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Zhou Y, Xu MF, Chen J, Zhang JL, Wang XY, Huang MH, Wei YL, She ZY. Loss-of-function of kinesin-5 KIF11 causes microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and developmental disorders through chromosome instability and cell cycle arrest. Exp Cell Res 2024; 436:113975. [PMID: 38367657 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.113975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Kinesin motors play a fundamental role in development by controlling intracellular transport, spindle assembly, and microtubule organization. In humans, patients carrying mutations in KIF11 suffer from an autosomal dominant inheritable disease called microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphoedema, or mental retardation (MCLMR). While mitotic functions of KIF11 proteins have been well documented in centrosome separation and spindle assembly, cellular mechanisms underlying KIF11 dysfunction and MCLMR remain unclear. In this study, we generate KIF11-inhibition chick and zebrafish models and find that KIF11 inhibition results in microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and severe developmental defects in vivo. Notably, loss-of-function of KIF11 causes the formation of monopolar spindle and chromosome misalignment, which finally contribute to cell cycle arrest, chromosome instability, and cell death. Our results demonstrate that KIF11 is crucial for spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, and cell cycle progression of progenitor stem cells, indicating a potential link between polyploidy and MCLMR. Our data have revealed that KIF11 inhibition cause microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and development disorders through the formation of monopolar spindle, polyploid, and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Meng-Fei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Jing-Lian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Xin-Yao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Min-Hui Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Ya-Lan Wei
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Zhen-Yu She
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China.
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2
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Bery A, Etienne O, Mouton L, Mokrani S, Granotier-Beckers C, Gauthier LR, Feat-Vetel J, Kortulewski T, Pérès EA, Desmaze C, Lestaveal P, Barroca V, Laugeray A, Boumezbeur F, Abramovski V, Mortaud S, Menuet A, Le Bihan D, Villartay JPD, Boussin FD. XLF/Cernunnos loss impairs mouse brain development by altering symmetric proliferative divisions of neural progenitors. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112342. [PMID: 37027298 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
XLF/Cernunnos is a component of the ligation complex used in classical non-homologous end-joining (cNHEJ), a major DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway. We report neurodevelopmental delays and significant behavioral alterations associated with microcephaly in Xlf-/- mice. This phenotype, reminiscent of clinical and neuropathologic features in humans deficient in cNHEJ, is associated with a low level of apoptosis of neural cells and premature neurogenesis, which consists of an early shift of neural progenitors from proliferative to neurogenic divisions during brain development. We show that premature neurogenesis is related to an increase in chromatid breaks affecting mitotic spindle orientation, highlighting a direct link between asymmetric chromosome segregation and asymmetric neurogenic divisions. This study reveals thus that XLF is required for maintaining symmetric proliferative divisions of neural progenitors during brain development and shows that premature neurogenesis may play a major role in neurodevelopmental pathologies caused by NHEJ deficiency and/or genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bery
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Etienne
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laura Mouton
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sofiane Mokrani
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christine Granotier-Beckers
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laurent R Gauthier
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Justyne Feat-Vetel
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thierry Kortulewski
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Elodie A Pérès
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; NeuroSpin, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Chantal Desmaze
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Lestaveal
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SERAMED, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Vilma Barroca
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Antony Laugeray
- Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires - UMR7355 CNRS - 3B, rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Fawzi Boumezbeur
- NeuroSpin, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Abramovski
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory "Genome Dynamics in the Immune System", Equipe labellisée La LIGUE, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Mortaud
- Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires - UMR7355 CNRS - 3B, rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans, France; Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Arnaud Menuet
- Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires - UMR7355 CNRS - 3B, rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans, France; Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Denis Le Bihan
- NeuroSpin, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Pierre de Villartay
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory "Genome Dynamics in the Immune System", Equipe labellisée La LIGUE, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - François D Boussin
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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Kounoupa Z, Tivodar S, Theodorakis K, Kyriakis D, Denaxa M, Karagogeos D. Rac1 and Rac3 GTPases and TPC2 are required for axonal outgrowth and migration of cortical interneurons. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286920. [PMID: 36744839 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases, among them Rac1 and Rac3, are major transducers of extracellular signals and are involved in multiple cellular processes. In cortical interneurons, the neurons that control the balance between excitation and inhibition of cortical circuits, Rac1 and Rac3 are essential for their development. Ablation of both leads to a severe reduction in the numbers of mature interneurons found in the murine cortex, which is partially due to abnormal cell cycle progression of interneuron precursors and defective formation of growth cones in young neurons. Here, we present new evidence that upon Rac1 and Rac3 ablation, centrosome, Golgi complex and lysosome positioning is significantly perturbed, thus affecting both interneuron migration and axon growth. Moreover, for the first time, we provide evidence of altered expression and localization of the two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) voltage-gated ion channel that mediates Ca2+ release. Pharmacological inhibition of TPC2 negatively affected axonal growth and migration of interneurons. Our data, taken together, suggest that TPC2 contributes to the severe phenotype in axon growth initiation, extension and interneuron migration in the absence of Rac1 and Rac3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouzana Kounoupa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Simona Tivodar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Kostas Theodorakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kyriakis
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Myrto Denaxa
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre 'Al. Fleming', Vari, 16672, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
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4
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Jiang S, Yin C, Dang K, Zhang W, Huai Y, Qian A. Comprehensive ceRNA network for MACF1 regulates osteoblast proliferation. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:695. [PMID: 36207684 PMCID: PMC9541005 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1) can regulate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation through non-coding RNA (ncRNA) in bone-forming osteoblasts. However, the role of MACF1 in targeting the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network to regulate osteoblast differentiation remains poorly understood. Here, we profiled messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and long ncRNA (lncRNA) expression in MACF1 knockdown MC3TC‑E1 pre‑osteoblast cells. RESULTS In total, 547 lncRNAs, 107 miRNAs, and 376 mRNAs were differentially expressed. Significantly altered lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs were primarily found on chromosome 2. A lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed using a bioinformatics computational approach. The network indicated that mir-7063 and mir-7646 were the most potent ncRNA regulators and mef2c was the most potent target gene. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that the fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, p53 signaling, and focal adhesion pathways were highly enriched and contributed to osteoblast proliferation. Importantly, the fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis pathway was co-regulated by lncRNAs and miRNAs. In this pathway, Dusp1 was regulated by AK079370, while Arhgef2 was regulated by mir-5101. Furthermore, Map3k5 was regulated by AK154638 and mir-466q simultaneously. AK003142 and mir-3082-5p as well as Ak141402 and mir-446 m-3p were identified as interacting pairs that regulate target genes. CONCLUSION This study revealed the global expression profile of ceRNAs involved in the differentiation of MC3TC‑E1 osteoblasts induced by MACF1 deletion. These results indicate that loss of MACF1 activates a comprehensive ceRNA network to regulate osteoblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanfeng Jiang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chong Yin
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Academician (expert) workstation, Lab of epigenetics and RNA therapy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 637000, Nanchong, China
| | - Kai Dang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Huai
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Airong Qian
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. .,Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. .,NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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5
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Ning S, Zhao J, Lombard AP, D’Abronzo LS, Leslie AR, Sharifi M, Lou W, Liu C, Yang JC, Evans CP, Corey E, Chen HW, Yu A, Ghosh PM, Gao AC. Activation of neural lineage networks and ARHGEF2 in enzalutamide-resistant and neuroendocrine prostate cancer and association with patient outcomes. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:118. [PMID: 36159187 PMCID: PMC9492734 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment-emergent neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) after androgen receptor (AR) targeted therapies is an aggressive variant of prostate cancer with an unfavorable prognosis. The underlying mechanisms for early neuroendocrine differentiation are poorly defined and diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are needed. Methods We performed transcriptomic analysis on the enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cell line C4-2B MDVR and NEPC patient databases to identify neural lineage signature (NLS) genes. Correlation of NLS genes with clinicopathologic features was determined. Cell viability was determined in C4-2B MDVR and H660 cells after knocking down ARHGEF2 using siRNA. Organoid viability of patient-derived xenografts was measured after knocking down ARHGEF2. Results We identify a 95-gene NLS representing the molecular landscape of neural precursor cell proliferation, embryonic stem cell pluripotency, and neural stem cell differentiation, which may indicate an early or intermediate stage of neuroendocrine differentiation. These NLS genes positively correlate with conventional neuroendocrine markers such as chromogranin and synaptophysin, and negatively correlate with AR and AR target genes in advanced prostate cancer. Differentially expressed NLS genes stratify small-cell NEPC from prostate adenocarcinoma, which are closely associated with clinicopathologic features such as Gleason Score and metastasis status. Higher ARGHEF2, LHX2, and EPHB2 levels among the 95 NLS genes correlate with a shortened survival time in NEPC patients. Furthermore, downregulation of ARHGEF2 gene expression suppresses cell viability and markers of neuroendocrine differentiation in enzalutamide-resistant and neuroendocrine cells. Conclusions The 95 neural lineage gene signatures capture an early molecular shift toward neuroendocrine differentiation, which could stratify advanced prostate cancer patients to optimize clinical treatment and serve as a source of potential therapeutic targets in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Ning
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Jinge Zhao
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Present Address: Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Alan P. Lombard
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Leandro S. D’Abronzo
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Amy R. Leslie
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Masuda Sharifi
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Wei Lou
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Chengfei Liu
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Joy C. Yang
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Christopher P. Evans
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Eva Corey
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Hong-Wu Chen
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Aiming Yu
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Paramita M. Ghosh
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.413933.f0000 0004 0419 2847VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Allen C. Gao
