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Tondo G, De Marchi F, Bonardi F, Menegon F, Verrini G, Aprile D, Anselmi M, Mazzini L, Comi C. Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer's Disease: Pitfalls and Challenges of Anti-Amyloid Therapies and Beyond. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3098. [PMID: 38892809 PMCID: PMC11172489 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes a significant challenge to global healthcare systems, with limited effective treatments available. This review examines the landscape of novel therapeutic strategies for AD, focusing on the shortcomings of traditional therapies against amyloid-beta (Aβ) and exploring emerging alternatives. Despite decades of research emphasizing the role of Aβ accumulation in AD pathogenesis, clinical trials targeting Aβ have obtained disappointing results, highlighting the complexity of AD pathophysiology and the need for investigating other therapeutic approaches. In this manuscript, we first discuss the challenges associated with anti-Aβ therapies, including limited efficacy and potential adverse effects, underscoring the necessity of exploring alternative mechanisms and targets. Thereafter, we review promising non-Aβ-based strategies, such as tau-targeted therapies, neuroinflammation modulation, and gene and stem cell therapy. These approaches offer new avenues for AD treatment by addressing additional pathological hallmarks and downstream effects beyond Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Tondo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Fabiola De Marchi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Francesca Bonardi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Federico Menegon
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Gaia Verrini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Davide Aprile
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Matteo Anselmi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Liu F, Lü W, Liu L. New implications for prion diseases therapy and prophylaxis. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1324702. [PMID: 38500676 PMCID: PMC10944861 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1324702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are rare, fatal, progressive neurodegenerative disorders that affect both animal and human. Human prion diseases mainly present as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). However, there are no curable therapies, and animal prion diseases may negatively affect the ecosystem and human society. Over the past five decades, scientists are devoting to finding available therapeutic or prophylactic agents for prion diseases. Numerous chemical compounds have been shown to be effective in experimental research on prion diseases, but with the limitations of toxicity, poor efficacy, and low pharmacokinetics. The earliest clinical treatments of CJD were almost carried out with anti-infectious agents that had little amelioration of the course. With the discovery of pathogenic misfolding prion protein (PrPSc) and increasing insights into prion biology, amounts of novel technologies have attempted to eliminate PrPSc. This review presents new perspectives on clinical and experimental prion diseases, including immunotherapy, gene therapy, small-molecule drug, and stem cell therapy. It further explores the prospects and challenge associated with these emerging therapeutic approaches for prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenqi Lü
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Aljassabi A, Zieneldien T, Kim J, Regmi D, Cao C. Alzheimer's Disease Immunotherapy: Current Strategies and Future Prospects. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:755-772. [PMID: 38489183 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an extremely complex and heterogeneous pathology influenced by many factors contributing to its onset and progression, including aging, amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, tau fibril accumulation, inflammation, etc. Despite promising advances in drug development, there is no cure for AD. Although there have been substantial advancements in understanding the pathogenesis of AD, there have been over 200 unsuccessful clinical trials in the past decade. In recent years, immunotherapies have been at the forefront of these efforts. Immunotherapy alludes to the immunological field that strives to identify disease treatments via the enhancement, suppression, or induction of immune responses. Interestingly, immunotherapy in AD is a relatively new approach for non-infectious disease. At present, antibody therapy (passive immunotherapy) that targets anti-Aβ aimed to prevent the fibrillization of Aβ peptides and disrupt pre-existing fibrils is a predominant AD immunotherapy due to the continuous failure of active immunotherapy for AD. The most rational and safe strategies will be those targeting the toxic molecule without triggering an abnormal immune response, offering therapeutic advantages, thus making clinical trial design more efficient. This review offers a concise overview of immunotherapeutic strategies, including active and passive immunotherapy for AD. Our review encompasses approved methods and those presently under investigation in clinical trials, while elucidating the recent challenges, complications, successes, and potential treatments. Thus, immunotherapies targeting Aβ throughout the disease progression using a mutant oligomer-Aβ stimulated dendritic cell vaccine may offer a promising therapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aljassabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tarek Zieneldien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Janice Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Deepika Regmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Cavallaro PA, De Santo M, Belsito EL, Longobucco C, Curcio M, Morelli C, Pasqua L, Leggio A. Peptides Targeting HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Cells and Applications in Tumor Imaging and Delivery of Chemotherapeutics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2476. [PMID: 37686984 PMCID: PMC10490457 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer represents the most common cancer type and one of the major leading causes of death in the female worldwide population. Overexpression of HER2, a transmembrane glycoprotein related to the epidermal growth factor receptor, results in a biologically and clinically aggressive breast cancer subtype. It is also the primary driver for tumor detection and progression and, in addition to being an important prognostic factor in women diagnosed with breast cancer, HER2 is a widely known therapeutic target for drug development. The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview of the main approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer proposed in the literature over the past decade. We focused on the different targeting strategies involving antibodies and peptides that have been explored with their relative outcomes and current limitations that need to be improved. The review also encompasses a discussion on targeted peptides acting as probes for molecular imaging. By using different types of HER2-targeting strategies, nanotechnology promises to overcome some of the current clinical challenges by developing novel HER2-guided nanosystems suitable as powerful tools in breast cancer imaging, targeting, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmira Alessia Cavallaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (E.L.B.); (C.L.); (M.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Marzia De Santo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (E.L.B.); (C.L.); (M.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Emilia Lucia Belsito
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (E.L.B.); (C.L.); (M.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Camilla Longobucco
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (E.L.B.); (C.L.); (M.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Manuela Curcio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (E.L.B.); (C.L.); (M.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Catia Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (E.L.B.); (C.L.); (M.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Luigi Pasqua
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Antonella Leggio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (E.L.B.); (C.L.); (M.C.); (C.M.)
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Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G. Lessons from antiamyloid-β immunotherapies in Alzheimer's disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:267-292. [PMID: 36803816 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis, that established amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide as the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementia, has driven the development of treatments for neurodegeneration for 30 years. During the last decades, more than 200 clinical trials testing more than 30 anti-Aβ immunotherapies have been assessed as potential treatments for AD. A vaccine against Aβ was the first immunotherapy intended to avoid aggregation of Aβ into fibrils and senile plaques, but it dramatically failed. Several other vaccines have been proposed as potential AD treatments, targeting different domains or structural motifs of Aβ aggregates, but without clear clinical benefits or effectiveness. In contrast, anti-Aβ therapeutic antibodies have focused on recognizing and removing Aβ aggregates (oligomers, fibrils, or plaques) by eliciting immune clearance. In 2021, the first anti-Aβ antibody, aducanumab (branded as Aduhelm), received FDA approval under an accelerated approval process. The effectiveness and the overall processes regarding the approval of Aduhelm have been under major criticism and scrutiny, prompting a vote of no confidence by public and private health providers, limiting the coverage only to patients enrolled in clinical trials and not for the general elderly patients. Additionally, another three therapeutic anti-Aβ antibodies are following the same path for potential FDA approval. Here, we present the current status of anti-Aβ immunotherapies under evaluation in preclinical and clinical trials for the treatment of AD and related dementia, with a discussion of the main findings and critical lessons learned from the observations from Phase III, II, and I clinical trials of anti-Aβ vaccines and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Plascencia-Villa
- Department of Neurosciences, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - George Perry
- Department of Neurosciences, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX, United States.
