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Toscano E, Cimmino E, Pennacchio FA, Riccio P, Poli A, Liu YJ, Maiuri P, Sepe L, Paolella G. Methods and computational tools to study eukaryotic cell migration in vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1385991. [PMID: 38887515 PMCID: PMC11180820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1385991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular movement is essential for many vital biological functions where it plays a pivotal role both at the single cell level, such as during division or differentiation, and at the macroscopic level within tissues, where coordinated migration is crucial for proper morphogenesis. It also has an impact on various pathological processes, one for all, cancer spreading. Cell migration is a complex phenomenon and diverse experimental methods have been developed aimed at dissecting and analysing its distinct facets independently. In parallel, corresponding analytical procedures and tools have been devised to gain deep insight and interpret experimental results. Here we review established experimental techniques designed to investigate specific aspects of cell migration and present a broad collection of historical as well as cutting-edge computational tools used in quantitative analysis of cell motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Toscano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Cimmino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio A. Pennacchio
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Riccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Yan-Jun Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Leandra Sepe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paolella
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
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2
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Rysenkova KD, Gaboriaud J, Fokin AI, Toubiana R, Bense A, Mirdass C, Jin M, Ho MCN, Glading E, Vacher S, Courtois L, Bièche I, Gautreau AM. PI 3-Kinase and the Histone Methyl-Transferase KMT2D Collaborate to Induce Arp2/3-Dependent Migration of Mammary Epithelial Cells. Cells 2024; 13:876. [PMID: 38786098 PMCID: PMC11119607 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer develops upon sequential acquisition of driver mutations in mammary epithelial cells; however, how these mutations collaborate to transform normal cells remains unclear in most cases. We aimed to reconstitute this process in a particular case. To this end, we combined the activated form of the PI 3-kinase harboring the H1047R mutation with the inactivation of the histone lysine methyl-transferase KMT2D in the non-tumorigenic human mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A. We found that PI 3-kinase activation promoted cell-cycle progression, especially when growth signals were limiting, as well as cell migration, both in a collective monolayer and as single cells. Furthermore, we showed that KMT2D inactivation had relatively little influence on these processes, except for single-cell migration, which KMT2D inactivation promoted in synergy with PI 3-kinase activation. The combination of these two genetic alterations induced expression of the ARPC5L gene that encodes a subunit of the Arp2/3 complex. ARPC5L depletion fully abolished the enhanced migration persistence exhibited by double-mutant cells. Our reconstitution approach in MCF10A has thus revealed both the cell function and the single-cell migration, and the underlying Arp2/3-dependent mechanism, which are synergistically regulated when KMT2D inactivation is combined with the activation of the PI 3-kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina D. Rysenkova
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France; (K.D.R.); (J.G.); (A.I.F.); (R.T.); (A.B.); (C.M.); (M.J.); (M.C.N.H.); (E.G.)
| | - Julia Gaboriaud
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France; (K.D.R.); (J.G.); (A.I.F.); (R.T.); (A.B.); (C.M.); (M.J.); (M.C.N.H.); (E.G.)
| | - Artem I. Fokin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France; (K.D.R.); (J.G.); (A.I.F.); (R.T.); (A.B.); (C.M.); (M.J.); (M.C.N.H.); (E.G.)
| | - Raphaëlle Toubiana
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France; (K.D.R.); (J.G.); (A.I.F.); (R.T.); (A.B.); (C.M.); (M.J.); (M.C.N.H.); (E.G.)
| | - Alexandre Bense
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France; (K.D.R.); (J.G.); (A.I.F.); (R.T.); (A.B.); (C.M.); (M.J.); (M.C.N.H.); (E.G.)
| | - Camil Mirdass
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France; (K.D.R.); (J.G.); (A.I.F.); (R.T.); (A.B.); (C.M.); (M.J.); (M.C.N.H.); (E.G.)
| | - Mélissa Jin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France; (K.D.R.); (J.G.); (A.I.F.); (R.T.); (A.B.); (C.M.); (M.J.); (M.C.N.H.); (E.G.)
| | - Minh Chau N. Ho
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France; (K.D.R.); (J.G.); (A.I.F.); (R.T.); (A.B.); (C.M.); (M.J.); (M.C.N.H.); (E.G.)
| | - Elizabeth Glading
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France; (K.D.R.); (J.G.); (A.I.F.); (R.T.); (A.B.); (C.M.); (M.J.); (M.C.N.H.); (E.G.)
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris Descartes University, 75005 Paris, France; (S.V.); (L.C.); (I.B.)
| | - Laura Courtois
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris Descartes University, 75005 Paris, France; (S.V.); (L.C.); (I.B.)
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris Descartes University, 75005 Paris, France; (S.V.); (L.C.); (I.B.)
| | - Alexis M. Gautreau
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France; (K.D.R.); (J.G.); (A.I.F.); (R.T.); (A.B.); (C.M.); (M.J.); (M.C.N.H.); (E.G.)
