1
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Frank SM. Transfer of Tactile Learning to Untrained Body Parts: Emerging Cortical Mechanisms. Neuroscientist 2024:10738584241256277. [PMID: 38813891 DOI: 10.1177/10738584241256277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Pioneering investigations in the mid-19th century revealed that the perception of tactile cues presented to the surface of the skin improves with training, which is referred to as tactile learning. Surprisingly, tactile learning also occurs for body parts and skin locations that are not physically involved in the training. For example, after training of a finger, tactile learning transfers to adjacent untrained fingers. This suggests that the transfer of tactile learning follows a somatotopic pattern and involves brain regions such as the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), in which the trained and untrained body parts and skin locations are represented close to each other. However, other results showed that transfer occurs between body parts that are not represented close to each other in S1-for example, between the hand and the foot. These and similar findings have led to the suggestion of additional cortical mechanisms to explain the transfer of tactile learning. Here, different mechanisms are reviewed, and the extent to which they can explain the transfer of tactile learning is discussed. What all of these mechanisms have in common is that they assume a representational or functional relationship between the trained and untrained body parts and skin locations. However, none of these mechanisms alone can explain the complex pattern of transfer results, and it is likely that different mechanisms interact to enable transfer, perhaps in concert with higher somatosensory and decision-making areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Frank
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Park WJ, Fine I. A unified model for cross-modal plasticity and skill acquisition. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1334283. [PMID: 38384481 PMCID: PMC10879418 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1334283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Historically, cross-modal plasticity following early blindness has been largely studied in the context of visual deprivation. However, more recently, there has been a shift in focus towards understanding cross-modal plasticity from the perspective of skill acquisition: the striking plasticity observed in early blind individuals reflects the extraordinary perceptual and cognitive challenges they solve. Here, inspired by two seminal papers on skill learning (the "cortical recycling" theory) and cross-modal plasticity (the "metamodal" hypothesis) respectively, we present a unified hypothesis of cortical specialization that describes how shared functional, algorithmic, and structural constraints might mediate both types of plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon Ju Park
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Center for Human Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ione Fine
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Center for Human Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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3
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Mingo-Moreno N, Truschow P, Staiger JF, Wagener RJ. Caudally pronounced deficiencies in preplate splitting and migration underly a rostro-caudal progression of cortical lamination defects in the reeler brain. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae023. [PMID: 38383722 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammalian neocortex development, every cohort of newborn neurons is guided toward the marginal zone, leading to an "inside-out" organization of the 6 neocortical layers. This migratory pattern is regulated by the extracellular glycoprotein Reelin. The reeler mouse shows a homozygous mutation of the reelin gene. Using RNA in situ hybridization we could demonstrate that the Reelin-deficient mouse cortex (male and female) displays an increasing lamination defect along the rostro-caudal axis that is characterized by strong cellular intermingling, but roughly reproduces the "inside-out" pattern in rostral cortex, while caudal cortex shows a relative inversion of neuronal positioning ("outside-in"). We found that in development of the reeler cortex, preplate-splitting is also defective with an increasing severity along the rostro-caudal axis. This leads to a misplacement of subplate neurons that are crucial for a switch in migration mode within the cortical plate. Using Flash Tag labeling and nucleoside analog pulse-chasing, we found an according migration defect within the cortical plate, again with a progressive severity along the rostro-caudal axis. Thus, loss of one key player in neocortical development leads to highly area-specific (caudally pronounced) developmental deficiencies that result in multiple roughly opposite rostral versus caudal adult neocortical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Mingo-Moreno
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Pavel Truschow
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Robin J Wagener
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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4
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Molnár Z, Kwan KY. Development and Evolution of Thalamocortical Connectivity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041503. [PMID: 38167425 PMCID: PMC10759993 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Conscious perception in mammals depends on precise circuit connectivity between cerebral cortex and thalamus; the evolution and development of these structures are closely linked. During the wiring of reciprocal thalamus-cortex connections, thalamocortical axons (TCAs) first navigate forebrain regions that had undergone substantial evolutionary modifications. In particular, the organization of the pallial-subpallial boundary (PSPB) diverged significantly between mammals, reptiles, and birds. In mammals, transient cell populations in internal capsule and early corticofugal projections from subplate neurons closely interact with TCAs to guide pathfinding through ventral forebrain and PSPB crossing. Prior to thalamocortical axon arrival, cortical areas are initially patterned by intrinsic genetic factors. Thalamocortical axons then innervate cortex in a topographically organized manner to enable sensory input to refine cortical arealization. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying the guidance of thalamocortical axons across forebrain boundaries, the implications of PSPB evolution for thalamocortical axon pathfinding, and the reciprocal influence between thalamus and cortex during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Y Kwan
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute (MNI), Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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5
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Xie D, Song C, Qin T, Zhai Z, Cai J, Dai J, Sun T, Xu Y. Moschus ameliorates glutamate-induced cellular damage by regulating autophagy and apoptosis pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18586. [PMID: 37903904 PMCID: PMC10616123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, causes short-term memory and cognition declines. It is estimated that one in three elderly people die from AD or other dementias. Chinese herbal medicine as a potential drug for treating AD has gained growing interest from many researchers. Moschus, a rare and valuable traditional Chinese animal medicine, was originally documented in Shennong Ben Cao Jing and recognized for its properties of reviving consciousness/resuscitation. Additionally, Moschus has the efficacy of "regulation of menstruation with blood activation, relief of swelling and pain" and is used for treating unconsciousness, stroke, coma, and cerebrovascular diseases. However, it is uncertain whether Moschus has any protective effect on AD patients. We explored whether Moschus could protect glutamate (Glu)-induced PC12 cells from cellular injury and preliminarily explored their related action mechanisms. The chemical compounds of Moschus were analyzed and identified by GC-MS. The Glu-induced differentiated PC12 cell model was thought to be the common AD cellular model. The study aims to preliminarily investigate the intervention effect of Moschus on Glu-induced PC12 cell damage as well as their related action mechanisms. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cell apoptosis, autophagic vacuoles, autolysosomes or autophagosomes, proteins related to apoptosis, and the proteins related to autophagy were examined and analyzed. Seventeen active compounds of the Moschus sample were identified based on GC-MS analysis. In comparison to the control group, Glu stimulation increased cell viability loss, LDH release, mitochondrial damage, loss of MMP, apoptosis rate, and the number of cells containing autophagic vacuoles, and autolysosomes or autophagosomes, while these results were decreased after the pretreatment with Moschus and 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Furthermore, Glu stimulation significantly increased cleaved caspase-3, Beclin1, and LC3II protein expression, and reduced B-cell lymphoma 2/BAX ratio and p62 protein expression, but these results were reversed after pretreatment of Moschus and 3-MA. Moschus has protective activity in Glu-induced PC12 cell injury, and the potential mechanism might involve the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis. Our study may promote research on Moschus in the field of neurodegenerative diseases, and Moschus may be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Caiyou Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhenwei Zhai
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jie Cai
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jingyi Dai