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6
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Viña J, Escudero J, Baquero M, Cebrián M, Carbonell-Asíns JA, Muñoz JE, Satorres E, Meléndez JC, Ferrer-Rebolleda J, Cózar-Santiago MDP, Santabárbara-Gómez JM, Jové M, Pamplona R, Tarazona-Santabalbina FJ, Borrás C. Genistein effect on cognition in prodromal Alzheimer's disease patients. The GENIAL clinical trial. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:164. [PMID: 36329553 PMCID: PMC9635167 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delaying the transition from minimal cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's dementia is a major concern in Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics. Pathological signs of AD occur years before the onset of clinical dementia. Thus, long-term therapeutic approaches, with safe, minimally invasive, and yet effective substances are recommended. There is a need to develop new drugs to delay Alzheimer's dementia. We have taken a nutritional supplement approach with genistein, a chemically defined polyphenol that acts by multimodal specific mechanisms. Our group previously showed that genistein supplementation is effective to treat the double transgenic (APP/PS1) AD animal model. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, bicentric clinical trial, we evaluated the effect of daily oral supplementation with 120 mg of genistein for 12 months on 24 prodromal Alzheimer's disease patients. The amyloid-beta deposition was analyzed using 18F-flutemetamol uptake. We used a battery of validated neurocognitive tests: Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Memory Alteration Test (M@T), Clock Drawing Test, Complutense Verbal Learning Test (TAVEC), Barcelona Test-Revised (TBR), and Rey Complex Figure Test. RESULTS We report that genistein treatment results in a significant improvement in two of the tests used (dichotomized direct TAVEC, p = 0.031; dichotomized delayed Centil REY copy p = 0.002 and a tendency to improve in all the rest of them. The amyloid-beta deposition analysis showed that genistein-treated patients did not increase their uptake in the anterior cingulate gyrus after treatment (p = 0.878), while placebo-treated did increase it (p = 0.036). We did not observe significant changes in other brain areas studied. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that genistein may have a role in therapeutics to delay the onset of Alzheimer's dementia in patients with prodromal Alzheimer's disease. These encouraging results indicate that this should be followed up by a new study with more patients to further validate the conclusion that arises from this study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01982578, registered on November 13, 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Viña
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Escudero
- Hospital General of Valencia, Av. Tres Cruces 2, ES, 46014, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miquel Baquero
- Neurology Unit, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Cebrián
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - José Enrique Muñoz
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia/INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Encarnación Satorres
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, ES 46002, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Meléndez
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, ES 46002, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), E-25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), E-25198, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Consuelo Borrás
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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7
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Zhang L, Bo R, Wu Y, Li L, Zhu Z, Ma AH, Xiao W, Huang Y, Rojalin T, Yin X, Mao C, Wang F, Wang Y, Zhang H, Low KE, Lee K, Ajena Y, Jing D, Zhang D, Baehr CM, Liu R, Wang L, Li Y, Lam KS. Programmable Bispecific Nano-immunoengager That Captures T Cells and Reprograms Tumor Microenvironment. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6866-6876. [PMID: 35926215 PMCID: PMC9479133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has revolutionized clinical oncology. However, the efficacy of ICB therapy is limited by the ineffective infiltration of T effector (Teff) cells to tumors and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we report a programmable tumor cells/Teff cells bispecific nano-immunoengager (NIE) that can circumvent these limitations to improve ICB therapy. The peptidic nanoparticles (NIE-NPs) bind tumor cell surface α3β1 integrin and undergo in situ transformation into nanofibrillar network nanofibers (NIE-NFs). The prolonged retained nanofibrillar network at the TME captures Teff cells via the activatable α4β1 integrin ligand and allows sustained release of resiquimod for immunomodulation. This bispecific NIE eliminates syngeneic 4T1 breast cancer and Lewis lung cancer models in mice, when given together with anti-PD-1 antibody. The in vivo structural transformation-based supramolecular bispecific NIE represents an innovative class of programmable receptor-mediated targeted immunotherapeutics to greatly enhance ICB therapy against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University
of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ruonan Bo
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Yi Wu
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Longmeng Li
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Ai-Hong Ma
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Wenwu Xiao
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Yanyu Huang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Tatu Rojalin
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Xingbin Yin
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Chunping Mao
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University
of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Fengyi Wang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University
of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yongheng Wang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Kelmen E. Low
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Kiana Lee
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Yousif Ajena
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Di Jing
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Dalin Zhang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Christopher M. Baehr
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Ruiwu Liu
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical
Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuanpei Li
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Kit S. Lam
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of California
Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Division
of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School
of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
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8
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Plantone D, Pardini M, Locci S, Nobili F, De Stefano N. B Lymphocytes in Alzheimer's Disease-A Comprehensive Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:1241-1262. [PMID: 35754274 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most common type of neurodegenerative dementia and is characterized by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, pathologic intracellular tau protein tangles, and neuronal loss. Increasing evidence has been accumulating over the past years, supporting a pivotal role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD. Microglia, monocytes, astrocytes, and neurons have been shown to play a major role in AD-associated inflammation. However recent studies showed that the role of both T and B lymphocytes may be important. In particular, B lymphocytes are the cornerstone of humoral immunity, they constitute a heterogenous population of immune cells, being their mature subsets significantly impacted by the inflammatory milieu. The role of B lymphocytes on AD pathogenesis is gaining interest for several reasons. Indeed, the majority of elderly people develop the process of "inflammaging", which is characterized by increased blood levels of proinflammatory molecules associated with an elevated susceptibility to chronic diseases. Epitope-specific alteration pattern of naturally occurring antibodies targeting the amino-terminus and the mid-domain of Aβ in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid has been described in AD patients. Moreover, a possible therapeutic role of B lymphocytes depletion was recently demonstrated in murine AD models. Interestingly, active immunization against Aβ and tau, one of the main therapeutic strategies under investigation, depend on B lymphocytes. Finally. several molecules being tested in AD clinical trials can modify the homeostasis of B cells. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the role of B lymphocytes in AD from the pathogenesis to the possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Plantone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Pardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Locci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Kimura S, Kamishina H, Hirata Y, Furuta K, Furukawa Y, Yamato O, Maeda S, Kamatari YO. Novel oxindole compounds inhibit the aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130114. [PMID: 35217127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidogenic proteins form aggregates in cells, thereby leading to neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and prion's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in humans, and degenerative myelopathy (DM) and cognitive dysfunction in dogs. Hence, many small-molecule compounds have been screened to examine their inhibitory effects on amyloidogenic protein aggregation. However, no effective drug suitable for transition to clinical use has been found. Here we examined several novel oxindole compounds (GIF compounds) for their inhibitory effects on aggregate formation of the canine mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (cSOD1 E40K), a causative mutation resulting in DM, using Thioflavin-T fluorescence. Most GIF compounds inhibited the aggregation of cSOD1 E40K. Among the compounds, GIF-0854-r and GIF-0890-r were most effective. Their inhibitory effects were also observed in cSOD1 E40K-transfected cells. Additionally, GIF-0890-r effectively inhibited the aggregate formation of human SOD1 G93A, a causative mutation of ALS. GIF-0827-r and GIF-0856-r also effectively inhibited aggregate formation of human prion protein (hPrP). Subsequently, the correlation between their inhibitory effects on cSOD1 and hPrP aggregation was shown, indicating GIF compounds inhibited the aggregate formation of multiple amyloidogenic proteins. Conclusively, the novel oxindole compounds (GIF-0827-r, GIF-0854-r, GIF-0856-r, and GIF-0890-r) are proposed as useful therapeutic candidates for amyloidogenic neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kimura
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yoko Hirata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Kyoji Furuta