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3
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Brosseau S, Abreu P, Bouchez C, Charon L, Kieffer Y, Gentric G, Picant V, Veith I, Camonis J, Descroix S, Mechta-Grigoriou F, Parrini MC, Zalcman G. YAP/TEAD involvement in resistance to paclitaxel chemotherapy in lung cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04949-7. [PMID: 38427166 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The Yes-associated protein (YAP) oncoprotein has been linked to both metastases and resistance to targeted therapy of lung cancer cells. We aimed to investigate the effect of YAP pharmacological inhibition, using YAP/TEA domain (TEAD) transcription factor interaction inhibitors in chemo-resistant lung cancer cells. YAP subcellular localization, as a readout for YAP activation, cell migration, and TEAD transcription factor functional transcriptional activity were investigated in cancer cell lines with up-regulated YAP, with and without YAP/TEAD interaction inhibitors. Parental (A549) and paclitaxel-resistant (A549R) cell transcriptomes were analyzed. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of paclitaxel or trametinib, which are Mitogen-Activated protein kinase and Erk Kinase (MEK) inhibitors, combined with a YAP/TEAD inhibitor (IV#6), was determined. A three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic culture device enabled us to study the effect of IV#6/paclitaxel combination on cancer cells isolated from fresh resected lung cancer samples. YAP activity was significantly higher in paclitaxel-resistant cell lines. The YAP/TEAD inhibitor induced a decreased YAP activity in A549, PC9, and H2052 cells, with reduced YAP nuclear staining. Wound healing assays upon YAP inhibition revealed impaired cell motility of lung cancer A549 and mesothelioma H2052 cells. Combining YAP pharmacological inhibition with trametinib in K-Ras mutated A549 cells recapitulated synthetic lethality, thereby sensitizing these cells to MEK inhibition. The YAP/TEAD inhibitor lowered the IC50 of paclitaxel in A549R cells. Differential transcriptomic analysis of parental and A549R cells revealed an increased YAP/TEAD transcriptomic signature in resistant cells, downregulated upon YAP inhibition. The YAP/TEAD inhibitor restored paclitaxel sensitivity of A549R cells cultured in a 3D microfluidic system, with lung cancer cells from a fresh tumor efficiently killed by YAP/TEAD inhibitor/paclitaxel doublet. Evidence of the YAP/TEAD transcriptional program's role in chemotherapy resistance paves the way for YAP therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brosseau
- U830 INSERM "Cancer, Heterogenity, Instability, Plasticity", Team "Stress and Cancer", Institut Curie Research Centre, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France
- Medicine Faculty, Université Paris Cité, 26 rue Henri Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
- Thoracic Oncology Department, Clinical Investigation Centre (CIC) 1425 INSERM, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - P Abreu
- U830 INSERM "Cancer, Heterogenity, Instability, Plasticity", Team "Stress and Cancer", Institut Curie Research Centre, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France
| | - C Bouchez
- U830 INSERM "Cancer, Heterogenity, Instability, Plasticity", Team "Stress and Cancer", Institut Curie Research Centre, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France
| | - L Charon
- U830 INSERM "Cancer, Heterogenity, Instability, Plasticity", Team "Stress and Cancer", Institut Curie Research Centre, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France
| | - Y Kieffer
- U830 INSERM "Cancer, Heterogenity, Instability, Plasticity", Team "Stress and Cancer", Institut Curie Research Centre, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - G Gentric
- U830 INSERM "Cancer, Heterogenity, Instability, Plasticity", Team "Stress and Cancer", Institut Curie Research Centre, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - V Picant
- U830 INSERM "Cancer, Heterogenity, Instability, Plasticity", Team "Stress and Cancer", Institut Curie Research Centre, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - I Veith
- U830 INSERM "Cancer, Heterogenity, Instability, Plasticity", Team "Stress and Cancer", Institut Curie Research Centre, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - J Camonis
- U830 INSERM "Cancer, Heterogenity, Instability, Plasticity", Team "Stress and Cancer", Institut Curie Research Centre, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - S Descroix
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
- UMR 168 CNRS "Physics and Chemistry Curie" Institut Curie Research Centre, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France
| | - F Mechta-Grigoriou
- U830 INSERM "Cancer, Heterogenity, Instability, Plasticity", Team "Stress and Cancer", Institut Curie Research Centre, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - M C Parrini
- U830 INSERM "Cancer, Heterogenity, Instability, Plasticity", Team "Stress and Cancer", Institut Curie Research Centre, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - G Zalcman
- U830 INSERM "Cancer, Heterogenity, Instability, Plasticity", Team "Stress and Cancer", Institut Curie Research Centre, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France.
- Medicine Faculty, Université Paris Cité, 26 rue Henri Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.
- Thoracic Oncology Department, Clinical Investigation Centre (CIC) 1425 INSERM, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.
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4
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Inactivation of PTEN and ZFHX3 in Mammary Epithelial Cells Alters Patterns of Collective Cell Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010313. [PMID: 36613756 PMCID: PMC9820126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing of invasive mammary carcinomas revealed the association of mutations in PTEN and ZFHX3 tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). We generated single and combined PTEN and ZFHX3 knock-outs (KOs) in the immortalized mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A to study the role of these genes and their potential synergy in migration regulation. Inactivation of PTEN, but not ZFHX3, induced the formation of large colonies in soft agar. ZFHX3 inactivation in PTEN KO, however, increased colony numbers and normalized their size. Cell migration was affected in different ways upon PTEN and ZFHX3 KO. Inactivation of PTEN enhanced coordinated cell motility and thus, the collective migration of epithelial islets and wound healing. In contrast, ZFHX3 knockout resulted in the acquisition of uncoordinated cell movement associated with the appearance of immature adhesive junctions (AJs) and the increased expression of the mesenchymal marker vimentin. Inactivation of the two TSGs thus induces different stages of partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMT). Upon double KO (DKO), cells displayed still another motile state, characterized by a decreased coordination in collective migration and high levels of vimentin but a restoration of mature linear AJs. This study illustrates the plasticity of migration modes of mammary cells transformed by a combination of cancer-associated genes.
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5
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Cai G, Nguyen A, Bashirzadeh Y, Lin SS, Bi D, Liu AP. Compressive stress drives adhesion-dependent unjamming transitions in breast cancer cell migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:933042. [PMID: 36268514 PMCID: PMC9577106 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.933042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular unjamming is the collective fluidization of cell motion and has been linked to many biological processes, including development, wound repair, and tumor growth. In tumor growth, the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells in a confined space generates mechanical compressive stress. However, because multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms may be operating simultaneously, the role of compressive stress in unjamming transitions during cancer progression remains unknown. Here, we investigate which mechanism dominates in a dense, mechanically stressed monolayer. We find that long-term mechanical compression triggers cell arrest in benign epithelial cells and enhances cancer cell migration in transitions correlated with cell shape, leading us to examine the contributions of cell–cell adhesion and substrate traction in unjamming transitions. We show that cadherin-mediated cell–cell adhesion regulates differential cellular responses to compressive stress and is an important driver of unjamming in stressed monolayers. Importantly, compressive stress does not induce the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in unjammed cells. Furthermore, traction force microscopy reveals the attenuation of traction stresses in compressed cells within the bulk monolayer regardless of cell type and motility. As traction within the bulk monolayer decreases with compressive pressure, cancer cells at the leading edge of the cell layer exhibit sustained traction under compression. Together, strengthened intercellular adhesion and attenuation of traction forces within the bulk cell sheet under compression lead to fluidization of the cell layer and may impact collective cell motion in tumor development and breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Cai
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anh Nguyen
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yashar Bashirzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shan-Shan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Allen P. Liu,
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6
