resistance. This new class of element can be understood as a collection of hysteresis loops that allows this fluidic system to store information, and it can be directly used as a tunable resistor in fluidic setups. Our results provide insights that can inform other applications of fluid flow networks in soft materials science, biomedical settings, and soft robotics, and may also motivate new understanding of the flow networks involved in animal and plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martínez-Calvo
- Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew D Biviano
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Eleni Katifori
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Miguel Ruiz-García
- Departamento de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica, Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- GISC - Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Mathematics, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911, Leganés, Spain.
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7
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Bao H, Zhang Y, Xin H, Gao Y, Hou Y, Yue G, Wang N, Wang Y, Li C, Liu F, Zhao Y, Kong L. The Construction of Three-Layered Biomimetic Arterial Graft Balances Biomechanics and Biocompatibility for Dynamic Biological Reconstruction. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7609-7620. [PMID: 38405546 PMCID: PMC10882685 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The process of reconstructing an arterial graft is a complex and dynamic process that is subject to the influence of various mechanical factors, including tissue regeneration and blood pressure. The attainment of favorable remodeling outcomes is contingent upon the biocompatibility and biomechanical properties of the arterial graft. A promising strategy involves the emulation of the three-layer structure of the native artery, wherein the inner layer is composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers aligned with blood flow, exhibiting excellent biocompatibility that fosters endothelial cell growth and effectively prevents platelet adhesion. The middle layer, consisting of PCL and polyurethane (PU), offers mechanical support and stability by forming a contractile smooth muscle ring and antiexpansion PU network. The outer layer, composed of PCL fibers with an irregular arrangement, promotes the growth of nerves and pericytes for long-term vascular function. Prioritizing the reconstruction of the inner and outer layers establishes a stable environment for intermediate smooth muscle growth. Our three-layer arterial graft is designed to provide the blood vessel with mechanical support and stability through nondegradable PU, while the incorporation of degradable PCL generates potential spaces for tissue ingrowth, thereby transforming our graft into a living implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - He Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ye Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Guichu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nü Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yaqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chun Li
- Shandong Nafeibo Technology Development Co., Ltd, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Fuwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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8
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Kulovic-Sissawo A, Tocantins C, Diniz MS, Weiss E, Steiner A, Tokic S, Madreiter-Sokolowski CT, Pereira SP, Hiden U. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Unraveling Insights from Vascular Endothelial Cells. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:70. [PMID: 38392289 PMCID: PMC10886154 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is associated with several lifestyle-related diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and it contributes significantly to the global health burden. Recent research indicates a link between cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial impairment, and endothelial dysfunction. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are recruited into the vessel wall to maintain appropriate endothelial function, repair, and angiogenesis. After attachment, EPCs differentiate into mature endothelial cells (ECs). Like ECs, EPCs are also susceptible to CVRFs, including metabolic dysfunction and chronic inflammation. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction of EPCs may have long-term effects on the function of the mature ECs into which EPCs differentiate, particularly in the presence of endothelial damage. However, a link between CVRFs and impaired mitochondrial function in EPCs has hardly been investigated. In this review, we aim to consolidate existing knowledge on the development of mitochondrial and endothelial dysfunction in the vascular endothelium, place it in the context of recent studies investigating the consequences of CVRFs on EPCs, and discuss the role of mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, we aim to gain a comprehensive understanding of mechanisms involved in EPC deterioration in relation to CVRFs and address potential therapeutic interventions targeting mitochondrial health to promote endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Kulovic-Sissawo
- Perinatal Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit Early Life Determinants (ELiD), Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Carolina Tocantins
- Perinatal Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit Early Life Determinants (ELiD), Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
- CNC-UC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana S Diniz
- Perinatal Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit Early Life Determinants (ELiD), Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
- CNC-UC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisa Weiss
- Perinatal Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit Early Life Determinants (ELiD), Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Steiner
- Perinatal Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit Early Life Determinants (ELiD), Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvija Tokic
- Research Unit of Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Cell Biology and Biochemistry of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Corina T Madreiter-Sokolowski
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Susana P Pereira
- CNC-UC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ursula Hiden
- Perinatal Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit Early Life Determinants (ELiD), Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
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9
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Simões JLB, Braga GDC, Mittelmann TH, Bagatini MD. Current Pharmacology and Modulation of the Purinergic System in Takotsubo Syndrome Triggered by Cytokine Storm. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102019. [PMID: 37544631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies show that with the COVID-19 pandemic, the world's population went through multiple stress and anxiety factors, generating serious psychological problems, in addition, the virus also caused damage and physical stress to those contaminated. In this way, the intense emotional experiences and stressful effects on the body caused by SARS-CoV-2 are capable of triggering the excessive release of catecholamines in the body. Thus, the framework of Takotsubo Syndrome is characterized by myocardial dysfunction as a response of cardiac receptors to the spillage of such hormones in an unregulated way in the human body. The purinergic system plays a central role in this process, as it actively participates in actions responsible for the syndromic cascade, such as the stress generated by the cytokine storm triggered by the virus and the stimulation of deregulated catecholamine release. Therefore, further pharmacological studies on the role of purines in this pathology should be developed in order to avoid the evolution of the syndrome and to modulate its P1 and P2 receptors aiming at developing means of reversing or treating the Takotsubo Syndrome.
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10
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Yamamoto K, Shimogonya Y, Maeno R, Kawabe K, Ando J. Endothelial cells differentially sense laminar and disturbed flows by altering the lipid order of their plasma and mitochondrial membranes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1532-C1544. [PMID: 37927239 PMCID: PMC10861177 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00393.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) experience two different blood flow patterns: laminar and disturbed flow. Their responses to laminar flow contribute to vascular homeostasis, whereas their responses to disturbed flow result in EC dysfunction and vascular diseases. However, it remains unclear how ECs differentially sense laminar and disturbed flow and trigger signaling that elicits different responses. Here, we showed that ECs differentially sense laminar and disturbed flows by altering the lipid order of their plasma and mitochondrial membranes in opposite directions. This results in distinct changes in mitochondrial function, namely, increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production for laminar flow and increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) release for disturbed flow, leading to ATP- and H2O2-mediated signaling, respectively. When cultured human aortic ECs were subjected to laminar or disturbed flow in flow-loading devices, the lipid order of their plasma membranes immediately decreased in response to laminar flow and increased in response to disturbed flow. Laminar flow also decreased the lipid order of mitochondrial membranes and increased mitochondrial ATP production. In contrast, disturbed flow increased the lipid order of mitochondrial membranes and increased the release of H2O2 from the mitochondria. The addition of cholesterol to the cells increased the lipid order of both membranes and abrogated laminar flow-induced ATP production, while treatment of the cells with a cholesterol-depleting reagent, methyl-β cyclodextrin, decreased the lipid order of both membranes and abolished disturbed flow-induced H2O2 release, indicating that changes in the membrane lipid order and/or cholesterol content are closely linked to flow-induced changes in mitochondrial functions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY How vascular endothelial cells (ECs) differentially sense laminar and disturbed flows and trigger intracellular signaling remains unclear. Here, we show that EC plasma membranes act as mechanosensors to discriminate between laminar and disturbed flows by undergoing opposite changes in their lipid order. Similar lipid order changes occur simultaneously in the mitochondrial membranes, which are linked to changes in mitochondrial function, that is, increased ATP production for laminar flow and increased H2O2 release for disturbed flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimogonya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Ryohei Maeno
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenshiroh Kawabe
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joji Ando
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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11
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Biringer RG. Migraine signaling pathways: purine metabolites that regulate migraine and predispose migraineurs to headache. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2813-2848. [PMID: 36947357 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a debilitating disorder that afflicts over 1 billion people worldwide, involving attacks that result in a throbbing and pulsating headache. Migraine is thought to be a neurovascular event associated with vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and neuronal activation. Understanding signaling in migraine pathology is central to the development of therapeutics for migraine prophylaxis and for mitigation of migraine in the prodrome phase before pain sets in. The fact that both vasoactivity and neural sensitization are involved in migraine indicates that agonists which promote these phenomena may very well be involved in migraine pathology. One such group of agonists is the purines, in particular, adenosine phosphates and their metabolites. This manuscript explores what is known about the relationship between these metabolites and migraine pathology and explores the potential for such relationships through their known signaling pathways. Reported receptor involvement in vasoaction and nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gregory Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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12
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Favre J, Roy C, Guihot AL, Drouin A, Laprise M, Gillis MA, Robson SC, Thorin E, Sévigny J, Henrion D, Kauffenstein G. NTPDase1/CD39 Ectonucleotidase Is Necessary for Normal Arterial Diameter Adaptation to Flow. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15038. [PMID: 37894719 PMCID: PMC10606763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
NTPDase1/CD39, the major vascular ectonucleotidase, exerts thrombo-immunoregulatory function by controlling endothelial P2 receptor activation. Despite the well-described release of ATP from endothelial cells, few data are available regarding the potential role of CD39 as a regulator of arterial diameter. We thus investigated the contribution of CD39 in short-term diameter adaptation and long-term arterial remodeling in response to flow using Entpd1-/- male mice. Compared to wild-type littermates, endothelial-dependent relaxation was modified in Entpd1-/- mice. Specifically, the vasorelaxation in response to ATP was potentiated in both conductance (aorta) and small resistance (mesenteric and coronary) arteries. By contrast, the relaxing responses to acetylcholine were supra-normalized in thoracic aortas while decreased in resistance arteries from Entpd1-/- mice. Acute flow-mediated dilation, measured via pressure myography, was dramatically diminished and outward remodeling induced by in vivo chronic increased shear stress was altered in the mesenteric resistance arteries isolated from Entpd1-/- mice compared to wild-types. Finally, changes in vascular reactivity in Entpd1-/- mice were also evidenced by a decrease in the coronary output measured in isolated perfused hearts compared to the wild-type mice. Our results highlight a key regulatory role for purinergic signaling and CD39 in endothelium-dependent short- and long-term arterial diameter adaptation to increased flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Favre
- MITOVASC Institute, CARFI Facility, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, 49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Charlotte Roy
- MITOVASC Institute, CARFI Facility, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, 49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- MITOVASC Institute, CARFI Facility, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, 49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Annick Drouin
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Manon Laprise
- Animal Physiology Service, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada;
| | - Marc-Antoine Gillis
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eric Thorin
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et D’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Institute, CARFI Facility, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, 49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Gilles Kauffenstein
- MITOVASC Institute, CARFI Facility, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, 49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (D.H.)