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.413933.f0000 0004 0419 2847VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA USA
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6
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Vaid S, Huttner WB. Progenitor-Based Cell Biological Aspects of Neocortex Development and Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892922. [PMID: 35602606 PMCID: PMC9119302 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, the decision of stem and progenitor cells to switch from proliferation to differentiation is of critical importance for the overall size of an organ. Too early a switch will deplete the stem/progenitor cell pool, and too late a switch will not generate the required differentiated cell types. With a focus on the developing neocortex, a six-layered structure constituting the major part of the cerebral cortex in mammals, we discuss here the cell biological features that are crucial to ensure the appropriate proliferation vs. differentiation decision in the neural progenitor cells. In the last two decades, the neural progenitor cells giving rise to the diverse types of neurons that function in the neocortex have been intensely investigated for their role in cortical expansion and gyrification. In this review, we will first describe these different progenitor types and their diversity. We will then review the various cell biological features associated with the cell fate decisions of these progenitor cells, with emphasis on the role of the radial processes emanating from these progenitor cells. We will also discuss the species-specific differences in these cell biological features that have allowed for the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex in humans. Finally, we will discuss the emerging role of cell cycle parameters in neocortical expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Vaid
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Samir Vaid, ; Wieland B. Huttner,
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Samir Vaid, ; Wieland B. Huttner,
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7
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Kuc CA, Brott JT, Thorpe HHA, Smart A, Vessey JP. Staufen 1 is expressed by neural precursor cells in the developing murine cortex but is dispensable for NPC self-renewal and neuronal differentiation in vitro. Brain Res 2021; 1773:147700. [PMID: 34678304 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper development of the cerebral cortex relies on asymmetric divisions of neural precursor cells (NPCs) to produce a recurring NPC and a differentiated neuron. Asymmetric divisions are promoted by the differential localization of cell-fate determinants, such as mRNA, between daughter cells. Staufen 1 (Stau1) is an RNA-binding protein known to localize mRNA in mature hippocampal neurons. Its expression pattern and role in the developing mammalian cortex remains unknown. RESULTS Both stau1 mRNA and Stau1 protein were found to be expressed in all cells of the developing murine cortex. Stau1 protein expression was characterized spatially and temporally throughout cortical development and found to be present in all stages investigated. We observed expression in the nucleus, cytoplasm and distal processes of both NPCs and newly born neurons and found it to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Upon shRNA-mediated knock-down of Stau1 in primary cultures of the developing cortex, we did not observe any phenotype in NPCs. They were able to both self-renew and generate neurons in the absence of Stau1 expression. CONCLUSIONS We propose that Stau1 is either dispensable for the development of the cerebral cortex or that its paralogue, Stau2, is able to compensate for its loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Kuc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J T Brott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - H H A Thorpe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - A Smart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J P Vessey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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8
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Arhgef2 regulates mitotic spindle orientation in hematopoietic stem cells and is essential for productive hematopoiesis. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3120-3133. [PMID: 34406376 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) coordinate their divisional axis and whether this orientation is important for stem cell-driven hematopoiesis is poorly understood. Single-cell RNA sequencing data from patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS), an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, show that ARHGEF2, a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor and determinant of mitotic spindle orientation, is specifically downregulated in SDS hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). We demonstrate that transplanted Arhgef2-/- fetal liver and bone marrow cells yield impaired hematopoietic recovery and a production deficit from long-term HSCs, phenotypes that are not the result of differences in numbers of transplanted HSCs, their cell cycle status, level of apoptosis, progenitor output, or homing ability. Notably, these defects are functionally restored in vivo by overexpression of ARHGEF2 or its downstream activated RHOA GTPase. By using live imaging of dividing HSPCs, we show an increased frequency of misoriented divisions in the absence of Arhgef2. ARHGEF2 knockdown in human HSCs also impairs their ability to regenerate hematopoiesis, culminating in significantly smaller xenografts. Together, these data demonstrate a conserved role for Arhgef2 in orienting HSPC division and suggest that HSCs may divide in certain orientations to establish hematopoiesis, the loss of which could contribute to HSC dysfunction in bone marrow failure.
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9
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McDonald WS, Miyamoto K, Rivera R, Kennedy G, Almeida BSV, Kingsbury MA, Chun J. Altered cleavage plane orientation with increased genomic aneuploidy produced by receptor-mediated lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling in mouse cerebral cortical neural progenitor cells. Mol Brain 2020; 13:169. [PMID: 33317583 PMCID: PMC7734743 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is composed of cells having distinct genomic DNA sequences that arise post-zygotically, known as somatic genomic mosaicism (SGM). One form of SGM is aneuploidy-the gain and/or loss of chromosomes-which is associated with mitotic spindle defects. The mitotic spindle orientation determines cleavage plane positioning and, therefore, neural progenitor cell (NPC) fate during cerebral cortical development. Here we report receptor-mediated signaling by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) as a novel extracellular signal that influences cleavage plane orientation and produces alterations in SGM by inducing aneuploidy during murine cortical neurogenesis. LPA is a bioactive lipid whose actions are mediated by six G protein-coupled receptors, LPA1-LPA6. RNAscope and qPCR assessment of all six LPA receptor genes, and exogenous LPA exposure in LPA receptor (Lpar)-null mice, revealed involvement of Lpar1 and Lpar2 in the orientation of the mitotic spindle. Lpar1 signaling increased non-vertical cleavage in vivo by disrupting cell-cell adhesion, leading to breakdown of the ependymal cell layer. In addition, genomic alterations were significantly increased after LPA exposure, through production of chromosomal aneuploidy in NPCs. These results identify LPA as a receptor-mediated signal that alters both NPC fate and genomes during cortical neurogenesis, thus representing an extracellular signaling mechanism that can produce stable genomic changes in NPCs and their progeny. Normal LPA signaling in early life could therefore influence both the developing and adult brain, whereas its pathological disruption could contribute to a range of neurological and psychiatric diseases, via long-lasting somatic genomic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S McDonald
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kyoko Miyamoto
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Richard Rivera
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Grace Kennedy
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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10
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Joo E, Olson MF. Regulation and functions of the RhoA regulatory guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1. Small GTPases 2020; 12:358-371. [PMID: 33126816 PMCID: PMC8583009 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2020.1840889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery by Madaule and Axel in 1985 of the first Ras homologue (Rho) protein in Aplysia and its human orthologue RhoB, membership in the Rho GTPase family has grown to 20 proteins, with representatives in all eukaryotic species. These GTPases are molecular switches that cycle between active (GTP bound) and inactivate (GDP bound) states. The exchange of GDP for GTP on Rho GTPases is facilitated by guanine exchange factors (GEFs). Approximately 80 Rho GEFs have been identified to date, and only a few GEFs associate with microtubules. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor H1, GEF-H1, is a unique GEF that associates with microtubules and is regulated by the polymerization state of microtubule networks. This review summarizes the regulation and functions of GEF-H1 and discusses the roles of GEF-H1 in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael F Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Moon HM, Hippenmeyer S, Luo L, Wynshaw-Boris A. LIS1 determines cleavage plane positioning by regulating actomyosin-mediated cell membrane contractility. eLife 2020; 9:51512. [PMID: 32159512 PMCID: PMC7112955 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss of human PAFAH1B1 (coding for LIS1) results in the disruption of neurogenesis and neuronal migration via dysregulation of microtubule (MT) stability and dynein motor function/localization that alters mitotic spindle orientation, chromosomal segregation, and nuclear migration. Recently, human- induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models revealed an important role for LIS1 in controlling the length of terminal cell divisions of outer radial glial (oRG) progenitors, suggesting cellular functions of LIS1 in regulating neural progenitor cell (NPC) daughter cell separation. Here, we examined the late mitotic stages NPCs in vivo and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in vitro from Pafah1b1-deficient mutants. Pafah1b1-deficient neocortical NPCs and MEFs similarly exhibited cleavage plane displacement with mislocalization of furrow-associated markers, associated with actomyosin dysfunction and cell membrane hyper-contractility. Thus, it suggests LIS1 acts as a key molecular link connecting MTs/dynein and actomyosin, ensuring that cell membrane contractility is tightly controlled to execute proper daughter cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Mi Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Liqun Luo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
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12
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Qiu R, Murai K, Lu Q. Spindle Orientation-Independent Control of Cell Fate Determination by RGS3 and KIF20A. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa003. [PMID: 32864611 PMCID: PMC7446295 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It was proposed that similar to its role in the invertebrate nervous system, mitotic spindle orientation (or cell cleavage plane orientation) of a dividing neural progenitor cell specifies the fate of daughter cells in the mammalian brain, modulating the production of neurons via symmetric versus asymmetric cell divisions during the course of neurogenesis. Experimental tests of the sufficiency of spindle/cleavage plane orientation in mammalian cell fate determination have yielded conflicting results. On the other hand, the necessity of spindle/cleavage plane orientation in mammalian cell fate determination has not yet been addressed. Here we examined the necessity of spindle/cleavage plane orientation during cortical neurogenesis in mice with loss-of-function of the RGS3-KIF20A interaction axis. We present evidence that while inactivation of RGS3 or KIF20A was linked to a shift in neural progenitor cells from proliferative to differentiative divisions in the developing cortex, these genetic mutations did not lead to anticipated alteration in the orientation of spindle/cleavage plane. Our results indicate that the RGS3-KIF20A axis regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation in the mammalian cortex employing a mechanism independent of spindle/cleavage plane orientation. These data also caution against using spindle/cleavage plane orientation as the synonym for cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxiang Qiu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Kiyohito Murai
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Department of Macroscopic Anatomy, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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13
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Human Huntington's Disease iPSC-Derived Cortical Neurons Display Altered Transcriptomics, Morphology, and Maturation. Cell Rep 2019; 25:1081-1096.e6. [PMID: 30355486 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models of HD provide an opportunity to study the mechanisms underlying disease pathology in disease-relevant patient tissues. Murine studies have demonstrated that HTT is intricately involved in corticogenesis. However, the effect of mutant Hungtintin (mtHTT) in human corticogenesis has not yet been thoroughly explored. This examination is critical, due to inherent differences in cortical development and timing between humans and mice. We therefore differentiated HD and non-diseased iPSCs into functional cortical neurons. While HD patient iPSCs can successfully differentiate toward a cortical fate in culture, the resulting neurons display altered transcriptomics, morphological and functional phenotypes indicative of altered corticogenesis in HD.