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Toscano E, Sepe L, del Giudice G, Tufano R, Paolella G. A three component model for superdiffusive motion effectively describes migration of eukaryotic cells moving freely or under a directional stimulus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272259. [PMID: 35917375 PMCID: PMC9345344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the simple diffusion model can effectively describe the movement of eukaryotic cells on a culture surface observed at relatively low sampling frequency, at higher sampling rates more complex models are often necessary to better fit the experimental data. Currently available models can describe motion paths by involving additional parameters, such as linearity or directional persistence in time. However sometimes difficulties arise as it is not easy to effectively evaluate persistence in presence of a directional bias. Here we present a procedure which helps solve this problem, based on a model which describes displacement as the vectorial sum of three components: diffusion, persistence and directional bias. The described model has been tested by analysing the migratory behaviour of simulated cell populations and used to analyse a collection of experimental datasets, obtained by observing cell cultures in time lapse microscopy. Overall, the method produces a good description of migration behaviour as it appears to capture the expected increase in the directional bias in presence of wound without a large concomitant increase in the persistence module, allowing it to remain as a physically meaningful quantity in the presence of a directional stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Toscano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
| | - Leandra Sepe
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giusy del Giudice
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Paolella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Skamrahl M, Pang H, Ferle M, Gottwald J, Rübeling A, Maraspini R, Honigmann A, Oswald TA, Janshoff A. Tight Junction ZO Proteins Maintain Tissue Fluidity, Ensuring Efficient Collective Cell Migration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100478. [PMID: 34382375 PMCID: PMC8498871 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are essential components of epithelial tissues connecting neighboring cells to provide protective barriers. While their general function to seal compartments is well understood, their role in collective cell migration is largely unexplored. Here, the importance of the TJ zonula occludens (ZO) proteins ZO1 and ZO2 for epithelial migration is investigated employing video microscopy in conjunction with velocimetry, segmentation, cell tracking, and atomic force microscopy/spectroscopy. The results indicate that ZO proteins are necessary for fast and coherent migration. In particular, ZO1 and 2 loss (dKD) induces actomyosin remodeling away from the central cortex towards the periphery of individual cells, resulting in altered viscoelastic properties. A tug-of-war emerges between two subpopulations of cells with distinct morphological and mechanical properties: 1) smaller and highly contractile cells with an outward bulging apical membrane, and 2) larger, flattened cells, which, due to tensile stress, display a higher proliferation rate. In response, the cell density increases, leading to crowding-induced jamming and more small cells over time. Co-cultures comprising wildtype and dKD cells migrate inefficiently due to phase separation based on differences in contractility rather than differential adhesion. This study shows that ZO proteins are necessary for efficient collective cell migration by maintaining tissue fluidity and controlling proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Skamrahl
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstr. 6Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Hongtao Pang
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstr. 6Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Maximilian Ferle
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstr. 6Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Jannis Gottwald
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstr. 6Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Angela Rübeling
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstr. 2Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Riccardo Maraspini
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstraße 108Dresden01307Germany
| | - Alf Honigmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstraße 108Dresden01307Germany
| | - Tabea A. Oswald
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstr. 2Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of GöttingenTammannstr. 6Göttingen37077Germany
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Bajpai A, Tong J, Qian W, Peng Y, Chen W. The Interplay Between Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Forces Regulates Cell Migration Dynamics. Biophys J 2019; 117:1795-1804. [PMID: 31706566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells in vivo encounter and exert forces as they interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and neighboring cells during migration. These mechanical forces play crucial roles in regulating cell migratory behaviors. Although a variety of studies have focused on describing single-cell or the collective cell migration behaviors, a fully mechanistic understanding of how the cell-cell (intercellular) and cell-ECM (extracellular) traction forces individually and cooperatively regulate single-cell migration and coordinate multicellular movement in a cellular monolayer is still lacking. Here, we developed an integrated experimental and analytical system to examine both the intercellular and extracellular traction forces acting on individual cells within an endothelial cell colony as well as their roles in guiding cell migratory behaviors (i.e., cell translation and rotation). Combined with force, multipole, and moment analysis, our results revealed that traction force dominates in regulating cell active translation, whereas intercellular force actively modulates cell rotation. Our findings advance the understanding of the intricacies of cell-cell and cell-ECM forces in regulating cellular migratory behaviors that occur during the monolayer development and may yield deeper insights into the single-cell dynamic behaviors during tissue development, embryogenesis, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Tong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
| | - Weiyi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
| | - Yansong Peng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York.
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9
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Park H, Doh J. T cell migration in microchannels densely packed with T cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7198. [PMID: 31076592 PMCID: PMC6510777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells migrate diverse microenvironments of the body to mount antigen-specific immune responses. T cell activation, a key initial process for antigen-specific immune responses, occur in secondary lymphoid organs such as spleens and lymph nodes where high density of T cells migrates rapidly through the reticular networks formed by stromal cells. In vitro model system recapitulating key characteristics of secondary lymphoid organs, confined spaces densely packed with rapidly migrating cells, would be useful to investigate mechanisms of T cell migration. In this study, we devised a method to fabricate microchannels densely packed with T cells. Microchannel arrays with fixed height (4 μm) and length (1.5 mm) and various widths (15~80 μm) were fabricated in between trapezoid-shaped reservoirs that facilitated T cell sedimentation near microchannel entries. Microchannel surface chemistry and filling time were optimized to achieve high packing density (0.89) of T cell filling within microchannels. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) analysis method was employed to extract velocity field of microchannels densely packed with T cells. Using velocity field information, various motility parameters were further evaluated to quantitatively assess the effects of microchannel width and media tonicity on T cell motility within cell dense microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyoungJun Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea. .,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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10
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Di Giuseppe D, Corsi F, Mencattini A, Comes MC, Casti P, Di Natale C, Ghibelli L, Martinelli E. Learning Cancer-Related Drug Efficacy Exploiting Consensus in Coordinated Motility Within Cell Clusters. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 66:2882-2888. [PMID: 30735982 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2897825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ability of cells to collectively move is essential in various biological contexts including cancer metastasis. In this paper, we propose an automatic video analysis tool to correlate the cell movement inhibition with replication block induced by dose-dependent chemotherapy administration. METHODS The novel approach combines individual and collective cell kinematic analysis performed over time-lapse microscopy video frames. Cells are first localized and tracked, and then kinematic descriptors are extracted for each track. Selective track identification is performed assuming diversified cell roles within the same cluster (spontaneously forming groups of cells), and finally individual results are grouped exploiting consensus of coordinated motility within cell clusters. RESULTS Recognition performance of three different experimental conditions (no drug, 0.5-5 μM merged in the same condition, and 50 μM) reached an average accuracy value of 88% over 958 different tracks collected in 36 clusters of diverse dimensions in eight independent experiments. CONCLUSION An extensive application of this methodology could give a different point of view of the cancer mechanisms.