- INSERM UMR 1260—Regenerative Nanomedicine, CRBS, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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13
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Del Carmen Gonzalez-Montelongo M, Meades JL, Fortuny-Gomez A, Fountain SJ. Neuropeptide Y: Direct vasoconstrictor and facilitatory effects on P2X1 receptor-dependent vasoconstriction in human small abdominal arteries. Vascul Pharmacol 2023; 151:107192. [PMID: 37419269 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2023.107192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is co-released with norepinephrine and ATP by sympathetic nerves innervating arteries. Circulating NPY is elevated during exercise and cardiovascular disease, though information regarding the vasomotor function of NPY in human blood vessels is limited. Wire myography revealed NPY directly stimulated vasoconstriction (EC50 10.3 ± 0.4 nM; N = 5) in human small abdominal arteries. Maximum vasoconstriction was antagonised by both BIBO03304 (60.7 ± 6%; N = 6) and BIIE0246 (54.6 ± 5%; N = 6), suggesting contributions of both Y1 and Y2 receptor activation, respectively. Y1 and Y2 receptor expression in arterial smooth muscle cells was confirmed by immunocytochemistry, and western blotting of artery lysates. α,β-meATP evoked vasoconstrictions (EC50 282 ± 32 nM; N = 6) were abolished by suramin (IC50 825 ± 45 nM; N = 5) and NF449 (IC50 24 ± 5 nM; N = 5), suggesting P2X1 mediates vasoconstriction in these arteries. P2X1, P2X4 and P2X7 were detectable by RT-PCR. Significant facilitation (1.6-fold) of α,β-meATP-evoked vasoconstrictions was observed when submaximal NPY (10 nM) was applied between α,β-meATP applications. Facilitation was antagonised by either BIBO03304 or BIIE0246. These data reveal NPY causes direct vasoconstriction in human arteries which is dependent upon both Y1 and Y2 receptor activation. NPY also acts as a modulator, facilitating P2X1-dependent vasoconstriction. Though in contrast to the direct vasoconstrictor effects of NPY, there is redundancy between Y1 and Y2 receptor activation to achieve the facilitatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Lauren Meades
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Anna Fortuny-Gomez
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Samuel J Fountain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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14
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Papavassiliou KA, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. The emerging promise of tumour mechanobiology in cancer treatment. Eur J Cancer 2023; 190:112938. [PMID: 37390803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.112938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumour cell biomechanics has lately came to the fore as a disparate feature that fosters cancer development and progression. Tumour mechanosensing entails a mechanical interplay amongst tumour cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells of the tumour microenvironment (TME). Sensory receptors (mechanoceptors) detect changes of extracellular mechanical inputs such as various types of mechanical forces/stress and trigger oncogenic signalling pathways advocating for cancer initiation, growth, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and immune evasion. Moreover, alterations in ECM stiffness and potentiation of mechanostimulated transcriptional regulatory molecules (transcription factors/cofactors) have been shown to strongly correlate with resistance to anticancer drugs. On this basis, new mechanosensitive proteins emerge as potential therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers in cancer. Accordingly, tumour mechanobiology arises as a promising field that can potentially provide novel combinatorial regimens to reverse drug resistance, as well as offer unprecedented targeting approaches that may help to more effectively treat a large proportion of solid tumours and their complications. Here, we highlight recent findings regarding various aspects of tumour mechanobiology in the clinical setting and discuss evidence-based perspectives of developing diagnostic/prognostic tools and therapeutic approaches that exploit tumour-TME physical associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas A Papavassiliou
- First University Department of Respiratory Medicine, 'Sotiria' Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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15
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Davis MJ, Earley S, Li YS, Chien S. Vascular mechanotransduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1247-1421. [PMID: 36603156 PMCID: PMC9942936 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00053.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to survey the current state of mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), including their sensing of mechanical stimuli and transduction of mechanical signals that result in the acute functional modulation and longer-term transcriptomic and epigenetic regulation of blood vessels. The mechanosensors discussed include ion channels, plasma membrane-associated structures and receptors, and junction proteins. The mechanosignaling pathways presented include the cytoskeleton, integrins, extracellular matrix, and intracellular signaling molecules. These are followed by discussions on mechanical regulation of transcriptome and epigenetics, relevance of mechanotransduction to health and disease, and interactions between VSMCs and ECs. Throughout this review, we offer suggestions for specific topics that require further understanding. In the closing section on conclusions and perspectives, we summarize what is known and point out the need to treat the vasculature as a system, including not only VSMCs and ECs but also the extracellular matrix and other types of cells such as resident macrophages and pericytes, so that we can fully understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the blood vessel as a whole, thus enhancing the comprehension, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Scott Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Yi-Shuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
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16
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Purinergic receptors mediate endothelial dysfunction and participate in atherosclerosis. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:265-272. [PMID: 34981330 PMCID: PMC9984579 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis of cardiovascular disease and involves damage to vascular endothelial cells (ECs) that results in endothelial dysfunction (ED). The vascular endothelium is the key to maintaining blood vessel health and homeostasis. ED is a complex pathological process involving inflammation, shear stress, vascular tone, adhesion of leukocytes to ECs, and platelet aggregation. The activation of P2X4, P2X7, and P2Y2 receptors regulates vascular tone in response to shear stress, while activation of the A2A, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y6, and P2Y12 receptors promotes the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, P2X1, P2Y1, and P2Y12 receptor activation regulates platelet activity. These purinergic receptors mediate ED and participate in atherosclerosis. In short, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y12 receptors are potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis.