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Ueta Y, Miyata M. Functional and structural synaptic remodeling mechanisms underlying somatotopic organization and reorganization in the thalamus. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105332. [PMID: 37524138 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The somatosensory system organizes the topographic representation of body maps, termed somatotopy, at all levels of an ascending hierarchy. Postnatal maturation of somatotopy establishes optimal somatosensation, whereas deafferentation in adults reorganizes somatotopy, which underlies pathological somatosensation, such as phantom pain and complex regional pain syndrome. Here, we focus on the mouse whisker somatosensory thalamus to study how sensory experience shapes the fine topography of afferent connectivity during the critical period and what mechanisms remodel it and drive a large-scale somatotopic reorganization after peripheral nerve injury. We will review our findings that, following peripheral nerve injury in adults, lemniscal afferent synapses onto thalamic neurons are remodeled back to immature configuration, as if the critical period reopens. The remodeling process is initiated with local activation of microglia in the brainstem somatosensory nucleus downstream to injured nerves and heterosynaptically controlled by input from GABAergic and cortical neurons to thalamic neurons. These fruits of thalamic studies complement well-studied cortical mechanisms of somatotopic organization and reorganization and unveil potential intervention points in treating pathological somatosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Ueta
- Division of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Mariko Miyata
- Division of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
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7
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Sinclair-Wilson A, Lawrence A, Ferezou I, Cartonnet H, Mailhes C, Garel S, Lokmane L. Plasticity of thalamocortical axons is regulated by serotonin levels modulated by preterm birth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301644120. [PMID: 37549297 PMCID: PMC10438379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301644120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory inputs are conveyed to distinct primary areas of the neocortex through specific thalamocortical axons (TCA). While TCA have the ability to reorient postnatally to rescue embryonic mistargeting and target proper modality-specific areas, how this remarkable adaptive process is regulated remains largely unknown. Here, using a mutant mouse model with a shifted TCA trajectory during embryogenesis, we demonstrated that TCA rewiring occurs during a short postnatal time window, preceded by a prenatal apoptosis of thalamic neurons-two processes that together lead to the formation of properly innervated albeit reduced primary sensory areas. We furthermore showed that preterm birth, through serotonin modulation, impairs early postnatal TCA plasticity, as well as the subsequent delineation of cortical area boundary. Our study defines a birth and serotonin-sensitive period that enables concerted adaptations of TCA to primary cortical areas with major implications for our understanding of brain wiring in physiological and preterm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sinclair-Wilson
- Team Brain Development and Plasticity, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005Paris, France
| | - Akindé Lawrence
- Team Brain Development and Plasticity, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Ferezou
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400Saclay, France
| | - Hugues Cartonnet
- Team Brain Development and Plasticity, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005Paris, France
| | - Caroline Mailhes
- Acute Transgenesis Facility, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005Paris, France
| | - Sonia Garel
- Team Brain Development and Plasticity, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005Paris, France
- Collège de France, PSL Research University, 75005Paris, France
| | - Ludmilla Lokmane
- Team Brain Development and Plasticity, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005Paris, France
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8
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Wang CF, Yang JW, Zhuang ZH, Hsing HW, Luhmann HJ, Chou SJ. Activity-dependent feedback regulation of thalamocortical axon development by Lhx2 in cortical layer 4 neurons. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1693-1707. [PMID: 35512682 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing neuronal circuits requires interactions between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. While presynaptic neurons were shown to play instructive roles for the postsynaptic neurons, how postsynaptic neurons provide feedback to regulate the presynaptic neuronal development remains elusive. To elucidate the mechanisms for circuit formation, we study the development of barrel cortex (the primary sensory cortex, S1), whose development is instructed by presynaptic thalamocortical axons (TCAs). In the first postnatal weeks, TCA terminals arborize in layer (L) 4 to fill in the barrel center, but it is unclear how TCA development is regulated. Here, we reported that the deletion of Lhx2 specifically in the cortical neurons in the conditional knockout (cKO) leads to TCA arborization defects, which is accompanied with deficits in sensory-evoked and spontaneous cortical activities and impaired lesion-induced plasticity following early whisker follicle ablation. Reintroducing Lhx2 back in L4 neurons in cKO ameliorated TCA arborization and plasticity defects. By manipulating L4 neuronal activity, we further demonstrated that Lhx2 induces TCA arborization via an activity-dependent mechanism. Additionally, we identified the extracellular signaling protein Sema7a as an activity-dependent downstream target of Lhx2 in regulating TCA branching. Thus, we discovered a bottom-up feedback mechanism for the L4 neurons to regulate TCA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fang Wang
- Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica (NPAS), Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zi-Hui Zhuang
- Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica (NPAS), Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Wei Hsing
- Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica (NPAS), Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica (NPAS), Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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James SS, Englund M, Bottom R, Perez R, Conner KE, Huffman KJ, Wilson SP, Krubitzer LA. Comparing the development of cortex-wide gene expression patterns between two species in a common reference frame. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113896119. [PMID: 36201538 PMCID: PMC9564327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113896119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in sequencing techniques have made comparative studies of gene expression a current focus for understanding evolutionary and developmental processes. However, insights into the spatial expression of genes have been limited by a lack of robust methodology. To overcome this obstacle, we developed methods and software tools for quantifying and comparing tissue-wide spatial patterns of gene expression within and between species. Here, we compare cortex-wide expression of RZRβ and Id2 mRNA across early postnatal development in mice and voles. We show that patterns of RZRβ expression in neocortical layer 4 are highly conserved between species but develop rapidly in voles and much more gradually in mice, who show a marked expansion in the relative size of the putative primary visual area across the first postnatal week. Patterns of Id2 expression, by contrast, emerge in a dynamic and layer-specific sequence that is consistent between the two species. We suggest that these differences in the development of neocortical patterning reflect the independent evolution of brains, bodies, and sensory systems in the 35 million years since their last common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S. James
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Mackenzie Englund
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Riley Bottom
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Roberto Perez
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Kathleen E. Conner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Kelly J. Huffman
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Stuart P. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Leah A. Krubitzer
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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10
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Roque M, de Souza DAR, Rangel-Sosa MM, Altounian M, Hocine M, Deloulme JC, Barbier EL, Mann F, Chauvet S. VPS35 deficiency in the embryonic cortex leads to prenatal cell loss and abnormal development of axonal connectivity. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 120:103726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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11
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Bagnato S. The role of plasticity in the recovery of consciousness. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:375-395. [PMID: 35034750 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of consciousness (DOCs), i.e., coma, vegetative state, and minimally conscious state are the consequences of a severe brain injury that disrupts the brain ability to generate consciousness. Recovery from DOCs requires functional and structural changes in the brain. The sites where these plastic changes take place vary according to the pathophysiology of the DOC. The ascending reticular activating system of the brainstem and its complex connections with the thalamus and cortex are involved in the pathophysiology of coma. Subcortical structures, such as the striatum and globus pallidus, together with thalamocortical and corticothalamic projections, the basal forebrain, and several networks among different cortical areas are probably involved in vegetative and minimally conscious states. Some mechanisms of plasticity that allegedly operate in each of these sites to promote recovery of consciousness will be discussed in this chapter. While some mechanisms of plasticity work at a local level, others produce functional changes in complex neuronal networks, for example by entraining neuronal oscillations. The specific mechanisms of brain plasticity represent potential targets for future treatments aiming to restore consciousness in patients with severe DOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Bagnato
- Unit of Neurophysiology and Unit for Severe Acquired Brain Injuries, Rehabilitation Department, Giuseppe Giglio Foundation, Cefalù (PA), Italy.