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14
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Xu Z, Chen Y, Chen Y. Spatiotemporal Regulation of Rho GTPases in Neuronal Migration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060568. [PMID: 31185627 PMCID: PMC6627650 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is essential for the orchestration of brain development and involves several contiguous steps: interkinetic nuclear movement (INM), multipolar–bipolar transition, locomotion, and translocation. Growing evidence suggests that Rho GTPases, including RhoA, Rac, Cdc42, and the atypical Rnd members, play critical roles in neuronal migration by regulating both actin and microtubule cytoskeletal components. This review focuses on the spatiotemporal-specific regulation of Rho GTPases as well as their regulators and effectors in distinct steps during the neuronal migration process. Their roles in bridging extracellular signals and cytoskeletal dynamics to provide optimal structural support to the migrating neurons will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan Xu
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuewen Chen
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, China.
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15
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Pan JP, Hu Y, Wang JH, Xin YR, Jiang JX, Chen KQ, Yang CY, Gao Q, Xiao F, Yan L, Luo HM. Methyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate Induces Neural Stem Cells to Differentiate Into Cholinergic Neurons in vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:478. [PMID: 30581378 PMCID: PMC6292956 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been shown as a potential source for replacing degenerated neurons in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the therapeutic potential of these cells is limited by the lack of effective methodologies for controlling their differentiation. Inducing endogenous pools of NSCs by small molecule can be considered as a potential approach of generating the desired cell types in large numbers. Here, we reported the characterization of a small molecule (Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate; MDHB) that selectively induces hippocampal NSCs to differentiate into cholinergic motor neurons which expressed synapsin 1 (SYN1) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95). Studies on the mechanisms revealed that MDHB induced the hippocampal NSCs differentiation into cholinergic motor neurons by inhibiting AKT phosphorylation and activating autophosphorylation of GSK3β at tyrosine 216. Furthermore, we found that MDHB enhanced β-catenin degradation and abolished its entering into the nucleus. Collectively, this report provides the strong evidence that MDHB promotes NSCs differentiation into cholinergic motor neurons by enhancing gene Isl1 expression and inhibiting cell cycle progression. It may provide a basis for pharmacological effects of MDHB directed on NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ping Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Rong Xin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Xing Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Qi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-You Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yan
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Min Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Uzquiano A, Gladwyn-Ng I, Nguyen L, Reiner O, Götz M, Matsuzaki F, Francis F. Cortical progenitor biology: key features mediating proliferation versus differentiation. J Neurochem 2018; 146:500-525. [PMID: 29570795 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a highly organized structure whose development depends on diverse progenitor cell types, namely apical radial glia, intermediate progenitors, and basal radial glia cells, which are responsible for the production of the correct neuronal output. In recent years, these progenitor cell types have been deeply studied, particularly basal radial glia and their role in cortical expansion and gyrification. We review here a broad series of factors that regulate progenitor behavior and daughter cell fate. We first describe the different neuronal progenitor types, emphasizing the differences between lissencephalic and gyrencephalic species. We then review key factors shown to influence progenitor proliferation versus differentiation, discussing their roles in progenitor dynamics, neuronal production, and potentially brain size and complexity. Although spindle orientation has been considered a critical factor for mode of division and daughter cell output, we discuss other features that are emerging as crucial for these processes such as organelle and cell cycle dynamics. Additionally, we highlight the importance of adhesion molecules and the polarity complex for correct cortical development. Finally, we briefly discuss studies assessing progenitor multipotency and its possible contribution to the production of specific neuronal populations. This review hence summarizes recent aspects of cortical progenitor cell biology, and pinpoints emerging features critical for their behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Uzquiano
- INSERM, UMR-S 839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Gladwyn-Ng
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg/Munich, Germany.,Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Planegg/Munich, Germany
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe Institute, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM, UMR-S 839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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17
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Rho GTPases in Intellectual Disability: From Genetics to Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061821. [PMID: 29925821 PMCID: PMC6032284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-class small GTPases are implicated in basic cellular processes at nearly all brain developmental steps, from neurogenesis and migration to axon guidance and synaptic plasticity. GTPases are key signal transducing enzymes that link extracellular cues to the neuronal responses required for the construction of neuronal networks, as well as for synaptic function and plasticity. Rho GTPases are highly regulated by a complex set of activating (GEFs) and inactivating (GAPs) partners, via protein:protein interactions (PPI). Misregulated RhoA, Rac1/Rac3 and cdc42 activity has been linked with intellectual disability (ID) and other neurodevelopmental conditions that comprise ID. All genetic evidences indicate that in these disorders the RhoA pathway is hyperactive while the Rac1 and cdc42 pathways are consistently hypoactive. Adopting cultured neurons for in vitro testing and specific animal models of ID for in vivo examination, the endophenotypes associated with these conditions are emerging and include altered neuronal networking, unbalanced excitation/inhibition and altered synaptic activity and plasticity. As we approach a clearer definition of these phenotype(s) and the role of hyper- and hypo-active GTPases in the construction of neuronal networks, there is an increasing possibility that selective inhibitors and activators might be designed via PPI, or identified by screening, that counteract the misregulation of small GTPases and result in alleviation of the cognitive condition. Here we review all knowledge in support of this possibility.