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17
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Purinoceptor: a novel target for hypertension. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:185-197. [PMID: 35181831 PMCID: PMC9984596 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally among all cardiovascular diseases. Purinergic signalling plays a crucial role in hypertension through the sympathetic nerve system, neurons in the brain stem, carotid body, endothelium, immune system, renin-angiotensin system, sodium excretion, epithelial sodium channel activity (ENaC), and renal autoregulation. Under hypertension, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released as a cotransmitter from the sympathetic nerve. It mediates vascular tone mainly through P2X1R activation on smooth muscle cells and activation of P2X4R and P2YR on endothelial cells and also via interaction with other purinoceptors, showing dual effects. P2Y1R is linked to neurogenic hypertension. P2X7R and P2Y11R are potential targets for immune-related hypertension. P2X3R located on the carotid body is the most promising novel therapeutic target for hypertension. A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and P2X7R are all related to renal autoregulation, which contribute to both renal damage and hypertension. The main focus is on the evidence addressing the involvement of purinoceptors in hypertension and therapeutic interventions.
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18
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Sudi S, Thomas FM, Daud SK, Ag Daud DM, Sunggip C. The Pleiotropic Role of Extracellular ATP in Myocardial Remodelling. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052102. [PMID: 36903347 PMCID: PMC10004151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial remodelling is a molecular, cellular, and interstitial adaptation of the heart in response to altered environmental demands. The heart undergoes reversible physiological remodelling in response to changes in mechanical loading or irreversible pathological remodelling induced by neurohumoral factors and chronic stress, leading to heart failure. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the potent mediators in cardiovascular signalling that act on the ligand-gated (P2X) and G-protein-coupled (P2Y) purinoceptors via the autocrine or paracrine manners. These activations mediate numerous intracellular communications by modulating the production of other messengers, including calcium, growth factors, cytokines, and nitric oxide. ATP is known to play a pleiotropic role in cardiovascular pathophysiology, making it a reliable biomarker for cardiac protection. This review outlines the sources of ATP released under physiological and pathological stress and its cell-specific mechanism of action. We further highlight a series of cardiovascular cell-to-cell communications of extracellular ATP signalling cascades in cardiac remodelling, which can be seen in hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion injury, fibrosis, hypertrophy, and atrophy. Finally, we summarize current pharmacological intervention using the ATP network as a target for cardiac protection. A better understanding of ATP communication in myocardial remodelling could be worthwhile for future drug development and repurposing and the management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaini Sudi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Fiona Macniesia Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Siti Kadzirah Daud
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Dayang Maryama Ag Daud
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Health through Exercise and Active Living (HEAL) Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Caroline Sunggip
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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19
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Pasqualetto G, Zuanon M, Brancale A, Young MT. Identification of the molecular determinants of antagonist potency in the allosteric binding pocket of human P2X4. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1101023. [PMID: 36843952 PMCID: PMC9947563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are a family of ATP-gated cation channels comprising seven subtypes in mammals, which play key roles in nerve transmission, pain sensation and inflammation. The P2X4 receptor in particular has attracted significant interest from pharmaceutical companies due to its physiological roles in neuropathic pain and modulation of vascular tone. A number of potent small-molecule P2X4 receptor antagonists have been developed, including the allosteric P2X4 receptor antagonist BX430, which is approximately 30-fold more potent at human P2X4 compared with the rat isoform. A single amino-acid difference between human and rat P2X4 (I312T), located in an allosteric pocket, has previously been identified as critical for BX430 sensitivity, implying that BX430 binds in this pocket. Using a combination of mutagenesis, functional assay in mammalian cells and in silico docking we confirmed these findings. Induced-fit docking, permitting the sidechains of the amino-acids of P2X4 to move, showed that BX430 could access a deeper portion of the allosteric pocket, and that the sidechain of Lys-298 was important for shaping the cavity. We then performed blind docking of 12 additional P2X4 antagonists into the receptor extracellular domain, finding that many of these compounds favored the same pocket as BX430 from their calculated binding energies. Induced-fit docking of these compounds in the allosteric pocket enabled us to show that antagonists with high potency (IC50 ≤ 100 nM) bind deep in the allosteric pocket, disrupting a network of interacting amino acids including Asp-85, Ala-87, Asp-88, and Ala-297, which are vital for transmitting the conformational change following ATP binding to channel gating. Our work confirms the importance of Ile-312 for BX430 sensitivity, demonstrates that the allosteric pocket where BX430 binds is a plausible binding pocket for a series of P2X4 antagonists, and suggests a mode of action for these allosteric antagonists involving disruption of a key structural motif required for the conformational change induced in P2X4 when ATP binds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pasqualetto
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marika Zuanon
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Department of Organic Chemistry, Vysoká škola chemicko-technologická v Praze, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mark T. Young
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Mark T. Young,
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20
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Characterisation of P2Y receptor subtypes mediating vasodilation and vasoconstriction of rat pulmonary artery using selective antagonists. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:515-528. [PMID: 36018534 PMCID: PMC9832182 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular tone is modulated by nucleotides, but which P2 receptors mediate these actions is largely unclear. The aim of this study, therefore, was to use subtype-selective antagonists to determine the roles of individual P2Y receptor subtypes in nucleotide-evoked pulmonary vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Isometric tension was recorded from rat intrapulmonary artery rings (i.d. 200-500 µm) mounted on a wire myograph. Nucleotides evoked concentration- and endothelium-dependent vasodilation of precontracted tissues, but the concentration-response curves were shallow and did not reach a plateau. The selective P2Y2 antagonist, AR-C118925XX, inhibited uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP)- but not adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-evoked relaxation, whereas the P2Y6 receptor antagonist, MRS2578, had no effect on UTP but inhibited relaxation elicited by uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP). ATP-evoked relaxations were unaffected by the P2Y1 receptor antagonist, MRS2179, which substantially inhibited responses to adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), and by the P2Y12/13 receptor antagonist, cangrelor, which potentiated responses to ADP. Both agonists were unaffected by CGS1593, an adenosine receptor antagonist. Finally, AR-C118925XX had no effect on vasoconstriction elicited by UTP or ATP at resting tone, although P2Y2 receptor mRNA was extracted from endothelium-denuded tissues using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with specific oligonucleotide primers. In conclusion, UTP elicits pulmonary vasodilation via P2Y2 receptors, whereas UDP acts at P2Y6 and ADP at P2Y1 receptors, respectively. How ATP induces vasodilation is unclear, but it does not involve P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y12, P2Y13, or adenosine receptors. UTP- and ATP-evoked vasoconstriction was not mediated by P2Y2 receptors. Thus, this study advances our understanding of how nucleotides modulate pulmonary vascular tone.
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21
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P2X4 receptor stimulation enhances MrgprB2-mediated mast cell activation and pseudoallergic reactions in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18613. [PMID: 36329102 PMCID: PMC9633816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoallergies caused by drugs make disease treatment difficult. Mas-relate G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2), which is specifically expressed in mast cells (MCs), has been implicated in pseudoallergies. High concentrations of therapeutic agents are typically required to stimulate MRGPRX2. Although regulatory mechanisms may enhance this response, the factors involved in this regulation are not well-understood. In this study, the effects of extracellular ATP on MC activation induced by MrgprB2, the mouse ortholog of human MRGPRX2, were examined in mouse peritoneal MCs (PMCs). ATP alone induced minimal PMC degranulation but markedly enhanced degranulation induced by the MrgprB2 agonist compound 48/80 (CP48/80), substance P, PAMP-12, and vancomycin. ATP promoted CP48/80-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ in PMCs. This enhancement effect of ATP was absent in PMCs prepared from P2X4 receptor (P2X4R)-deficient mice and inhibited by the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. In addition, P2X4R deficiency reduced the skin-specific and systemic anaphylactic responses to CP48/80 in vivo. In MC-deficient KitW-sh/W-sh mice, reconstitution with MCs obtained from wild-type mice led to a more severe anaphylactic response to CP48/80 compared to that from P2X4R-deficient mice. P2X4R-mediated effect may be involved in MrgprB2-mediated MC activation in vivo and is a potential target for alleviating pseudoallergic reactions.