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Mechanistic Chemistry of Biomolecules, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Osamu Yamato
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yuji O Kamatari
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Life Science Research Center, Gifu University,1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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10
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Bayer TA. N-Truncated Aβ Starting at Position Four-Biochemical Features, Preclinical Models, and Potential as Drug Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:710579. [PMID: 34489680 PMCID: PMC8417877 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.710579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discussion of whether amyloid plaque Aβ is a valid drug target to fight Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been a matter of scientific dispute for decades. This question can only be settled by successful clinical trials and the approval of disease-modifying drugs. However, many clinical trials with antibodies against different regions of the amyloid Aβ peptide have been discontinued, as they did not meet the clinical endpoints required. Recently, passive immunization of AD patients with Donanemab, an antibody directed against the N-terminus of pyroglutamate Aβ, showed beneficial effects in a phase II trial, supporting the concept that N-truncated Aβ is a relevant target for AD therapy. There is long-standing evidence that N-truncated Aβ variants are the main variants found in amyloid plaques besides full-length Aβ1–42, t, therefore their role in triggering AD pathology and as targets for drug development are of interest. While the contribution of pyroglutamate Aβ3–42 to AD pathology has been well studied in the past, the potential role of Aβ4–42 has been largely neglected. The present review will therefore focus on Aβ4–42 as a possible drug target based on human and mouse pathology, in vitro and in vivo toxicity, and anti-Aβ4-X therapeutic effects in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Bayer
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Zhang L, Wu Y, Yin X, Zhu Z, Rojalin T, Xiao W, Zhang D, Huang Y, Li L, Baehr CM, Yu X, Ajena Y, Li Y, Wang L, Lam KS. Tumor Receptor-Mediated In Vivo Modulation of the Morphology, Phototherapeutic Properties, and Pharmacokinetics of Smart Nanomaterials. ACS NANO 2021; 15:468-479. [PMID: 33332957 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To be clinically efficacious, nanotherapeutic drugs need to reach disease tissues reliably and cause limited side effects to normal organs and tissues. Here, we report a proof-of-concept study on the development of a smart peptidic nanophototherapeutic agent in line with clinical requirements, which can transform its morphology from nanoparticles to nanofibrils at the tumor sites. This in vivo receptor-mediated transformation process resulted in the formation and prolonged tumor-retention of highly ordered (J-aggregate type of photosensitizer) photosensitive peptide nanofibrillar network with greatly enhanced photothermal and photodynamic properties. This strategy of "multiple daily low-intensity laser radiation after each intravenous injection of significantly low-dose of nanomaterials" demonstrated effective elimination of 4T1 orthotopic syngeneic breast cancer in mice. The technology for nanomaterial modulation based on living cell surface receptors, in this case tumor-associated α3β1 integrin, has great potential for clinical translation and is expected to improve the therapeutic efficacy against many cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Tatu Rojalin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Wenwu Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Dalin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Yanyu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Longmeng Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Christopher M Baehr
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Xingjian Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Yousif Ajena
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Yuanpei Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Kit S Lam
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
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12
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Vaccination against β-Amyloid as a Strategy for the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120425. [PMID: 33260956 PMCID: PMC7761159 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination relies on the phenomenon of immunity, a long-term change in the immunological response to subsequent encounters with the same pathogen that occurs after the recovery from some infectious diseases. However, vaccination is a strategy that can, in principle, be applied also to non-infectious diseases, such as cancer or neurodegenerative diseases, if an adaptive immune response can prevent the onset of the disease or modify its course. Immunization against β-amyloid has been explored as a vaccination strategy for Alzheimer's disease for over 20 years. No vaccine has been licensed so far, and immunotherapy has come under considerable criticism following the negative results of several phase III clinical trials. In this narrative review, we illustrate the working hypothesis behind immunization against β-amyloid as a vaccination strategy for Alzheimer's disease, and the outcome of the active immunization strategies that have been tested in humans. On the basis of the lessons learned from preclinical and clinical research, we discuss roadblocks and current perspectives in this challenging enterprise in translational immunology.
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13
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Zhang L, Jing D, Jiang N, Rojalin T, Baehr CM, Zhang D, Xiao W, Wu Y, Cong Z, Li JJ, Li Y, Wang L, Lam KS. Transformable peptide nanoparticles arrest HER2 signalling and cause cancer cell death in vivo. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:145-153. [PMID: 31988501 PMCID: PMC7147967 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in >20% of breast cancers. Dimerization of HER2 receptors leads to the activation of downstream signals enabling the proliferation and survival of malignant phenotypes. Owing to the high expression levels of HER2, combination therapies are currently required for the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer. Here, we designed non-toxic transformable peptides that self-assemble into micelles under aqueous conditions but, on binding to HER2 on cancer cells, transform into nanofibrils that disrupt HER2 dimerization and subsequent downstream signalling events leading to apoptosis of cancer cells. The phase transformation of peptides enables specific HER2 targeting, and inhibition of HER2 dimerization blocks the expression of proliferation and survival genes in the nucleus. We demonstrate, in mouse xenofraft models, that these transformable peptides can be used as a monotherapy in the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Di Jing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nian Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Tatu Rojalin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Baehr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dalin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Wenwu Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoqing Cong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yuanpei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Kit S Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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14
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Zhang Y, Ren B, Zhang D, Liu Y, Zhang M, Zhao C, Zheng J. Design principles and fundamental understanding of biosensors for amyloid-β detection. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6179-6196. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aβ as biomarker in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) drives the significant research efforts for developing different biosensors with different sensing strategies, materials, and mechanisms for Aβ detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxian Zhang
- Department of Chemical
- Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Ohio
- USA
| | - Baiping Ren
- Department of Chemical
- Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Ohio
- USA
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemical
- Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Ohio
- USA
| | - Yonglan Liu
- Department of Chemical
- Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Ohio
- USA
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical
- Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Ohio
- USA
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Alabama
- USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical
- Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Ohio
- USA
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15
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Takeda M, Tagami S. A History of Antidementic Drug Development in Japan. TAIWANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/tpsy.tpsy_33_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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16
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From Stroke to Dementia: a Comprehensive Review Exposing Tight Interactions Between Stroke and Amyloid-β Formation. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:601-614. [PMID: 31776837 PMCID: PMC7340665 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are cerebral pathologies with high socioeconomic impact that can occur together and mutually interact. Vascular factors predisposing to cerebrovascular disease have also been specifically associated with development of AD, and acute stroke is known to increase the risk to develop dementia. Despite the apparent association, it remains unknown how acute cerebrovascular disease and development of AD are precisely linked and act on each other. It has been suggested that this interaction is strongly related to vascular deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ), i.e., cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Furthermore, the blood–brain barrier (BBB), perivascular space, and the glymphatic system, the latter proposedly responsible for the drainage of solutes from the brain parenchyma, may represent key pathophysiological pathways linking stroke, Aβ deposition, and dementia. In this review, we propose a hypothetic connection between CAA, stroke, perivascular space integrity, and dementia. Based on relevant pre-clinical research and a few clinical case reports, we speculate that impaired perivascular space integrity, inflammation, hypoxia, and BBB breakdown after stroke can lead to accelerated deposition of Aβ within brain parenchyma and cerebral vessel walls or exacerbation of CAA. The deposition of Aβ in the parenchyma would then be the initiating event leading to synaptic dysfunction, inducing cognitive decline and dementia. Maintaining the clearance of Aβ after stroke could offer a new therapeutic approach to prevent post-stroke cognitive impairment and development into dementia.