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12
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Tocco C, Bertacchi M, Studer M. Structural and Functional Aspects of the Neurodevelopmental Gene NR2F1: From Animal Models to Human Pathology. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:767965. [PMID: 34975398 PMCID: PMC8715095 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.767965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly and maturation of the mammalian brain result from an intricate cascade of highly coordinated developmental events, such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Any impairment of this delicate multi-factorial process can lead to complex neurodevelopmental diseases, sharing common pathogenic mechanisms and molecular pathways resulting in multiple clinical signs. A recently described monogenic neurodevelopmental syndrome named Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf Optic Atrophy Syndrome (BBSOAS) is caused by NR2F1 haploinsufficiency. The NR2F1 gene, coding for a transcriptional regulator belonging to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily, is known to play key roles in several brain developmental processes, from proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors to migration and identity acquisition of neocortical neurons. In a clinical context, the disruption of these cellular processes could underlie the pathogenesis of several symptoms affecting BBSOAS patients, such as intellectual disability, visual impairment, epilepsy, and autistic traits. In this review, we will introduce NR2F1 protein structure, molecular functioning, and expression profile in the developing mouse brain. Then, we will focus on Nr2f1 several functions during cortical development, from neocortical area and cell-type specification to maturation of network activity, hippocampal development governing learning behaviors, assembly of the visual system, and finally establishment of cortico-spinal descending tracts regulating motor execution. Whenever possible, we will link experimental findings in animal or cellular models to corresponding features of the human pathology. Finally, we will highlight some of the unresolved questions on the diverse functions played by Nr2f1 during brain development, in order to propose future research directions. All in all, we believe that understanding BBSOAS mechanisms will contribute to further unveiling pathophysiological mechanisms shared by several neurodevelopmental disorders and eventually lead to effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tocco
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
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13
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Akagbosu B, Tayyebi Z, Shibu G, Paucar Iza YA, Deep D, Parisotto YF, Fisher L, Pasolli HA, Thevin V, Elmentaite R, Knott M, Hemmers S, Jahn L, Friedrich C, Verter J, Wang ZM, van den Brink M, Gasteiger G, Grünewald TGP, Marie JC, Leslie C, Rudensky AY, Brown CC. Novel antigen-presenting cell imparts T reg-dependent tolerance to gut microbiota. Nature 2022; 610:752-760. [PMID: 36070798 PMCID: PMC9605865 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Establishing and maintaining tolerance to self-antigens or innocuous foreign antigens is vital for the preservation of organismal health. Within the thymus, medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) expressing autoimmune regulator (AIRE) have a critical role in self-tolerance through deletion of autoreactive T cells and promotion of thymic regulatory T (Treg) cell development1-4. Within weeks of birth, a separate wave of Treg cell differentiation occurs in the periphery upon exposure to antigens derived from the diet and commensal microbiota5-8, yet the cell types responsible for the generation of peripheral Treg (pTreg) cells have not been identified. Here we describe the identification of a class of RORγt+ antigen-presenting cells called Thetis cells, with transcriptional features of both mTECs and dendritic cells, comprising four major sub-groups (TC I-TC IV). We uncover a developmental wave of Thetis cells within intestinal lymph nodes during a critical window in early life, coinciding with the wave of pTreg cell differentiation. Whereas TC I and TC III expressed the signature mTEC nuclear factor AIRE, TC IV lacked AIRE expression and was enriched for molecules required for pTreg generation, including the TGF-β-activating integrin αvβ8. Loss of either major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) or ITGB8 by Thetis cells led to a profound impairment in intestinal pTreg differentiation, with ensuing colitis. By contrast, MHCII expression by RORγt+ group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) and classical dendritic cells was neither sufficient nor required for pTreg generation, further implicating TC IV as the tolerogenic RORγt+ antigen-presenting cell with an essential function in early life. Our studies reveal parallel pathways for the establishment of tolerance to self and foreign antigens in the thymus and periphery, respectively, marked by the involvement of shared cellular and transcriptional programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blossom Akagbosu
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Immuno-Oncology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Zakieh Tayyebi
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XTri-Institutional Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY USA
| | - Gayathri Shibu
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Immuno-Oncology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XImmunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY USA
| | - Yoselin A. Paucar Iza
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Immuno-Oncology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XImmunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY USA
| | - Deeksha Deep
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XImmunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY USA ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XTri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, The Rockefeller University and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Yollanda Franco Parisotto
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Immuno-Oncology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Logan Fisher
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Immuno-Oncology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XImmunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY USA
| | - H. Amalia Pasolli
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY USA
| | - Valentin Thevin
- grid.462282.80000 0004 0384 0005Tumor Escape Resistance Immunity Department, CRCL, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France ,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Rasa Elmentaite
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton UK
| | - Maximilian Knott
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XInstitute of PathologyFaculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Saskia Hemmers
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XImmunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY USA ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Present Address: Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Lorenz Jahn
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Christin Friedrich
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jacob Verter
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Marcel van den Brink
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XImmunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY USA ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas G. P. Grünewald
- grid.510964.fHopp—Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julien C. Marie
- grid.462282.80000 0004 0384 0005Tumor Escape Resistance Immunity Department, CRCL, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France ,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Christina Leslie
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Alexander Y. Rudensky
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XImmunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY USA ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Chrysothemis C. Brown
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Immuno-Oncology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XImmunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY USA ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
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14