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22
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Wang J, Han Y, Li Y, Zhang F, Cai M, Zhang X, Chen J, Ji C, Ma J, Xu F. Targeting Tumor Physical Microenvironment for Improved Radiotherapy. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200570. [PMID: 36116123 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy has led to important clinical advances; existing cancer radiotherapy resistance is one remaining major challenge. Recently, biophysical cues in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have been regarded as the new hallmarks of cancer, playing pivotal roles in various cancer behaviors and treatment responses, including radiotherapy resistance. With recent advances in micro/nanotechnologies and functional biomaterials, radiotherapy exerts great influence on biophysical cues in TME, which, in turn, significantly affect the response to radiotherapy. Besides, various strategies have emerged that target biophysical cues in TME, to potentially enhance radiotherapy efficacy. Therefore, this paper reviews the four biophysical cues (i.e., extracellular matrix (ECM) microarchitecture, ECM stiffness, interstitial fluid pressure, and solid stress) that may play important roles in radiotherapy resistance, their possible mechanisms for inducing it, and their change after radiotherapy. The emerging therapeutic strategies targeting the biophysical microenvironment, to explore the mechanism of radiotherapy resistance and develop effective strategies to revert it for improved treatment efficacy are further summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Han
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Fengping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Mengjiao Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jinlu Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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He L, Zhang CL, Chen Q, Wang L, Huang Y. Endothelial shear stress signal transduction and atherogenesis: From mechanisms to therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108152. [PMID: 35122834 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease and its complications are among the top causes of mortality worldwide. In the vascular lumen, atherosclerotic plaques are not randomly distributed. Instead, they are preferentially localized at the curvature and bifurcations along the arterial tree, where shear stress is low or disturbed. Numerous studies demonstrate that endothelial cell phenotypic change (e.g., inflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, autophagy, endothelial-mesenchymal transition, endothelial permeability, epigenetic regulation, and endothelial metabolic adaptation) induced by oscillatory shear force play a fundamental role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Mechano-sensors, adaptor proteins, kinases, and transcriptional factors work closely at different layers to transduce the shear stress force from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in endothelial cells, thereby controlling the expression of genes that determine cell fate and phenotype. An in-depth understanding of these mechano-sensitive signaling cascades shall provide new translational strategies for therapeutic intervention of atherosclerotic vascular disease. This review updates the recent advances in endothelial mechano-transduction and its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and highlights the perspective of new anti-atherosclerosis therapies through targeting these mechano-regulated signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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24
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The Interplay of Endothelial P2Y Receptors in Cardiovascular Health: From Vascular Physiology to Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115883. [PMID: 35682562 PMCID: PMC9180512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium plays a key role in blood vessel health. At the interface of the blood, it releases several mediators that regulate local processes that protect against the development of cardiovascular disease. In this interplay, there is increasing evidence for a role of extracellular nucleotides and endothelial purinergic P2Y receptors (P2Y-R) in vascular protection. Recent advances have revealed that endothelial P2Y1-R and P2Y2-R mediate nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation as well as endothelial cell proliferation and migration, which are processes involved in the regeneration of damaged endothelium. However, endothelial P2Y2-R, and possibly P2Y1-R, have also been reported to promote vascular inflammation and atheroma development in mouse models, with endothelial P2Y2-R also being described as promoting vascular remodeling and neointimal hyperplasia. Interestingly, at the interface with lipid metabolism, P2Y12-R has been found to trigger HDL transcytosis through endothelial cells, a process known to be protective against lipid deposition in the vascular wall. Better characterization of the role of purinergic P2Y-R and downstream signaling pathways in determination of the endothelial cell phenotype in healthy and pathological environments has clinical potential for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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25
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Sophocleous RA, Ooi L, Sluyter R. The P2X4 Receptor: Cellular and Molecular Characteristics of a Promising Neuroinflammatory Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105739. [PMID: 35628550 PMCID: PMC9147237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine 5′-triphosphate-gated P2X4 receptor channel is a promising target in neuroinflammatory disorders, but the ability to effectively target these receptors in models of neuroinflammation has presented a constant challenge. As such, the exact role of P2X4 receptors and their cell signalling mechanisms in human physiology and pathophysiology still requires further elucidation. To this end, research into the molecular mechanisms of P2X4 receptor activation, modulation, and inhibition has continued to gain momentum in an attempt to further describe the role of P2X4 receptors in neuroinflammation and other disease settings. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the P2X4 receptor, including its expression and function in cells involved in neuroinflammatory signalling. We discuss the pharmacology of P2X4 receptors and provide an overview of P2X4-targeting molecules, including agonists, positive allosteric modulators, and antagonists. Finally, we discuss the use of P2X4 receptor modulators and antagonists in models of neuroinflammatory cell signalling and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Andrew Sophocleous
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +612-4221-5508
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26
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Obayashi K, Yoshida K, Ito MA, Mori T, Yamamoto K, Imai T, Matsuoka I. Synergistic Cytokine Production by ATP and PGE 2 via P2X4 and EP 3 Receptors in Mouse Bone-Marrow-Derived Mast Cells. Cells 2022; 11:616. [PMID: 35203267 PMCID: PMC8870111 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP is an important intercellular messenger in the extracellular space. In mast cells (MCs), ATP stimulates the ionotropic P2X4 receptor (P2X4R), resulting in enhanced degranulation and exacerbation of acute allergic reactions. In this study, we investigate whether ATP regulates inflammatory cytokine production in MCs. Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR, and cytokine production was measured using ELISA. The stimulation of mouse bone-marrow-derived MCs (BMMCs) with ATP alone had little effect on cytokine secretion. However, the co-stimulation with prostaglandin (PG) E2 resulted in a marked increase in the secretion of various cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-13, accompanied by an increase in their mRNA levels. The effects of ATP were inhibited by P2X4R antagonists and diminished in BMMCs derived from P2X4R-deficient mice, suggesting that P2X4R mediated the reaction. The effects of PGE2 were mimicked by an EP3 receptor (EP3R) agonist and blocked by an EP3R antagonist. The synergistic cytokine mRNA elevations induced by ATP and PGE2 were blocked by nuclear factor-κB and Ca2+-calcineurin signaling inhibitors. Altogether, these results suggest that combining P2X4R and EP3R signaling enhances acute degranulation and the subsequent cytokine secretion, exacerbating allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Obayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki 370-0033, Gunma, Japan; (K.O.); (K.Y.); (M.-a.I.)
| | - Kazuki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki 370-0033, Gunma, Japan; (K.O.); (K.Y.); (M.-a.I.)
| | - Masa-aki Ito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki 370-0033, Gunma, Japan; (K.O.); (K.Y.); (M.-a.I.)
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki 370-0033, Gunma, Japan;
| | - Kimiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Toshiyashu Imai
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Chemiphar Co., Ltd., Misato 341-0005, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Isao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki 370-0033, Gunma, Japan; (K.O.); (K.Y.); (M.-a.I.)