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17
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Lue LF, Beach TG, Walker DG. Alzheimer's Disease Research Using Human Microglia. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080838. [PMID: 31387311 PMCID: PMC6721636 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have mostly investigated microglia, the brain-resident macrophages. This review focused on human microglia obtained at rapid autopsies. Studies employing methods to isolate and culture human brain microglia in high purity for experimental studies were discussed. These methods were employed to isolate human microglia for investigation of a number of features of neuroinflammation, including activation phenotypes, neurotoxicity, responses to abnormal aggregated proteins such as amyloid beta, phagocytosis, and the effects of aging and disease on microglia cellular properties. In recent years, interest in human microglia and neuroinflammation has been renewed due to the identification of inflammation-related AD genetic risk factors, in particular the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-2. Because of the difficulties in developing effective treatments for AD, there has been a general need for greater understanding of the functions of microglia in normal and AD brains. While most experimental studies on neuroinflammation have employed rodent microglia, this review considered the role of human microglia in experimental studies. This review focused on the development of in vitro methodology for the culture of postmortem human microglia and the key findings obtained from experimental studies with these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA.
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 84027, USA.
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Douglas G Walker
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 84027, USA
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520, Japan
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18
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Chantran Y, Capron J, Alamowitch S, Aucouturier P. Anti-Aβ Antibodies and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Complications. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1534. [PMID: 31333665 PMCID: PMC6620823 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) corresponds to the deposition of amyloid material in the cerebral vasculature, leading to structural modifications of blood vessel walls. The most frequent form of sporadic CAA involves fibrillar β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) deposits, mainly the 40 amino acid form (Aβ1-40), which are commonly found in the elderly with or without Alzheimer's disease. Sporadic CAA usually remains clinically silent. However, in some cases, acute complications either hemorrhagic or inflammatory can occur. Similar complications occurred after active or passive immunization against Aβ in experimental animal models exhibiting CAA, and in subjects with Alzheimer's disease during clinical trials. The triggering of these adverse events by active immunization and monoclonal antibody administration in CAA-bearing individuals suggests that analogous mechanisms could be involved during spontaneous CAA complications, drawing particular attention to the role of anti-Aβ antibodies. However, antibodies that react with several monomeric and aggregated forms of Aβ spontaneously occur in virtually all human individuals, hence being part of the "natural antibody" repertoire. Natural antibodies are usually described as having low-affinity and high cross-reactivity toward microbial components and autoantigens. Although frequently of the IgM class, they also belong to IgG and IgA isotypes. They likely display homeostatic functions and protective roles in aging. Until recently, the peculiar properties of these natural antibodies have hindered proper analysis of the Aβ-reactive antibody repertoire and the study of their implication in CAA complications. Herein, we review and comment the evidences of an auto-immune nature of spontaneous CAA complications, and discuss implications for forthcoming research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Chantran
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS 938, Hôpital St-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Département d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean Capron
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS 938, Hôpital St-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Alamowitch
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS 938, Hôpital St-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Aucouturier
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS 938, Hôpital St-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Département d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
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19
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Forloni G, Roiter I, Tagliavini F. Clinical trials of prion disease therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 44:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Bachmann MF, Jennings GT, Vogel M. A vaccine against Alzheimer`s disease: anything left but faith? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 19:73-78. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1554646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin F. Bachmann
- RIA Immunology, Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford,
Oxford, UK
| | - Gary T Jennings
- Hypopet AG, Zürich,
Switzerland
- Saiba GmbH, Pfäffikon,
Switzerland
| | - Monique Vogel
- RIA Immunology, Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
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21
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Bee venom phospholipase A2 ameliorates Alzheimer's disease pathology in Aβ vaccination treatment without inducing neuro-inflammation in a 3xTg-AD mouse model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17369. [PMID: 30478329 PMCID: PMC6255868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by an imbalance between the production and clearance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau proteins. Although vaccination against Aβ peptide results in a dramatic reduction in Aβ pathology in experimental mouse models, the initial clinical trial for an active Aβ vaccine was halted early due to the development of acute meningoencephalitis in 6% of the immunized patients, which likely involved a T-cell mediated pro-inflammatory response. In this study, we aimed to determine whether bee venom phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) treatment would induce Tregs and ameliorate AD pathology without unwanted T cell-mediated inflammation. First, we investigated the effects of bvPLA2 on the inflammatory infiltration caused by Aβ vaccination. Inflammatory aggregates of CD3+ T lymphocytes and macrophages were found in the brains and spinal cords of mice treated with Aβ. However, administration of bvPLA2 dramatically eliminated central nervous system inflammation following Aβ immunization. In AD model mice (3xTg-AD mice), bvPLA2 administration significantly ameliorated cognitive deficits and reduced Aβ burdens in the brains of Aβ-vaccinated 3xTg-AD mice. Additionally, we examined brain glucose metabolism using positron emission tomography with 18F-2 fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose. Cerebral glucose uptake was considerably higher in the brains of Aβ-vaccinated 3xTg-AD mice that received bvPLA2 than those that did not. The present study suggests that the modulation of Treg populations via bvPLA2 treatment may be a new therapeutic approach to attenuate the progression of AD in conjunction with Aβ vaccination therapy without an adverse inflammatory response.