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Pal S, Dwivedi D, Pramanik T, Godbole G, Iwasato T, Jabaudon D, Bhalla US, Tole S. An Early Cortical Progenitor-Specific Mechanism Regulates Thalamocortical Innervation. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6822-6835. [PMID: 34193558 PMCID: PMC8360687 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0226-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical subplate is critical in regulating the entry of thalamocortical sensory afferents into the cortex. These afferents reach the subplate at embryonic day (E)15.5 in the mouse, but "wait" for several days, entering the cortical plate postnatally. We report that when transcription factor LHX2 is lost in E11.5 cortical progenitors, which give rise to subplate neurons, thalamocortical afferents display premature, exuberant ingrowth into the E15.5 cortex. Embryonic mutant subplate neurons are correctly positioned below the cortical plate, but they display an altered transcriptome and immature electrophysiological properties during the waiting period. The sensory thalamus in these cortex-specific Lhx2 mutants displays atrophy and by postnatal day (P) 7, sensory innervation to the cortex is nearly eliminated leading to a loss of the somatosensory barrels. Strikingly, these phenotypes do not manifest if LHX2 is lost in postmitotic subplate neurons, and the transcriptomic dysregulation in the subplate resulting from postmitotic loss of LHX2 is vastly distinct from that seen when LHX2 is lost in progenitors. These results demonstrate a mechanism operating in subplate progenitors that has profound consequences on the growth of thalamocortical axons into the cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Thalamocortical nerves carry sensory information from the periphery to the cortex. When they first grow into the embryonic cortex, they "wait" at the subplate, a structure critical for the guidance and eventual connectivity of thalamic axons with their cortical targets. How the properties of subplate neurons are regulated is unclear. We report that transcription factor LHX2 is required in the progenitor "mother" cells of the cortical primordium when they are producing their "daughter" subplate neurons, in order for the thalamocortical pathway to wait at the subplate. Without LHX2 function in subplate progenitors, thalamocortical axons grow past the subplate, entering the cortical plate prematurely. This is followed by their eventual attrition and, consequently, a profound loss of sensory innervation of the mature cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suranjana Pal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Deepanjali Dwivedi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, 560001, India
| | - Tuli Pramanik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Geeta Godbole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Upinder S Bhalla
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, 560001, India
| | - Shubha Tole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
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15
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Vianna-Barbosa R, Bahia CP, Sanabio A, de Freitas GPA, Madeiro da Costa RF, Garcez PP, Miranda K, Lent R, Tovar-Moll F. Myelination of Callosal Axons Is Hampered by Early and Late Forelimb Amputation in Rats. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 2:tgaa090. [PMID: 34296146 PMCID: PMC8152840 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deafferentation is an important determinant of plastic changes in the CNS, which consists of a loss of inputs from the body periphery or from the CNS itself. Although cortical reorganization has been well documented, white matter plasticity was less explored. Our goal was to investigate microstructural interhemispheric connectivity changes in early and late amputated rats. For that purpose, we employed diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, as well as Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy of sections of the white matter tracts to analyze the microstructural changes in the corticospinal tract and in the corpus callosum (CC) sector that contains somatosensory fibers integrating cortical areas representing the forelimbs and compare differences in rats undergoing forelimb amputation as neonates, with those amputated as adults. Results showed that early amputation induced decreased fractional anisotropy values and reduction of total myelin amount in the cerebral peduncle contralateral to the amputation. Both early and late forelimb amputations induced decreased myelination of callosal fibers. While early amputation affected myelination of thinner axons, late amputation disrupted axons of all calibers. Since the CC provides a modulation of inhibition and excitation between the hemispheres, we suggest that the demyelination observed among callosal fibers may misbalance this modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Vianna-Barbosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-902, Brazil.,National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Carlomagno P Bahia
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Pará CEP 66035-160, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Sanabio
- Post-Graduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Gabriella P A de Freitas
- Post-Graduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia P Garcez
- Post-Graduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Kildare Miranda
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-902, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Roberto Lent
- Post-Graduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-902, Brazil.,D'Or Institute of Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, CEP 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- Post-Graduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-902, Brazil.,National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-902, Brazil.,D'Or Institute of Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, CEP 22281-100, Brazil
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16
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Staiger JF, Petersen CCH. Neuronal Circuits in Barrel Cortex for Whisker Sensory Perception. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:353-415. [PMID: 32816652 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The array of whiskers on the snout provides rodents with tactile sensory information relating to the size, shape and texture of objects in their immediate environment. Rodents can use their whiskers to detect stimuli, distinguish textures, locate objects and navigate. Important aspects of whisker sensation are thought to result from neuronal computations in the whisker somatosensory cortex (wS1). Each whisker is individually represented in the somatotopic map of wS1 by an anatomical unit named a 'barrel' (hence also called barrel cortex). This allows precise investigation of sensory processing in the context of a well-defined map. Here, we first review the signaling pathways from the whiskers to wS1, and then discuss current understanding of the various types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons present within wS1. Different classes of cells can be defined according to anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular features. The synaptic connectivity of neurons within local wS1 microcircuits, as well as their long-range interactions and the impact of neuromodulators, are beginning to be understood. Recent technological progress has allowed cell-type-specific connectivity to be related to cell-type-specific activity during whisker-related behaviors. An important goal for future research is to obtain a causal and mechanistic understanding of how selected aspects of tactile sensory information are processed by specific types of neurons in the synaptically connected neuronal networks of wS1 and signaled to downstream brain areas, thus contributing to sensory-guided decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen F Staiger
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carl C H Petersen
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Erzurumlu RS, Gaspar P. How the Barrel Cortex Became a Working Model for Developmental Plasticity: A Historical Perspective. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6460-6473. [PMID: 32817388 PMCID: PMC7486654 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0582-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For half a century now, the barrel cortex of common laboratory rodents has been an exceptionally useful model for studying the formation of topographically organized maps, neural patterning, and plasticity, both in development and in maturity. We present a historical perspective on how barrels were discovered, and how thereafter, they became a workhorse for developmental neuroscientists and for studies on brain plasticity and activity-dependent modeling of brain circuits. What is particularly remarkable about this sensory system is a cellular patterning that is induced by signals derived from the sensory receptors surrounding the snout whiskers and transmitted centrally to the brainstem (barrelettes), the thalamus (barreloids), and the neocortex (barrels). Injury to the sensory receptors shortly after birth leads to predictable pattern alterations at all levels of the system. Mouse genetics have increased our understanding of how barrels are constructed and revealed the interplay of the molecular programs that direct axon growth and cell specification, with activity-dependent mechanisms. There is an ever-rising interest in this sensory system as a neurobiological model to study development of somatotopy, patterning, and plasticity at both the morphologic and physiological levels. This article is part of a group of articles commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Society for Neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reha S Erzurumlu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Patricia Gaspar
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France 75013
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18