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27
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Kameda Y, Chuaychob S, Tanaka M, Liu Y, Okada R, Fujimoto K, Nakamura T, Yokokawa R. Three-dimensional tissue model in direct contact with an on-chip vascular bed enabled by removable membranes. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:641-651. [PMID: 35018934 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00751c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) tissue culture is a powerful tool for understanding physiological events. However, 3D tissues still have limitations in their size, culture period, and maturity, which are caused by the lack of nutrients and oxygen supply through the vasculature. Here, we propose a new method for culturing a 3D tissue-a spheroid-directly on an 'on-chip vascular bed'. The method can be applied to any 3D tissue because the vascular bed is preformed, so that angiogenic factors from the tissue are not necessary to induce vasculature. The essential component of the assay system is the removable membrane that initially separates the 3D tissue culture well and the microchannel in which a uniform vascular bed is formed, and then allows the tissue to be settled directly onto the vascular bed following its removal. This in vitro system offers a new technique for evaluating the effects of vasculature on 3D tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Kameda
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Surachada Chuaychob
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Miwa Tanaka
- Division of Carcinogenesis, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Ryu Okada
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Fujimoto
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Takuro Nakamura
- Division of Carcinogenesis, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
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28
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Magalhães HIR, Castelucci P. Enteric nervous system and inflammatory bowel diseases: Correlated impacts and therapeutic approaches through the P2X7 receptor. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:7909-7924. [PMID: 35046620 PMCID: PMC8678817 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i46.7909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of thousands of small ganglia arranged in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses, which can be negatively affected by Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis - inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). IBDs are complex and multifactorial disorders characterized by chronic and recurrent inflammation of the intestine, and the symptoms of IBDs may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and weight loss. The P2X7 receptor has become a promising therapeutic target for IBDs, especially owing to its wide expression and, in the case of other purinergic receptors, in both human and model animal enteric cells. However, little is known about the actual involvement between the activation of the P2X7 receptor and the cascade of subsequent events and how all these activities associated with chemical signals interfere with the functionality of the affected or treated intestine. In this review, an integrated view is provided, correlating the structural organization of the ENS and the effects of IBDs, focusing on cellular constituents and how therapeutic approaches through the P2X7 receptor can assist in both protection from damage and tissue preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Castelucci
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 08000-000, Brazil
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29
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Kulkarni R, Andraska E, McEnaney R. Structural Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix in Arteriogenesis: A Review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:761007. [PMID: 34805316 PMCID: PMC8602576 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.761007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower extremity arterial occlusive disease (AOD) results in significant morbidity and mortality for the population, with up to 10% of patients ultimately requiring amputation. An alternative method for non-surgical revascularization which is yet to be fully understood is the optimization of the body's own natural collateral arterial network in a process known as arteriogenesis. Under conditions of conductance vessel stenosis or occlusion resulting in increased flow, shear forces, and pressure gradients within collaterals, positive remodeling occurs to increase the diameter and capacity of these vessels. The creation of a distal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) will drive increased arteriogenesis as compared to collateral formation with the occlusion of a conductance vessel alone by further increasing flow through these arterioles, demonstrating the capacity for arteriogenesis to form larger, more efficient collaterals beyond what is spontaneously achieved after arterial occlusion. Arteries rely on an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of elastic fibers and collagens that provide stability under hemodynamic stress, and ECM remodeling is necessary to allow for increased diameter and flow conductance in mature arterial structures. When positive remodeling occurs, digestion of lamella and the internal elastic lamina (IEL) by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and other elastases results in the rearrangement and thinning of elastic structures and may be replaced with disordered elastin synthesis without recovery of elastic function. This results in transmission of wall strain to collagen and potential for aneurysmal degeneration along collateral networks, as is seen in the pancreaticoduodenal artery (PDA) after celiac occlusion and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) with concurrent celiac and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusions. Further understanding into the development of collaterals is required to both better understand aneurysmal degeneration and optimize collateral formation in AOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Kulkarni
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Andraska
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ryan McEnaney
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Hospitals Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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30
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Bidula S, Bin Nadzirin I, Cominetti MM, Hickey H, Cullum SA, Searcey M, Schmid R, Fountain SJ. Structural basis of the negative allosteric modulation of 5-BDBD at human P2X4 receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 101:33-44. [PMID: 34718224 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X4 receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel activated by extracellular ATP. P2X4 activity is associated with neuropathic pain, vasodilation and pulmonary secretion and therefore of therapeutic interest. The structure-activity relationship of P2X4 antagonists is poorly understood. Here we elucidate the structure-activity of 5-BDBD at human P2X4 by combining pharmacology, electrophysiology, molecular modelling and medicinal chemistry. 5-BDBD antagonised P2X4 in a non-competitive manner but lacked effect at human P2X2. Molecular modelling and site-directed mutagenesis suggested an allosteric binding site for 5-BDBD located between two subunits in the body region of P2X4, with M109, F178, Y300 and I312 on one subunit, and R301 on the neighbouring subunit as key residues involved in antagonist binding. The bromine group of 5-BDBD was redundant for the antagonist activity of 5-BDBD, though an interaction between the carbonyl group of 5-BDBD and R301 in P2X4 was significantly associated with 5-BDBD activity. 5-BDBD could inhibit the closed channel but poorly inhibited the channel in the open/desensitising state. We hypothesize that this is due to constriction of the allosteric site following transition from closed to open channel state. We propose that M109, F178, Y300, R301 and I312 are key residues for 5-BDBD binding, provide a structural explanation of how they contribute to 5-BDBD antagonism, and highlight that the limited action of 5-BDBD on open versus closed channels is due to a conformational change in the allosteric site. Significance Statement Activity of P2X4 receptor is associated with neuropathic pain, inflammation and vasodilatation. Molecular information regarding small molecule interaction with P2X4 is very limited. Here we provide a structural explanation for the action of the small molecule antagonist 5-BDBD at the human P2X4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Harry Hickey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - Sean A Cullum
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Searcey
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Schmid
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J Fountain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
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31
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P2X4 Receptors Mediate Ca 2+ Release from Lysosomes in Response to Stimulation of P2X7 and H 1 Histamine Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910492. [PMID: 34638832 PMCID: PMC8508626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X4 purinergic receptor is targeted to endolysosomes, where it mediates an inward current dependent on luminal ATP and pH. Activation of P2X4 receptors was previously shown to trigger lysosome fusion, but the regulation of P2X4 receptors and their role in lysosomal Ca2+ signaling are poorly understood. We show that lysosomal P2X4 receptors are activated downstream of plasma membrane P2X7 and H1 histamine receptor stimulation. When P2X4 receptors are expressed, the increase in near-lysosome cytosolic [Ca2+] is exaggerated, as detected with a low-affinity targeted Ca2+ sensor. P2X4-dependent changes in lysosome properties were triggered downstream of P2X7 receptor activation, including an enlargement of lysosomes indicative of homotypic fusion and a redistribution of lysosomes towards the periphery of the cell. Lysosomal P2X4 receptors, therefore, have a role in regulating lysosomal Ca2+ release and the regulation of lysosomal membrane trafficking.
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Nadzirin IB, Fortuny-Gomez A, Ngum N, Richards D, Ali S, Searcey M, Fountain SJ. Taspine is a natural product that suppresses P2X4 receptor activity via phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4859-4872. [PMID: 34398973 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & PURPOSE P2X4 is a ligand-gated cation channel activated by extracellular ATP, involved in neuropathic pain, inflammation and arterial tone. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Natural products were screened against human or mouse P2X4 activity using fura-2 loaded 1321N1 cells for measurement of intracellular Ca2+ responses; whole-cell currents were measured by patch clamp electrophysiological. Human primary macrophage chemokine release was used to assess effect of taspine on inflammatory cell function. An enzymatic assay was performed to assess the effect of taspine on recombinant PI3-kinase. KEY RESULTS A natural product screen identified taspine as an inhibitor of human P2X4 activity. Taspine inhibits human and mouse P2X4-mediated Ca2+ influx in 1321N1 cells expressing receptors (IC50 1.6±0.4 μM and 1.6±0.3 μM, respectively), but lacked activity at human P2X2, P2X3, P2X2/3 and P2X7 receptors. Taspine inhibited the maximal response at human and mouse P2X4 but had no effect on ATP potency. Taspine has a slow onset rate (~15 mins for half-maximal inhibition), irreversible over 30 minutes of washout. Taspine inhibits P2X4-mediated Ca2+ signalling in mouse BV-2 microglia cells and human primary macrophage. Taspine inhibited P2X4-mediated CXCL5 secretion in human primary macrophage. Taspine reversed ivermectin-induced potentiation of P2X4 currents in 1321N1 stably expressing cells. The known PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 mimicked the properties of taspine on P2X4-mediated Ca2+ influx and whole-cell currents. Taspine directly inhibited the enzymatic activity of recombinant PI3-kinase in a competitive manner. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Taspine is a novel natural product P2X4 inhibitor, mediating its effect through PI3-kinase inhibitor rather than receptor antagonism. Taspine can inhibit the pro-inflammatory signalling by P2X4 in human primary macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzuddin Bin Nadzirin
