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Brunner M, Lopez-Rodriguez D, Estrada-Meza J, Dali R, Rohrbach A, Deglise T, Messina A, Thorens B, Santoni F, Langlet F. Fasting induces metabolic switches and spatial redistributions of lipid processing and neuronal interactions in tanycytes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6604. [PMID: 39098920 PMCID: PMC11298547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50913-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The ependyma lining the third ventricle (3V) in the mediobasal hypothalamus plays a crucial role in energy balance and glucose homeostasis. It is characterized by a high functional heterogeneity and plasticity, but the underlying molecular mechanisms governing its features are not fully understood. Here, 5481 hypothalamic ependymocytes were cataloged using FACS-assisted scRNAseq from fed, 12h-fasted, and 24h-fasted adult male mice. With standard clustering analysis, typical ependymal cells and β2-tanycytes appear sharply defined, but other subpopulations, β1- and α-tanycytes, display fuzzy boundaries with few or no specific markers. Pseudospatial approaches, based on the 3V neuroanatomical distribution, enable the identification of specific versus shared tanycyte markers and subgroup-specific versus general tanycyte functions. We show that fasting dynamically shifts gene expression patterns along the 3V, leading to a spatial redistribution of cell type-specific responses. Altogether, we show that changes in energy status induce metabolic and functional switches in tanycyte subpopulations, providing insights into molecular and functional diversity and plasticity within the tanycyte population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Brunner
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Lopez-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Judith Estrada-Meza
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rafik Dali
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Rohrbach
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Deglise
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Messina
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federico Santoni
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB) - CNR, Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Fanny Langlet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Dawes WJ, Grant O, Reitemeier SC, Tetlow S, Lee D, Hirst RA, O'Callaghan C. High-Speed Video Microscopy of Ependymal Cilia in Brain Organotypic and Cell Culture Models. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2725:239-250. [PMID: 37856029 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3507-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The wall of the ventricular system within the neuraxis is lined almost entirely by E1 ependymal cells, each of which projects multiple motile cilia from their apical surface into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This specialized layer of E1 cells constitutes the border between the CSF and the brain interstitial fluid (BIF), and by controlling influx and efflux across the CSF to BIF interface, it is increasingly recognized to play an integral role in modulating and maintaining the brain microenvironment. The motile cilia have been shown to be responsive to changes in the CSF microenvironment, and while the physiological role of this mechanism remains incompletely understood, manipulating this control mechanism may influence the brain microenvironment potentially opening a new frontier in therapeutic intervention.In this paper, we describe our techniques for preparing organotypic slices from the murine brain parenchyma and establishing cell cultures of multiciliated ependymal cells from mouse and rat neonatal brain tissue. Our methodology generates a functional readout of ciliary function, specifically high-speed video microscopy (HSVM) enables the quantification of ciliary beat frequency (CBF), and characterization of ciliary beat pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Dawes
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
| | | | | | - Sarah Tetlow
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dani Lee
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health & GOSH UCL BRC, London, UK
| | - Robert A Hirst
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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3
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Kawaguchi K, Tsuji S, Hirao T, Liu Y, Boshi Z, Asano S. Adenosine Stimulates Beating of Neonatal Brain-Derived Cilia through Adenosine A 2B Receptor on the Cilia and Activation of Protein Kinase A Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:1113-1118. [PMID: 38839362 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Motile cilia in the ependymal cells that line the brain ventricles play pivotal roles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in well-defined directions. However, the substances and pathways which regulate their beating have not been well studied. Here, we used primary cultured cells derived from neonatal mouse brain that possess motile cilia and found that adenosine (ADO) stimulates ciliary beating by increasing the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in a concentration-dependent manner, with the ED50 value being 5 µM. Ciliary beating stimulated by ADO was inhibited by A2B receptor (A2BR) antagonist MRS1754 without any inhibition by antagonists of other ADO receptor subtypes. The expression of A2BR on the cilia was also confirmed by immunofluorescence. The values of CBF were also increased by forskolin, which is an activator of adenylate cyclase, whereas they were not further increased by the addition of ADO. Furthermore, ciliary beating was not stimulated by ADO in the presence of a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors. These results altogether suggest that ADO stimulates ciliary beating through A2BR on the cilia, and activation of PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotoku Kawaguchi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Suzuka Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Takuya Hirao
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Yixin Liu
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Zhao Boshi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Shinji Asano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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4
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Concetti C, Peleg-Raibstein D, Burdakov D. Hypothalamic MCH Neurons: From Feeding to Cognitive Control. FUNCTION 2023; 5:zqad059. [PMID: 38020069 PMCID: PMC10667013 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern neuroscience is progressively elucidating that the classic view positing distinct brain regions responsible for survival, emotion, and cognitive functions is outdated. The hypothalamus demonstrates the interdependence of these roles, as it is traditionally known for fundamental survival functions like energy and electrolyte balance, but is now recognized to also play a crucial role in emotional and cognitive processes. This review focuses on lateral hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons, producing the neuropeptide MCH-a relatively understudied neuronal population with integrative functions related to homeostatic regulation and motivated behaviors, with widespread inputs and outputs throughout the entire central nervous system. Here, we review early findings and recent literature outlining their role in the regulation of energy balance, sleep, learning, and memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Concetti
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Daria Peleg-Raibstein
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
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5
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Nualart F, Cifuentes M, Ramírez E, Martínez F, Barahona MJ, Ferrada L, Saldivia N, Bongarzone ER, Thorens B, Salazar K. Hyperglycemia increases SCO-spondin and Wnt5a secretion into the cerebrospinal fluid to regulate ependymal cell beating and glucose sensing. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002308. [PMID: 37733692 PMCID: PMC10513282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia increases glucose concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), activating glucose-sensing mechanisms and feeding behavior in the hypothalamus. Here, we discuss how hyperglycemia temporarily modifies ependymal cell ciliary beating to increase hypothalamic glucose sensing. A high level of glucose in the rat CSF stimulates glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2)-positive subcommissural organ (SCO) cells to release SCO-spondin into the dorsal third ventricle. Genetic inactivation of mice GLUT2 decreases hyperglycemia-induced SCO-spondin secretion. In addition, SCO cells secrete Wnt5a-positive vesicles; thus, Wnt5a and SCO-spondin are found at the apex of dorsal ependymal cilia to regulate ciliary beating. Frizzled-2 and ROR2 receptors, as well as specific proteoglycans, such as glypican/testican (essential for the interaction of Wnt5a with its receptors) and Cx43 coupling, were also analyzed in ependymal cells. Finally, we propose that the SCO-spondin/Wnt5a/Frizzled-2/Cx43 axis in ependymal cells regulates ciliary beating, a cyclic and adaptive signaling mechanism to control glucose sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Nualart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Manuel Cifuentes
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute and Nanomedicine Platform (IBIMA-BIONAND Platform), Malaga, Spain
| | - Eder Ramírez
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - María José Barahona
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Luciano Ferrada
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Natalia Saldivia
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Ernesto R. Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katterine Salazar
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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6
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Munch TN, Hedley PL, Hagen CM, Bækvad-Hansen M, Geller F, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Nordentoft M, Børglum AD, Werge TM, Melbye M, Hougaard DM, Larsen LA, Christensen ST, Christiansen M. The genetic background of hydrocephalus in a population-based cohort: implication of ciliary involvement. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad004. [PMID: 36694575 PMCID: PMC9866251 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is one of the most common congenital disorders of the central nervous system and often displays psychiatric co-morbidities, in particular autism spectrum disorder. The disease mechanisms behind hydrocephalus are complex and not well understood, but some association with dysfunctional cilia in the brain ventricles and subarachnoid space has been indicated. A better understanding of the genetic aetiology of hydrocephalus, including the role of ciliopathies, may bring insights into a potentially shared genetic aetiology. In this population-based case-cohort study, we, for the first time, investigated variants of postulated hydrocephalus candidate genes. Using these data, we aimed to investigate potential involvement of the ciliome in hydrocephalus and describe genotype-phenotype associations with an autism spectrum disorder. One-hundred and twenty-one hydrocephalus candidate genes were screened in a whole-exome-sequenced sub-cohort of the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research study, comprising 72 hydrocephalus patients and 4181 background population controls. Candidate genes containing high-impact variants of interest were systematically evaluated for their involvement in ciliary function and an autism spectrum disorder. The median age at diagnosis for the hydrocephalus patients was 0 years (range 0-27 years), the median age at analysis was 22 years (11-35 years), and 70.5% were males. The median age for controls was 18 years (range 11-26 years) and 53.3% were males. Fifty-two putative hydrocephalus-associated variants in 34 genes were identified in 42 patients (58.3%). In hydrocephalus cases, we found increased, but not significant, enrichment of high-impact protein altering variants (odds ratio 1.51, 95% confidence interval 0.92-2.51, P = 0.096), which was driven by a significant enrichment of rare protein truncating variants (odds ratio 2.71, 95% confidence interval 1.17-5.58, P = 0.011). Fourteen of the genes with high-impact variants are part of the ciliome, whereas another six genes affect cilia-dependent processes during neurogenesis. Furthermore, 15 of the 34 genes with high-impact variants and three of eight genes with protein truncating variants were associated with an autism spectrum disorder. Because symptoms of other diseases may be neglected or masked by the hydrocephalus-associated symptoms, we suggest that patients with congenital hydrocephalus undergo clinical genetic assessment with respect to ciliopathies and an autism spectrum disorder. Our results point to the significance of hydrocephalus as a ciliary disease in some cases. Future studies in brain ciliopathies may not only reveal new insights into hydrocephalus but also, brain disease in the broadest sense, given the essential role of cilia in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina N Munch
- Correspondence to: Tina Nørgaard Munch, MD Associate Professor, Department of Neurosurgery 6031 Copenhagen University Hospital, Inge Lehmanns Vej 6 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark E-mail:
| | - Paula L Hedley
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Brazen Bio, Los Angeles, 90502 CA, USA
| | - Christian M Hagen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Mental Health Centre, Capital Region of Denmark, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Mental Health Centre, Capital Region of Denmark, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 0473, Norway,K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - David M Hougaard
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars A Larsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren T Christensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Nampoothiri S, Nogueiras R, Schwaninger M, Prevot V. Glial cells as integrators of peripheral and central signals in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Nat Metab 2022; 4:813-825. [PMID: 35879459 PMCID: PMC7613794 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Communication between the periphery and the brain is key for maintaining energy homeostasis. To do so, peripheral signals from the circulation reach the brain via the circumventricular organs (CVOs), which are characterized by fenestrated vessels lacking the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB). Glial cells, by virtue of their plasticity and their ideal location at the interface of blood vessels and neurons, participate in the integration and transmission of peripheral information to neuronal networks in the brain for the neuroendocrine control of whole-body metabolism. Metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, can disrupt the brain-to-periphery communication mediated by glial cells, highlighting the relevance of these cell types in the pathophysiology of such complications. An improved understanding of how glial cells integrate and respond to metabolic and humoral signals has become a priority for the discovery of promising therapeutic strategies to treat metabolic disorders. This Review highlights the role of glial cells in the exchange of metabolic signals between the periphery and the brain that are relevant for the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekala Nampoothiri
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigation Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrition, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, Lille, France.