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22
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A Novel scFv Anti-Aβ Antibody Reduces Pathological Impairments in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice via Modulation of Inflammatory Cytokines and Aβ-related Enzymes. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:1-9. [PMID: 30062438 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains promising in the improvement of cognition and memory via the clearing of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) in the AD brain, despite some side effects. Our previous studies demonstrated that the 31-35 sequence of the Aβ molecule was the shortest active center and that polyclonal anti-Aβ31-35 antibody reduced neuronal apoptosis and cognitive impairments induced with acute Aβ application. The present study designed a novel single-chain variable fragment (scFv) monoclonal anti-Aβ31-35 antibody (scFv17) that specifically recognized extracellular Aβ and observed protective effects of scFv17 on pathological impairments in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. We also investigated its cellular and molecular mechanisms and found that scFv17 and 6E10 (a positive control) exhibited similar Aβ-clearing ability and that scFv17 produced a stronger effect in clearing Aβ oligomers than 6E10. scFv17, but not 6E10, enhanced anti-inflammatory responses with significant increases in IL-10 and TGF-β. 6E10 decreased BACE1 levels, and scFv17 significantly increased the level of secreted amyloid precursor protein-α (sAPPα), which is an important physiological neurotrophin from APP generated by α-secretase. 6E10 and scFv17, especially the latter, dramatically down-regulated the expression of neprilysin, which is an enzyme expressed in proportion to Aβ concentration. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that the novel monoclonal anti-Aβ31-35 antibody scFv17 effectively reduced pathological impairments in APP/PS1 transgenic mice via modulation of inflammatory cytokines and Aβ-related enzymes, which supports scFv17 as a new alternative in the current immunotherapy of AD.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative cortical dementia. It starts with memory loss, spatial disorientation in people above the age of 65 yr with a preference to females. Its incidence is expected to increase threefold by 2050. It affects almost one out of ten persons above the age of 65 years. Majority of patients are sporadic, but a very small percentage is autosomal dominant. The pathomechanisms postulated include amyloid cascade hypothesis according to which mutation in amyloid precursor protein causes Aβ aggregation. The next hypothesis is signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3) causing aberration in intracellular signalling pathways. Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are other important pathological changes reported. It is observed that dementia research has not yielded the expected result world over, and therefore, the pitfalls with reference to known facts about diagnosis, clinical features, pathogenic mechanisms, assessment of progression, biomarkers, treatment and prevention, as well as brief information on our experiments with relatively inexpensive methods of differentiating the most common types of dementia AD and frontotemporal dementia are discussed.
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24
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Xiayu X, Shi C, Chen W, Song N, Fu X, Zhou R, Xu YF, Huang L, Zhu H, Han Y, Qin C. Altered Gut Microbiota in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:1241-1257. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Xia Xiayu
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Changhua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Nan Song
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Xinjing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Feng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Yunlin Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Models, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medicine College (PUMC), Beijing, China
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25
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Minakawa EN, Miyazaki K, Maruo K, Yagihara H, Fujita H, Wada K, Nagai Y. Chronic sleep fragmentation exacerbates amyloid β deposition in Alzheimer's disease model mice. Neurosci Lett 2017; 653:362-369. [PMID: 28554860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sleep fragmentation due to intermittent nocturnal arousal resulting in a reduction of total sleep time and sleep efficiency is a common symptom among people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and elderly people with normal cognitive function. Although epidemiological studies have indicated an association between sleep fragmentation and elevated risk of AD, a relevant disease model to elucidate the underlying mechanisms was lacking owing to technical limitations. Here we successfully induced chronic sleep fragmentation in AD model mice using a recently developed running-wheel-based device and demonstrate that chronic sleep fragmentation increases amyloid β deposition. Notably, the severity of amyloid β deposition exhibited a significant positive correlation with the extent of sleep fragmentation. These findings provide a useful contribution to the development of novel treatments that decelerate the disease course of AD in the patients, or decrease the risk of developing AD in healthy elderly people through the improvement of sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko N Minakawa
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
| | - Koyomi Miyazaki
- Physiologically Active Substances Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Kazushi Maruo
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Yagihara
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Fujita
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
| | - Keiji Wada
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Abstract
T cells are required for immune surveillance of the central nervous system (CNS); however, they can also induce severe immunopathology in the context of both viral infections and autoimmunity. The mechanisms that are involved in the priming and recruitment of T cells to the CNS are only partially understood, but there has been renewed interest in this topic since the 'rediscovery' of lymphatic drainage from the CNS. Moreover, tissue-resident memory T cells have been detected in the CNS and are increasingly recognized as an autonomous line of host defence. In this Review, we highlight the main mechanisms that are involved in the priming and CNS recruitment of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells. We also consider the plasticity of T cell responses in the CNS, with a focus on viral infection and autoimmunity.
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27
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Aberrant proteolytic processing and therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer disease. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 64:33-38. [PMID: 28082052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and tau are major components of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, respectively, deposited in the brains of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. Aβ is derived from amyloid-β precursor protein that is sequentially cleaved by two aspartate proteases, β- and γ-secretases. Secreted Aβ is then catabolized by several proteases. Several lines of evidence suggest that accumulation of Aβ by increased production or decreased degradation induces the tau-mediated neuronal toxicity and symptomatic manifestations of AD. Thus, the dynamics of cerebral Aβ, called as "Aβ economy", would be the mechanistic basis of AD pathogenesis. Partial loss of γ-secretase activity leads to the increased generation of toxic Aβ isoforms, indicating that activation of γ-secretase would provide a beneficial effect for AD. After extensive discovery and development efforts, BACE1, which is a β-secretase enzyme, has emerged as a prime drug target for lowering brain Aβ levels. Recent studies revealed the decreased clearance of Aβ in sporadic AD patients, suggesting the importance of the catabolic mechanism in the pathogenesis of AD. I will discuss with these proteolytic mechanisms involved in the regulation of Aβ economy, and development of effective treatment and diagnostics for AD.
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28
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Jessberger S. Stem Cell-Mediated Regeneration of the Adult Brain. Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:321-326. [PMID: 27781019 DOI: 10.1159/000447646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute or chronic injury of the adult mammalian brain is often associated with persistent functional deficits as its potential for regeneration and capacity to rebuild lost neural structures is limited. However, the discovery that neural stem cells (NSCs) persist throughout life in discrete regions of the brain, novel approaches to induce the formation of neuronal and glial cells, and recently developed strategies to generate tissue for exogenous cell replacement strategies opened novel perspectives how to regenerate the adult brain. Here, we will review recently developed approaches for brain repair and discuss future perspectives that may eventually allow for developing novel treatment strategies in acute and chronic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jessberger
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Brain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Sevigny J, Chiao P, Bussière T, Weinreb PH, Williams L, Maier M, Dunstan R, Salloway S, Chen T, Ling Y, O’Gorman J, Qian F, Arastu M, Li M, Chollate S, Brennan MS, Quintero-Monzon O, Scannevin RH, Arnold HM, Engber T, Rhodes K, Ferrero J, Hang Y, Mikulskis A, Grimm J, Hock C, Nitsch RM, Sandrock A. The antibody aducanumab reduces Aβ plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 2016; 537:50-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature19323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1608] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Neuroprotection by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced HRD1 and Chaperones: Possible Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Med Sci (Basel) 2016; 4:medsci4030014. [PMID: 29083378 PMCID: PMC5635799 DOI: 10.3390/medsci4030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are neurodegenerative disorders with a severe medical and social impact. Further insights from clinical and scientific studies are essential to develop effective therapies. Various stresses on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cause unfolded/misfolded proteins to aggregate, initiating unfolded protein responses (UPR), one of which is the induction of neuronal cell death. Some of the pathogenic factors for AD and PD are associated with UPR. ER molecules such as ubiquitin ligases (E3s) and chaperones are also produced during UPR to degrade and refold aberrant proteins that accumulate in the ER. In this review, we examine the role of HMG-CoA reductase degradation protein 1 (HRD1) and the chaperone protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI), which are both produced in the ER in response to stress. We discuss the importance of HRD1 in degrading amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Parkin-associated endothelin receptor-like receptor (Pael-R) to protect against neuronal death. PDI and the chemical chaperone 4-phenyl-butyrate also exert neuroprotective effects. We discuss the pathophysiological roles of ER stress, UPR, and the induction and neuroprotective effects of HRD1 and PDI, which may represent significant targets for novel AD and PD therapies.