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park.,Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Campus, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Anna Fortuny-Gomez
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park
| | - Neville Ngum
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park
| | - David Richards
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park
| | - Seema Ali
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park
| | - Mark Searcey
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park
| | - Samuel J Fountain
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park
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33
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Ruiz-García M, Katifori E. Emergent dynamics in excitable flow systems. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:062301. [PMID: 34271611 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.062301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Flow networks can describe many natural and artificial systems. We present a model for a flow system that allows for volume accumulation, includes conduits with a nonlinear relation between current and pressure difference, and can be applied to networks of arbitrary topology. The model displays complex dynamics, including self-sustained oscillations in the absence of any dynamics in the inputs and outputs. In this work we analytically show the origin of self-sustained oscillations for the one-dimensional case. We numerically study the behavior of systems of arbitrary topology under different conditions: we discuss their excitability, the effect of different boundary conditions, and wave propagation when the network has regions of conduits with linear conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ruiz-García
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Eleni Katifori
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Ando J, Yamamoto K. Hemodynamic Forces, Endothelial Mechanotransduction, and Vascular Diseases. Magn Reson Med Sci 2021; 21:258-266. [PMID: 34024868 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.rev.2021-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells in the tissues and organs of a living body are subjected to mechanical forces, such as pressure, friction, and tension from their surrounding environment. Cells are equipped with a mechanotransduction mechanism by which they perceive mechanical forces and transmit information into the cell interior, thereby causing physiological or pathogenetic mechano-responses. Endothelial cells (ECs) lining the inner surface of blood vessels are constantly exposed to shear stress caused by blood flow and a cyclic strain caused by intravascular pressure. A number of studies have shown that ECs are sensitive to changes in these hemodynamic forces and alter their morphology and function, sometimes by modifying gene expression. The mechanism of endothelial mechanotransduction has been elucidated, and the plasma membrane has recently been shown to act as a mechanosensor. The lipid order and cholesterol content of plasma membranes change immediately upon the exposure of ECs to hemodynamic forces, resulting in a change in membrane fluidity. These changes in a plasma membrane's physical properties affect the conformation and function of various ion channels, receptors, and microdomains (such as caveolae and primary cilia), thereby activating a wide variety of downstream signaling pathways. Such endothelial mechanotransduction works to maintain circulatory homeostasis; however, errors in endothelial mechanotransduction can cause abnormalities in vascular physiological function, leading to the initiation and progression of various vascular diseases, such as hypertension, thrombosis, aneurysms, and atherosclerosis. Recent advances in detailed imaging technology and computational fluid dynamics analysis have enabled us to evaluate the hemodynamic forces acting on vascular tissue accurately, contributing greatly to our understanding of vascular mechanotransduction and the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, as well as the development of new therapies for vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Ando
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu
| | - Kimiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
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Ishikawa J, Takeo M, Iwadate A, Koya J, Kihira M, Oshima M, Suzuki Y, Taniguchi K, Kobayashi A, Tsuji T. Mechanical homeostasis of liver sinusoid is involved in the initiation and termination of liver regeneration. Commun Biol 2021; 4:409. [PMID: 33828226 PMCID: PMC8027462 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organogenesis and regeneration are fundamental for developmental progress and are associated with morphogenesis, size control and functional properties for whole-body homeostasis. The liver plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis of the entire body through various functions, including metabolic functions, detoxification, and production of bile, via the three-dimensional spatial arrangement of hepatic lobules and has high regenerative capacity. The regeneration occurs as hypertrophy, which strictly controls the size and lobule structure. In this study, we established a three-dimensional sinusoidal network analysis method and determined valuable parameters after partial hepatectomy by comparison to the static phase of the liver. We found that mechanical homeostasis, which is crucial for organ morphogenesis and functions in various phenomena, plays essential roles in liver regeneration for both initiation and termination of liver regeneration, which is regulated by cytokine networks. Mechanical homeostasis plays critical roles in the initiation and termination of organogenesis, tissue repair and organ regeneration in coordination with cytokine networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ishikawa
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeo
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ayako Iwadate
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junko Koya
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miho Kihira
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Oshima
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzuki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazushi Taniguchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.
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Ottolini M, Sonkusare SK. The Calcium Signaling Mechanisms in Arterial Smooth Muscle and Endothelial Cells. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1831-1869. [PMID: 33792900 PMCID: PMC10388069 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The contractile state of resistance arteries and arterioles is a crucial determinant of blood pressure and blood flow. Physiological regulation of arterial contractility requires constant communication between endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Various Ca2+ signals and Ca2+ -sensitive targets ensure dynamic control of intercellular communications in the vascular wall. The functional effect of a Ca2+ signal on arterial contractility depends on the type of Ca2+ -sensitive target engaged by that signal. Recent studies using advanced imaging methods have identified the spatiotemporal signatures of individual Ca2+ signals that control arterial and arteriolar contractility. Broadly speaking, intracellular Ca2+ is increased by ion channels and transporters on the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticular membrane. Physiological roles for many vascular Ca2+ signals have already been confirmed, while further investigation is needed for other Ca2+ signals. This article focuses on endothelial and smooth muscle Ca2+ signaling mechanisms in resistance arteries and arterioles. We discuss the Ca2+ entry pathways at the plasma membrane, Ca2+ release signals from the intracellular stores, the functional and physiological relevance of Ca2+ signals, and their regulatory mechanisms. Finally, we describe the contribution of abnormal endothelial and smooth muscle Ca2+ signals to the pathogenesis of vascular disorders. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1831-1869, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ottolini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Swapnil K Sonkusare
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Kanellopoulos JM, Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Rüütel Boudinot S, Ojcius DM. Structural and Functional Features of the P2X4 Receptor: An Immunological Perspective. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645834. [PMID: 33897694 PMCID: PMC8059410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are important mediators of activation, triggering various responses through plasma membrane P2 and P1 receptors. P2 receptors are further subdivided into ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. P2X4 is an ATP-gated cation channel broadly expressed in most tissues of the body. Within the P2X family, P2X4 has a unique subcellular distribution, being preferentially localized in lysosomes. In these organelles, high ATP concentrations do not trigger P2X4 because of the low pH. However, when the pH increases to 7.4, P2X4 can be stimulated by intra-lysosomal ATP, which is in its active, tetra-anionic form. Elucidation of P2X4, P2X3 and P2X7 structures has shed some light on the functional differences between these purinergic receptors. The potential interaction between P2X4 and P2X7 has been extensively studied. Despite intensive effort, it has not been possible yet to determine whether P2X4 and P2X7 interact as heterotrimers or homotrimers at the plasma membrane. However, several publications have shown that functional interactions between P2X4 and P2X7 do occur. Importantly, these studies indicate that P2X4 potentiates P2X7-dependent activation of inflammasomes, leading to increased release of IL-1β and IL-18. The role of P2X4 in various diseases could be beneficial or deleterious even though the pathophysiological mechanisms involved are still poorly defined. However, in diseases whose physiopathology involves activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, P2X4 was found to exacerbate severity of disease. The recent production of monoclonal antibodies specific for the human and mouse P2X4, some of which are endowed with agonist or antagonist properties, raises the possibility that they could be used therapeutically. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the human P2RX4 gene has uncovered the association of P2RX4 gene variants with susceptibility to several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Kanellopoulos
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Sirje Rüütel Boudinot
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, United States
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The molecular mechanism of mechanotransduction in vascular homeostasis and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2399-2418. [PMID: 32936305 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels are constantly exposed to mechanical stimuli such as shear stress due to flow and pulsatile stretch. The extracellular matrix maintains the structural integrity of the vessel wall and coordinates with a dynamic mechanical environment to provide cues to initiate intracellular signaling pathway(s), thereby changing cellular behaviors and functions. However, the precise role of matrix-cell interactions involved in mechanotransduction during vascular homeostasis and disease development remains to be fully determined. In this review, we introduce hemodynamics forces in blood vessels and the initial sensors of mechanical stimuli, including cell-cell junctional molecules, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), multiple ion channels, and a variety of small GTPases. We then highlight the molecular mechanotransduction events in the vessel wall triggered by laminar shear stress (LSS) and disturbed shear stress (DSS) on vascular endothelial cells (ECs), and cyclic stretch in ECs and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs)-both of which activate several key transcription factors. Finally, we provide a recent overview of matrix-cell interactions and mechanotransduction centered on fibronectin in ECs and thrombospondin-1 in SMCs. The results of this review suggest that abnormal mechanical cues or altered responses to mechanical stimuli in EC and SMCs serve as the molecular basis of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and aortic aneurysms. Collecting evidence and advancing knowledge on the mechanotransduction in the vessel wall can lead to a new direction of therapeutic interventions for vascular diseases.