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11
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Moitrier S, Blanch-Mercader C, Garcia S, Sliogeryte K, Martin T, Camonis J, Marcq P, Silberzan P, Bonnet I. Collective stresses drive competition between monolayers of normal and Ras-transformed cells. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:537-545. [PMID: 30516225 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01523f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study the competition for space between two cell lines that differ only in the expression of the Ras oncogene. The two cell populations are initially separated and set to migrate antagonistically towards an in-between stripe of free substrate. After contact, their interface moves towards the population of normal cells. We interpret the velocity and traction force data taken before and after contact thanks to a hydrodynamic description of collectively migrating cohesive cell sheets. The kinematics of cells, before and after contact, allows us to estimate the relative material parameters for both cell lines. As predicted by the model, the transformed cell population with larger collective stresses pushes the wild type cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moitrier
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France. and Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France and Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
| | | | - Simon Garcia
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France. and Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France and Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
| | - Kristina Sliogeryte
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France. and Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France and Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
| | - Tobias Martin
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France. and Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France and Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
| | - Jacques Camonis
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France and ART Group, Inserm U830, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Marcq
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France. and Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Silberzan
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France. and Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France and Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnet
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France. and Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France and Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
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12
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Abstract
In various physiological processes, the cell collective is organized in a monolayer, such as seen in a simple epithelium. The advances in the understanding of mechanical behavior of the monolayer and its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms will help to elucidate the properties of cell collectives. In this Review, we discuss recent in vitro studies on monolayer mechanics and their implications on collective dynamics, regulation of monolayer mechanics by physical confinement and geometrical cues and the effect of tissue mechanics on biological processes, such as cell division and extrusion. In particular, we focus on the active nematic property of cell monolayers and the emerging approach to view biological systems in the light of liquid crystal theory. We also highlight the mechanosensing and mechanotransduction mechanisms at the sub-cellular and molecular level that are mediated by the contractile actomyosin cytoskeleton and cell-cell adhesion proteins, such as E-cadherin and α-catenin. To conclude, we argue that, in order to have a holistic understanding of the cellular response to biophysical environments, interdisciplinary approaches and multiple techniques - from large-scale traction force measurements to molecular force protein sensors - must be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Chen
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Thuan Beng Saw
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411.,National University of Singapore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Engineering Block 4, #04-08, Singapore 117583
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & Université Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & Université Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
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13
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Zaritsky A. Sharing and reusing cell image data. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1274-1280. [PMID: 29851565 PMCID: PMC5994892 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-10-0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth in content and complexity of cell image data creates an opportunity for synergy between experimental and computational scientists. Sharing microscopy data enables computational scientists to develop algorithms and tools for data analysis, integration, and mining. These tools can be applied by experimentalists to promote hypothesis-generation and discovery. We are now at the dawn of this revolution: infrastructure is being developed for data standardization, deposition, sharing, and analysis; some journals and funding agencies mandate data deposition; data journals publish high-content microscopy data sets; quantification becomes standard in scientific publications; new analytic tools are being developed and dispatched to the community; and huge data sets are being generated by individual labs and philanthropic initiatives. In this Perspective, I reflect on sharing and reusing cell image data and the opportunities that will come along with it.
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14
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Paul-Gilloteaux P, Waharte F, Singh MK, Parrini MC. A Biologist-Friendly Method to Analyze Cross-Correlation Between Protrusion Dynamics and Membrane Recruitment of Actin Regulators. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1749:279-289. [PMID: 29526004 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7701-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
During mesenchymal cell motility, various actin regulators are recruited to the leading edge with exquisite precision in time and space to generate protrusion and retraction cycles. We present here an automated method, named CorRecD (from Correlation Recruitment Dynamics), which quantifies cell edge dynamics, protein recruitment and analyze their cross-correlation. The Wave Regulatory Complex (WRC), a master driver of protrusions, is used as a case-of-study. This biologist-friendly method relies on free software tools and can be applied to any fluorescently tagged protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Paul-Gilloteaux
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France.,Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris, France.,SFR Santé Francois Bonamy CNRS INSERM Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - François Waharte
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France.,Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Manish Kumar Singh
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France.,ART Group, Inserm U830, Paris, France
| | - Maria Carla Parrini
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France. .,ART Group, Inserm U830, Paris, France.
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15
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Beaune G, Duclos G, Khalifat N, Stirbat TV, Vignjevic DM, Brochard-Wyart F. Reentrant wetting transition in the spreading of cellular aggregates. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8474-8482. [PMID: 29091088 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00768j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We study spreading on soft substrates of cellular aggregates using CT26 cells that produce an extracellular matrix (ECM). Compared to our previous work on the spreading of S180 cellular aggregates, which did not secrete ECMs, we found that the spreading velocity of the precursor film is also maximal for intermediate rigidities, but new striking features show up. First, we observed a cascade of liquid-gas-liquid (L/G/L) transitions of the precursor film as the substrate rigidity is decreased. We attribute the L/G transition to a decrease of cell/cell adhesion resulting from the weakening of the cell/substrate adhesion. We attribute the reentrant liquid phase (G/L) observed on soft substrates to the slow spreading of the aggregates on ultra-soft substrates, which gives time to the cells to secrete more ECM proteins and stick together. Second, a nematic order appears in the cohesive (liquid) states of the precursor film, attributed to the gradient of cell's velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Beaune
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 168, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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16
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17
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Svensson CM, Medyukhina A, Belyaev I, Al-Zaben N, Figge MT. Untangling cell tracks: Quantifying cell migration by time lapse image data analysis. Cytometry A 2017; 93:357-370. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Magnus Svensson
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Anna Medyukhina
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Ivan Belyaev
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - Naim Al-Zaben
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
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18
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Gilpin W, Prakash VN, Prakash M. Flowtrace: simple visualization of coherent structures in biological fluid flows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3411-3418. [PMID: 28729343 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.162511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We present a simple, intuitive algorithm for visualizing time-varying flow fields that can reveal complex flow structures with minimal user intervention. We apply this technique to a variety of biological systems, including the swimming currents of invertebrates and the collective motion of swarms of insects. We compare our results with more experimentally difficult and mathematically sophisticated techniques for identifying patterns in fluid flows, and suggest that our tool represents an essential 'middle ground' allowing experimentalists to easily determine whether a system exhibits interesting flow patterns and coherent structures without resorting to more intensive techniques. In addition to being informative, the visualizations generated by our tool are often striking and elegant, illustrating coherent structures directly from videos without the need for computational overlays. Our tool is available as fully documented open-source code for MATLAB, Python or ImageJ at www.flowtrace.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gilpin