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31
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Abstract
The amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plays an indispensable role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Aβ is subject to proteolytic degradation by a diverse array of peptidases and proteinases, known collectively as Aβ-degrading proteases (AβDPs). A growing number of AβDPs have been identified that impact Aβ powerfully and in a surprising variety of ways. As such, AβDPs hold considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment and/or prevention of AD. Here, we critically review the relative merits of therapeutic strategies targeting AβDPs compared with current Aβ-lowering strategies focused on immunotherapies and pharmacological modulation of Aβ-producing enzymes. Several innovative advances have increased considerably the feasibility of delivering AβDPs to the brain or enhancing their activity in a non-invasive manner. We argue that therapies targeting AβDPs offer numerous potential advantages that should be explored through continued research into this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A Leissring
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Office: 5212 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697-1450, USA.
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32
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Sterner RM, Takahashi PY, Yu Ballard AC. Active Vaccines for Alzheimer Disease Treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2016; 17:862.e11-5. [PMID: 27461865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination against peptides specific to Alzheimer disease may generate an immune response that could help inhibit disease and symptom progression. METHODS PubMed and Scopus were searched for clinical trial articles, review articles, and preclinical studies relevant to the field of active Alzheimer disease vaccines and raw searches yielded articles ranging from 2016 to 1973. ClinicalTrials.gov was searched for active Alzheimer disease vaccine trials. Manual research and cross-referencing from reviews and original articles was performed. RESULTS First generation Aβ42 phase 2a trial in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease resulted in cases of meningoencephalitis in 6% of patients, so next generation vaccines are working to target more specific epitopes to induce a more controlled immune response. Difficulty in developing these vaccines resides in striking a balance between providing a vaccine that induces enough of an immune response to actually clear protein sustainably but not so much of a response that results in excess immune activation and possibly adverse effects such as meningoencephalitis. CONCLUSIONS Although much work still needs to be done in the field to make this a practical possibility, the enticing allure of being able to treat or even prevent the extraordinarily impactful disease that is Alzheimer disease makes the idea of active vaccination for Alzheimer disease very appealing and something worth striving toward.
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Agadjanyan MG, Petrovsky N, Ghochikyan A. A fresh perspective from immunologists and vaccine researchers: active vaccination strategies to prevent and reverse Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:1246-59. [PMID: 26192465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.06.1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccination against infectious diseases relies on generation of cellular and humoral immune responses that act to protect the host from overt disease even though they do not induce sterilizing immunity. More recently, attempts have been made with mixed success to generate therapeutic vaccines against a wide range of noninfectious diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. After the exciting first report of successful vaccine prevention of progression of an Alzheimer's disease (AD) animal model in 1999, various epitope-based vaccines targeting amyloid beta (Aβ) have proceeded to human clinical trials, with varied results. More recently, AD vaccines based on tau protein have advanced into clinical testing too. This review seeks to put perspective to the mixed results obtained so far in clinical trials of AD vaccines and discusses the many pitfalls and misconceptions encountered on the path to a successful AD vaccine, including better standardization of immunologic efficacy measures of antibodies, immunogenicity of platform/carrier and adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA; The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia; Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
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34
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia worldwide and is an emerging global epidemic. It is characterized by an imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau proteins. Oligomeric forms of Aβ and tau are believed to be the most toxic. Dramatic results from AD animal models showed great promise for active and passive immune therapies targeting Aβ. However, there is very limited evidence in human studies of the clinical benefits from these approaches. Immunotherapies targeting only tau pathology have had some success but are limited so far to mouse models. The majority of current methods is based on immunological targeting of a self-protein; hence, benefits need to be balanced against risks of stimulating excessive autoimmune toxic inflammation. For greater efficacy the next generation of vaccines needs to focus more on concurrently targeting all the intermediate toxic conformers of oligomeric Aβ and tau species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Fernando Goñi
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
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35
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Abstract
The urgent necessity for dementia research is justified by the prevalence and increase in dementia associated with the demographic changes, for which no causal treatment is available; however, during the progressive course dementia destroys the capacity for self-determination of persons affected and thereby an essential prerequisite for participation in research, i.e. a valid consent to a research intervention. Accordingly, not only sufficient information about all issues which are relevant for decision making by potential participants but also a flawless assessment of the capacity to consent are important; however, currently this is not satisfactorily possible. This article attempts to answer questions associated with these problems, such as how consent can be established, including that of a surrogate for consent of potential research participants by whom consent is no longer possible. In a second section the benefit-risk evaluation, which is also underdeveloped, will be dealt with using two concrete research examples, a diagnostic and a therapeutic research intervention for patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Helmchen
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Deutschland,
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36
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Marquez JP, Stanton SE, Disis ML. The antigenic repertoire of premalignant and high-risk lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:266-70. [PMID: 25572327 PMCID: PMC4383662 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccines have been a major advance in preventing the development of infections after exposure to pathogens. When contemplating an effective approach to cancer prevention, vaccines offer unique advantages over other more standard approaches: First, once appropriately stimulated, antigen-specific T cells will travel to all sites of disease and eradicate cells bearing the proteins to which the T cells have been primed by vaccination. Second, successful immunization will further result in the development of immunologic memory, providing lifelong immunologic surveillance. There is evidence of an adaptive tumor immune infiltrate even at the earliest stages of breast and colon cancer development. Furthermore, there is measurable immunity to lesion-associated antigens present in patients who will eventually develop malignancy even before cancer is clinically evident. Recent studies are beginning to unmask the preinvasive antigenic repertoire for these two malignancies. Preliminary experiments in transgenic mouse models of mammary and intestinal tumors suggest that immunization against antigens expressed in preinvasive and high-risk lesions may be effective in preventing the development of invasive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Marquez
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sasha E Stanton
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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37
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Kou J, Yang J, Lim JE, Pattanayak A, Song M, Planque S, Paul S, Fukuchi KI. Catalytic immunoglobulin gene delivery in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: prophylactic and therapeutic applications. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 51:43-56. [PMID: 24733587 PMCID: PMC4198531 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ) in the brain is hypothesized to be a causal event leading to dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ vaccination removes Aβ deposits from the brain. Aβ immunotherapy, however, may cause T cell- and/or Fc-receptor-mediated brain inflammation and relocate parenchymal Aβ deposits to blood vessels leading to cerebral hemorrhages. Because catalytic antibodies do not form stable immune complexes and Aβ fragments produced by catalytic antibodies are less likely to form aggregates, Aβ-specific catalytic antibodies may have safer therapeutic profiles than reversibly-binding anti-Aβ antibodies. Additionally, catalytic antibodies may remove Aβ more efficiently than binding antibodies because a single catalytic antibody can hydrolyze thousands of Aβ molecules. We previously isolated Aβ-specific catalytic antibody, IgVL5D3, with strong Aβ-hydrolyzing activity. Here, we evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of brain-targeted IgVL5D3 gene delivery via recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9) in an AD mouse model. One single injection of rAAV9-IgVL5D3 into the right ventricle of AD model mice yielded widespread, high expression of IgVL5D3 in the unilateral hemisphere. IgVL5D3 expression was readily detectable in the contralateral hemisphere but to a much lesser extent. IgVL5D3 expression was also confirmed in the cerebrospinal fluid. Prophylactic and therapeutic injection of rAAV9-IgVL5D3 reduced Aβ load in the ipsilateral hippocampus of AD model mice. No evidence of hemorrhages, increased vascular amyloid deposits, increased proinflammatory cytokines, or infiltrating T-cells in the brains was found in the experimental animals. AAV9-mediated anti-Aβ catalytic antibody brain delivery can be prophylactic and therapeutic options for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Kou