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Tanaka K, Joshi D, Timalsina S, Schwartz MA. Early events in endothelial flow sensing. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:217-231. [PMID: 33543538 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Responses of vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells (ECs) to fluid shear stress (FSS) from blood or lymphatic fluid flow govern the development, physiology, and diseases of these structures. Extensive research has characterized the signaling, gene expression and cytoskeletal pathways that mediate effects on EC phenotype and vascular morphogenesis. But the primary mechanisms by which ECs transduce the weak forces from flow into biochemical signals are less well understood. This review covers recent advances in our understanding of the immediate mechanisms of FSS mechanotransduction, integrating results from different disciplines, addressing their roles in development, physiology and disease, and suggesting important questions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Tanaka
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Divyesh Joshi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sushma Timalsina
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biomedical engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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40
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Wolpe AG, Ruddiman CA, Hall PJ, Isakson BE. Polarized Proteins in Endothelium and Their Contribution to Function. J Vasc Res 2021; 58:65-91. [PMID: 33503620 DOI: 10.1159/000512618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein localization in endothelial cells is tightly regulated to create distinct signaling domains within their tight spatial restrictions including luminal membranes, abluminal membranes, and interendothelial junctions, as well as caveolae and calcium signaling domains. Protein localization in endothelial cells is also determined in part by the vascular bed, with differences between arteries and veins and between large and small arteries. Specific protein polarity and localization is essential for endothelial cells in responding to various extracellular stimuli. In this review, we examine protein localization in the endothelium of resistance arteries, with occasional references to other vessels for contrast, and how that polarization contributes to endothelial function and ultimately whole organism physiology. We highlight the protein localization on the luminal surface, discussing important physiological receptors and the glycocalyx. The protein polarization to the abluminal membrane is especially unique in small resistance arteries with the presence of the myoendothelial junction, a signaling microdomain that regulates vasodilation, feedback to smooth muscle cells, and ultimately total peripheral resistance. We also discuss the interendothelial junction, where tight junctions, adherens junctions, and gap junctions all convene and regulate endothelial function. Finally, we address planar cell polarity, or axial polarity, and how this is regulated by mechanosensory signals like blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail G Wolpe
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Claire A Ruddiman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Phillip J Hall
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA,
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41
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Purinergic Regulation of Endothelial Barrier Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031207. [PMID: 33530557 PMCID: PMC7865261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased vascular permeability is a hallmark of several cardiovascular anomalies, including ischaemia/reperfusion injury and inflammation. During both ischaemia/reperfusion and inflammation, massive amounts of various nucleotides, particularly adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine, are released that can induce a plethora of signalling pathways via activation of several purinergic receptors and may affect endothelial barrier properties. The nature of the effects on endothelial barrier function may depend on the prevalence and type of purinergic receptors activated in a particular tissue. In this review, we discuss the influence of the activation of various purinergic receptors and downstream signalling pathways on vascular permeability during pathological conditions.
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Chen PF, Ma XF, Sun LF, Tian Y, Fan YZ, Li P, Xiao Z, Zhu MX, Guo CR, Li C, Yu Y, Wang J. A conserved residue in the P2X4 receptor has a nonconserved function in ATP recognition. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100655. [PMID: 33901491 PMCID: PMC8166750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly conserved amino acids are generally anticipated to have similar functions across a protein superfamily, including that of the P2X ion channels, which are gated by extracellular ATP. However, whether and how these functions are conserved becomes less clear when neighboring amino acids are not conserved. Here, we investigate one such case, focused on the highly conserved residue from P2X4, E118 (rat P2X4 numbering, rP2X4), a P2X subtype associated with human neuropathic pain. When we compared the crystal structures of P2X4 with those of other P2X subtypes, including P2X3, P2X7, and AmP2X, we observed a slightly altered side-chain orientation of E118. We used protein chimeras, double-mutant cycle analysis, and molecular modeling to reveal that E118 forms specific contacts with amino acids in the "beak" region, which facilitates ATP binding to rP2X4. These contacts are not present in other subtypes because of sequence variance in the beak region, resulting in decoupling of this conserved residue from ATP recognition and/or channel gating of P2X receptors. Our study provides an example of a conserved residue with a specific role in functional proteins enabled by adjacent nonconserved residues. The unique role established by the E118-beak region contact provides a blueprint for the development of subtype-specific inhibitors of P2X4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Fang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Fei Ma
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Liang-Fei Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying-Zhe Fan
- Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiwang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chang-Run Guo
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China.
| | - Ye Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Fukuda M, Fukuda S, Ando J, Yamamoto K, Yonemoto N, Suzuki T, Niwa Y, Inoue T, Satoh-Asahara N, Hasegawa K, Shimatsu A, Tsukahara T. Disruption of P2X4 purinoceptor and suppression of the inflammation associated with cerebral aneurysm formation. J Neurosurg 2021; 134:102-114. [PMID: 31860812 DOI: 10.3171/2019.9.jns19270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are no effective therapeutic drugs for cerebral aneurysms, partly because the pathogenesis remains unresolved. Chronic inflammation of the cerebral arterial wall plays an important role in aneurysm formation, but it is not clear what triggers the inflammation. The authors have observed that vascular endothelial P2X4 purinoceptor is involved in flow-sensitive mechanisms that regulate vascular remodeling. They have thus hypothesized that shear stress-associated hemodynamic stress on the endothelium causes the inflammatory process in the cerebral aneurysm development. METHODS To test their hypothesis, the authors examined the role of P2X4 in cerebral aneurysm development by using P2X4-/- mice and rats that were treated with a P2X4 inhibitor, paroxetine, and subjected to aneurysm-inducing surgery. Cerebral aneurysms were induced by unilateral carotid artery ligation and renovascular hypertension. RESULTS The frequency of aneurysm induction evaluated by light microscopy was significantly lower in the P2X4-/- mice (p = 0.0488) and in the paroxetine-treated male (p = 0.0253) and female (p = 0.0204) rats compared to control mice and rats, respectively. In addition, application of paroxetine from 2 weeks after surgery led to a significant reduction in aneurysm size in the rats euthanized 3 weeks after aneurysm-inducing surgery (p = 0.0145), indicating that paroxetine suppressed enlargement of formed aneurysms. The mRNA and protein expression levels of known inflammatory contributors to aneurysm formation (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], tumor necrosis factor-α [TNFα], inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS], and cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2]) were all significantly elevated in the rats that underwent the aneurysm-inducing surgery compared to the nonsurgical group, and the values in the surgical group were all significantly decreased by paroxetine administration according to quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques and Western blotting. Although immunolabeling densities for COX-2, iNOS, and MCP-1 were not readily observed in the nonsurgical mouse groups, such densities were clearly seen in the arterial wall of P2X4+/+ mice after aneurysm-inducing surgery. In contrast, in the P2X4-/- mice after the surgery, immunolabeling of COX-2 and iNOS was not observed in the arterial wall, whereas that of MCP-1 was readily observed in the adventitia, but not the intima. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that P2X4 is required for the inflammation that contributes to both cerebral aneurysm formation and growth. Enhanced shear stress-associated hemodynamic stress on the vascular endothelium may trigger cerebral aneurysm development. Paroxetine may have potential for the clinical treatment of cerebral aneurysms, given that this agent exhibits efficacy as a clinical antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Fukuda
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Shunichi Fukuda
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto
| | - Joji Ando
- 3Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu City, Tochigi
| | - Kimiko Yamamoto
- 4Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
| | | | - Takashi Suzuki
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto
- 6Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto; and
| | - Youko Niwa
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto
| | - Takayuki Inoue
- 7Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension Research, Clinical Research Institute
| | - Noriko Satoh-Asahara
- 7Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension Research, Clinical Research Institute
| | | | - Akira Shimatsu
- 9Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsukahara
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto
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Monaghan MLT, Bailey MA, Unwin RJ. Purinergic signalling in the kidney: In physiology and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114389. [PMID: 33359067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the control of renal vascular and tubular function has, for the most part, concentrated on neural and endocrine regulation. However, in addition to these extrinsic factors, it is now appreciated that several complex humoral control systems exist within the kidney that can act in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion. These paracrine systems complement neuroendocrine regulation by dynamically fine-tuning renal vascular and tubular function to buffer rapid changes in nephron perfusion and flow rate of tubular fluid. One of the most pervasive is the extracellular nucleotide/P2 receptor system, which is central to many of the intrinsic regulatory feedback loops within the kidney such as renal haemodynamic autoregulation and tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). Although physiological actions of extracellular adenine nucleotides were reported almost 100 years ago, the conceptual framework for purinergic regulation of renal function owes much to the work of Geoffrey Burnstock. In this review, we reflect on our >20-year collaboration with Professor Burnstock and highlight the research that is still unlocking the potential of the renal purinergic system to understand and treat kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise T Monaghan
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Unwin
- The Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, United Kingdom.