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18
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Gopurappilly R, Deb BK, Chakraborty P, Hasan G. Stable STIM1 Knockdown in Self-Renewing Human Neural Precursors Promotes Premature Neural Differentiation. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:178. [PMID: 29942250 PMCID: PMC6004407 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling plays a significant role in the development of the vertebrate nervous system where it regulates neurite growth as well as synapse and neurotransmitter specification. Elucidating the role of Ca2+ signaling in mammalian neuronal development has been largely restricted to either small animal models or primary cultures. Here we derived human neural precursor cells (NPCs) from human embryonic stem cells to understand the functional significance of a less understood arm of calcium signaling, Store-operated Ca2+ entry or SOCE, in neuronal development. Human NPCs exhibited robust SOCE, which was significantly attenuated by expression of a stable shRNA-miR targeted toward the SOCE molecule, STIM1. Along with the plasma membrane channel Orai, STIM is an essential component of SOCE in many cell types, where it regulates gene expression. Therefore, we measured global gene expression in human NPCs with and without STIM1 knockdown. Interestingly, pathways down-regulated through STIM1 knockdown were related to cell proliferation and DNA replication processes, whereas post-synaptic signaling was identified as an up-regulated process. To understand the functional significance of these gene expression changes we measured the self-renewal capacity of NPCs with STIM1 knockdown. The STIM1 knockdown NPCs demonstrated significantly reduced neurosphere size and number as well as precocious spontaneous differentiation toward the neuronal lineage, as compared to control cells. These findings demonstrate that STIM1 mediated SOCE in human NPCs regulates gene expression changes, that in vivo are likely to physiologically modulate the self-renewal and differentiation of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjitha Gopurappilly
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bipan Kumar Deb
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pragnya Chakraborty
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gaiti Hasan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
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19
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Ismail OZ, Sriranganathan S, Zhang X, Bonventre JV, Zervos AS, Gunaratnam L. Tctex-1, a novel interaction partner of Kidney Injury Molecule-1, is required for efferocytosis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6877-6895. [PMID: 29693725 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a phosphatidylserine receptor that is specifically upregulated on proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) during acute kidney injury and mitigates tissue damage by mediating efferocytosis (the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells). The signaling molecules that regulate efferocytosis in TECs are not well understood. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified the dynein light chain protein, Tctex-1, as a novel KIM-1-interacting protein. Immunoprecipitation and confocal imaging studies suggested that Tctex-1 associates with KIM-1 in cells at baseline, but, dissociates from KIM-1 within 90 min of initiation of efferocytosis. Interfering with actin or microtubule polymerization interestingly prevented the dissociation of KIM-1 from Tctex-1. Moreover, the subcellular localization of Tctex-1 changed from being microtubule-associated to mainly cytosolic upon expression of KIM-1. Short hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of endogenous Tctex-1 in cells significantly inhibited efferocytosis to levels comparable to that of knock down of KIM-1 in the same cells. Importantly, Tctex-1 was not involved in the delivery of KIM-1 to the cell-surface. On the other hand, KIM-1 expression significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of Tctex-1 at threonine 94 (T94), a post-translational modification which is known to disrupt the binding of Tctex-1 to dynein on microtubules. In keeping with this, we found that KIM-1 bound less efficiently to the phosphomimic (T94E) mutant of Tctex-1 compared to wild type Tctex-1. Surprisingly, expression of Tctex-1 T94E did not influence KIM-1-mediated efferocytosis. Our studies uncover a previously unknown role for Tctex-1 in KIM-1-dependent efferocytosis in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Z Ismail
- Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saranga Sriranganathan
- Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xizhong Zhang
- Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Antonis S Zervos
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
| | - Lakshman Gunaratnam
- Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Western University, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Brocard J, Dufour F, Gory-Fauré S, Arnoult C, Bosc C, Denarier E, Peris L, Saoudi Y, De Waard M, Andrieux A. MAP6 interacts with Tctex1 and Ca v 2.2/N-type calcium channels to regulate calcium signalling in neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2754-2767. [PMID: 29094416 PMCID: PMC5765474 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MAP6 proteins were first described as microtubule‐stabilizing agents, whose properties were thought to be essential for neuronal development and maintenance of complex neuronal networks. However, deletion of all MAP6 isoforms in MAP6 KO mice does not lead to dramatic morphological aberrations of the brain but rather to alterations in multiple neurotransmissions and severe behavioural impairments. A search for protein partners of MAP6 proteins identified Tctex1 – a dynein light chain with multiple non‐microtubule‐related functions. The involvement of Tctex1 in calcium signalling led to investigate it in MAP6 KO neurons. In this study, we show that functional Cav2.2/N‐type calcium channels are deficient in MAP6 KO neurons, due to improper location. We also show that MAP6 proteins interact directly with both Tctex1 and the C‐terminus of Cav2.2/N‐type calcium channels. A balance of these two interactions seems to be crucial for MAP6 to modulate calcium signalling in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Brocard
- U1216, INSERM, Grenoble, F-38000, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrice Dufour
- U1216, INSERM, Grenoble, F-38000, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Gory-Fauré
- U1216, INSERM, Grenoble, F-38000, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- U1209, INSERM, Grenoble, France.,UMR 5309, CNRS, Grenoble, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- U1216, INSERM, Grenoble, F-38000, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Denarier
- U1216, INSERM, Grenoble, F-38000, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CEA, BIG-GPC, Grenoble, France
| | - Leticia Peris
- U1216, INSERM, Grenoble, F-38000, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Yasmina Saoudi
- U1216, INSERM, Grenoble, F-38000, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Michel De Waard
- U1087, INSERM, Nantes, France.,UMR 6291, CNRS, Nantes, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- U1216, INSERM, Grenoble, F-38000, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CEA, BIG-GPC, Grenoble, France
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21
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Ravindran E, Hu H, Yuzwa SA, Hernandez-Miranda LR, Kraemer N, Ninnemann O, Musante L, Boltshauser E, Schindler D, Hübner A, Reinecker HC, Ropers HH, Birchmeier C, Miller FD, Wienker TF, Hübner C, Kaindl AM. Homozygous ARHGEF2 mutation causes intellectual disability and midbrain-hindbrain malformation. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006746. [PMID: 28453519 PMCID: PMC5428974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mid-hindbrain malformations can occur during embryogenesis through a disturbance of transient and localized gene expression patterns within these distinct brain structures. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (ARHGEF) family members are key for controlling the spatiotemporal activation of Rho GTPase, to modulate cytoskeleton dynamics, cell division, and cell migration. We identified, by means of whole exome sequencing, a homozygous frameshift mutation in the ARHGEF2 as a cause of intellectual disability, a midbrain-hindbrain malformation, and mild microcephaly in a consanguineous pedigree of Kurdish-Turkish descent. We show that loss of ARHGEF2 perturbs progenitor cell differentiation and that this is associated with a shift of mitotic spindle plane orientation, putatively favoring more symmetric divisions. The ARHGEF2 mutation leads to reduction in the activation of the RhoA/ROCK/MLC pathway crucial for cell migration. We demonstrate that the human brain malformation is recapitulated in Arhgef2 mutant mice and identify an aberrant migration of distinct components of the precerebellar system as a pathomechanism underlying the midbrain-hindbrain phenotype. Our results highlight the crucial function of ARHGEF2 in human brain development and identify a mutation in ARHGEF2 as novel cause of a neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethiraj Ravindran
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum (SPZ), Center for Chronic Sick Children, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hao Hu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Scott A. Yuzwa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Nadine Kraemer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum (SPZ), Center for Chronic Sick Children, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Ninnemann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luciana Musante
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugen Boltshauser
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Detlev Schindler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Hübner
- Pediatrics, University Hospital, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Freda D. Miller
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Christoph Hübner
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela M. Kaindl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum (SPZ), Center for Chronic Sick Children, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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22
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Smith P, Azzam M, Hinck L. Extracellular Regulation of the Mitotic Spindle and Fate Determinants Driving Asymmetric Cell Division. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 61:351-373. [PMID: 28409313 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53150-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells use mode of cell division, symmetric (SCD) versus asymmetric (ACD), to balance expansion with self-renewal and the generation of daughter cells with different cell fates. Studies in model organisms have identified intrinsic mechanisms that govern this process, which involves partitioning molecular components between daughter cells, frequently through the regulation of the mitotic spindle. Research performed in vertebrate tissues is revealing both conservation of these intrinsic mechanisms and crucial roles for extrinsic cues in regulating the frequency of these divisions. Morphogens and positional cues, including planar cell polarity proteins and guidance molecules, regulate key signaling pathways required to organize cell/ECM contacts and spindle pole dynamics. Noncanonical WNT7A/VANGL2 signaling governs asymmetric cell division and the acquisition of cell fates through spindle pole orientation in satellite stem cells of regenerating muscle fibers. During cortical neurogenesis, the same pathway regulates glial cell fate determination by regulating spindle size, independent of its orientation. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) stimulates the symmetric expansion of cortical stem and cerebellar progenitor cells and contributes to cell fate acquisition in collaboration with Notch and Wnt signaling pathways. SLIT2 also contributes to stem cell homeostasis by restricting ACD frequency through the regulation of spindle orientation. The capacity to influence stem cells makes these secreted factors excellent targets for therapeutic strategies designed to enhance cell populations in degenerative disease or restrict cell proliferation in different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prestina Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Mark Azzam
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
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23
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Mora-Bermúdez F, Huttner WB. Novel insights into mammalian embryonic neural stem cell division: focus on microtubules. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 26:4302-6. [PMID: 26628750 PMCID: PMC4666126 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-03-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During stem cell divisions, mitotic microtubules do more than just segregate the chromosomes. They also determine whether a cell divides virtually symmetrically or asymmetrically by establishing spindle orientation and the plane of cell division. This can be decisive for the fate of the stem cell progeny. Spindle defects have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, yet the role of spindle orientation for mammalian neurogenesis has remained controversial. Here we explore recent advances in understanding how the microtubule cytoskeleton influences mammalian neural stem cell division. Our focus is primarily on the role of spindle microtubules in the development of the cerebral cortex. We also highlight unique characteristics in the architecture and dynamics of cortical stem cells that are tightly linked to their mode of division. These features contribute to setting these cells apart as mitotic "rule breakers," control how asymmetric a division is, and, we argue, are sufficient to determine the fate of the neural stem cell progeny in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Mora-Bermúdez
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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24
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Yuzwa SA, Yang G, Borrett MJ, Clarke G, Cancino GI, Zahr SK, Zandstra PW, Kaplan DR, Miller FD. Proneurogenic Ligands Defined by Modeling Developing Cortex Growth Factor Communication Networks. Neuron 2016; 91:988-1004. [PMID: 27545711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neural stem cell decision to self-renew or differentiate is tightly regulated by its microenvironment. Here, we have asked about this microenvironment, focusing on growth factors in the embryonic cortex at a time when it is largely comprised of neural precursor cells (NPCs) and newborn neurons. We show that cortical NPCs secrete factors that promote their maintenance, while cortical neurons secrete factors that promote differentiation. To define factors important for these activities, we used transcriptome profiling to identify ligands produced by NPCs and neurons, cell-surface mass spectrometry to identify receptors on these cells, and computational modeling to integrate these data. The resultant model predicts a complex growth factor environment with multiple autocrine and paracrine interactions. We tested this communication model, focusing on neurogenesis, and identified IFNγ, Neurturin (Nrtn), and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) as ligands with unexpected roles in promoting neurogenic differentiation of NPCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Yuzwa
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Guang Yang
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Michael J Borrett
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Geoff Clarke
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Gonzalo I Cancino
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Siraj K Zahr
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Departments of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - David R Kaplan
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada.