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vivek N Prakash
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manu Prakash
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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19
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Hakim V, Silberzan P. Collective cell migration: a physics perspective. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:076601. [PMID: 28282028 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa65ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cells have traditionally been viewed either as independently moving entities or as somewhat static parts of tissues. However, it is now clear that in many cases, multiple cells coordinate their motions and move as collective entities. Well-studied examples comprise development events, as well as physiological and pathological situations. Different ex vivo model systems have also been investigated. Several recent advances have taken place at the interface between biology and physics, and have benefitted from progress in imaging and microscopy, from the use of microfabrication techniques, as well as from the introduction of quantitative tools and models. We review these interesting developments in quantitative cell biology that also provide rich examples of collective out-of-equilibrium motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hakim
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL Research University, UPMC, Paris, France
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20
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Yang K, Peretz-Soroka H, Wu J, Zhu L, Cui X, Zhang M, Rigatto C, Liu Y, Lin F. Fibroblast growth factor 23 weakens chemotaxis of human blood neutrophils in microfluidic devices. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3100. [PMID: 28596573 PMCID: PMC5465076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil trafficking in tissues critically regulates the body’s immune response. Neutrophil migration can either play a protective role in host defense or cause health problems. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a known biomarker for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and was recently shown to impair neutrophil arrest on endothelium and transendothelial migration. In the present study, we further examined the effect of FGF23 on human blood neutrophil chemotaxis using two new microfluidic devices. Our results showed that chemotaxis of FGF23 pre-treated neutrophils to a fMLP gradient, in the presence or absence of a uniform FGF23 background, is quantitatively lower compared to the control cells. This effect is accompanied with a stronger drifting of FGF23 pre-treated cells along the flow. However, without the FGF23 pre-treatment, the FGF23 background only reduces chemotaxis of transmigrated cells through the thin barrier channel to the fMLP gradient. The effect of FGF23 on neutrophil migration and the correlation between multiple cell migration parameters are further revealed by chemotactic entropy and principle component analysis. Collectively, these results revealed the effect of FGF23 on weakening neutrophil chemotaxis, which shed light on FGF23 mediated neutrophil migration with direct disease relevance such as CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hagit Peretz-Soroka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jiandong Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ling Zhu
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Xueling Cui
- Department of Genetics, Jilin University, Jilin Sheng, China
| | | | | | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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21
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Yang K, Wu J, Xu G, Xie D, Peretz-Soroka H, Santos S, Alexander M, Zhu L, Zhang M, Liu Y, Lin F. A dual-docking microfluidic cell migration assay (D 2-Chip) for testing neutrophil chemotaxis and the memory effect. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:303-312. [PMID: 28367571 PMCID: PMC5511521 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemotaxis is a classic mechanism for guiding cell migration and an important topic in both fundamental cell biology and health sciences. Neutrophils are a widely used model to study eukaryotic cell migration and neutrophil chemotaxis itself can lead to protective or harmful immune actions to the body. While much has been learnt from past research about how neutrophils effectively navigate through a chemoattractant gradient, many interesting questions remain unclear. For example, while it is tempting to model neutrophil chemotaxis using the well-established biased random walk theory, the experimental proof was challenged by the cell's highly persistent migrating nature. A special experimental design is required to test the key predictions from the random walk model. Another question that has interested the cell migration community for decades concerns the existence of chemotactic memory and its underlying mechanism. Although chemotactic memory has been suggested in various studies, a clear quantitative experimental demonstration will improve our understanding of the migratory memory effect. Motivated by these questions, we developed a microfluidic cell migration assay (so-called dual-docking chip or D2-Chip) that can test both the biased random walk model and the memory effect for neutrophil chemotaxis on a single chip enabled by multi-region gradient generation and dual-region cell alignment. Our results provide experimental support for the biased random walk model and chemotactic memory for neutrophil chemotaxis. Quantitative data analyses provide new insights into neutrophil chemotaxis and memory by making connections to entropic disorder, cell morphology and oscillating migratory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jiandong Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Guoqing Xu
- Applied Computer Science, the University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Dongxue Xie
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Genetics, Jilin University, China
| | - Hagit Peretz-Soroka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Susy Santos
- Victoria General Hospital and River Heights/Fort Garry Community areas, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- South Winnipeg Integrated Health & Social Services, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Murray Alexander
- Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ling Zhu
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | | | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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22
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Intravital imaging of the kidney. Methods 2017; 128:33-39. [PMID: 28410977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon intravital microscopy is a powerful tool that allows the examination of dynamic cellular processes in the live animal with unprecedented resolution. Indeed, it offers the ability to address unique biological questions that may not be solved by other means. While two-photon intravital microscopy has been successfully applied to study many organs, the kidney presents its own unique challenges that need to be overcome in order to optimize and validate imaging data. For kidney imaging, the complexity of renal architecture and salient autofluorescence merit special considerations as these elements directly impact image acquisition and data interpretation. Here, using illustrative cases, we provide practical guides and discuss issues that may arise during two-photon live imaging of the rodent kidney.
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23
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Zhan JS, Gao K, Chai RC, Jia XH, Luo DP, Ge G, Jiang YW, Fung YWW, Li L, Yu ACH. Astrocytes in Migration. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:272-282. [PMID: 27837318 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental phenomenon that underlies tissue morphogenesis, wound healing, immune response, and cancer metastasis. Great progresses have been made in research methodologies, with cell migration identified as a highly orchestrated process. Brain is considered the most complex organ in the human body, containing many types of neural cells with astrocytes playing crucial roles in monitoring normal functions of the central nervous system. Astrocytes are mostly quiescent under normal physiological conditions in the adult brain but become migratory after injury. Under most known pathological conditions in the brain, spinal cord and retina, astrocytes are activated and become hypertrophic, hyperplastic, and up-regulating GFAP based on the grades of severity. These three observations are the hallmark in glia scar formation-astrogliosis. The reactivation process is initiated with structural changes involving cell process migration and ended with cell migration. Detailed mechanisms in astrocyte migration have not been studied extensively and remain largely unknown. Here, we therefore attempt to review the mechanisms in migration of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Shan Zhan
- Laboratory for Functional Study of Astrocytes, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Laboratory for Functional Study of Astrocytes, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Rui Chao Chai
- Laboratory for Functional Study of Astrocytes, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hai Kang Life (Beijing) Corporation Ltd., Sino-I Campus No.1, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xi Hua Jia
- Laboratory for Functional Study of Astrocytes, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hai Kang Life (Beijing) Corporation Ltd., Sino-I Campus No.1, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Dao Peng Luo
- Laboratory for Functional Study of Astrocytes, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Guo Ge
- Laboratory for Functional Study of Astrocytes, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu Wu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yin-Wan Wendy Fung
- Laboratory for Functional Study of Astrocytes, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hai Kang Life (Beijing) Corporation Ltd., Sino-I Campus No.1, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Lina Li
- Laboratory for Functional Study of Astrocytes, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Hai Kang Life (Beijing) Corporation Ltd., Sino-I Campus No.1, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China.
| | - Albert Cheung Hoi Yu
- Laboratory for Functional Study of Astrocytes, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Hai Kang Life (Beijing) Corporation Ltd., Sino-I Campus No.1, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China.