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8
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Croizier S, Bouret SG. Molecular Control of the Development of Hypothalamic Neurons Involved in Metabolic Regulation. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 123:102117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Kompaníková P, Bryja V. Regulation of choroid plexus development and its functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:304. [PMID: 35589983 PMCID: PMC9119385 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) is an extensively vascularized tissue that protrudes into the brain ventricular system of all vertebrates. This highly specialized structure, consisting of the polarized epithelial sheet and underlying stroma, serves a spectrum of functions within the central nervous system (CNS), most notably the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The epithelial cells of the ChP have the competence to tightly modulate the biomolecule composition of CSF, which acts as a milieu functionally connecting ChP with other brain structures. This review aims to eloquently summarize the current knowledge about the development of ChP. We describe the mechanisms that control its early specification from roof plate followed by the formation of proliferative regions-cortical hem and rhombic lips-feeding later development of ChP. Next, we summarized the current knowledge on the maturation of ChP and mechanisms that control its morphological and cellular diversity. Furthermore, we attempted to review the currently available battery of molecular markers and mouse strains available for the research of ChP, and identified some technological shortcomings that must be overcome to accelerate the ChP research field. Overall, the central principle of this review is to highlight ChP as an intriguing and surprisingly poorly known structure that is vital for the development and function of the whole CNS. We believe that our summary will increase the interest in further studies of ChP that aim to describe the molecular and cellular principles guiding the development and function of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kompaníková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic.
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10
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Sicardi A, Prévot V. [MCH neurons regulate fenestration of the median eminence vascular loops reaching the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus]. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:248-251. [PMID: 35333160 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Sicardi
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Développement et plasticité du cerveau neuroendocrine, Lille Neuroscience et Cognition, UMR-S1172, 1 place de Verdun, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Prévot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Développement et plasticité du cerveau neuroendocrine, Lille Neuroscience et Cognition, UMR-S1172, 1 place de Verdun, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
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11
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Characterization of Hypothalamic MCH Neuron Development in a 3D Differentiation System of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0442-21.2022. [PMID: 35437265 PMCID: PMC9047030 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0442-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons are important regulators of multiple physiological processes, such as sleep, feeding, and memory. Despite the increasing interest in their neuronal functions, the molecular mechanism underlying MCH neuron development remains poorly understood. We report that a three-dimensional culture of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) can generate hypothalamic-like tissues containing MCH-positive neurons, which reproduce morphologic maturation, neuronal connectivity, and neuropeptide/neurotransmitter phenotype of native MCH neurons. Using this in vitro system, we demonstrate that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling serves to produce major neurochemical subtypes of MCH neurons characterized by the presence or absence of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). Without exogenous Hh signals, mESCs initially differentiated into dorsal hypothalamic/prethalamic progenitors and finally into MCH+CART+ neurons through a specific intermediate progenitor state. Conversely, activation of the Hh pathway specified ventral hypothalamic progenitors that generate both MCH+CART− and MCH+CART+ neurons. These results suggest that in vivo MCH neurons may originate from multiple cell lineages that arise through early dorsoventral patterning of the hypothalamus. Additionally, we found that Hh signaling supports the differentiation of mESCs into orexin/hypocretin neurons, a well-defined cell group intermingled with MCH neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). The present study highlights and improves the utility of mESC culture in the analysis of the developmental programs of specific hypothalamic cell types.
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12
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Imbernon M, Dehouck B, Prevot V. Glycemic control: Tanycytes march to the beat of the suprachiasmatic drummer. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R173-R176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Dawes W. Secondary Brain Injury Following Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage: The Role of the Ciliated Ependyma. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:887606. [PMID: 35844746 PMCID: PMC9280684 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.887606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage is recognized as a leading cause of hydrocephalus in the developed world and a key determinant of neurodevelopmental outcome following premature birth. Even in the absence of haemorrhagic infarction or posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus, there is increasing evidence of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental sequelae. The pathophysiology underlying this injury is thought to be due to a primary destructive and secondary developmental insult, but the exact mechanisms remain elusive and this has resulted in a paucity of therapeutic interventions. The presence of blood within the cerebrospinal fluid results in the loss of the delicate neurohumoral gradient within the developing brain, adversely impacting on the tightly regulated temporal and spatial control of cell proliferation and migration of the neural stem progenitor cells within the subventricular zone. In addition, haemolysis of the erythrocytes, associated with the release of clotting factors and leucocytes into the cerebrospinal (CSF), results in a toxic and inflammatory CSF microenvironment which is harmful to the periventricular tissues, resulting in damage and denudation of the multiciliated ependymal cells which line the choroid plexus and ventricular system. The ependyma plays a critical role in the developing brain and beyond, acting as both a protector and gatekeeper to the underlying parenchyma, controlling influx and efflux across the CSF to brain interstitial fluid interface. In this review I explore the hypothesis that damage and denudation of the ependymal layer at this critical juncture in the developing brain, seen following IVH, may adversely impact on the brain microenvironment, exposing the underlying periventricular tissues to toxic and inflammatory CSF, further exacerbating disordered activity within the subventricular zone (SVZ). By understanding the impact that intraventricular hemorrhage has on the microenvironment within the CSF, and the consequences that this has on the multiciliated ependymal cells which line the neuraxis, we can begin to develop and test novel therapeutic interventions to mitigate damage and reduce the associated morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Dawes
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital BRC, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Al-Massadi O, Dieguez C, Schneeberger M, López M, Schwaninger M, Prevot V, Nogueiras R. Multifaceted actions of melanin-concentrating hormone on mammalian energy homeostasis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:745-755. [PMID: 34608277 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a small cyclic peptide expressed in all mammals, mainly in the hypothalamus. MCH acts as a robust integrator of several physiological functions and has crucial roles in the regulation of sleep-wake rhythms, feeding behaviour and metabolism. MCH signalling has a very broad endocrine context and is involved in physiological functions and emotional states associated with metabolism, such as reproduction, anxiety, depression, sleep and circadian rhythms. MCH mediates its functions through two receptors (MCHR1 and MCHR2), of which only MCHR1 is common to all mammals. Owing to the wide variety of MCH downstream signalling pathways, MCHR1 agonists and antagonists have great potential as tools for the directed management of energy balance disorders and associated metabolic complications, and translational strategies using these compounds hold promise for the development of novel treatments for obesity. This Review provides an overview of the numerous roles of MCH in energy and glucose homeostasis, as well as in regulation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic circuits that encode the hedonic component of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al-Massadi
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marc Schneeberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel López
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, UMR-S1172, EGID, Lille, France
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Galician Agency of Innovation (GAIN), Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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15
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Concetti C, Burdakov D. Orexin/Hypocretin and MCH Neurons: Cognitive and Motor Roles Beyond Arousal. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:639313. [PMID: 33828450 PMCID: PMC8019792 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.639313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is classically implicated in sleep-wake control. It is the main source of orexin/hypocretin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neuropeptides in the brain, which have been both implicated in arousal state switching. These neuropeptides are produced by non-overlapping LH neurons, which both project widely throughout the brain, where release of orexin and MCH activates specific postsynaptic G-protein-coupled receptors. Optogenetic manipulations of orexin and MCH neurons during sleep indicate that they promote awakening and REM sleep, respectively. However, recordings from orexin and MCH neurons in awake, moving animals suggest that they also act outside sleep/wake switching. Here, we review recent studies showing that both orexin and MCH neurons can rapidly (sub-second-timescale) change their firing when awake animals experience external stimuli, or during self-paced exploration of objects and places. However, the sensory-behavioral correlates of orexin and MCH neural activation can be quite different. Orexin neurons are generally more dynamic, with about 2/3rds of them activated before and during self-initiated running, and most activated by sensory stimulation across sensory modalities. MCH neurons are activated in a more select manner, for example upon self-paced investigation of novel objects and by certain other novel stimuli. We discuss optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulations of orexin and MCH neurons, which combined with pharmacological blockade of orexin and MCH receptors, imply that these rapid LH dynamics shape fundamental cognitive and motor processes due to orexin and MCH neuropeptide actions in the awake brain. Finally, we contemplate whether the awake control of psychomotor brain functions by orexin and MCH are distinct from their “arousal” effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Concetti
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Tanycytes in the infundibular nucleus and median eminence and their role in the blood-brain barrier. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 180:253-273. [PMID: 34225934 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820107-7.00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is generally attributed to endothelial cells. However, in circumventricular organs, such as the median eminence, tanycytes take over the barrier function. These ependymoglial cells form the wall of the third ventricle and send long extensions into the parenchyma to contact blood vessels and hypothalamic neurons. The shape and location of tanycytes put them in an ideal position to connect the periphery with central nervous compartments. In line with this, tanycytes control the transport of hormones and key metabolites in and out of the hypothalamus. They function as sensors of peripheral homeostasis for central regulatory networks. This chapter discusses current evidence that tanycytes play a key role in regulating glucose balance, food intake, endocrine axes, seasonal changes, reproductive function, and aging. The understanding of how tanycytes perform these diverse tasks is only just beginning to emerge and will probably lead to a more differentiated view of how the brain and the periphery interact.