| | - Freda D Miller
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada.
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25
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Harding BN, Moccia A, Drunat S, Soukarieh O, Tubeuf H, Chitty LS, Verloes A, Gressens P, El Ghouzzi V, Joriot S, Di Cunto F, Martins A, Passemard S, Bielas SL. Mutations in Citron Kinase Cause Recessive Microlissencephaly with Multinucleated Neurons. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:511-20. [PMID: 27453579 PMCID: PMC4974106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is caused by a reduction in brain size as a result of defects in the proliferation of neural progenitor cells during development. Mutations in genes encoding proteins that localize to the mitotic spindle and centrosomes have been implicated in the pathogenicity of primary microcephaly. In contrast, the contractile ring and midbody required for cytokinesis, the final stage of mitosis, have not previously been implicated by human genetics in the molecular mechanisms of this phenotype. Citron kinase (CIT) is a multi-domain protein that localizes to the cleavage furrow and midbody of mitotic cells, where it is required for the completion of cytokinesis. Rodent models of Cit deficiency highlighted the role of this gene in neurogenesis and microcephaly over a decade ago. Here, we identify recessively inherited pathogenic variants in CIT as the genetic basis of severe microcephaly and neonatal death. We present postmortem data showing that CIT is critical to building a normally sized human brain. Consistent with cytokinesis defects attributed to CIT, multinucleated neurons were observed throughout the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of an affected proband, expanding our understanding of mechanisms attributed to primary microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian N Harding
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda Moccia
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Séverine Drunat
- Département de Génétique, Protect, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris 75019, France; INSERM U1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris 75019, France
| | - Omar Soukarieh
- INSERM U1079, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen 76183, France
| | - Hélène Tubeuf
- INSERM U1079, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen 76183, France; Interactive Biosoftware, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Lyn S Chitty
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alain Verloes
- Département de Génétique, Protect, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris 75019, France; INSERM U1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris 75019, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- INSERM U1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris 75019, France; Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris 75019, France; Center for Developing Brain, King's College, St. Thomas' Campus, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | | | - Sylvie Joriot
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille 59037, France
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | | | - Sandrine Passemard
- Département de Génétique, Protect, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris 75019, France; INSERM U1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris 75019, France; Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris 75019, France
| | - Stephanie L Bielas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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26
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Indu S, Sekhar SC, Sengottaiyan J, Kumar A, Pillai SM, Laloraya M, Kumar PG. Aberrant Expression of Dynein light chain 1 (DYNLT1) is Associated with Human Male Factor Infertility. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:3185-95. [PMID: 26432663 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.050005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DYNLT1 is a member of a gene family identified within the t-complex of the mouse, which has been linked with male germ cell development and function in the mouse and the fly. Though defects in the expression of this gene are associated with male sterility in both these models, there has been no study examining its association with spermatogenic defects in human males. In this study, we evaluated the levels of DYNLT1 and its expression product in the germ cells of fertile human males and males suffering from spermatogenic defects. We screened fertile (n = 14), asthenozoospermic (n = 15), oligozoospermic (n = 20) and teratozoospermic (n = 23) males using PCR and Western blot analysis. Semiquantitative PCR indicated either undetectable or significantly lower levels of expression of DYNLT1 in the germ cells from several patients from across the three infertility syndrome groups, when compared with that of fertile controls. DYNLT1 was localized on head, mid-piece, and tail segments of spermatozoa from fertile males. Spermatozoa from infertile males presented either a total absence of DYNLT1 or its absence in the tail region. Majority of the infertile individuals showed negligible levels of localization of DYNLT1 on the spermatozoa. Overexpression of DYNLT1 in GC1-spg cell line resulted in the up-regulation of several cytoskeletal proteins and molecular chaperones involved in cell cycle regulation. Defective expression of DYNLT1 was associated with male factor infertility syndromes in our study population. Proteome level changes in GC1-spg cells overexpressing DYNLT1 were suggestive of its possible function in germ cell development. We have discussed the implications of these observations in the light of the known functions of DYNLT1, which included protein trafficking, membrane vesiculation, cell cycle regulation, and stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivankutty Indu
- From the ‡Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Sreeja C Sekhar
- From the ‡Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Jeeva Sengottaiyan
- From the ‡Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- From the ‡Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Sathy M Pillai
- §Dr. SathyPillai, Samad Hospital, V.V.Road, Pattoor, Thiruvananthapuram-695035. Kerala, India
| | - Malini Laloraya
- From the ‡Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Pradeep G Kumar
- From the ‡Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India;
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27
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Kask K, Ruisu K, Tikker L, Karis K, Saare M, Meier R, Karis A, Tõnissoo T, Pooga M. Deletion of RIC8A in neural precursor cells leads to altered neurogenesis and neonatal lethality of mouse. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:984-1002. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiu Kask
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Katrin Ruisu
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Laura Tikker
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Kirstin Karis
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Merly Saare
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Riho Meier
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Alar Karis
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Tambet Tõnissoo
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Margus Pooga
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
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28
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Azzarelli R, Kerloch T, Pacary E. Regulation of cerebral cortex development by Rho GTPases: insights from in vivo studies. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:445. [PMID: 25610373 PMCID: PMC4285737 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is the site of higher human cognitive and motor functions. Histologically, it is organized into six horizontal layers, each containing unique populations of molecularly and functionally distinct excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory interneurons. The stereotyped cellular distribution of cortical neurons is crucial for the formation of functional neural circuits and it is predominantly established during embryonic development. Cortical neuron development is a multiphasic process characterized by sequential steps of neural progenitor proliferation, cell cycle exit, neuroblast migration and neuronal differentiation. This series of events requires an extensive and dynamic remodeling of the cell cytoskeleton at each step of the process. As major regulators of the cytoskeleton, the family of small Rho GTPases has been shown to play essential functions in cerebral cortex development. Here we review in vivo findings that support the contribution of Rho GTPases to cortical projection neuron development and we address their involvement in the etiology of cerebral cortex malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Azzarelli
- Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Kerloch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U862, Neurocentre Magendie Bordeaux, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France
| | - Emilie Pacary
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U862, Neurocentre Magendie Bordeaux, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France
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29
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Sánchez-Martín FJ, Lindquist DM, Landero-Figueroa J, Zhang X, Chen J, Cecil KM, Medvedovic M, Puga A. Sex- and tissue-specific methylome changes in brains of mice perinatally exposed to lead. Neurotoxicology 2014; 46:92-100. [PMID: 25530354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Changes in DNA methylation and subsequent changes in gene expression regulation are the hallmarks of age- and tissue-dependent epigenetic drift and plasticity resulting from the combinatorial integration of genetic determinants and environmental cues. To determine whether perinatal lead exposure caused persistent DNA methylation changes in target tissues, we exposed mouse dams to 0, 3 or 30 ppm of lead acetate in drinking water for a period extending from 2 months prior to mating, through gestation, until weaning of pups at postnatal day-21, and analyzed whole-genome DNA methylation in brain cortex and hippocampus of 2-month old exposed and unexposed progeny. Lead exposure resulted in hypermethylation of three differentially methylated regions in the hippocampus of females, but not males. These regions mapped to Rn4.5s, Sfi1, and Rn45s loci in mouse chromosomes 2, 11 and 17, respectively. At a conservative fdr<0.001, 1623 additional CpG sites were differentially methylated in female hippocampus, corresponding to 117 unique genes. Sixty of these genes were tested for mRNA expression and showed a trend toward negative correlation between mRNA expression and methylation in exposed females but not males. No statistically significant methylome changes were detected in male hippocampus or in cortex of either sex. We conclude that exposure to lead during embryonic life, a time when the organism is most sensitive to environmental cues, appears to have a sex- and tissue-specific effect on DNA methylation that may produce pathological or physiological deviations from the epigenetic plasticity operative in unexposed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Sánchez-Martín