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24
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Polycystins and intercellular mechanotransduction: A precise dosage of polycystin 2 is necessary for alpha-actinin reinforcement of junctions upon mechanical stimulation. Exp Cell Res 2016; 348:23-35. [PMID: 27575580 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycystins 1 and 2, which are mutated in Autosomal Polycystic Kidney Disease, are involved in mechanotransduction through various mechanisms. In renal cells, polycystins not only have an important mechanotransductive role in primary cilia but are also present in intercellular contacts but their role there remains unclear. Here, we address the hypothesis that polycystins are involved in mechanotransduction via intercellular junctions, which would be expected to have consequences on tissue organization. We focused on the role of polycystin 2, which could be involved in mechanical organization at junctions either by its channel activity or by the direct recruitment of cytoskeleton components such as the F-actin cross-linker α-actinin. After mechanical stimulation of intercellular junctions in MDCK renal epithelial cells, α-actinin is rapidly recruited but this is inhibited upon overexpression of PC2 or the D509V mutant that lacks channel activity, and is also decreased upon PC2 silencing. This suggests that a precise dosage of PC2 is necessary for an adequate mechanosensitive α-actinin recruitment at junctions. At the multicellular level, a change in PC2 expression was associated with changes in velocity in confluent epithelia and during wound healing together with a loss of orientation. This study suggests that the mechanosensitive regulation of cytoskeleton by polycystins in intercellular contacts may be important in the context of ADPKD.
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Bajaj P, Harris JF, Huang JH, Nath P, Iyer R. Advances and Challenges in Recapitulating Human Pulmonary Systems: At the Cusp of Biology and Materials. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:473-488. [PMID: 33465851 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide an overview of physiologically relevant microengineered lung-on-a-chip (LoC) platforms for a variety of different biomedical applications with emphasis on drug screening. First, a brief outline of lung anatomy and physiology is presented followed by discussion of the lung parenchyma and its extracellular matrix. Next, we point out the technical challenges in recapitulating the complexity of lung in conventional static two-dimensional microenvironments and the need for alternate lung platforms. The importance of scaling laws is also emphasized in designing these in vitro microengineered lung platforms. The review then discusses current LoC platforms that have been used for testing the efficacy of drugs or as model systems for investigating disorders of the lung parenchyma. Finally, the design parameters in developing an ideal physiologically relevant LoC platform are presented. As this emerging field of organ-on-a-chip can serve an alternative platform for animal testing of drugs or modeling human diseases in vitro, it has significant potential to impact the future of pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Bajaj
- Information Systems and Modeling, §Bioscience Division, and ⊥Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jennifer F Harris
- Information Systems and Modeling, Bioscience Division, and ⊥Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jen-Huang Huang
- Information Systems and Modeling, Bioscience Division, and Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pulak Nath
- Information Systems and Modeling, Bioscience Division, and Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Rashi Iyer
- Information Systems and Modeling, Bioscience Division, and Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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Momey F, Coutard JG, Bordy T, Navarro F, Menneteau M, Dinten JM, Allier C. Dynamics of cell and tissue growth acquired by means of extended field of view lensfree microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:512-524. [PMID: 26977359 PMCID: PMC4771468 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss a new methodology based on lensfree imaging to perform wound healing assay with unprecedented statistics. Our video lensfree microscopy setup is a simple device featuring only a CMOS sensor and a semi coherent illumination system. Yet it is a powerful mean for the real-time monitoring of cultivated cells. It presents several key advantages, e.g. integration into standard incubator, compatibility with standard cell culture protocol, simplicity and ease of use. It can perform the follow-up in a large field of view (25 mm(2)) of several crucial parameters during the culture of cells i.e. their motility, their proliferation rate or their death. Consequently the setup can gather large statistics both in space and time. Here we uses this facility in the context of wound healing assay to perform label-free measurements of the velocities of the fronts of proliferation of the cell layer as a function of time by means of particle image velocimetry (PIV) processing. However, for such tissue growth experiments, the field of view of 25 mm(2) remains not sufficient and results can be biased depending on the position of the device with respect to the recipient of the cell culture. Hence, to conduct exhaustive wound healing assays, we propose to enlarge the field of view up to 10 cm(2) through a raster scan, by moving the source/sensor with respect to the Petri dish. We have performed acquisitions of wound healing assay (keratinocytes HaCaT) both in real-time (25 mm(2)) and in final point (10 cm(2)) to assess the combination of velocimetry measurements and final point wide field imaging. In the future, we aim at combining directly our extended field of view acquisitions (>10 cm(2)) with real time ability inside the incubator.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Momey
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble,
France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble,
France
| | - J.-G. Coutard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble,
France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble,
France
| | - T. Bordy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble,
France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble,
France
| | - F. Navarro
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble,
France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble,
France
| | - M. Menneteau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble,
France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble,
France
| | - J.-M. Dinten
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble,
France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble,
France
| | - C. Allier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble,
France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble,
France
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Taking Aim at Moving Targets in Computational Cell Migration. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:88-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Physics of active jamming during collective cellular motion in a monolayer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15314-9. [PMID: 26627719 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510973112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although collective cell motion plays an important role, for example during wound healing, embryogenesis, or cancer progression, the fundamental rules governing this motion are still not well understood, in particular at high cell density. We study here the motion of human bronchial epithelial cells within a monolayer, over long times. We observe that, as the monolayer ages, the cells slow down monotonously, while the velocity correlation length first increases as the cells slow down but eventually decreases at the slowest motions. By comparing experiments, analytic model, and detailed particle-based simulations, we shed light on this biological amorphous solidification process, demonstrating that the observed dynamics can be explained as a consequence of the combined maturation and strengthening of cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesions. Surprisingly, the increase of cell surface density due to proliferation is only secondary in this process. This analysis is confirmed with two other cell types. The very general relations between the mean cell velocity and velocity correlation lengths, which apply for aggregates of self-propelled particles, as well as motile cells, can possibly be used to discriminate between various parameter changes in vivo, from noninvasive microscopy data.