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17
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Kobayashi Y, Hamamoto A, Saito Y. Analysis of ciliary status via G-protein-coupled receptors localized on primary cilia. Microscopy (Oxf) 2020; 69:277-285. [PMID: 32627821 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest and most diverse cell surface receptor family, with more than 800 known GPCRs identified in the human genome. Binding of an extracellular cue to a GPCR results in intracellular G protein activation, after which a sequence of events, can be amplified and optimized by selective binding partners and downstream effectors in spatially discrete cellular environments. Because GPCRs are widely expressed in the body, they help to regulate an incredible range of physiological processes from sensation to growth to hormone responses. Indeed, it is estimated that ∼ 30% of all clinically approved drugs act by binding to GPCRs. The primary cilium is a sensory organelle composed of a microtubule axoneme that extends from the basal body. The ciliary membrane is highly enriched in specific signaling components, allowing the primary cilium to efficiently convey signaling cascades in a highly ordered microenvironment. Recent data demonstrated that a limited number of non-olfactory GPCRs, including somatostatin receptor 3 and melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1), are selectively localized to cilia on several mammalian cell types including neuronal cells. Utilizing cilia-specific cell biological and molecular biological approaches, evidence has accumulated to support the biological importance of ciliary GPCR signaling followed by cilia structural changes. Thus, cilia are now considered a unique sensory platform for integration of GPCR signaling toward juxtaposed cytoplasmic structures. Herein, we review ciliary GPCRs and focus on a novel role of MCHR1 in ciliary length control that will impact ciliary signaling capacity and neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akie Hamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 502-0857, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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18
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Control of fear extinction by hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone-expressing neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22514-22521. [PMID: 32848057 PMCID: PMC7486764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007993117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning to fear danger is essential for survival. However, overactive, relapsing fear behavior in the absence of danger is a hallmark of disabling anxiety disorders that affect millions of people. Its suppression is thus of great interest, but the necessary brain components remain incompletely identified. We studied fear suppression through a procedure in which, after acquiring fear of aversive events (fear learning), subjects were exposed to fear-eliciting cues without aversive events (safety learning), leading to suppression of fear behavior (fear extinction). Here we show that inappropriate, learning-resistant fear behavior results from disruption of brain components not previously implicated in this disorder: hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone-expressing neurons (MNs). Using real-time recordings of MNs across fear learning and extinction, we provide evidence that fear-inducing aversive events elevate MN activity. We find that optogenetic disruption of this MN activity profoundly impairs safety learning, abnormally slowing down fear extinction and exacerbating fear relapse. Importantly, we demonstrate that the MN disruption impairs neither fear learning nor related sensory responses, indicating that MNs differentially control safety and fear learning. Thus, we identify a neural substrate for inhibition of excessive fear behavior.
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19
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Diniz GB, Battagello DS, Klein MO, Bono BSM, Ferreira JGP, Motta‐Teixeira LC, Duarte JCG, Presse F, Nahon J, Adamantidis A, Chee MJ, Sita LV, Bittencourt JC. Ciliary melanin‐concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) is widely distributed in the murine CNS in a sex‐independent manner. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2045-2071. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanne B. Diniz
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
- Department of Neurosurgery Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Daniella S. Battagello
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Marianne O. Klein
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Jozélia G. P. Ferreira
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Livia C. Motta‐Teixeira
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Jessica C. G. Duarte
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Françoise Presse
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC) Université Côte d’AzurCNRS Valbonne France
| | - Jean‐Louis Nahon
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC) Université Côte d’AzurCNRS Valbonne France
| | | | - Melissa J. Chee
- Department of Neuroscience Carleton University Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Luciane V. Sita
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Jackson C. Bittencourt
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior Institute of Psychology University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
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20
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MCH Neurons Regulate Permeability of the Median Eminence Barrier. Neuron 2020; 107:306-319.e9. [PMID: 32407670 PMCID: PMC7383232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-expressing neurons are key regulators of energy and glucose homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that they provide dense projections to the median eminence (ME) in close proximity to tanycytes and fenestrated vessels. Chemogenetic activation of MCH neurons as well as optogenetic stimulation of their projections in the ME enhance permeability of the ME by increasing fenestrated vascular loops and enhance leptin action in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). Unbiased phosphoRiboTrap-based assessment of cell activation upon chemogenetic MCH neuron activation reveals MCH-neuron-dependent regulation of endothelial cells. MCH neurons express the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), and blocking VEGF-R signaling attenuates the leptin-sensitizing effect of MCH neuron activation. Our experiments reveal that MCH neurons directly regulate permeability of the ME barrier, linking the activity of energy state and sleep regulatory neurons to the regulation of hormone accessibility to the ARC. MCH neurons provide dense projections to the median eminence MCH neuron activation promotes permeability of the median eminence barrier MCH neuron activation enhances microvessel fenestration in the ME MCH neuron activation enhances leptin action in the arcuate nucleus
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21
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Eom TY, Han SB, Kim J, Blundon JA, Wang YD, Yu J, Anderson K, Kaminski DB, Sakurada SM, Pruett-Miller SM, Horner L, Wagner B, Robinson CG, Eicholtz M, Rose DC, Zakharenko SS. Schizophrenia-related microdeletion causes defective ciliary motility and brain ventricle enlargement via microRNA-dependent mechanisms in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:912. [PMID: 32060266 PMCID: PMC7021727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive ventricular enlargement, a key feature of several neurologic and psychiatric diseases, is mediated by unknown mechanisms. Here, using murine models of 22q11-deletion syndrome (22q11DS), which is associated with schizophrenia in humans, we found progressive enlargement of lateral and third ventricles and deceleration of ciliary beating on ependymal cells lining the ventricular walls. The cilia-beating deficit observed in brain slices and in vivo is caused by elevated levels of dopamine receptors (Drd1), which are expressed in motile cilia. Haploinsufficiency of the microRNA-processing gene Dgcr8 results in Drd1 elevation, which is brought about by a reduction in Drd1-targeting microRNAs miR-382-3p and miR-674-3p. Replenishing either microRNA in 22q11DS mice normalizes ciliary beating and ventricular size. Knocking down the microRNAs or deleting their seed sites on Drd1 mimicked the cilia-beating and ventricular deficits. These results suggest that the Dgcr8-miR-382-3p/miR-674-3p-Drd1 mechanism contributes to deceleration of ciliary motility and age-dependent ventricular enlargement in 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yeon Eom
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Seung Baek Han
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jieun Kim
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapeutics, Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jay A Blundon
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Kara Anderson
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Damian B Kaminski
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sadie Miki Sakurada
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Linda Horner
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ben Wagner
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Matthew Eicholtz
- Electrical and Electronics Systems Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL, 33801, USA
| | - Derek C Rose
- Electrical and Electronics Systems Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Stanislav S Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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22
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Eichele G, Bodenschatz E, Ditte Z, Günther AK, Kapoor S, Wang Y, Westendorf C. Cilia-driven flows in the brain third ventricle. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190154. [PMID: 31884922 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain ventricles are interconnected, elaborate cavities that traverse the brain. They are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that is, to a large part, produced by the choroid plexus, a secretory epithelium that reaches into the ventricles. CSF is rich in cytokines, growth factors and extracellular vesicles that glide along the walls of ventricles, powered by bundles of motile cilia that coat the ventricular wall. We review the cellular and biochemical properties of the ventral part of the third ventricle that is surrounded by the hypothalamus. In particular, we consider the recently discovered intricate network of cilia-driven flows that characterize this ventricle and discuss the potential physiological significance of this flow for the directional transport of CSF signals to cellular targets located either within the third ventricle or in the adjacent hypothalamic brain parenchyma. Cilia-driven streams of signalling molecules offer an exciting perspective on how fluid-borne signals are dynamically transmitted in the brain. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Eichele
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Bodenschatz