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45
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Woo SH, Trinh TN. P2 Receptors in Cardiac Myocyte Pathophysiology and Mechanotransduction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010251. [PMID: 33383710 PMCID: PMC7794727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP is a major energy source in the mammalian cells, but it is an extracellular chemical messenger acting on P2 purinergic receptors. A line of evidence has shown that ATP is released from many different types of cells including neurons, endothelial cells, and muscle cells. In this review, we described the distribution of P2 receptor subtypes in the cardiac cells and their physiological and pathological roles in the heart. So far, the effects of external application of ATP or its analogues, and those of UTP on cardiac contractility and rhythm have been reported. In addition, specific genetic alterations and pharmacological agonists and antagonists have been adopted to discover specific roles of P2 receptor subtypes including P2X4-, P2X7-, P2Y2- and P2Y6-receptors in cardiac cells under physiological and pathological conditions. Accumulated data suggest that P2X4 receptors may play a beneficial role in cardiac muscle function, and that P2Y2- and P2Y6-receptors can induce cardiac fibrosis. Recent evidence further demonstrates P2Y1 receptor and P2X4 receptor as important mechanical signaling molecules to alter membrane potential and Ca2+ signaling in atrial myocytes and their uneven expression profile between right and left atrium.
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Abstract
The role of the physical microenvironment in tumor development, progression, metastasis, and treatment is gaining appreciation. The emerging multidisciplinary field of the physical sciences of cancer is now embraced by engineers, physicists, cell biologists, developmental biologists, tumor biologists, and oncologists attempting to understand how physical parameters and processes affect cancer progression and treatment. Discoveries in this field are starting to be translated into new therapeutic strategies for cancer. In this Review, we propose four physical traits of tumors that contribute to tumor progression and treatment resistance: (i) elevated solid stresses (compression and tension), (ii) elevated interstitial fluid pressure, (iii) altered material properties (for example, increased tissue stiffness, which historically has been used to detect cancer by palpation), and (iv) altered physical microarchitecture. After defining these physical traits, we discuss their causes, consequences, and how they complement the biological hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi T Nia
- Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lance L Munn
- Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. .,Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Shear stress activates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by reducing plasma membrane cholesterol in vascular endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33660-33667. [PMID: 33318210 PMCID: PMC7776821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014029117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanotransduction of shear stress in vascular endothelial cells is still not completely understood. We show a pathway of shear stress signal transduction mediated by plasma membrane cholesterol-dependent mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The latest imaging technology using domain 4 mutant-derived cholesterol biosensors and a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based adenosine triphosphate (ATP) biosensor revealed that shear stress rapidly decreases cholesterol levels in the plasma membrane via both efflux and internalization, and reduction in plasma membrane cholesterol was linked to the activation of mitochondrial ATP production. The addition of cholesterol blocked these shear stress effects. Increased mitochondrial ATP production led to ATP release from the endothelial cells, thereby activating purinoceptors in the plasma membrane and leading to purinergic Ca2+ signaling in response to shear stress. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) sense and respond to hemodynamic shear stress, which is critical for circulatory homeostasis and the pathophysiology of vascular diseases. The mechanisms of shear stress mechanotransduction, however, remain elusive. We previously demonstrated a direct role of mitochondria in the purinergic signaling of shear stress: shear stress increases mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, triggering ATP release and Ca2+ signaling via EC purinoceptors. Here, we showed that shear stress rapidly decreases cholesterol in the plasma membrane, thereby activating mitochondrial ATP production. Imaging using domain 4 mutant-derived cholesterol biosensors showed that the application of shear stress to cultured ECs markedly decreased cholesterol levels in both the outer and inner plasma membrane bilayers. Flow cytometry showed that the cholesterol levels in the outer bilayer decreased rapidly after the onset of shear stress, reached a minimum (around 60% of the control level) at 10 min, and plateaued thereafter. After the shear stress ceased, the decreased cholesterol levels returned to those seen in the control. A biochemical analysis showed that shear stress caused both the efflux and the internalization of plasma membrane cholesterol. ATP biosensor imaging demonstrated that shear stress significantly increased mitochondrial ATP production. Similarly, the treatment of cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), a membrane cholesterol-depleting agent, increased mitochondrial ATP production. The addition of cholesterol to cells inhibited the increasing effects of both shear stress and MβCD on mitochondrial ATP production in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate that plasma membrane cholesterol dynamics are closely coupled to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in ECs.
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Ralevic V. History of Geoff Burnstock's research on P2 receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114358. [PMID: 33279495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Geoffrey Burnstock is a purinergic signalling legend who's discoveries and conceptualisation created and shaped the field. His scientific achievements were extraordinary and sustained. They included his demonstration that ATP can act as a neurotransmitter and hence extracellular signalling molecule, which he championed despite considerable initial opposition to his proposal that ATP acts outside of its role as an energy source inside cells. He led on purine receptor classification: initially of the P1 and P2 receptor families, then the P2X and P2Y receptor families, and then subtypes of P2X and P2Y receptors. This was achieved across several decades as he conceptualised and made sense of the emerging and growing evidence that there were multiple receptor subtypes for ATP and other nucleotides. He made discoveries about short term and long term/trophic purinergic signalling. He was a leader in the field for over 50 years. He inspired many and was a great colleague and mentor. I had the privilege of spending over 10 years (from 1985) with Geoff at the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London. This review is a personal perspective of some of Geoff's research on P2 receptors carried out during that time. It is a tribute to Geoff who I regarded with enormous respect and admiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Ralevic
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
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He J, Zhou Y, Arredondo Carrera HM, Sprules A, Neagu R, Zarkesh SA, Eaton C, Luo J, Gartland A, Wang N. Inhibiting the P2X4 Receptor Suppresses Prostate Cancer Growth In Vitro and In Vivo, Suggesting a Potential Clinical Target. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112511. [PMID: 33233569 PMCID: PMC7699771 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. The P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) is the most ubiquitously expressed P2X receptor in mammals and is positively associated with tumorigenesis in many cancer types. However, its involvement in PCa progression is less understood. We hypothesized that P2X4R activity enhanced tumour formation by PCa cells. We showed that P2X4R was the most highly expressed, functional P2 receptor in these cells using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and a calcium influx assay. The effect of inhibiting P2X4R on PCa (PC3 and C4-2B4 cells) viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were examined using the selective P2XR4 antagonists 5-BDBD and PSB-12062. The results demonstrated that inhibiting P2X4R impaired the growth and mobility of PCa cells but not apoptosis. In BALB/c immunocompromised nude mice inoculated with human PC3 cells subcutaneously, 5-BDBD showed anti-tumourigenic effects. Finally, a retrospective analysis of P2RX4 expression in clinical datasets (GDS1439, GDS1746, and GDS3289) suggested that P2X4R was positively associated with PCa malignancy. These studies suggest that P2X4R has a role in enhancing PCa tumour formation and is a clinically targetable candidate for which inhibitors are already available and have the potential to suppress disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiepei He
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Yuhan Zhou
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Hector M. Arredondo Carrera
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Alexandria Sprules
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Ramona Neagu
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Sayyed Amin Zarkesh
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Colby Eaton
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Alison Gartland
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Ning Wang
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-114-2159216
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Ralevic V. Purinergic signalling in the cardiovascular system-a tribute to Geoffrey Burnstock. Purinergic Signal 2020; 17:63-69. [PMID: 33151503 PMCID: PMC7954917 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Geoffrey Burnstock made groundbreaking discoveries on the physiological roles of purinergic receptors and led on P2 purinergic receptor classification. His knowledge, vision and leadership inspired and influenced the international scientific community. I had the privilege of spending over 10 years (from 1985) with Geoff at the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, initially as a PhD student and then as a postdoctoral research fellow. I regarded him with enormous admiration and affection. This review on purinergic signalling in the cardiovascular system is a tribute to Geoff. It includes some personal recollections of Geoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Ralevic
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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