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Wang Y, Sibaii F, Custead R, Oh H, Barlow SM. Functional Connectivity Evoked by Orofacial Tactile Perception of Velocity. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:182. [PMID: 32210753 PMCID: PMC7068713 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical representations of orofacial pneumotactile stimulation involve complex neuronal networks, which are still unknown. This study aims to identify the characteristics of functional connectivity (FC) evoked by three different saltatory velocities over the perioral and buccal surface of the lower face using functional magnetic resonance imaging in twenty neurotypical adults. Our results showed a velocity of 25 cm/s evoked stronger connection strength between the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the right thalamus than a velocity of 5 cm/s. The decreased FC between the right secondary somatosensory cortex and right posterior parietal cortex for 5-cm/s velocity versus all three velocities delivered simultaneously (“All ON”) and the increased FC between the right thalamus and bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex for 65 cm/s vs “All ON” indicated that the right secondary somatosensory cortex might play a role in the orofacial tactile perception of velocity. Our results have also shown different patterns of FC for each seed (bilateral primary and secondary somatosensory cortex) at various velocity contrasts (5 vs 25 cm/s, 5 vs 65 cm/s, and 25 vs 65 cm/s). The similarities and differences of FC among three velocities shed light on the neuronal networks encoding the orofacial tactile perception of velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Neuroimaging for Language, Literacy and Learning Laboratory, Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families and schools, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Biomedical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Fatima Sibaii
- Neuroimaging for Language, Literacy and Learning Laboratory, Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Biomedical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Rebecca Custead
- Communication Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Hyuntaek Oh
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Communication Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Steven M Barlow
- Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Biomedical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Communication Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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19
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Molnár Z, Clowry GJ, Šestan N, Alzu'bi A, Bakken T, Hevner RF, Hüppi PS, Kostović I, Rakic P, Anton ES, Edwards D, Garcez P, Hoerder‐Suabedissen A, Kriegstein A. New insights into the development of the human cerebral cortex. J Anat 2019; 235:432-451. [PMID: 31373394 PMCID: PMC6704245 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex constitutes more than half the volume of the human brain and is presumed to be responsible for the neuronal computations underlying complex phenomena, such as perception, thought, language, attention, episodic memory and voluntary movement. Rodent models are extremely valuable for the investigation of brain development, but cannot provide insight into aspects that are unique or highly derived in humans. Many human psychiatric and neurological conditions have developmental origins but cannot be studied adequately in animal models. The human cerebral cortex has some unique genetic, molecular, cellular and anatomical features, which need to be further explored. The Anatomical Society devoted its summer meeting to the topic of Human Brain Development in June 2018 to tackle these important issues. The meeting was organized by Gavin Clowry (Newcastle University) and Zoltán Molnár (University of Oxford), and held at St John's College, Oxford. The participants provided a broad overview of the structure of the human brain in the context of scaling relationships across the brains of mammals, conserved principles and recent changes in the human lineage. Speakers considered how neuronal progenitors diversified in human to generate an increasing variety of cortical neurons. The formation of the earliest cortical circuits of the earliest generated neurons in the subplate was discussed together with their involvement in neurodevelopmental pathologies. Gene expression networks and susceptibility genes associated to neurodevelopmental diseases were discussed and compared with the networks that can be identified in organoids developed from induced pluripotent stem cells that recapitulate some aspects of in vivo development. New views were discussed on the specification of glutamatergic pyramidal and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons. With the advancement of various in vivo imaging methods, the histopathological observations can be now linked to in vivo normal conditions and to various diseases. Our review gives a general evaluation of the exciting new developments in these areas. The human cortex has a much enlarged association cortex with greater interconnectivity of cortical areas with each other and with an expanded thalamus. The human cortex has relative enlargement of the upper layers, enhanced diversity and function of inhibitory interneurons and a highly expanded transient subplate layer during development. Here we highlight recent studies that address how these differences emerge during development focusing on diverse facets of our evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Gavin J. Clowry
- Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Nenad Šestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Ayman Alzu'bi
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesFaculty of MedicineYarmouk UniversityIrbidJordan
| | | | | | - Petra S. Hüppi
- Dept. de l'enfant et de l'adolescentHôpitaux Universitaires de GenèveGenèveSwitzerland
| | - Ivica Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain ResearchSchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - E. S. Anton
- UNC Neuroscience CenterDepartment of Cell and Molecular PhysiologyThe University of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
| | - David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing BrainBiomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences,King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Patricia Garcez
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJInstitute of Biomedical SciencesRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | | | - Arnold Kriegstein
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUCSFSan FranciscoCAUSA
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20
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De Clercq S, Keruzore M, Desmaris E, Pollart C, Assimacopoulos S, Preillon J, Ascenzo S, Matson CK, Lee M, Nan X, Li M, Nakagawa Y, Hochepied T, Zarkower D, Grove EA, Bellefroid EJ. DMRT5 Together with DMRT3 Directly Controls Hippocampus Development and Neocortical Area Map Formation. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:493-509. [PMID: 28031177 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice that are constitutively null for the zinc finger doublesex and mab-3 related (Dmrt) gene, Dmrt5/Dmrta2, show a variety of patterning abnormalities in the cerebral cortex, including the loss of the cortical hem, a powerful cortical signaling center. In conditional Dmrt5 gain of function and loss of function mouse models, we generated bidirectional changes in the neocortical area map without affecting the hem. Analysis indicated that DMRT5, independent of the hem, directs the rostral-to-caudal pattern of the neocortical area map. Thus, DMRT5 joins a small number of transcription factors shown to control directly area size and position in the neocortex. Dmrt5 deletion after hem formation also reduced hippocampal size and shifted the position of the neocortical/paleocortical boundary. Dmrt3, like Dmrt5, is expressed in a gradient across the cortical primordium. Mice lacking Dmrt3 show cortical patterning defects akin to but milder than those in Dmrt5 mutants, perhaps in part because Dmrt5 expression increases in the absence of Dmrt3. DMRT5 upregulates Dmrt3 expression and negatively regulates its own expression, which may stabilize the level of DMRT5. Together, our findings indicate that finely tuned levels of DMRT5, together with DMRT3, regulate patterning of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah De Clercq
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marc Keruzore
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Elodie Desmaris
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Pollart
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Julie Preillon
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Ascenzo
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Clinton K Matson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Melody Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xinsheng Nan
- School of Medicine and School of Bioscience , Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3XQ, UK
| | - Meng Li
- School of Medicine and School of Bioscience , Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3XQ, UK
| | - Yasushi Nakagawa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tino Hochepied
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Inflammation Research Center, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Zarkower
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grove
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eric J Bellefroid
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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21