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Diana M Lindquist
- Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Julio Landero-Figueroa
- Metallomics Center of the Americas, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kim M Cecil
- Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Alvaro Puga
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Gerstmann K, Pensold D, Symmank J, Khundadze M, Hübner CA, Bolz J, Zimmer G. Thalamic afferents influence cortical progenitors via ephrin A5-EphA4 interactions. Development 2014; 142:140-50. [PMID: 25480914 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype of excitatory cerebral cortex neurons is specified at the progenitor level, orchestrated by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here, we provide evidence for a subcortical contribution to cortical progenitor regulation by thalamic axons via ephrin A5-EphA4 interactions. Ephrin A5 is expressed by thalamic axons and represents a high-affinity ligand for EphA4 receptors detected in cortical precursors. Recombinant ephrin A5-Fc protein, as well as ephrin A ligand-expressing, thalamic axons affect the output of cortical progenitor division in vitro. Ephrin A5-deficient mice show an altered division mode of radial glial cells (RGCs) accompanied by increased numbers of intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) and an elevated neuronal production for the deep cortical layers at E13.5. In turn, at E16.5 the pool of IPCs is diminished, accompanied by reduced rates of generated neurons destined for the upper cortical layers. This correlates with extended infragranular layers at the expense of superficial cortical layers in adult ephrin A5-deficient and EphA4-deficient mice. We suggest that ephrin A5 ligands imported by invading thalamic axons interact with EphA4-expressing RGCs, thereby contributing to the fine-tuning of IPC generation and thus the proper neuronal output for cortical layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Gerstmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany Institute for General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Pensold
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Judit Symmank
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Mukhran Khundadze
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bolz
- Institute for General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany Institute for General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Progenitor genealogy in the developing cerebral cortex. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:17-32. [PMID: 25141969 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex is characterized by a complex histological organization that reflects the spatio-temporal stratifications of related stem and neural progenitor cells, which are responsible for the generation of distinct glial and neuronal subtypes during development. Some work has been done to shed light on the existing filiations between these progenitors as well as their respective contribution to cortical neurogenesis. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current views of progenitor hierarchy and relationship in the developing cortex and to further discuss future research directions that would help us to understand the molecular and cellular regulating mechanisms involved in cerebral corticogenesis.
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Zander MA, Cancino GI, Gridley T, Kaplan DR, Miller FD. The Snail transcription factor regulates the numbers of neural precursor cells and newborn neurons throughout mammalian life. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104767. [PMID: 25136812 PMCID: PMC4138084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Snail transcription factor regulates diverse aspects of stem cell biology in organisms ranging from Drosophila to mammals. Here we have asked whether it regulates the biology of neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the forebrain of postnatal and adult mice, taking advantage of a mouse containing a floxed Snail allele (Snailfl/fl mice). We show that when Snail is inducibly ablated in the embryonic cortex, this has long-term consequences for cortical organization. In particular, when Snailfl/fl mice are crossed to Nestin-cre mice that express Cre recombinase in embryonic neural precursors, this causes inducible ablation of Snail expression throughout the postnatal cortex. This loss of Snail causes a decrease in proliferation of neonatal cortical neural precursors and mislocalization and misspecification of cortical neurons. Moreover, these precursor phenotypes persist into adulthood. Adult neural precursor cell proliferation is decreased in the forebrain subventricular zone and in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, and this is coincident with a decrease in the number of adult-born olfactory and hippocampal neurons. Thus, Snail is a key regulator of the numbers of neural precursors and newborn neurons throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Zander
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gonzalo I. Cancino
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Gridley
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, University of Maine, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - David R. Kaplan
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Freda D. Miller
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Mora-Bermúdez F, Matsuzaki F, Huttner WB. Specific polar subpopulations of astral microtubules control spindle orientation and symmetric neural stem cell division. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 24996848 PMCID: PMC4112548 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle orientation is crucial for symmetric vs asymmetric cell division and depends on astral microtubules. Here, we show that distinct subpopulations of astral microtubules exist, which have differential functions in regulating spindle orientation and division symmetry. Specifically, in polarized stem cells of developing mouse neocortex, astral microtubules reaching the apical and basal cell cortex, but not those reaching the central cell cortex, are more abundant in symmetrically than asymmetrically dividing cells and reduce spindle orientation variability. This promotes symmetric divisions by maintaining an apico-basal cleavage plane. The greater abundance of apical/basal astrals depends on a higher concentration, at the basal cell cortex, of LGN, a known spindle-cell cortex linker. Furthermore, newly developed specific microtubule perturbations that selectively decrease apical/basal astrals recapitulate the symmetric-to-asymmetric division switch and suffice to increase neurogenesis in vivo. Thus, our study identifies a novel link between cell polarity, astral microtubules, and spindle orientation in morphogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02875.001 A stem cell can divide in two ways. Either it can split symmetrically into two identical daughter stem cells, or it can split asymmetrically into a stem cell and a specialist cell. The structure that forms inside the dividing cell to separate pairs of chromosomes—called the mitotic spindle—also partitions the molecules that determine what kind of cell each daughter cell will become. The mitotic spindle is made up of protein microtubules. Astral microtubules connect the spindle to a structure found at the inner face of the cell membrane called the cell cortex. This helps the spindle to orient itself correctly and control the plane of cell division. This is particularly important in cells that are different at their top and bottom, like polarized neural stem cells. To divide symmetrically, these cells need to split vertically from top to bottom. Then, to divide asymmetrically they tilt the cell division plane off-vertical. Classical studies on neuroblasts from the fruit fly Drosophila have shown that a big, 90° reorientation, from vertical to horizontal underlies this change. However, in the primary stem cells of the mammalian brain, subtle off-vertical tilting suffices for asymmetric divisions to occur. This tilting must be finely regulated: if not, neurodevelopmental disorders, such as microcephaly and lissencephaly, may arise. Mora-Bermúdez et al. investigated how mammalian cortical stem cells control such subtle spindle orientation changes by taking images of developing brain tissue from genetically modified mice. These show that not all astral microtubules affect whether the spindle reorients, as was previously thought. Instead, only those connecting the spindle to the cell cortex at the top and bottom of the cell—the apical/basal astrals—are involved. A decrease in the number of apical/basal astrals enables the spindle to undergo small reorientations. Mora-Bermúdez et al. therefore propose a model in which the spindle becomes less strongly anchored when the number of apical/basal astrals is reduced. This makes the spindle easier to tilt, allowing neural stem cells to undergo asymmetric divisions to produce neurons. The decrease in the number of apical/basal astrals appears to be caused by a reduction in the amount of a molecule that is known to help link the microtubules to the cell cortex. This reduction occurs only in the cortex at the top of the cell. Mora-Bermúdez et al. were also able to manipulate this process by adding very low doses of a microtubule inhibitor called nocodazole, which reduced the number of only the apical/basal astrals, increasing the ability of the spindle to reorient. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02875.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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Snail coordinately regulates downstream pathways to control multiple aspects of mammalian neural precursor development. J Neurosci 2014; 34:5164-75. [PMID: 24719096 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0370-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Snail transcription factor plays a key role in regulating diverse developmental processes but is not thought to play a role in mammalian neural precursors. Here, we have examined radial glial precursor cells of the embryonic murine cortex and demonstrate that Snail regulates their survival, self-renewal, and differentiation into intermediate progenitors and neurons via two distinct and separable target pathways. First, Snail promotes cell survival by antagonizing a p53-dependent death pathway because coincident p53 knockdown rescues survival deficits caused by Snail knockdown. Second, we show that the cell cycle phosphatase Cdc25b is regulated by Snail in radial precursors and that Cdc25b coexpression is sufficient to rescue the decreased radial precursor proliferation and differentiation observed upon Snail knockdown. Thus, Snail acts via p53 and Cdc25b to coordinately regulate multiple aspects of mammalian embryonic neural precursor biology.