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61656, USA
| | - Junling Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61656, USA
| | - Jeong-Eun Lim
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61656, USA
| | - Abhinandan Pattanayak
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61656, USA
| | - Min Song
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61656, USA
| | - Stephanie Planque
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sudhir Paul
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ken-ichiro Fukuchi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61656, USA
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38
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Lambracht-Washington D, Rosenberg RN. A noninflammatory immune response in aged DNA Aβ42-immunized mice supports its safety for possible use as immunotherapy in AD patients. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1274-81. [PMID: 25725942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging in the immune system results in tendency to proinflammatory responses. Intradermal DNA immunization showed Th2 polarized noninflammatory immune responses. We tested here 18-month-old mice which were immunized with Aβ42 peptide, DNA Aβ42 trimer, or 2 different prime boost protocols identical to previous experiments. High Aβ42 antibody levels were found in aged mice which had received peptide immunizations (900 μg/mL plasma), and in mice which had received peptide prime and DNA boost immunizations (500 μg/mL), compared with antibodies in DNA Aβ42 immunized mice with 50 μg/mL. Although we found T-cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokines in mice which had received peptide or prime boost immunization, these were not found in DNA-immunized mice. The results are concordant with proinflammatory responses because of immunosenescence and contraindicate the use of Aβ42 peptide immunizations or prime boost immunization protocols for the use in elderly Alzheimer's disease patients. DNA Aβ42 immunization only on the other hand does lead to effective levels of antibodies without inflammatory cytokine or T-cell responses in the aged animal model tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Lambracht-Washington
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Roger N Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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39
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Hatami A, Albay R, Monjazeb S, Milton S, Glabe C. Monoclonal antibodies against Aβ42 fibrils distinguish multiple aggregation state polymorphisms in vitro and in Alzheimer disease brain. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32131-32143. [PMID: 25281743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.594846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidogenic proteins generally form intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded β-sheet aggregates, including parallel, in-register β-sheets (recognized by antiserum OC) or antiparallel β-sheets, β-solenoids, β-barrels, and β-cylindrins (recognized by antiserum A11). Although these groups share many common properties, some amyloid sequences have been reported to form polymorphic structural variants or strains. We investigated the humoral immune response to Aβ42 fibrils and produced 23 OC-type monoclonal antibodies recognizing distinct epitopes differentially associated with polymorphic structural variants. These mOC antibodies define at least 18 different immunological profiles represented in aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ). All of the antibodies strongly prefer amyloid aggregates over monomer, indicating that they recognize conformational epitopes. Most of the antibodies react with N-terminal linear segments of Aβ, although many recognize a discontinuous epitope consisting of an N-terminal domain and a central domain. Several of the antibodies that recognize linear Aβ segments also react with fibrils formed from unrelated amyloid sequences, indicating that reactivity with linear segments of Aβ does not mean the antibody is sequence-specific. The antibodies display strikingly different patterns of immunoreactivity in Alzheimer disease and transgenic mouse brain and identify spatially and temporally unique amyloid deposits. Our results indicate that the immune response to Aβ42 fibrils is diverse and reflects the structural polymorphisms in fibrillar amyloid structures. These polymorphisms may contribute to differences in toxicity and consequent effects on pathological processes. Thus, a single therapeutic monoclonal antibody may not be able to target all of the pathological aggregates necessary to make an impact on the overall disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Hatami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900 and
| | - Ricardo Albay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900 and
| | - Sanaz Monjazeb
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900 and
| | - Saskia Milton
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900 and
| | - Charles Glabe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900 and; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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40
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Schindowski C, Zimmermann J, Schindowski K. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: current evidence and considerations. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2014; 4:121-130. [PMID: 32669906 PMCID: PMC7337175 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s51786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative form of dementia with increasing incidence rates in most countries. AD is characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of AD individuals accompanied by global neuronal loss. The peptide amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates to amyloid plaques in AD brains. As a result, many therapeutic approaches target Aβ. Human plasma and the plasma product intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) contain naturally-occurring anti-Aβ antibodies (Nabs-Aβ) that appear to reduce risks of developing AD. IVIG sequesters Aβ and thus interferes with AD progression. This study reviews the role of different Aβ species, Nabs-Aβ, preclinical data, and clinical studies of IVIG as potential AD treatments. The focus of this study is the outcomes of a recent Gammaglobulin Alzheimer's Partnership Phase III trial that did not reach primary endpoints, as well as efforts to compare IVIG with current anti-Aβ monoclonals such as bapineuzumab, solanezumab, and BIIB037. Moreover, this study critically examines current market and ethical consequences of potential off-label uses of IVIG, limits in IVIG supply, and subsequent challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schindowski
- Vivantes Klinikum am Urban Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Schindowski
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Faculty for Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Biberach/Riss, Germany
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41
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Alves R, Yang M, Batista M, Ferreira L. Alzheimer's disease: is a vaccine possible? Braz J Med Biol Res 2014; 47:438-44. [PMID: 24878604 PMCID: PMC4086169 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of Alzheimer's disease is still unknown, but the disease is distinctively characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. These features have become the primary focus of much of the research looking for new treatments for the disease, including immunotherapy and vaccines targeting β-amyloid in the brain. Adverse effects observed in a clinical trial based on the β-amyloid protein were attributed to the presence of the target antigen and emphasized the relevance of finding safer antigen candidates for active immunization. For this kind of approach, different vaccine formulations using DNA, peptide, and heterologous prime-boost immunization regimens have been proposed. Promising results are expected from different vaccine candidates encompassing B-cell epitopes of the β-amyloid protein. In addition, recent results indicate that targeting another protein involved in the etiology of the disease has opened new perspectives for the effective prevention of the illness. Collectively, the evidence indicates that the idea of finding an effective vaccine for the control of Alzheimer's disease, although not without challenges, is a possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.P.S. Alves
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II,
Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, São Paulo,
SP, Brasil, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia,
Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil
| | - M.J. Yang
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Genética, São Paulo, SP, Brasil,
Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M.T. Batista
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II,
Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, São Paulo,
SP, Brasil, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia,
Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil
| | - L.C.S. Ferreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II,
Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, São Paulo,
SP, Brasil, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia,
Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil
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42