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zuzana Ditte
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Günther
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shoba Kapoor
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yong Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Westendorf
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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23
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Ringers C, Olstad EW, Jurisch-Yaksi N. The role of motile cilia in the development and physiology of the nervous system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190156. [PMID: 31884916 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia are miniature, whip-like organelles whose beating generates a directional fluid flow. The flow generated by ciliated epithelia is a subject of great interest, as defective ciliary motility results in severe human diseases called motile ciliopathies. Despite the abundance of motile cilia in diverse organs including the nervous system, their role in organ development and homeostasis remains poorly understood. Recently, much progress has been made regarding the identity of motile ciliated cells and the role of motile-cilia-mediated flow in the development and physiology of the nervous system. In this review, we will discuss these recent advances from sensory organs, specifically the nose and the ear, to the spinal cord and brain ventricles. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Ringers
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emilie W Olstad
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olavs University Hospital, Edvard Griegs Gate 8, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
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24
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Marinković M, Berger J, Jékely G. Neuronal coordination of motile cilia in locomotion and feeding. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190165. [PMID: 31884921 PMCID: PMC7017327 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient ciliary locomotion and transport require the coordination of motile cilia. Short-range coordination of ciliary beats can occur by biophysical mechanisms. Long-range coordination across large or disjointed ciliated fields often requires nervous system control and innervation of ciliated cells by ciliomotor neurons. The neuronal control of cilia is best understood in invertebrate ciliated microswimmers, but similar mechanisms may operate in the vertebrate body. Here, we review how the study of aquatic invertebrates contributed to our understanding of the neuronal control of cilia. We summarize the anatomy of ciliomotor systems and the physiological mechanisms that can alter ciliary activity. We also discuss the most well-characterized ciliomotor system, that of the larval annelid Platynereis. Here, pacemaker neurons drive the rhythmic activation of cholinergic and serotonergic ciliomotor neurons to induce ciliary arrests and beating. The Platynereis ciliomotor neurons form a distinct part of the larval nervous system. Similar ciliomotor systems likely operate in other ciliated larvae, such as mollusc veligers. We discuss the possible ancestry and conservation of ciliomotor circuits and highlight how comparative experimental approaches could contribute to a better understanding of the evolution and function of ciliary systems. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Marinković
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jürgen Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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25
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Molecular codes and in vitro generation of hypocretin and melanin concentrating hormone neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17061-17070. [PMID: 31375626 PMCID: PMC6708384 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902148116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) neuropeptides are exclusively produced by the lateral hypothalamus and play important roles in sleep, metabolism, reward, and motivation. Loss of HCRT (ligands or receptors) causes the sleep disorder narcolepsy with cataplexy in humans and in animal models. How these neuropeptides are produced and involved in diverse functions remain unknown. Here, we developed methods to sort and purify HCRT and MCH neurons from the mouse late embryonic hypothalamus. RNA sequencing revealed key factors of fate determination for HCRT (Peg3, Ahr1, Six6, Nr2f2, and Prrx1) and MCH (Lmx1, Gbx2, and Peg3) neurons. Loss of Peg3 in mice significantly reduces HCRT and MCH cell numbers, while knock-down of a Peg3 ortholog in zebrafish completely abolishes their expression, resulting in a 2-fold increase in sleep amount. We also found that loss of HCRT neurons in Hcrt-ataxin-3 mice results in a specific 50% decrease in another orexigenic neuropeptide, QRFP, that might explain the metabolic syndrome in narcolepsy. The transcriptome results were used to develop protocols for the production of HCRT and MCH neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells and ascorbic acid was found necessary for HCRT and BMP7 for MCH cell differentiation. Our results provide a platform to understand the development and expression of HCRT and MCH and their multiple functions in health and disease.
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Abstract
Slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement (or paradoxical) sleep have been found in mammals, birds and lizards, but it is unclear whether these neuronal signatures are found in non-amniotic vertebrates. Here we develop non-invasive fluorescence-based polysomnography for zebrafish, and show-using unbiased, brain-wide activity recording coupled with assessment of eye movement, muscle dynamics and heart rate-that there are at least two major sleep signatures in zebrafish. These signatures, which we term slow bursting sleep and propagating wave sleep, share commonalities with those of slow-wave sleep and paradoxical or rapid eye movement sleep, respectively. Further, we find that melanin-concentrating hormone signalling (which is involved in mammalian sleep) also regulates propagating wave sleep signatures and the overall amount of sleep in zebrafish, probably via activation of ependymal cells. These observations suggest that common neural signatures of sleep may have emerged in the vertebrate brain over 450 million years ago.
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Chmielewski A, Hubert T, Descamps A, Mazur D, Daoudi M, Ciofi P, Fontaine C, Caiazzo R, Pattou F, Prevot V, Pigeyre M. Preclinical Assessment of Leptin Transport into the Cerebrospinal Fluid in Diet-Induced Obese Minipigs. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:950-956. [PMID: 31006983 PMCID: PMC6593767 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A minipig model was employed to explore the changes in endogenous leptin transport into the central nervous system and in hypothalamic sensitivity to exogenous leptin when individuals are placed on high-fat diet (HFD) compared with standard diet. METHODS Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leptin concentrations during 10 weeks of HFD versus standard diet and exogenous leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in the hypothalamus of minipigs were assessed, and the hypothalamic leptin-sensitive cells were characterized by immunofluorescence. RESULTS The efficiency of the passage of endogenous blood-borne leptin into the CSF (measured as the log [CSF:serum leptin ratio]) decreased over time in minipigs fed a HFD (β = -0.04 ± 0.005 per kilogram of weight gain in HFD; P < 0.0001), while it remained stable in minipigs fed a standard diet. However, the ability of peripherally administered leptin to activate its receptor in hypothalamic neurons was preserved in obese minipigs at 10 weeks of HFD. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data are consistent with the existence of an early-onset tranport deficiency for endogenous circulating leptin into the brain in individuals developing obesity, preceding the acquisition of hypothalamic leptin resistance. Although additional studies are required to identify the underlying mechanisms, our study paves the way for the development of new preclinical pharmacological models targeting the restoration of the shuttling of peripheral leptin into the central nervous system to manage obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Chmielewski
- Translational Research Laboratory for DiabetesInserm U1190LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainJean‐Pierre Aubert Research Center, Inserm U1172LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Thomas Hubert
- Translational Research Laboratory for DiabetesInserm U1190LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Amandine Descamps
- Translational Research Laboratory for DiabetesInserm U1190LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Daniele Mazur
- Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainJean‐Pierre Aubert Research Center, Inserm U1172LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Mehdi Daoudi
- Translational Research Laboratory for DiabetesInserm U1190LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Philippe Ciofi
- Inserm U862, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux UniversityBordeauxFrance
| | - Christian Fontaine
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- Anatomy DepartmentUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Robert Caiazzo
- Translational Research Laboratory for DiabetesInserm U1190LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - François Pattou
- Translational Research Laboratory for DiabetesInserm U1190LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Vincent Prevot
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainJean‐Pierre Aubert Research Center, Inserm U1172LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Marie Pigeyre
- Translational Research Laboratory for DiabetesInserm U1190LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
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28