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Almási Z, Dávid C, Witte M, Staiger JF. Distribution Patterns of Three Molecularly Defined Classes of GABAergic Neurons Across Columnar Compartments in Mouse Barrel Cortex. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:45. [PMID: 31114486 PMCID: PMC6503091 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse somatosensory cortex is an excellent model to study the structural basis of cortical information processing, since it possesses anatomically recognizable domains that receive different thalamic inputs, which indicates spatial segregation of different processing tasks. In this work we examined three genetically labeled, non-overlapping subpopulations of GABAergic neurons: parvalbumin- (PV+), somatostatin- (SST+), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-expressing (VIP+) cells. Each of these subpopulations displayed a unique cellular distribution pattern across layers. In terms of columnar localization, the distribution of these three populations was not quantitatively different between barrel-related versus septal compartments in most layers. However, in layer IV (LIV), SST+, and VIP+, but not PV+ neurons preferred the septal compartment over barrels. The examined cell types showed a tendency toward differential distribution in supragranular and infragranular barrel-related versus septal compartments, too. Our data suggests that the location of GABAergic neuron cell bodies correlates with the spatial pattern of cortical domains receiving different kinds of thalamic input. Thus, at least in LIV, lemniscal inputs present a close spatial relation preferentially to PV+ cells whereas paralemniscal inputs target compartments in which more SST+ and VIP+ cells are localized. Our findings suggest pathway-specific roles for neocortical GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Almási
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Dávid
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mirko Witte
- Center Anatomy, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F. Staiger
- Center Anatomy, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Gezelius H, Moreno-Juan V, Mezzera C, Thakurela S, Rodríguez-Malmierca LM, Pistolic J, Benes V, Tiwari VK, López-Bendito G. Genetic Labeling of Nuclei-Specific Thalamocortical Neurons Reveals Putative Sensory-Modality Specific Genes. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5054-5069. [PMID: 27655933 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamus is a central brain structure with topographically ordered long-range axonal projections that convey sensory information to the cortex via distinct nuclei. Although there is an increasing knowledge about genes important for thalamocortical (TC) development, the identification of genetic landmarks of the distinct thalamic nuclei during the embryonic development has not been addressed systematically. Indeed, a more comprehensive understanding of how the axons from the individual nuclei find their way and connect to their corresponding cortical area is called for. Here, we used a genetic dual labeling strategy in mice to purify distinct principal sensory thalamic neurons. Subsequent genome-wide transcriptome profiling revealed genes specifically expressed in each nucleus during embryonic development. Analysis of regulatory regions of the identified genes revealed key transcription factors and networks that likely underlie the specification of individual sensory-modality TC connections. Finally, the importance of correct axon targeting for the specific sensory-modality population transcriptome was evidenced in a Sema6A mutant, in which visual TC axons are derailed at embryonic life. In sum, our data determined the developmental transcriptional profile of the TC neurons that will eventually support sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gezelius
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Verónica Moreno-Juan
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Cecilia Mezzera
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sudhir Thakurela
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Luis Miguel Rodríguez-Malmierca
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | | | - Vladimir Benes
- EMBL, GeneCore, Meyerhofstr. 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vijay K Tiwari
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Guillermina López-Bendito
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
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23
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to investigate the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma isoform (PPARγ), in trigeminal neuropathic pain utilizing a novel mouse trigeminal inflammatory compression (TIC) injury model. RESULTS The study determined that the PPARγ nuclear receptor plays a significant role in trigeminal nociception transmission, evidenced by: 1) Intense PPARγ immunoreactivity is expressed 3 weeks after TIC nerve injury in the spinal trigeminal caudalis, the termination site of trigeminal nociceptive nerve fibers. 2) Systemic administration of a PPARγ agonist, pioglitazone (PIO), attenuates whisker pad mechanical allodynia at doses of 300 mg/kg i.p. and 600 mg/kg p.o. 3) Administration of a PPARγ antagonist, GW9662 (30 mg/kg i.p.), prior to providing the optimal dose of PIO (300 mg/kg i.p.) blocked the analgesic effect of PIO. DISCUSSION This is the first study localizing PPARγ immunoreactivity throughout the brainstem trigeminal sensory spinal nucleus (spV) and its increase three weeks after TIC nerve injury. This is also the first study to demonstrate that activation of PPARγ attenuates trigeminal hypersensitivity in the mouse TIC nerve injury model. The findings presented here suggest the possibility of utilizing the FDA approved diabetic treatment drug, PIO, as a new therapeutic that targets PPARγ for treatment of patients suffering from orofacial neuropathic pain.
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24
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Iwasato T, Erzurumlu RS. Development of tactile sensory circuits in the CNS. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 53:66-75. [PMID: 29908482 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular identification of neuronal types and genetic and imaging approaches to characterize their properties reveal morphological, physiological and dynamic aspects of sensory circuit development. Here we focus on the mouse tactile sensory circuitry, with particular emphasis on the main trigeminal pathway that connects the whiskers, the major tactile organ in rodents, to the neocortex. At each level of this pathway, neurogenesis, axonal elongation, pathfinding, target recognition and circuit reorganization including dendritic refinement of cortical layer 4 neurons occur contemporaneously and a multitude of molecular signals are used in differing combinations. We highlight recent advances in development of tactile circuitry and note gaps in our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Iwasato
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan; Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Reha S Erzurumlu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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25
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Bertacchi M, Parisot J, Studer M. The pleiotropic transcriptional regulator COUP-TFI plays multiple roles in neural development and disease. Brain Res 2018; 1705:75-94. [PMID: 29709504 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are expressed in a dynamic fashion both in time and space during brain development, and exert their roles by activating a cascade of multiple target genes. This implies that understanding the precise function of a transcription factor becomes a challenging task. In this review, we will focus on COUP-TFI (or NR2F1), a nuclear receptor belonging to the superfamily of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptors, and considered to be one of the major transcriptional regulators orchestrating cortical arealization, cell-type specification and maturation. Recent data have unraveled the multi-faceted functions of COUP-TFI in the development of several mouse brain structures, including the neocortex, hippocampus and ganglionic eminences. Despite NR2F1 mutations and deletions in humans have been linked to a complex neurodevelopmental disease mainly associated to optic atrophy and intellectual disability, its role during the formation of the retina and optic nerve remains unclear. In light of its major influence in cortical development, we predict that its haploinsufficiency might be the cause of other cognitive diseases, not identified so far. Mouse models offer a unique opportunity of dissecting COUP-TFI function in different regions during brain assembly; hence, the importance of comparing and discussing common points linking mouse models to human patients' symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bertacchi
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
| | - Josephine Parisot
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Michèle Studer
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
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26
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Antón-Bolaños N, Espinosa A, López-Bendito G. Developmental interactions between thalamus and cortex: a true love reciprocal story. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 52:33-41. [PMID: 29704748 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The developmental programs that control the specification of cortical and thalamic territories are maintained largely as independent processes. However, bulk of evidence demonstrates the requirement of the reciprocal interactions between cortical and thalamic neurons as key for the correct development of functional thalamocortical circuits. This reciprocal loop of connections is essential for sensory processing as well as for the execution of complex sensory-motor tasks. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how mutual collaborations between both brain regions define area patterning and cell differentiation in the thalamus and cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Antón-Bolaños
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Spain
| | - Guillermina López-Bendito
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Spain.