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Wisniewski T, Goñi F. Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:499-507. [PMID: 24412277 PMCID: PMC3972315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. In AD the normal soluble amyloid β (sAβ) peptide is converted into oligomeric/fibrillar Aβ. The oligomeric forms of Aβ are thought to be the most toxic, while fibrillar Aβ becomes deposited as amyloid plaques and congophilic angiopathy, which serve as neuropathological markers of the disease. In addition the accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated tau as soluble toxic oligomers and as neurofibrillary tangles is a critical part of the pathology. Numerous therapeutic interventions are under investigation to prevent and treat AD. Among the more exciting and advanced of these approaches is vaccination. Active and passive Immunotherapy targeting only Aβ has been successful in many AD model animal trials; however, the more limited human data has shown much less benefit so far, with encephalitis occurring in a minority of patients treated with active immunization and vasogenic edema or amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) being a complication in some passive immunization trials. Therapeutic intervention targeting only tau has been tested only in mouse models; and no approaches targeting both pathologies concurrently has been attempted, until very recently. The immune approaches tried so far were targeting a self-protein, albeit in an abnormal conformation; however, effective enhanced clearance of the disease associated conformer has to be balanced with the potential risk of stimulating excessive toxic inflammation. The design of future more effective immunomodulatory approaches will need to target all aspects of AD pathology, as well as specifically targeting pathological oligomeric conformers, without the use of any self-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States; Departments of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States; Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Fernando Goñi
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
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43
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Fettelschoss A, Zabel F, Bachmann MF. Vaccination against Alzheimer disease: an update on future strategies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:847-51. [PMID: 24535580 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is a devastating chronic disease without adequate therapy. More than 10 years ago, it was demonstrated in transgenic mouse models that vaccination may be a novel, disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer. Subsequent clinical development has been a roller-coaster with some positive and many negative news. Here, we would like to summarize evidence that next generation vaccines optimized for old people and focusing on patients with mild disease stand a good chance to proof efficacious for the treatment of Alzheimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Fettelschoss
- Saiba GmbH; Rämismühle, Switzerland; Dermataology; University Hospital of Zürich; Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Zabel
- Saiba GmbH; Rämismühle, Switzerland; Dermataology; University Hospital of Zürich; Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Dermataology; University Hospital of Zürich; Zürich, Switzerland; The Jenner Institute; University of Oxford; Oxfordshire, UK
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Léger GC, Massoud F. Novel disease-modifying therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:423-42. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2013.811237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are becoming increasingly common and an ever greater healthcare burden, as the average age in Western populations rises. Many of these are conformational disorders, which are characterized by the accumulation of a host protein that undergoes a structural change increasing its beta-sheet content, rendering it toxic. The most common of these illnesses is Alzheimer's disease. Prion diseases are also conformational disorders, which are currently less common than Alzheimer's disease, however, these illnesses have no treatment and are universally rapidly fatal. The emergence of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has raised the possibility of a large population at risk for this illness, as well as causing great concern regarding the safety of blood bank supplies. Recently, immune modulation has emerged as a highly promising therapeutic strategy for both Alzheimer's and prion diseases. We and others have demonstrated in both Alzheimer's and prion disease animal models that vaccination can dramatically improve the course of the illness. A human trial of an Alzheimer's disease vaccine using A beta1-42 was halted due to toxicity in a minority of patients (6%). However, recent data suggests that patients with a humoral response to A beta benefited cognitively from the vaccine. Toxicity in this human trial has been linked to excessive cell-mediated immunity. Novel vaccine strategies are under development for both Alzheimer's disease and prionoses which are predicted to have few or no significant side effects, while being efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sadowski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MHL Rm. HN 419, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Sabharwal P, Wisniewski T. Novel immunological approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. ZHONGGUO XIAN DAI SHEN JING JI BING ZA ZHI 2014; 14:139-151. [PMID: 25429302 PMCID: PMC4241771 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia worldwide, can be deemed as the next global health epidemic. The biochemistry underlying deposition of amyloid beta (A β) and hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates in AD has been extensively studied. The oligomeric forms of A β that are derived from the normal soluble A β peptides are believed to be the most toxic. However, it is the fibrillar Aβ form that aggregates as amyloid plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which serve as pathological hallmarks of AD. Moreover, deposits of abnormally phosphorylated tau that form soluble toxic oligomers and then accumulate as neurofibrillary tangles are an essential part of AD pathology. Currently, many strategies are being tested that either inhibit, eradicate or prevent the development of plaques in AD. An exciting new approach on the horizon is the immunization approach. Dramatic results from AD animal models have shown promise for active and passive immune therapies targeting A β. However, there is very limited data in humans that suggests a clear benefit. Some hurdles faced with these studies arise from complications noted with therapy. Encephalitis has been reported in trials of active immunization and vasogenic edema or amyloid - related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) has been reported with passive immunization in a minority of patients. As yet, therapies targeting only tau are still limited to mouse models with few studies targeting both pathologies. As the majority of approaches tried so far are based on targeting a self - protein, though in an abnormal conformation, benefits of therapy need to be balanced against the possible risks of stimulating excessive toxic inflammation. For better efficacy, future strategies will need to focus on the toxic oligomers and targeting all aspects of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sabharwal
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Vaccine efficacy of transcutaneous immunization with amyloid β using a dissolving microneedle array in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 266:1-11. [PMID: 24315156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on the amyloid cascade hypothesis has recently attracted attention for treating AD. Injectable immunization using amyloid β peptide (Aβ) comprising 1-42 amino-acid residues (Aβ1-42) as antigens showed therapeutic efficacy in mice; however, the clinical trial of this injected Aβ1-42 vaccine was stopped due to the incidence of meningoencephalitis caused by excess activation of Th1 cells infiltrating the brain as a serious adverse reaction. Because recent studies have suggested that transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is likely to elicit Th2-dominant immune responses, TCI is expected to be effective in treating AD without inducing adverse reactions. Previously reported TCI procedures employed complicated and impractical vaccination procedures; therefore, a simple, easy-to-use, and novel TCI approach needs to be established. In this study, we investigated the vaccine efficacy of an Aβ1-42-containing TCI using our novel dissolving microneedle array (MicroHyala; MH) against AD. MH-based TCI induced anti-Aβ1-42 immune responses by simple and low-invasive application of Aβ1-42-containing MH to the skin. Unfortunately, this TCI system resulted in little significant improvement in cognitive function and Th2-dominant immune responses, suggesting the need for further modification.
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Monsonego A, Nemirovsky A, Harpaz I. CD4 T cells in immunity and immunotherapy of Alzheimer's disease. Immunology 2013; 139:438-46. [PMID: 23534386 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, with prevalence progressively increasing with aging. Pathological hallmarks of the disease include accumulation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain associated with glial activation and synaptotoxicity. In addition, AD involves peripheral and brain endogenous inflammatory processes that appear to enhance disease progression. More than a decade ago a new therapeutic paradigm emerged for AD, namely the activation of the adaptive immune system directly against the self-peptide Aβ, aimed at lowering its accumulation in the brain. This was the first time that a brain peptide was used to vaccinate human subjects in a manner similar to classic viral or bacterial vaccines. The vaccination approach has taken several forms, from initially active to passive and then back to modified active vaccines. As the first two approaches to date failed to show sufficient efficacy, the last is presently being evaluated in ongoing clinical trials. The present review summarizes the immunogenic characteristics of Aβ in humans and mice and discusses past, present and future Aβ-based immunotherapeutic approaches for AD. We emphasize potential pathogenic and beneficial roles of CD4 T cells in light of the pathogenesis and the general decline in T-cell responsiveness evident in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Monsonego
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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50
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Noninfectious disease vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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