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Wojnacki J, Quassollo G, Marzolo MP, Cáceres A. Rho GTPases at the crossroad of signaling networks in mammals: impact of Rho-GTPases on microtubule organization and dynamics. Small GTPases 2014; 5:e28430. [PMID: 24691223 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.28430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule (MT) organization and dynamics downstream of external cues is crucial for maintaining cellular architecture and the generation of cell asymmetries. In interphase cells RhoA, Rac, and Cdc42, conspicuous members of the family of small Rho GTPases, have major roles in modulating MT stability, and hence polarized cell behaviors. However, MTs are not mere targets of Rho GTPases, but also serve as signaling platforms coupling MT dynamics to Rho GTPase activation in a variety of cellular conditions. In this article, we review some of the key studies describing the reciprocal relationship between small Rho-GTPases and MTs during migration and polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Wojnacki
- Laboratory of Neurobiology; Instituto Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra (INIMEC) CONICET; Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Quassollo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology; Instituto Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra (INIMEC) CONICET; Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María-Paz Marzolo
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización; Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Cáceres
- Laboratory of Neurobiology; Instituto Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra (INIMEC) CONICET; Córdoba, Argentina; Universidad Nacional Córdoba (UNC); Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Universitario Ciencias Biomédicas Córdoba (IUCBC); Córdoba-Argentina
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Mitotic Spindle Asymmetry: A Wnt/PCP-Regulated Mechanism Generating Asymmetrical Division in Cortical Precursors. Cell Rep 2014; 6:400-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Blumer JB, Lanier SM. Activators of G protein signaling exhibit broad functionality and define a distinct core signaling triad. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 85:388-96. [PMID: 24302560 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.090068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activators of G protein signaling (AGS), initially discovered in the search for receptor-independent activators of G protein signaling, define a broad panel of biologic regulators that influence signal transfer from receptor to G-protein, guanine nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, G protein subunit interactions, and/or serve as alternative binding partners for Gα and Gβγ independently of the classic heterotrimeric Gαβγ. AGS proteins generally fall into three groups based upon their interaction with and regulation of G protein subunits: group I, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF); group II, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors; and group III, entities that bind to Gβγ. Group I AGS proteins can engage all subclasses of G proteins, whereas group II AGS proteins primarily engage the Gi/Go/transducin family of G proteins. A fourth group of AGS proteins with selectivity for Gα16 may be defined by the Mitf-Tfe family of transcription factors. Groups I-III may act in concert, generating a core signaling triad analogous to the core triad for heterotrimeric G proteins (GEF + G proteins + effector). These two core triads may function independently of each other or actually cross-integrate for additional signal processing. AGS proteins have broad functional roles, and their discovery has advanced new concepts in signal processing, cell and tissue biology, receptor pharmacology, and system adaptation, providing unexpected platforms for therapeutic and diagnostic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe B Blumer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Gallagher D, Norman A, Woodard C, Yang G, Gauthier-Fisher A, Fujitani M, Vessey J, Cancino G, Sachewsky N, Woltjen K, Fatt M, Morshead C, Kaplan D, Miller F. Transient Maternal IL-6 Mediates Long-Lasting Changes in Neural Stem Cell Pools by Deregulating an Endogenous Self-Renewal Pathway. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 13:564-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rnd3 coordinates early steps of cortical neurogenesis through actin-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1635. [PMID: 23535656 PMCID: PMC3920367 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of neurons by neural stem cells is a highly choreographed process that requires extensive and dynamic remodelling of the cytoskeleton at each step of the process. The atypical RhoGTPase Rnd3 is expressed by progenitors in the embryonic brain but its role in early steps of neurogenesis has not been addressed. Here we show that silencing Rnd3 in the embryonic cerebral cortex interferes with the interkinetic nuclear migration of radial glial stem cells, disrupts their apical attachment and modifies the orientation of their cleavage plane. These defects are rescued by co-expression of a constitutively active form of cofilin, demonstrating that Rnd3-mediated disassembly of actin filaments coordinates the cellular behaviour of radial glia. Rnd3 also limits the divisions of basal progenitors via a distinct mechanism involving the suppression of cyclin D1 translation. Interestingly, although Rnd3 expression is controlled transcriptionally by Ascl1, this proneural factor is itself required in radial glial progenitors only for proper orientation of cell divisions.
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40
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Xie Y, Jüschke C, Esk C, Hirotsune S, Knoblich JA. The phosphatase PP4c controls spindle orientation to maintain proliferative symmetric divisions in the developing neocortex. Neuron 2013; 79:254-65. [PMID: 23830831 PMCID: PMC3725415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the developing neocortex, progenitor cells expand through symmetric division before they generate cortical neurons through multiple rounds of asymmetric cell division. Here, we show that the orientation of the mitotic spindle plays a crucial role in regulating the transition between those two division modes. We demonstrate that the protein phosphatase PP4c regulates spindle orientation in early cortical progenitor cells. Upon removing PP4c, mitotic spindles fail to orient in parallel to the neuroepithelial surface and progenitors divide with random orientation. As a result, their divisions become asymmetric and neurogenesis starts prematurely. Biochemical and genetic experiments show that PP4c acts by dephosphorylating the microtubule binding protein Ndel1, thereby enabling complex formation with Lis1 to form a functional spindle orientation complex. Our results identify a key regulator of cortical development and demonstrate that changes in the orientation of progenitor division are responsible for the transition between symmetric and asymmetric cell division. PP4c is required for spindle orientation in cortical progenitors Loss of PP4c leads to premature neuronal differentiation Spindle misorientation causes layering defects during a critical time window PP4c acts on Ndel1 and Lis1
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Xie
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3-5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Dynein Light Chain 1 (DYNLT1) Interacts with Normal and Oncogenic Nucleoporins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67032. [PMID: 23840580 PMCID: PMC3694108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chimeric oncoprotein NUP98-HOXA9 results from the t(7;11)(p15;p15) chromosomal translocation and is associated with acute myeloid leukemia. It causes aberrant gene regulation and leukemic transformation through mechanisms that are not fully understood. NUP98-HOXA9 consists of an N-terminal portion of the nucleoporin NUP98 that contains many FG repeats fused to the DNA-binding homeodomain of HOXA9. We used a Cytotrap yeast two-hybrid assay to identify proteins that interact with NUP98-HOXA9. We identified Dynein Light Chain 1 (DYNLT1), an integral 14 KDa protein subunit of the large microtubule-based cytoplasmic dynein complex, as an interaction partner of NUP98-HOXA9. Binding was confirmed by in vitro pull down and co-immunoprecipitation assays and the FG repeat region of NUP98-HOXA9 was shown to be essential for the interaction. RNAi-mediated knockdown of DYNLT1 resulted in reduction of the ability of NUP98-HOXA9 to activate transcription and also inhibited the ability of NUP98-HOXA9 to induce proliferation of primary human hematopoietic CD34+ cells. DYNLT1 also showed a strong interaction with wild-type NUP98 and other nucleoporins containing FG repeats. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that DYNLT1 localizes primarily to the nuclear periphery, where it co-localizes with the nuclear pore complex, and to the cytoplasm. Deletion studies showed that the interactions of the nucleoporins with DYNLT1 are dependent predominantly on the C-terminal half of the DYNLT1. These data show for the first time that DYNLT1 interacts with nucleoporins and plays a role in the dysregulation of gene expression and induction of hematopoietic cell proliferation by the leukemogenic nucleoporin fusion, NUP98-HOXA9.