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Philippe C, Zeilinger M, Dumanic M, Pichler F, Fetty L, Vraka C, Balber T, Wadsak W, Pallitsch K, Spreitzer H, Lanzenberger R, Hacker M, Mitterhauser M. SNAPshots of the MCHR1: a Comparison Between the PET-Tracers [ 18F]FE@SNAP and [ 11C]SNAP-7941. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 21:257-268. [PMID: 29948643 PMCID: PMC6449294 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) has become an important pharmacological target, since it may be involved in various diseases, such as diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity. Hence, a suitable positron emission tomography radiotracer for the in vivo assessment of the MCHR1 pharmacology is imperative. The current paper contrasts the extensive in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assessments of the radiotracers [18F]FE@SNAP and [11C]SNAP-7941 and provides comprehensive information about their biological and physicochemical properties. Furthermore, it examines their suitability for first-in-man imaging studies. PROCEDURES Kinetic real-time cell-binding studies with [18F]FE@SNAP and [11C]SNAP-7941 were conducted on adherent Chines hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells stably expressing the human MCHR1 and MCHR2. Small animal imaging studies on mice and rats were performed under displacement and baseline conditions, as well as after pretreatment with the P-glycoprotein/breast cancer resistant protein inhibitor tariquidar. After the imaging studies, detailed analyses of the ex vivo biodistribution were performed. Ex vivo metabolism was determined in rat blood and brain and analyzed at various time points using a quantitative radio-HPLC assay. RESULTS [11C]SNAP-7941 demonstrates high uptake on CHO-K1-hMCHR1 cells, whereas no uptake was detected for the CHO-K1-hMCHR2 cells. In contrast, [18F]FE@SNAP evinced binding to CHO-K1-hMCHR1 and CHO-K1-hMCHR2 cells. Imaging studies with [18F]FE@SNAP and [11C]SNAP-7941 showed an increased brain uptake after tariquidar pretreatment in mice, as well as in rats, and exhibited a significant difference between the time-activity curves of the baseline and blocking groups. Biodistribution of both tracers demonstrated a decreased uptake after displacement. [11C]SNAP-7941 revealed a high metabolic stability in rats, whereas [18F]FE@SNAP was rapidly metabolized. CONCLUSIONS Both radiotracers demonstrate appropriate imaging properties for the MCHR1. However, the pronounced metabolic stability as well as superior selectivity and affinity of [11C]SNAP-7941 underlines the decisive superiority over [18F]FE@SNAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Philippe
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeilinger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Neustadt, Austria
| | - Monika Dumanic
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Pichler
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Neustadt, Austria
| | - Lukas Fetty
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Radiotherapy, Division of Medical Physics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chrysoula Vraka
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Balber
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CBmed, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Helmut Spreitzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Mitterhauser
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Olstad EW, Ringers C, Hansen JN, Wens A, Brandt C, Wachten D, Yaksi E, Jurisch-Yaksi N. Ciliary Beating Compartmentalizes Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow in the Brain and Regulates Ventricular Development. Curr Biol 2019; 29:229-241.e6. [PMID: 30612902 PMCID: PMC6345627 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Motile cilia are miniature, propeller-like extensions, emanating from many cell types across the body. Their coordinated beating generates a directional fluid flow, which is essential for various biological processes, from respiration to reproduction. In the nervous system, ependymal cells extend their motile cilia into the brain ventricles and contribute to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. Although motile cilia are not the only contributors to CSF flow, their functioning is crucial, as patients with motile cilia defects develop clinical features, like hydrocephalus and scoliosis. CSF flow was suggested to primarily deliver nutrients and remove waste, but recent studies emphasized its role in brain development and function. Nevertheless, it remains poorly understood how ciliary beating generates and organizes CSF flow to fulfill these roles. Here, we study motile cilia and CSF flow in the brain ventricles of larval zebrafish. We identified that different populations of motile ciliated cells are spatially organized and generate a directional CSF flow powered by ciliary beating. Our investigations revealed that CSF flow is confined within individual ventricular cavities, with little exchange of fluid between ventricles, despite a pulsatile CSF displacement caused by the heartbeat. Interestingly, our results showed that the ventricular boundaries supporting this compartmentalized CSF flow are abolished during bodily movement, highlighting that multiple physiological processes regulate the hydrodynamics of CSF flow. Finally, we showed that perturbing cilia reduces hydrodynamic coupling between the brain ventricles and disrupts ventricular development. We propose that motile-cilia-generated flow is crucial in regulating the distribution of CSF within and across brain ventricles. Spatially organized motile cilia with rotational beats create directional CSF flow Ciliary beating, heartbeat, and locomotion generate distinct components of CSF flow Joint action of these components balances CSF compartmentalization and dispersion Disruption of ciliary beating leads to ventricular defects during brain development
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie W Olstad
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christa Ringers
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan N Hansen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway; Institute of Innate Immunity, Department of Biophysical Imaging, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Adinda Wens
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cecilia Brandt
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Department of Biophysical Imaging, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Emre Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Edvard Griegs Gate 8, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Edvard Griegs Gate 8, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.
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30
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Alpár A, Benevento M, Romanov RA, Hökfelt T, Harkany T. Hypothalamic cell diversity: non-neuronal codes for long-distance volume transmission by neuropeptides. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 56:16-23. [PMID: 30471413 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Volume transmission is a mode of intercellular communication using cerebral liquor to deliver signal molecules over long distances and allow their action for extended periods. For hypothalamic neuropeptides, nerve endings amongst ependymal cells are seen as a site of release into the cerebrospinal fluid. Recent single-cell RNA-seq data identify tanycytes and ventricular ependyma as alternative sources by being unexpectedly rich in neuroactive substances. This notion, coupled with circuit analysis showing regionalized innervation of periventricular ependyma by intrahypothalamic neurons, could allow for the integration of hypothalamic neuronal activity patterns with brain-wide activity changes upon metabolic challenges through phasic volume transmission primed by neuron-ependyma coupling. Here, we discuss emerging data for an ependymal interface and its breaches in neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alán Alpár
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marco Benevento
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman A Romanov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Solna, Sweden.
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31
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Prevot V, Dehouck B, Sharif A, Ciofi P, Giacobini P, Clasadonte J. The Versatile Tanycyte: A Hypothalamic Integrator of Reproduction and Energy Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:333-368. [PMID: 29351662 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fertility and survival of an individual rely on the ability of the periphery to promptly, effectively, and reproducibly communicate with brain neural networks that control reproduction, food intake, and energy homeostasis. Tanycytes, a specialized glial cell type lining the wall of the third ventricle in the median eminence of the hypothalamus, appear to act as the linchpin of these processes by dynamically controlling the secretion of neuropeptides into the portal vasculature by hypothalamic neurons and regulating blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid exchanges, both processes that depend on the ability of these cells to adapt their morphology to the physiological state of the individual. In addition to their barrier properties, tanycytes possess the ability to sense blood glucose levels, and play a fundamental and active role in shuttling circulating metabolic signals to hypothalamic neurons that control food intake. Moreover, accumulating data suggest that, in keeping with their putative descent from radial glial cells, tanycytes are endowed with neural stem cell properties and may respond to dietary or reproductive cues by modulating hypothalamic neurogenesis. Tanycytes could thus constitute the missing link in the loop connecting behavior, hormonal changes, signal transduction, central neuronal activation and, finally, behavior again. In this article, we will examine these recent advances in the understanding of tanycytic plasticity and function in the hypothalamus and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We will also discuss the putative involvement and therapeutic potential of hypothalamic tanycytes in metabolic and fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Bénédicte Dehouck
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Ariane Sharif
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Ciofi
- Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Jerome Clasadonte
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
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32
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Novel analgesic effects of melanin-concentrating hormone on persistent neuropathic and inflammatory pain in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:707. [PMID: 29335480 PMCID: PMC5768747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a peptidergic neuromodulator synthesized by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and zona incerta. MCHergic neurons project throughout the central nervous system, indicating the involvements of many physiological functions, but the role in pain has yet to be determined. In this study, we found that pMCH-/- mice showed lower baseline pain thresholds to mechanical and thermal stimuli than did pMCH+/+ mice, and the time to reach the maximum hyperalgesic response was also significantly earlier in both inflammatory and neuropathic pain. To examine its pharmacological properties, MCH was administered intranasally into mice, and results indicated that MCH treatment significantly increased mechanical and thermal pain thresholds in both pain models. Antagonist challenges with naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist) and AM251 (cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist) reversed the analgesic effects of MCH in both pain models, suggesting the involvement of opioid and cannabinoid systems. MCH treatment also increased the expression and activation of CB1R in the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsolateral- and ventrolateral periaqueductal grey. The MCH1R antagonist abolished the effects induced by MCH. This is the first study to suggest novel analgesic actions of MCH, which holds great promise for the application of MCH in the therapy of pain-related diseases.