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27
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Ehrlich AT, Semache M, Bailly J, Wojcik S, Arefin TM, Colley C, Le Gouill C, Gross F, Lukasheva V, Hogue M, Darcq E, Harsan LA, Bouvier M, Kieffer BL. Mapping GPR88-Venus illuminates a novel role for GPR88 in sensory processing. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:1275-1296. [PMID: 29110094 PMCID: PMC5871604 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
GPR88 is an orphan G-protein coupled receptor originally characterized as a striatal-enriched transcript and is a potential target for neuropsychiatric disorders. At present, gene knockout studies in the mouse have essentially focused on striatal-related functions and a comprehensive knowledge of GPR88 protein distribution and function in the brain is still lacking. Here, we first created Gpr88-Venus knock-in mice expressing a functional fluorescent receptor to fine-map GPR88 localization in the brain. The receptor protein was detected in neuronal soma, fibers and primary cilia depending on the brain region, and remarkably, whole-brain mapping revealed a yet unreported layer-4 cortical lamination pattern specifically in sensory processing areas. The unique GPR88 barrel pattern in L4 of the somatosensory cortex appeared 3 days after birth and persisted into adulthood, suggesting a potential function for GPR88 in sensory integration. We next examined Gpr88 knockout mice for cortical structure and behavioral responses in sensory tasks. Magnetic resonance imaging of live mice revealed abnormally high fractional anisotropy, predominant in somatosensory cortex and caudate putamen, indicating significant microstructural alterations in these GPR88-enriched areas. Further, behavioral analysis showed delayed responses in somatosensory-, visual- and olfactory-dependent tasks, demonstrating a role for GPR88 in the integration rather than perception of sensory stimuli. In conclusion, our data show for the first time a prominent role for GPR88 in multisensory processing. Because sensory integration is disrupted in many psychiatric diseases, our study definitely positions GPR88 as a target to treat mental disorders perhaps via activity on cortical sensory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza T Ehrlich
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Meriem Semache
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Bailly
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Stefan Wojcik
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Tanzil M Arefin
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Christine Colley
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Christian Le Gouill
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Florence Gross
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Viktoriya Lukasheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mireille Hogue
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Laura-Adela Harsan
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Engineering Science, Computer Science and Imaging Laboratory (ICube), Integrative Multimodal Imaging in Healthcare, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
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28
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Adnani L, Han S, Li S, Mattar P, Schuurmans C. Mechanisms of Cortical Differentiation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 336:223-320. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Wang CF, Hsing HW, Zhuang ZH, Wen MH, Chang WJ, Briz CG, Nieto M, Shyu BC, Chou SJ. Lhx2 Expression in Postmitotic Cortical Neurons Initiates Assembly of the Thalamocortical Somatosensory Circuit. Cell Rep 2017; 18:849-856. [PMID: 28122236 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical neurons must be specified and make the correct connections during development. Here, we examine a mechanism initiating neuronal circuit formation in the barrel cortex, a circuit comprising thalamocortical axons (TCAs) and layer 4 (L4) neurons. When Lhx2 is selectively deleted in postmitotic cortical neurons using conditional knockout (cKO) mice, L4 neurons in the barrel cortex are initially specified but fail to form cellular barrels or develop polarized dendrites. In Lhx2 cKO mice, TCAs from the thalamic ventral posterior nucleus reach the barrel cortex but fail to further arborize to form barrels. Several activity-regulated genes and genes involved in regulating barrel formation are downregulated in the Lhx2 cKO somatosensory cortex. Among them, Btbd3, an activity-regulated gene controlling dendritic development, is a direct downstream target of Lhx2. We find that Lhx2 confers neuronal competency for activity-dependent dendritic development in L4 neurons by inducing the expression of Btbd3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fang Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Wei Hsing
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Hui Zhuang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuan Wen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Carlos G Briz
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Marta Nieto
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Bai Chuang Shyu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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30
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Kole K, Scheenen W, Tiesinga P, Celikel T. Cellular diversity of the somatosensory cortical map plasticity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 84:100-115. [PMID: 29183683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sensory maps are representations of the sensory epithelia in the brain. Despite the intuitive explanatory power behind sensory maps as being neuronal precursors to sensory perception, and sensory cortical plasticity as a neural correlate of perceptual learning, molecular mechanisms that regulate map plasticity are not well understood. Here we perform a meta-analysis of transcriptional and translational changes during altered whisker use to nominate the major molecular correlates of experience-dependent map plasticity in the barrel cortex. We argue that brain plasticity is a systems level response, involving all cell classes, from neuron and glia to non-neuronal cells including endothelia. Using molecular pathway analysis, we further propose a gene regulatory network that could couple activity dependent changes in neurons to adaptive changes in neurovasculature, and finally we show that transcriptional regulations observed in major brain disorders target genes that are modulated by altered sensory experience. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms of experience-dependent plasticity of sensory maps might help to unravel the cellular events that shape brain plasticity in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Kole
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim Scheenen
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tiesinga
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tansu Celikel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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31
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Custead R, Oh H, Wang Y, Barlow S. Brain encoding of saltatory velocity through a pulsed pneumotactile array in the lower face. Brain Res 2017; 1677:58-73. [PMID: 28958864 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Processing dynamic tactile inputs is a primary function of the somatosensory system. Spatial velocity encoding mechanisms by the nervous system are important for skilled movement production and may play a role in recovery of sensorimotor function following neurological insult. Little is known about tactile velocity encoding in mechanosensory trigeminal networks required for speech, suck, mastication, and facial gesture. High resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate the neural substrates of velocity encoding in the human orofacial somatosensory system during unilateral saltatory pneumotactile stimulation of perioral and buccal hairy skin in 20 neurotypical adults. A custom multichannel, scalable pneumotactile array consisting of 7 TAC-Cells was used to present 5 stimulus conditions: 5cm/s, 25cm/s, 65cm/s, ALL-ON synchronous activation, and ALL-OFF. The spatiotemporal organization of whole-brain blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response was analyzed with general linear modeling (GLM) and fitted response estimates of percent signal change to compare activations associated with each velocity, and the main effect of velocity alone. Sequential saltatory inputs to the right lower face produced localized BOLD responses in 6 key regions of interest (ROI) including; contralateral precentral and postcentral gyri, and ipsilateral precentral, superior temporal (STG), supramarginal gyri (SMG), and cerebellum. The spatiotemporal organization of the evoked BOLD response was highly dependent on velocity, with the greatest amplitude of BOLD signal change recorded during the 5cm/s presentation in the contralateral hemisphere. Temporal analysis of BOLD response by velocity indicated rapid adaptation via a scalability of networks processing changing pneumotactile velocity cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Custead
- Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Hyuntaek Oh
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Yingying Wang
- Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Steven Barlow
- Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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32
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Charting the protomap of the human telencephalon. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 76:3-14. [PMID: 28834762 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is divided stereotypically into a number of functionally distinct areas. According to the protomap hypothesis formulated by Rakic neural progenitors in the ventricular zone form a mosaic of proliferative units that provide a primordial species-specific cortical map. Positional information of newborn neurons is maintained during their migration to the overlying cortical plate. Much evidence has been found to support this hypothesis from studies of primary cortical areas in mouse models in particular. Differential expansion of cortical areas and the introduction of new functional modules during evolution might be the result of changes in the progenitor cells. The human cerebral cortex shows a wide divergence from the mouse containing a much higher proportion of association cortex and a more complicated regionalised repertoire of neuron sub-types. To what extent does the protomap hypothesis hold true for the primate brain? This review summarises a growing number of studies exploring arealised gene expression in the early developing human telencephalon. The evidence so far is that the human and mouse brain do share fundamental mechanisms of areal specification, however there are subtle differences which could lead us to a better understanding of cortical evolution and the origins of neurodevelopmental diseases.