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Shulha HP, Cheung I, Guo Y, Akbarian S, Weng Z. Coordinated cell type-specific epigenetic remodeling in prefrontal cortex begins before birth and continues into early adulthood. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003433. [PMID: 23593028 PMCID: PMC3623761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of prefrontal and other higher-order association cortices is associated with widespread changes in the cortical transcriptome, particularly during the transitions from prenatal to postnatal development, and from early infancy to later stages of childhood and early adulthood. However, the timing and longitudinal trajectories of neuronal gene expression programs during these periods remain unclear in part because of confounding effects of concomitantly occurring shifts in neuron-to-glia ratios. Here, we used cell type–specific chromatin sorting techniques for genome-wide profiling of a histone mark associated with transcriptional regulation—H3 with trimethylated lysine 4 (H3K4me3)—in neuronal chromatin from 31 subjects from the late gestational period to 80 years of age. H3K4me3 landscapes of prefrontal neurons were developmentally regulated at 1,157 loci, including 768 loci that were proximal to transcription start sites. Multiple algorithms consistently revealed that the overwhelming majority and perhaps all of developmentally regulated H3K4me3 peaks were on a unidirectional trajectory defined by either rapid gain or loss of histone methylation during the late prenatal period and the first year after birth, followed by similar changes but with progressively slower kinetics during early and later childhood and only minimal changes later in life. Developmentally downregulated H3K4me3 peaks in prefrontal neurons were enriched for Paired box (Pax) and multiple Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) motifs, which are known to promote glial differentiation. In contrast, H3K4me3 peaks subject to a progressive increase in maturing prefrontal neurons were enriched for activating protein-1 (AP-1) recognition elements that are commonly associated with activity-dependent regulation of neuronal gene expression. We uncovered a developmental program governing the remodeling of neuronal histone methylation landscapes in the prefrontal cortex from the late prenatal period to early adolescence, which is linked to cis-regulatory sequences around transcription start sites. Prolonged maturation of the human cerebral cortex, which extends into the third decade of life, is critical for proper development of executive functions such as higher-order problem-solving and complex cognition. Little is known about changes of post-mitotic neurons during this prolonged maturation period, including changes in epigenetic regulation, and more broadly, in genome organization and function. Such knowledge is critical for a deeper understanding of human development, cognitive abilities, and psychiatric diseases. Here, we identify 1,157 genomic loci in neuronal cells from the prefrontal cortex that show developmental changes in a chromatin mark, histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me3), which has been associated with regulation of gene expression. Interestingly, the overwhelming majority of these developmentally regulated H3K4me3 peaks were defined by rapid gain or loss of histone methylation during the late prenatal period and the first year after birth, followed by slower changes during early and later childhood and minimal changes thereafter. The genomic sequences showing these dynamic changes in H3K4me3 were enriched with distinct transcription factor motifs. Our findings suggest that there is highly regulated, pre-programmed remodeling of neuronal histone methylation landscapes in the human brain that begins before birth and continues into adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hennady P. Shulha
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iris Cheung
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yin Guo
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SA); (ZW)
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SA); (ZW)
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43
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Cheng Z, Zhao H, Ze Y, Su J, Li B, Sheng L, Zhu L, Guan N, Gui S, Sang X, Zhao X, Sun Q, Wang L, Cheng J, Hu R, Hong F. Gene-expression changes in cerium chloride-induced injury of mouse hippocampus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60092. [PMID: 23573234 PMCID: PMC3616000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerium is widely used in many aspects of modern society, including agriculture, industry and medicine. It has been demonstrated to enter the ecological environment, is then transferred to humans through food chains, and causes toxic actions in several organs including the brain of animals. However, the neurotoxic molecular mechanisms are not clearly understood. In this study, mice were exposed to 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg BW cerium chloride (CeCl(3)) for 90 consecutive days, and their learning and memory ability as well as hippocampal gene expression profile were investigated. Our findings suggested that exposure to CeCl(3) led to hippocampal lesions, apoptosis, oxidative stress and impairment of spatial recognition memory. Furthermore, microarray data showed marked alterations in the expression of 154 genes involved in learning and memory, immunity and inflammation, signal transduction, apoptosis and response to stress in the 2 mg/kg CeCl(3) exposed hippocampi. Specifically, the significant up-regulation of Axud1, Cdc37, and Ube2v1 caused severe apoptosis, and great suppression of Adcy8, Fos, and Slc5a7 expression led to impairment of mouse cognitive ability. Therefore, Axud1, Cdc37, Ube2v1, Adcy8, Fos, and Slc5a7 may be potential biomarkers of hippocampal toxicity caused by CeCl3 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cheng
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haiquan Zhao
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yuguan Ze
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junju Su
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bing Li
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lei Sheng
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ning Guan
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Suxin Gui
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xuezi Sang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Renping Hu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fashui Hong
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
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Vessey J, Amadei G, Burns S, Kiebler M, Kaplan D, Miller F. An Asymmetrically Localized Staufen2-Dependent RNA Complex Regulates Maintenance of Mammalian Neural Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 11:517-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Shitamukai A, Matsuzaki F. Control of asymmetric cell division of mammalian neural progenitors. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:277-86. [PMID: 22524601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the vertebrate brain commonly stems from the neuroepithelial tube, the size and complexity of the pseudostratified organization of the brain have drastically expanded during mammalian evolution, resulting in the formation of a highly folded cortex. Developmental controls of neural progenitor divisions underlie these events. In this review, we introduce recent progress in understanding the control of proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors from a structural point of view. We particularly shed light on the roles of epithelial structure and mitotic spindle orientation in the generation of various types of neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Shitamukai
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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Peyre E, Morin X. An oblique view on the role of spindle orientation in vertebrate neurogenesis. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:287-305. [PMID: 22524602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a dynamic process that produces a diverse number of glial and neural cell types from a limited number of neural stem cells throughout development and into adulthood. After an initial period of amplification through symmetric division, neural stem cells rely on asymmetric modes of division to self-renew while producing more committed progeny. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating the choice between symmetric and asymmetric modes of division is essential to understand human brain development and pathologies, and to explain the increasing cortical complexity observed in evolution. A popular model states the existence of a causal relationship between the orientation of the axis of division of stem cells and the fate of their progeny in many different tissues, but the validity of the model in neural stem cells is not clear. In this review, we briefly present the diversity of neural stem cells and intermediate progenitors in the developing central nervous system. We then draw a historic overview of the assumed causal relationship between spindle orientation and fate determination. We show how this prompted a search for regulators of spindle orientation, and present the current state of knowledge on the mechanism. Finally, we review data on the effect of defective spindle orientation and try to integrate conflicting observations by presenting alternative mechanisms that may regulate the choice between symmetric and asymmetric outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Peyre
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS UMR, 6216, case 907, Parc scientifique de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
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Etienne O, Roque T, Haton C, Boussin FD. Variation of radiation-sensitivity of neural stem and progenitor cell populations within the developing mouse brain. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:694-702. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.710927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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48
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DOCK7 interacts with TACC3 to regulate interkinetic nuclear migration and cortical neurogenesis. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:1201-10. [PMID: 22842144 PMCID: PMC3431462 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the developing neocortex relies on the ability of radial glial progenitor cells (RGCs) to switch from proliferative to differentiative neuron-generating divisions, but the molecular mechanisms that control this switch in a correct temporal manner are not well understood. Here, we show that DOCK7, a member of the DOCK180 family of proteins, plays an important role in the regulation of RGC proliferation versus differentiation. Silencing of DOCK7 in RGCs of developing mouse embryos impedes neuronal differentiation and maintains cells as cycling progenitors. In contrast, DOCK7 overexpression promotes RGC differentiation to basal progenitors and neurons. We further present evidence that DOCK7 influences neurogenesis by controlling apically directed interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) of RGCs. Importantly, DOCK7 exerts its effects by antagonizing the microtubule growth-promoting function of the centrosome-associated protein TACC3. Thus, DOCK7 interaction with TACC3 controls INM and the genesis of neurons from RGCs during cortical development.
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Gonzalez-Billault C, Muñoz-Llancao P, Henriquez DR, Wojnacki J, Conde C, Caceres A. The role of small GTPases in neuronal morphogenesis and polarity. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:464-85. [PMID: 22605667 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The highly dynamic remodeling and cross talk of the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton support neuronal morphogenesis. Small RhoGTPases family members have emerged as crucial regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics. In this review we will comprehensively analyze findings that support the participation of RhoA, Rac, Cdc42, and TC10 in different neuronal morphogenetic events ranging from migration to synaptic plasticity. We will specifically address the contribution of these GTPases to support neuronal polarity and axonal elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology and Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Meiri D, Marshall CB, Greeve MA, Kim B, Balan M, Suarez F, Bakal C, Wu C, Larose J, Fine N, Ikura M, Rottapel R. Mechanistic insight into the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton coupling through dynein-dependent RhoGEF inhibition. Mol Cell 2012; 45:642-55. [PMID: 22405273 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Actin-based stress fiber formation is coupled to microtubule depolymerization through the local activation of RhoA. While the RhoGEF Lfc has been implicated in this cytoskeleton coupling process, it has remained elusive how Lfc is recruited to microtubules and how microtubule recruitment moderates Lfc activity. Here, we demonstrate that the dynein light chain protein Tctex-1 is required for localization of Lfc to microtubules. Lfc residues 139-161 interact with Tctex-1 at a site distinct from the cleft that binds dynein intermediate chain. An NMR-based GEF assay revealed that interaction with Tctex-1 represses Lfc nucleotide exchange activity in an indirect manner that requires both polymerized microtubules and phosphorylation of S885 by PKA. We show that inhibition of Lfc by Tctex-1 is dynein dependent. These studies demonstrate a pivotal role of Tctex-1 as a negative regulator of actin filament organization through its control of Lfc in the crosstalk between microtubule and actin cytoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Meiri
- Ontario Cancer Institute and the Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, 101 College Street, Room 8-703 Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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