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33
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Clasadonte J, Prevot V. The special relationship: glia-neuron interactions in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14:25-44. [PMID: 29076504 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural fluctuations in physiological conditions require adaptive responses involving rapid and reversible structural and functional changes in the hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuits that control homeostasis. Here, we discuss the data that implicate hypothalamic glia in the control of hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuits, specifically neuron-glia interactions in the regulation of neurosecretion as well as neuronal excitability. Mechanistically, the morphological plasticity displayed by distal processes of astrocytes, pituicytes and tanycytes modifies the geometry and diffusion properties of the extracellular space. These changes alter the relationship between glial cells of the hypothalamus and adjacent neuronal elements, especially at specialized intersections such as synapses and neurohaemal junctions. The structural alterations in turn lead to functional plasticity that alters the release and spread of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and gliotransmitters, as well as the activity of discrete glial signalling pathways that mediate feedback by peripheral signals to the hypothalamus. An understanding of the contributions of these and other non-neuronal cell types to hypothalamic neuroendocrine function is thus critical both to understand physiological processes such as puberty, the maintenance of bodily homeostasis and ageing and to develop novel therapeutic strategies for dysfunctions of these processes, such as infertility and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Clasadonte
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, U1172, Bâtiment Biserte, 1 Place de Verdun, 59045, Lille, Cedex, France
- University of Lille, FHU 1000 days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille 59000, France
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, U1172, Bâtiment Biserte, 1 Place de Verdun, 59045, Lille, Cedex, France
- University of Lille, FHU 1000 days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille 59000, France
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34
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Tomoshige S, Kobayashi Y, Hosoba K, Hamamoto A, Miyamoto T, Saito Y. Cytoskeleton-related regulation of primary cilia shortening mediated by melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 253:44-52. [PMID: 28842217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are specialized microtubule-based organelles. Their importance is highlighted by the gamut of ciliary diseases associated with various syndromes including diabetes and obesity. Primary cilia serve as signaling hubs through selective interactions with ion channels and conventional G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor 1 (MCHR1), a key regulator of feeding, is selectively expressed in neuronal primary cilia in distinct regions of the mouse brain. We previously found that MCH acts on ciliary MCHR1 and induces cilia shortening through a Gi/o-dependent Akt pathway with no cell cycle progression. Many factors can participate in cilia length control. However, the mechanisms for how these molecules are relocated and coordinated to activate cilia shortening are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of cytoskeletal dynamics in regulating MCH-induced cilia shortening using clonal MCHR1-expressing hTERT-RPE1 cells. Pharmacological and biochemical approaches showed that cilia shortening mediated by MCH was associated with increased soluble cytosolic tubulin without changing the total tubulin amount. Enhanced F-actin fiber intensity was also observed in MCH-treated cells. The actions of various pharmacological agents revealed that coordinated actin machinery, especially actin polymerization, was required for MCHR1-mediated cilia shortening. A recent report indicated the existence of actin-regulated machinery for cilia shortening through GPCR agonist-dependent ectosome release. However, our live-cell imaging experiments showed that MCH progressively elicited cilia shortening without exclusion of fluorescence-positive material from the tip. Short cilia phenotypes have been associated with various metabolic disorders. Thus, the present findings may contribute toward better understanding of how the cytoskeleton is involved in the GPCR ligand-triggered cilia shortening with cell mechanical properties that underlies clinical manifestations such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Tomoshige
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hosoba
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Akie Hamamoto
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Fukuoka 839-0864, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan.
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35
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In vivo evaluation of radiotracers targeting the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1: [ 11C]SNAP-7941 and [ 18F]FE@SNAP reveal specific uptake in the ventricular system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8054. [PMID: 28808288 PMCID: PMC5556108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The MCHR1 is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and changes of the expression are linked to a variety of associated diseases, such as diabetes and adiposity. The study aimed at the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941 and [18F]FE@SNAP as potential PET-tracers for the MCHR1. Competitive binding studies with non-radioactive derivatives and small-animal PET/CT and MRI brain studies were performed under baseline conditions and tracer displacement with the unlabelled MCHR1 antagonist (±)-SNAP-7941. Binding studies evinced high binding affinity of the non-radioactive derivatives. Small-animal imaging of [11C]SNAP-7941 and [18F]FE@SNAP evinced high tracer uptake in MCHR1-rich regions of the ventricular system. Quantitative analysis depicted a significant tracer reduction after displacement with (±)-SNAP-7941. Due to the high binding affinity of the non-labelled derivatives and the high specific tracer uptake of [11C]SNAP-7941 and [18F]FE@SNAP, there is strong evidence that both radiotracers may serve as highly suitable agents for specific MCHR1 imaging.
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36
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Verasztó C, Ueda N, Bezares-Calderón LA, Panzera A, Williams EA, Shahidi R, Jékely G. Ciliomotor circuitry underlying whole-body coordination of ciliary activity in the Platynereis larva. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28508746 PMCID: PMC5531833 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliated surfaces harbouring synchronously beating cilia can generate fluid flow or drive locomotion. In ciliary swimmers, ciliary beating, arrests, and changes in beat frequency are often coordinated across extended or discontinuous surfaces. To understand how such coordination is achieved, we studied the ciliated larvae of Platynereis dumerilii, a marine annelid. Platynereis larvae have segmental multiciliated cells that regularly display spontaneous coordinated ciliary arrests. We used whole-body connectomics, activity imaging, transgenesis, and neuron ablation to characterize the ciliomotor circuitry. We identified cholinergic, serotonergic, and catecholaminergic ciliomotor neurons. The synchronous rhythmic activation of cholinergic cells drives the coordinated arrests of all cilia. The serotonergic cells are active when cilia are beating. Serotonin inhibits the cholinergic rhythm, and increases ciliary beat frequency. Based on their connectivity and alternating activity, the catecholaminergic cells may generate the rhythm. The ciliomotor circuitry thus constitutes a stop-and-go pacemaker system for the whole-body coordination of ciliary locomotion. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26000.001 The oceans contain a wide variety of microscopic organisms including bacteria, algae and animal larvae. Many of the microscopic animals that live in water use thousands of beating hair-like projections called cilia instead of muscles to swim around in the water. Understanding how these animals move will aid our understanding of how ocean processes, such as the daily migration of plankton to and from the surface of the water, are regulated. The larvae of a ragworm called Platynereis use cilia to move around. Like other animals, Platynereis has a nervous system containing neurons that form networks to control the body. It is possible that the nervous system is involved in coordinating the activity of the cilia to allow the larvae to manoeuvre in the water, but it was not clear how this could work. Here, Veraszto et al. investigated how Platynereis is able to swim. The experiments show that the larvae can coordinate their cilia so that they all stop beating at the same time and fold into to the body. Then the larvae can stimulate all of their cilia to resume beating. Veraszto et al. used a technique called electron microscopy to study how the nervous system connects to the cilia. This revealed that several giant neurons span the entire length of the larva and connect to cells that bear cilia. When these neurons were active, all the cilia in the body closed. When a different group of neurons in the larva was active, all of the cilia resumed beating. Together, these two groups of neurons were ultimately responsible for the swimming motions of the larvae. Together, the findings of Veraszto et al. show that a few neurons in the nervous system of the larvae provide a sophisticated system for controlling how the larvae swim around. This suggests that the microscopic animals found in marine environments are a lot more sophisticated than previously appreciated. A next challenge is to find out how the neurons that control cilia connect to the rest of the animal’s nervous system and how different cues influence when the larva swims or stops swimming. This would help us understand how the environment influences the distribution of animal larvae in the oceans and how this may change in the future. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26000.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Verasztó
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nobuo Ueda
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Aurora Panzera
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Réza Shahidi
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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37
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Abstract
Multiciliated cells are epithelial cells that are in contact with bodily fluids and are required for the proper function of major organs including the brain, the respiratory system and the reproductive tracts. Their multiple motile cilia beat unidirectionally to remove particles of external origin from their surface and/or drive cells or fluids into the lumen of the organs. Multiciliated cells in the brain are produced once, almost exclusively during embryonic development, whereas in respiratory tracts and oviducts they regenerate throughout life. In this Review, we provide a cell-to-organ overview of multiciliated cells and highlight recent studies that have greatly increased our understanding of the mechanisms driving the development and function of these cells in vertebrates. We discuss cell fate determination and differentiation of multiciliated cells, and provide a comprehensive account of their locations and functions in mammals.