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Cell Volume Fluctuations in MDCK Monolayers. Biophys J 2015; 108:247-50. [PMID: 25606673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells moving collectively in tissues constitute a form of active matter, in which collective motion depends strongly on driven fluctuations at the single-cell scale. Fluctuations in cell area and number density are often seen in monolayers, yet their role in collective migration is not known. Here we study density fluctuations at the single- and multicell level, finding that single-cell volumes oscillate with a timescale of 4 h and an amplitude of 20%; the timescale and amplitude are found to depend on cytoskeletal activity. At the multicellular scale, density fluctuations violate the central limit theorem, highlighting the role of nonequilibrium driving forces in multicellular density fluctuations.
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30
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Inferring transient particle transport dynamics in live cells. Nat Methods 2015; 12:838-40. [PMID: 26192083 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Live-cell imaging and particle tracking provide rich information on mechanisms of intracellular transport. However, trajectory analysis procedures to infer complex transport dynamics involving stochastic switching between active transport and diffusive motion are lacking. We applied Bayesian model selection to hidden Markov modeling to infer transient transport states from trajectories of mRNA-protein complexes in live mouse hippocampal neurons and metaphase kinetochores in dividing human cells. The software is available at http://hmm-bayes.org/.
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31
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Das AM, Eggermont AMM, ten Hagen TLM. A ring barrier–based migration assay to assess cell migration in vitro. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:904-15. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Zaritsky A, Natan S, Kaplan D, Ben-Jacob E, Tsarfaty I. Live time-lapse dataset of in vitro wound healing experiments. Gigascience 2015; 4:8. [PMID: 25722853 PMCID: PMC4341232 DOI: 10.1186/s13742-015-0049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The wound healing assay is the common method to study collective cell migration in vitro. Computational analyses of live imaging exploit the rich temporal information and significantly improve understanding of complex phenomena that emerge during this mode of collective motility. Publicly available experimental data can allow application of new analyses to promote new discoveries, and assess algorithms’ capabilities to distinguish between different experimental conditions. Findings A freely-available dataset of 31 time-lapse in vitro wound healing experiments of two cell lines is presented. It consists of six different experimental conditions with 4–6 replicates each, gathered to study the effects of a growth factor on collective cell migration. The raw data is available at ‘The Cell: an Image Library’ repository. This Data Note provides detailed description of the data, intermediately processed data, scripts and experimental validations that have not been reported before and are currently available at GigaDB. This is the first publicly available repository of live collective cell migration data that includes independent replicates for each set of conditions. Conclusions This dataset has the potential for extensive reuse. Some aspects in the data remain unexplored and can be exploited extensively to reveal new insight. The dataset could also be used to assess the performance of available and new quantification methods by demonstrating phenotypic discriminatory capabilities between the different experimental conditions. It may allow faster and more elaborated, reproducible and effective analyses, which will likely lead to new biological and biophysical discoveries. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13742-015-0049-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Zaritsky
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75024 USA
| | - Sari Natan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Doron Kaplan
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, 74100 Israel
| | - Eshel Ben-Jacob
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978 Israel ; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1827 USA ; Research & Development Unit Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, 70300 Israel
| | - Ilan Tsarfaty
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
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Abstract
Fundamental biological processes including morphogenesis and tissue repair require cells to migrate collectively. In these processes, epithelial or endothelial cells move in a cooperative manner coupled by intercellular junctions. Ultimately, the movement of these multicellular systems occurs through the generation of cellular forces, exerted either on the substrate via focal adhesions (cell-substrate forces) or on neighboring cells through cell-cell junctions (cell-cell forces). Quantitative measurements of multicellular forces and kinematics with cellular or subcellular resolution have become possible only in recent years. In this chapter, we describe some of these techniques, which include particle image velocimetry to map cell velocities, traction force microscopy to map forces exerted by cells on the substrate, and monolayer stress microscopy to map forces within and between cells. We also describe experimental protocols to perform these measurements. The combination of these techniques with high-resolution imaging tools and molecular perturbations will lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying collective cell migration in health and disease.
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34
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Border forces and friction control epithelial closure dynamics. Biophys J 2014; 106:65-73. [PMID: 24411238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We study the closure dynamics of a large number of well-controlled circular apertures within an epithelial monolayer, where the collective cell migration responsible for epithelization is triggered by the removal of a spatial constraint rather than by scratching. Based on experimental observations, we propose a physical model that takes into account border forces, friction with the substrate, and tissue rheology. Border protrusive activity drives epithelization despite the presence of a contractile actomyosin cable at the periphery of the wound. The closure dynamics is quantified by an epithelization coefficient, defined as the ratio of protrusive stress to tissue-substrate friction, that allows classification of different phenotypes. The same analysis demonstrates a distinct signature for human cells bearing the oncogenic RasV12 mutation, demonstrating the potential of the approach to quantitatively characterize metastatic transformations.
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Abstract
The mechanism by which cells control directional persistence during migration is a major question. However, the common index measuring directional persistence, namely the ratio of displacement to trajectory length, is biased, particularly by cell speed. An unbiased method is to calculate direction autocorrelation as a function of time. This function depends only on the angles of the vectors tangent to the trajectory. This method has not been widely used, because it is more difficult to compute. Here we discuss biases of the classical index and introduce a custom-made open-source computer program, DiPer, which calculates direction autocorrelation. In addition, DiPer also plots and calculates other essential parameters to analyze cell migration in two dimensions: it displays cell trajectories individually and collectively, and it calculates average speed and mean square displacements (MSDs) to assess the area explored by cells over time. This user-friendly program is executable through Microsoft Excel, and it generates plots of publication-level quality. The protocol takes ∼15 min to complete. We have recently used DiPer to analyze cell migration of three different mammalian cell types in 2D cultures: the mammary carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231, the motile amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum and fish-scale keratocytes. DiPer can potentially be used not only for random migration in 2D but also for directed migration and for migration in 3D (direction autocorrelation only). Moreover, it can be used for any types of tracked particles: cellular organelles, bacteria and whole organisms.