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Philippe C, Haeusler D, Scherer T, Fürnsinn C, Zeilinger M, Wadsak W, Shanab K, Spreitzer H, Hacker M, Mitterhauser M. [(18)F]FE@SNAP-a specific PET tracer for melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 imaging? EJNMMI Res 2016; 6:31. [PMID: 27033361 PMCID: PMC4816952 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1), which is highly expressed in the lateral hypothalamus, plays a key role in energy homeostasis, obesity and other endocrine diseases. Hence, there is a major interest in in vivo imaging of this receptor. A PET tracer would allow non-invasive in vivo visualization and quantification of the MCHR1. The aim of the study was the ex vivo evaluation of the MCHR1 ligand [(18)F]FE@SNAP as a potential PET tracer for the MCHR1. METHODS [(18)F]FE@SNAP was injected directly into the jugular vein of awake naïve rats for ex vivo brain autoradiography, biodistribution and additional blood metabolite analysis. Blocking experiments were conducted using the unlabeled MCHR1 ligand SNAP-7941. RESULTS A high uptake of [(18)F]FE@SNAP was observed in the lateral hypothalamus and the ventricular system. Both regions were significantly blocked by SNAP-7941. Biodistribution evinced the highest uptake in the kidneys, adrenals, lung and duodenum. Specific blocking with SNAP-7941 led to a significant tracer reduction in the heart and adrenals. In plasma samples, 47.73 ± 6.1 % of a hydrophilic radioactive metabolite was found 45 min after tracer injection. CONCLUSIONS Since [(18)F]FE@SNAP uptake was significantly blocked in the lateral hypothalamus, there is strong evidence that [(18)F]FE@SNAP is a highly suitable agent for specific MCHR1 imaging in the central nervous system. Additionally, this finding is supported by the specific blocking in the ventricular system, where the MCHR1 is expressed in the ependymal cells. These findings suggest that [(18)F]FE@SNAP could serve as a useful imaging and therapy monitoring tool for MCHR1-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Philippe
- />Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Haeusler
- />Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Scherer
- />Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Fürnsinn
- />Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeilinger
- />Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- />Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karem Shanab
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Spreitzer
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- />Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Mitterhauser
- />Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- />Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Applied Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria
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39
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Le Thuc O, Cansell C, Bourourou M, Denis RG, Stobbe K, Devaux N, Guyon A, Cazareth J, Heurteaux C, Rostène W, Luquet S, Blondeau N, Nahon JL, Rovère C. Central CCL2 signaling onto MCH neurons mediates metabolic and behavioral adaptation to inflammation. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1738-1752. [PMID: 27733491 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickness behavior defines the endocrine, autonomic, behavioral, and metabolic responses associated with infection. While inflammatory responses were suggested to be instrumental in the loss of appetite and body weight, the molecular underpinning remains unknown. Here, we show that systemic or central lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection results in specific hypothalamic changes characterized by a precocious increase in the chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) followed by an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and a decrease in the orexigenic neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH). We therefore hypothesized that CCL2 could be the central relay for the loss in body weight induced by the inflammatory signal LPS. We find that central delivery of CCL2 promotes neuroinflammation and the decrease in MCH and body weight. MCH neurons express CCL2 receptor and respond to CCL2 by decreasing both electrical activity and MCH release. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of CCL2 signaling opposes the response to LPS at both molecular and physiologic levels. We conclude that CCL2 signaling onto MCH neurons represents a core mechanism that relays peripheral inflammation to sickness behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Le Thuc
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Céline Cansell
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Miled Bourourou
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Raphaël Gp Denis
- Univ Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Katharina Stobbe
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nadège Devaux
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Alice Guyon
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Julie Cazareth
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - William Rostène
- Institut de la Vision UMRS 968-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Univ Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Blondeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France .,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France.,Station de Primatologie UPS846 CNRS, Rousset-sur-Arc, France
| | - Carole Rovère
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France .,CNRS, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, France
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40
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Jékely G, Keijzer F, Godfrey-Smith P. An option space for early neural evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2015.0181. [PMID: 26554049 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of nervous systems has traditionally been discussed within two conceptual frameworks. Input-output models stress the sensory-motor aspects of nervous systems, while internal coordination models emphasize the role of nervous systems in coordinating multicellular activity, especially muscle-based motility. Here we consider both frameworks and apply them to describe aspects of each of three main groups of phenomena that nervous systems control: behaviour, physiology and development. We argue that both frameworks and all three aspects of nervous system function need to be considered for a comprehensive discussion of nervous system origins. This broad mapping of the option space enables an overview of the many influences and constraints that may have played a role in the evolution of the first nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gáspár Jékely
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Fred Keijzer
- Department of Theoretical Philosophy, University of Groningen, Oude Boteringestraat 52, Groningen 9712 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Godfrey-Smith
- Philosophy Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA History and Philosophy of Science Unit, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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41
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Collignon A, Perles-Barbacaru AT, Robert S, Silvy F, Martinez E, Crenon I, Germain S, Garcia S, Viola A, Lombardo D, Mas E, Béraud E. A pancreatic tumor-specific biomarker characterized in humans and mice as an immunogenic onco-glycoprotein is efficient in dendritic cell vaccination. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23462-79. [PMID: 26405163 PMCID: PMC4695130 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncofetal fucose-rich glycovariants of the pathological bile salt-dependent lipase (pBSDL) appear during human pancreatic oncogenesis and are detected by themonoclonal antibody J28 (mAbJ28). We aimed to identify murine counterparts onpancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and tissue and investigate the potential of dendritic cells (DC) loaded with this unique pancreatic tumor antigen to promote immunotherapy in preclinical trials. Pathological BSDLs purified from pancreatic juices of patients with PDAC were cleaved to generate glycosylated C-terminal moieties (C-ter) containing mAbJ28-reactive glycoepitopes. Immunoreactivity of the murine PDAC line Panc02 and tumor tissue to mAbJ28 was detected by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. C-ter-J28+ immunization promoted Th1-dominated immune responses. In vitro C-ter-J28+-loaded DCskewed CD3+ T-cells toward Th1 polarization. C-ter-J28+-DC-vaccinations selectively enhanced cell immunoreactivity to Panc02, as demonstrated by CD4+- and CD8+-T-cell activation, increased percentages of CD4+- and CD8+-T-cells and NK1.1+ cells expressing granzyme B, and T-cell cytotoxicity. Prophylactic and therapeutic C-ter-J28+-DC-vaccinations reduced ectopic Panc02-tumor growth, provided long-lasting protection from Panc02-tumor development in 100% of micebut not from melanoma, and attenuated progression of orthotopic tumors as revealed by MRI. Thusmurine DC loaded with pancreatic tumor-specific glycoepitope C-ter-J28+ induce efficient anticancer adaptive immunity and represent a potential adjuvant therapy for patients afflicted with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Collignon
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France.,Inserm, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Adriana Teodora Perles-Barbacaru
- Aix-Marseille UniversiteÌ, CNRS, CRMBM, Centre de ReÌsonance MagneÌtique Biologique et MeÌdicale, UMR 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Robert
- Aix-Marseille Université, VRCM, Vascular Research Center of Marseilles, Marseille, France.,Inserm, UMR_S_1076, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Silvy
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France.,Inserm, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Martinez
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Crenon
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Germain
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France.,Inserm, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Garcia
- APHM, Hôpital Nord, Laboratoire d'Anatomie-Pathologie, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Angèle Viola
- Aix-Marseille UniversiteÌ, CNRS, CRMBM, Centre de ReÌsonance MagneÌtique Biologique et MeÌdicale, UMR 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Lombardo
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France.,Inserm, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Mas
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France.,Inserm, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
| | - Evelyne Béraud
- Aix-Marseille Université, CRO2, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Biologique et Oncopharmacologie, Marseille, France.,Inserm, UMR_S 911, Marseille, France
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42
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Hamamoto A, Yamato S, Katoh Y, Nakayama K, Yoshimura K, Takeda S, Kobayashi Y, Saito Y. Modulation of primary cilia length by melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1. Cell Signal 2016; 28:572-84. [PMID: 26946173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor 1 (MCHR1) is a class A G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The MCH-MCHR1 system has been implicated in the regulation of feeding, emotional processing, and sleep in rodents. Recent work revealed that MCHR1 is selectively expressed in neuronal primary cilia of the central nervous system. Cilia have various chemosensory functions in many types of cell, and ciliary dysfunction is associated with ciliopathies such as polycystic kidney disease and obesity. Although dynamic modulation of neuronal cilia length is observed in obese mice, the functional interaction of neuronal ciliary GPCR and its endogenous ligand has not yet been elucidated. We report here that MCH treatment significantly reduced cilia length in hTERT-RPE1 cells (hRPE1 cells) transfected with MCHR1. Quantitative analyses indicated that MCH-induced cilia shortening progressed in a dose-dependent manner with an EC50 lower than 1nM when cells were treated for 6h. Although the assembly and disassembly of primary cilia are tightly coupled to the cell cycle, cell cycle reentry was not a determinant of MCH-induced cilia shortening. We confirmed that MCH elicited receptor internalization, Ca(2+) mobilization, ERK and Akt phosphorylation, and inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation in MCHR1-expressing hRPE1 cells. Among these diverse pathways, we revealed that Gi/o-dependent Akt phosphorylation was an important component in the initial stage of MCH-induced cilia length shortening. Furthermore, induction of fewer cilia by Kif3A siRNA treatment significantly decreased the MCH-mediated phosphorylation of Akt, indicating the functional importance of the MCHR1-Akt pathway in primary cilia. Taken together, the present data suggest that the MCH-MCHR1 axis may modulate the sensitivity of cells to external environments by controlling the cilia length. Therefore, further characterization of MCHR1 as a ciliary GPCR will provide a potential molecular mechanism to link cilia length control with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akie Hamamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Shogo Yamato
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Yohei Katoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshimura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan.
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43
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Kumar D, Blaby-Haas CE, Merchant SS, Mains RE, King SM, Eipper BA. Early eukaryotic origins for cilia-associated bioactive peptide-amidating activity. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:943-56. [PMID: 26787743 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.177410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliary axonemes and basal bodies were present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor and play crucial roles in sensing and responding to environmental cues. Peptidergic signaling, generally considered a metazoan innovation, is essential for organismal development and homeostasis. Peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) is crucial for the last step of bioactive peptide biosynthesis. However, identification of a complete PAM-like gene in green algal genomes suggests ancient evolutionary roots for bioactive peptide signaling. We demonstrate that the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii PAM gene encodes an active peptide-amidating enzyme (CrPAM) that shares key structural and functional features with the mammalian enzyme, indicating that components of the peptide biosynthetic pathway predate multicellularity. In addition to its secretory pathway localization, CrPAM localizes to cilia and tightly associates with the axonemal superstructure, revealing a new axonemal enzyme activity. This localization pattern is conserved in mammals, with PAM present in both motile and immotile sensory cilia. The conserved ciliary localization of PAM adds to the known signaling capabilities of the eukaryotic cilium and provides a potential mechanistic link between peptidergic signaling and endocrine abnormalities commonly observed in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA
| | - Crysten E Blaby-Haas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Richard E Mains
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA
| | - Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA
| | - Betty A Eipper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA
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44
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Haemmerle CADS, Nogueira MI, Watanabe IS. The neural elements in the lining of the ventricular-subventricular zone: making an old story new by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:134. [PMID: 26578896 PMCID: PMC4623158 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical description of the neural elements that compose the lining of brain ventricles introduces us to the single layer of ependymal cells. However, new findings, especially in the lateral ventricle (LV)—the major niche for the generation of new neurons in the adult brain—have provided information about additional cell elements that influence the organization of this part of the ventricular system and produce important contributions to neurogenesis. To complement the cell neurochemistry findings, we present a three-dimensional in situ description that demonstrates the anatomical details of the different types of ciliated cells and the innervation of these elements. After processing adult rat brains for ultrastructural analysis by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and transmission electron microscopy, we observed a heterogeneous pattern of cilia distribution at the different poles of the LV surface. Furthermore, we describe the particular three-dimensional aspects of the ciliated cells of the LV, in addition the fiber bundles and varicose axons surrounding these cells. Therefore, we provide a unique ultrastructural description of the three-dimensional in situ organization of the LV surface, highlighting its innervation, to corroborate the available neurochemical and functional findings regarding the factors that regulate this neurogenic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alexandre Dos Santos Haemmerle
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure of Cells and Tissues, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Nogueira
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil ; Institute of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ii-Sei Watanabe
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure of Cells and Tissues, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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45
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Genetic deletion of melanin-concentrating hormone neurons impairs hippocampal short-term synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-dependent forms of short-term memory. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1361-73. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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46
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Narita K, Takeda S. Cilia in the choroid plexus: their roles in hydrocephalus and beyond. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:39. [PMID: 25729351 PMCID: PMC4325912 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are whip-like projections that are widely conserved in eukaryotes and function as a motile propeller and/or sensory platform to detect various extracellular stimuli. In vertebrates, cilia are ubiquitously found in most cells, showing structural and functional diversities depending on the cell type. In this review, we focus on the structure and function of cilia in choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs). CPECs form one or two dozen non-motile 9+0 cilia, which display transient acquisition of motility during development. Genetic malfunction of cilia can lead to failure of multiple organs including the brain. Especially, several groups have demonstrated that the defects in CPEC cilia cause the communicating form of hydrocephalus. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the hydrocephalus, we have previously demonstrated that the cilia possess an NPFF receptor for autocrine signaling to regulate transepithelial fluid transport. In this perspective, we also discuss the potential involvement of cilia in the other aspects of choroid plexus functions, such as the regulation of brain development and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Narita
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Kosse C, Gonzalez A, Burdakov D. Predictive models of glucose control: roles for glucose-sensing neurones. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:7-18. [PMID: 25131833 PMCID: PMC5767106 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The brain can be viewed as a sophisticated control module for stabilizing blood glucose. A review of classical behavioural evidence indicates that central circuits add predictive (feedforward/anticipatory) control to the reactive (feedback/compensatory) control by peripheral organs. The brain/cephalic control is constructed and engaged, via associative learning, by sensory cues predicting energy intake or expenditure (e.g. sight, smell, taste, sound). This allows rapidly measurable sensory information (rather than slowly generated internal feedback signals, e.g. digested nutrients) to control food selection, glucose supply for fight-or-flight responses or preparedness for digestion/absorption. Predictive control is therefore useful for preventing large glucose fluctuations. We review emerging roles in predictive control of two classes of widely projecting hypothalamic neurones, orexin/hypocretin (ORX) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) cells. Evidence is cited that ORX neurones (i) are activated by sensory cues (e.g. taste, sound), (ii) drive hepatic production, and muscle uptake, of glucose, via sympathetic nerves, (iii) stimulate wakefulness and exploration via global brain projections and (iv) are glucose-inhibited. MCH neurones are (i) glucose-excited, (ii) innervate learning and reward centres to promote synaptic plasticity, learning and memory and (iii) are critical for learning associations useful for predictive control (e.g. using taste to predict nutrient value of food). This evidence is unified into a model for predictive glucose control. During associative learning, inputs from some glucose-excited neurones may promote connections between the 'fast' senses and reward circuits, constructing neural shortcuts for efficient action selection. In turn, glucose-inhibited neurones may engage locomotion/exploration and coordinate the required fuel supply. Feedback inhibition of the latter neurones by glucose would ensure that glucose fluxes they stimulate (from liver, into muscle) are balanced. Estimating nutrient challenges from indirect sensory cues may become more difficult when the cues become complex and variable (e.g. like human foods today). Consequent errors of predictive glucose control may contribute to obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Kosse
- Division of Neurophysiology MRC National Institute for Medical Research London UK
| | - A. Gonzalez
- Division of Neurophysiology MRC National Institute for Medical Research London UK
| | - D. Burdakov
- Division of Neurophysiology MRC National Institute for Medical Research London UK
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Langlet F. Tanycytes: a gateway to the metabolic hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:753-60. [PMID: 25131689 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The central regulation of energy balance relies on the ability of the brain to promptly and efficiently sense variations of metabolic state. To achieve this, circulating hormonal and metabolic signals have to cross the blood-brain interface, where unusual glial cells named tanycytes have been described to play a key role in this process. Tanycytes are specialised polarised ependymoglial cells that line the floor of the third ventricle and send a single process to contact hypothalamic neurones and blood vessels. Although their role in the regulation of energy balance via the modulation of neuronal activity or their chemosensitivity has been already described, recent studies ascribe a new function to tanycytes in the regulation of energy homeostasis as a result of their capacity to regulate the access of metabolic signals to the hypothalamus. This review discusses the peculiar place of tanycytes within the blood-hypothalamus interface, as well as a striking capacity to remodel their own interface to ensure an adaptive metabolic response to energy imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Langlet
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, U837, Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, Lille, France; UDSL, School of Medicine, Lille, France; Université de Lille, Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, Lille, France
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The melanin-concentrating hormone receptors: neuronal and non-neuronal functions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2014; 4:S31-6. [PMID: 27152164 DOI: 10.1038/ijosup.2014.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic peptide highly conserved in vertebrates and was originally identified as a skin-paling factor in Teleosts. In fishes, MCH also participates in the regulation of the stress-response and feeding behaviour. Mammalian MCH is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that displays multiple functions, mostly controlling feeding behaviour and energy homeostasis. Transgenic mouse models and pharmacological studies have shown the importance of the MCH system as a potential target in the treatment of appetite disorders and obesity as well as anxiety and psychiatric diseases. Two G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) binding MCH have been characterized so far. The first, named MCH-R1 and also called SLC1, was identified through reverse pharmacology strategies by several groups as a cognate receptor of MCH. This receptor is expressed at high levels in many brain areas of rodents and primates and is also expressed in peripheral organs, albeit at a lower rate. A second receptor, designated MCH-R2, exhibited 38% identity to MCH-R1 and was identified by sequence analysis of the human genome. Interestingly, although MCH-R2 orthologues were also found in fishes, dogs, ferrets and non-human primates, this MCH receptor gene appeared either lacking or non-functional in rodents and lagomorphs. Both receptors are class I GPCRs, whose main roles are to mediate the actions of peptides and neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. However, examples of action of MCH on neuronal and non-neuronal cells are emerging that illustrate novel MCH functions. In particular, the functionality of endogenously expressed MCH-R1 has been explored in human neuroblastoma cells, SK-N-SH and SH-SY5Y cells, and in non-neuronal cell types such as the ependymocytes. Indeed, we have identified mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent or calcium-dependent signalling cascades that ultimately contributed to neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma cells or to modulation of ciliary beating in ependymal cells. The putative role of MCH on cellular shaping and plasticity on one side and volume transmission on the other must be now considered.
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Jiménez AJ, Domínguez-Pinos MD, Guerra MM, Fernández-Llebrez P, Pérez-Fígares JM. Structure and function of the ependymal barrier and diseases associated with ependyma disruption. Tissue Barriers 2014; 2:e28426. [PMID: 25045600 PMCID: PMC4091052 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.28426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroepithelium is a germinal epithelium containing progenitor cells that produce almost all of the central nervous system cells, including the ependyma. The neuroepithelium and ependyma constitute barriers containing polarized cells covering the embryonic or mature brain ventricles, respectively; therefore, they separate the cerebrospinal fluid that fills cavities from the developing or mature brain parenchyma. As barriers, the neuroepithelium and ependyma play key roles in the central nervous system development processes and physiology. These roles depend on mechanisms related to cell polarity, sensory primary cilia, motile cilia, tight junctions, adherens junctions and gap junctions, machinery for endocytosis and molecule secretion, and water channels. Here, the role of both barriers related to the development of diseases, such as neural tube defects, ciliary dyskinesia, and hydrocephalus, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology; University of Malaga; Malaga, Spain
| | | | - María M Guerra
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology; Austral University of Chile; Valdivia, Chile
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