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Beaune G, Stirbat TV, Khalifat N, Cochet-Escartin O, Garcia S, Gurchenkov VV, Murrell MP, Dufour S, Cuvelier D, Brochard-Wyart F. How cells flow in the spreading of cellular aggregates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8055-60. [PMID: 24835175 PMCID: PMC4050549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323788111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Like liquid droplets, cellular aggregates, also called "living droplets," spread onto adhesive surfaces. When deposited onto fibronectin-coated glass or polyacrylamide gels, they adhere and spread by protruding a cellular monolayer (precursor film) that expands around the droplet. The dynamics of spreading results from a balance between the pulling forces exerted by the highly motile cells at the periphery of the film, and friction forces associated with two types of cellular flows: (i) permeation, corresponding to the entry of the cells from the aggregates into the film; and (ii) slippage as the film expands. We characterize these flow fields within a spreading aggregate by using fluorescent tracking of individual cells and particle imaging velocimetry of cell populations. We find that permeation is limited to a narrow ring of width ξ (approximately a few cells) at the edge of the aggregate and regulates the dynamics of spreading. Furthermore, we find that the subsequent spreading of the monolayer depends heavily on the substrate rigidity. On rigid substrates, the migration of the cells in the monolayer is similar to the flow of a viscous liquid. By contrast, as the substrate gets softer, the film under tension becomes unstable with nucleation and growth of holes, flows are irregular, and cohesion decreases. Our results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the environment influence the balance of forces that modulate collective cell migration, and therefore have important implications for the spreading behavior of tissues in both early development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Beaune
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, University of Paris, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France;Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Tomita Vasilica Stirbat
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, University of Paris, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France;Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Nada Khalifat
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, University of Paris, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France;Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Olivier Cochet-Escartin
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, University of Paris, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France;Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Simon Garcia
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, University of Paris, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France;Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Vasily Valérïévitch Gurchenkov
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, University of Paris, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France;Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Michael P Murrell
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706; and
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, University of Paris, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France;Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Damien Cuvelier
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, University of Paris, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France;Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Françoise Brochard-Wyart
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, University of Paris, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France;Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France;
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Interplay of RhoA and mechanical forces in collective cell migration driven by leader cells. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:217-23. [PMID: 24561621 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The leading front of a collectively migrating epithelium often destabilizes into multicellular migration fingers where a cell initially similar to the others becomes a leader cell while its neighbours do not alter. The determinants of these leader cells include mechanical and biochemical cues, often under the control of small GTPases. However, an accurate dynamic cartography of both mechanical and biochemical activities remains to be established. Here, by mapping the mechanical traction forces exerted on the surface by MDCK migration fingers, we show that these structures are mechanical global entities with the leader cells exerting a large traction force. Moreover, the spatial distribution of RhoA differential activity at the basal plane strikingly mirrors this force cartography. We propose that RhoA controls the development of these fingers through mechanical cues: the leader cell drags the structure and the peripheral pluricellular acto-myosin cable prevents the initiation of new leader cells.
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Deforet M, van Ditmarsch D, Carmona-Fontaine C, Xavier JB. Hyperswarming adaptations in a bacterium improve collective motility without enhancing single cell motility. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:2405-13. [PMID: 24622509 PMCID: PMC3955847 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm53127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a monoflagellated bacterium that can use its single polar flagellum to swim through liquids and move collectively over semisolid surfaces, a behavior called swarming. Previous studies have shown that experimental evolution in swarming colonies leads to the selection of hyperswarming bacteria with multiple flagella. Here we show that the advantage of such hyperswarmer mutants cannot be explained simply by an increase in the raw swimming speed of individual bacteria in liquids. Cell tracking of time-lapse microscopy to quantify single-cell swimming patterns reveals that both wild-type and hyperswarmers alternate between forward and backward runs, rather than doing the run-and-tumble characteristic of enteric bacteria such as E. coli. High-throughput measurement of swimming speeds reveals that hyperswarmers do not swim faster than wild-type in liquid. Wild-type reverses swimming direction in sharp turns without a significant impact on its speed, whereas multiflagellated hyperswarmers tend to alternate fast and slow runs and have wider turning angles. Nonetheless, macroscopic measurement of swimming and swarming speed in colonies shows that hyperswarmers expand faster than wild-type on surfaces and through soft agar matrices. A mathematical model explains how wider turning angles lead to faster spreading when swimming through agar. Our study describes for the first time the swimming patterns in multiflagellated P. aeruginosa mutants and reveals that collective and individual motility in bacteria are not necessarily correlated. Understanding bacterial adaptations to surface motility, such as hyperswarming, requires a collective behavior approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Deforet
- Program in Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Zaritsky A, Manor N, Wolf L, Ben-Jacob E, Tsarfaty I. Benchmark for multi-cellular segmentation of bright field microscopy images. BMC Bioinformatics 2013; 14:319. [PMID: 24195722 PMCID: PMC3826518 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-14-319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multi-cellular segmentation of bright field microscopy images is an essential computational step when quantifying collective migration of cells in vitro. Despite the availability of various tools and algorithms, no publicly available benchmark has been proposed for evaluation and comparison between the different alternatives. Description A uniform framework is presented to benchmark algorithms for multi-cellular segmentation in bright field microscopy images. A freely available set of 171 manually segmented images from diverse origins was partitioned into 8 datasets and evaluated on three leading designated tools. Conclusions The presented benchmark resource for evaluating segmentation algorithms of bright field images is the first public annotated dataset for this purpose. This annotated dataset of diverse examples allows fair evaluations and comparisons of future segmentation methods. Scientists are encouraged to assess new algorithms on this benchmark, and to contribute additional annotated datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Zaritsky
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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40
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In vitro myoblast motility models: investigating migration dynamics for the study of skeletal muscle repair. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2013; 34:333-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-013-9364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sepúlveda N, Petitjean L, Cochet O, Grasland-Mongrain E, Silberzan P, Hakim V. Collective cell motion in an epithelial sheet can be quantitatively described by a stochastic interacting particle model. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1002944. [PMID: 23505356 PMCID: PMC3591275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modelling the displacement of thousands of cells that move in a collective way is required for the simulation and the theoretical analysis of various biological processes. Here, we tackle this question in the controlled setting where the motion of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells in a confluent epithelium is triggered by the unmasking of free surface. We develop a simple model in which cells are described as point particles with a dynamic based on the two premises that, first, cells move in a stochastic manner and, second, tend to adapt their motion to that of their neighbors. Detailed comparison to experimental data show that the model provides a quantitatively accurate description of cell motion in the epithelium bulk at early times. In addition, inclusion of model "leader" cells with modified characteristics, accounts for the digitated shape of the interface which develops over the subsequent hours, providing that leader cells invade free surface more easily than other cells and coordinate their motion with their followers. The previously-described progression of the epithelium border is reproduced by the model and quantitatively explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Sepúlveda
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, CNRS, Université P et M Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Institut Jean Le Rond D'Alembert, UMR 7190 CNRS-UPMC, Paris, France
- Fondation Pierre Gilles de Gennes pour la Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Petitjean
- Laboratoire Physico-chimie Curie, Institut Curie, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cochet
- Laboratoire Physico-chimie Curie, Institut Curie, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Grasland-Mongrain
- Laboratoire Physico-chimie Curie, Institut Curie, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Silberzan
- Laboratoire Physico-chimie Curie, Institut Curie, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Hakim
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, CNRS, Université P et M Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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