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33
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Tsytsarev V, Arakawa H, Zhao S, Chédotal A, Erzurumlu RS. Behavioral Consequences of a Bifacial Map in the Mouse Somatosensory Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 37:7209-7218. [PMID: 28663199 PMCID: PMC5546400 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0598-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The whisker system is an important sensory organ with extensive neural representations in the brain of the mouse. Patterned neural modules (barrelettes) in the ipsilateral principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (PrV) correspond to the whiskers. Axons of the PrV barrelette neurons cross the midline and confer the whisker-related patterning to the contralateral ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, and subsequently to the cortex. In this way, specific neural modules called barreloids and barrels in the contralateral thalamus and cortex represent each whisker. Partial midline crossing of the PrV axons, in a conditional Robo3 mutant (Robo3R3-5cKO) mouse line, leads to the formation of bilateral whisker maps in the ventroposteromedial, as well as the barrel cortex. We used voltage-sensitive dye optical imaging and somatosensory and motor behavioral tests to characterize the consequences of bifacial maps in the thalamocortical system. Voltage-sensitive dye optical imaging verified functional, bilateral whisker representation in the barrel cortex and activation of distinct cortical loci following ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation of the specific whiskers. The mutant animals were comparable with the control animals in sensorimotor tests. However, they showed noticeable deficits in all of the whisker-dependent or -related tests, including Y-maze exploration, horizontal surface approach, bridge crossing, gap crossing, texture discrimination, floating in water, and whisking laterality. Our results indicate that bifacial maps along the thalamocortical system do not offer a functional advantage. Instead, they lead to impairments, possibly due to the smaller size of the whisker-related modules and interference between the ipsilateral and contralateral whisker representations in the same thalamus and cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The whisker sensory system plays a quintessentially important role in exploratory behavior of mice and other nocturnal rodents. Here, we studied a novel mutant mouse line, in which the projections from the brainstem to the thalamus are disrupted. This led to formation of bilateral whisker maps in both the thalamus and the cortex. The two whisker maps crowd in a space normally devoted to the contralateral map alone and in a nonoverlapping fashion. Stimulation of the whiskers on either side activates the corresponding region of the map. Mice with bilateral whisker maps perform well in general sensorimotor tasks but show poor performance in specific tests that require whisker-dependent tactile discrimination. These observations indicate that contralateral, instead of bilateral, representation of the sensory space plays a critical role in acuity and fine discrimination during somesthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliy Tsytsarev
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and
| | - Hiroyuki Arakawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and
| | - Shuxin Zhao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S968, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Reha S Erzurumlu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and
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Greig LC, Woodworth MB, Greppi C, Macklis JD. Ctip1 Controls Acquisition of Sensory Area Identity and Establishment of Sensory Input Fields in the Developing Neocortex. Neuron 2017; 90:261-77. [PMID: 27100196 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While transcriptional controls over the size and relative position of cortical areas have been identified, less is known about regulators that direct acquisition of area-specific characteristics. Here, we report that the transcription factor Ctip1 functions in primary sensory areas to repress motor and activate sensory programs of gene expression, enabling establishment of sharp molecular boundaries defining functional areas. In Ctip1 mutants, abnormal gene expression leads to aberrantly motorized corticocortical and corticofugal output connectivity. Ctip1 critically regulates differentiation of layer IV neurons, and selective loss of Ctip1 in cortex deprives thalamocortical axons of their receptive "sensory field" in layer IV, which normally provides a tangentially and radially defined compartment of dedicated synaptic territory. Therefore, although thalamocortical axons invade appropriate cortical regions, they are unable to organize into properly configured sensory maps. Together, these data identify Ctip1 as a critical control over sensory area development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano C Greig
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mollie B Woodworth
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chloé Greppi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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35
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Martini FJ, Moreno-Juan V, Filipchuk A, Valdeolmillos M, López-Bendito G. Impact of thalamocortical input on barrel cortex development. Neuroscience 2017; 368:246-255. [PMID: 28412498 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of cortical maps requires the balanced interaction between genetically determined programs and input/activity-dependent signals generated spontaneously or triggered from the environment. The somatosensory pathway of mice provides an excellent scenario to study cortical map development because of its highly organized cytoarchitecture, known as the barrel field. This precise organization makes evident even small alterations in the cortical map layout. In this review, we will specially focus on the thalamic factors that control barrel field development. We will summarize the role of thalamic input integration and identity, neurotransmission and spontaneous activity in cortical map formation and early cross-modal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Martini
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
| | - Verónica Moreno-Juan
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Anton Filipchuk
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Miguel Valdeolmillos
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Guillermina López-Bendito
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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36
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Moreno-Juan V, Filipchuk A, Antón-Bolaños N, Mezzera C, Gezelius H, Andrés B, Rodríguez-Malmierca L, Susín R, Schaad O, Iwasato T, Schüle R, Rutlin M, Nelson S, Ducret S, Valdeolmillos M, Rijli FM, López-Bendito G. Prenatal thalamic waves regulate cortical area size prior to sensory processing. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14172. [PMID: 28155854 PMCID: PMC5296753 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is organized into specialized sensory areas, whose initial territory is determined by intracortical molecular determinants. Yet, sensory cortical area size appears to be fine tuned during development to respond to functional adaptations. Here we demonstrate the existence of a prenatal sub-cortical mechanism that regulates the cortical areas size in mice. This mechanism is mediated by spontaneous thalamic calcium waves that propagate among sensory-modality thalamic nuclei up to the cortex and that provide a means of communication among sensory systems. Wave pattern alterations in one nucleus lead to changes in the pattern of the remaining ones, triggering changes in thalamic gene expression and cortical area size. Thus, silencing calcium waves in the auditory thalamus induces Rorβ upregulation in a neighbouring somatosensory nucleus preluding the enlargement of the barrel-field. These findings reveal that embryonic thalamic calcium waves coordinate cortical sensory area patterning and plasticity prior to sensory information processing. How sensory maps are formed in the brain is only partially understood. Here the authors describe spontaneous calcium waves that propagate across different sensory nuclei in the embryonic thalamus; disrupting the wave pattern triggers thalamic gene expression changes and eventually alters the size of cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Moreno-Juan
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Anton Filipchuk
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Noelia Antón-Bolaños
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Cecilia Mezzera
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henrik Gezelius
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Belen Andrés
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Luis Rodríguez-Malmierca
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Rafael Susín
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Olivier Schaad
- NCCR frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Department of Biochemistry, Sciences II, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics (NIG), Mishima 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Roland Schüle
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Standort Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rutlin
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, HHMI, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Sacha Nelson
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Sebastien Ducret
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Valdeolmillos
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guillermina López-Bendito
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
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37
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Kolasinski J, Makin TR, Logan JP, Jbabdi S, Clare S, Stagg CJ, Johansen-Berg H. Perceptually relevant remapping of human somatotopy in 24 hours. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 28035900 PMCID: PMC5241114 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experience-dependent reorganisation of functional maps in the cerebral cortex is well described in the primary sensory cortices. However, there is relatively little evidence for such cortical reorganisation over the short-term. Using human somatosensory cortex as a model, we investigated the effects of a 24 hr gluing manipulation in which the right index and right middle fingers (digits 2 and 3) were adjoined with surgical glue. Somatotopic representations, assessed with two 7 tesla fMRI protocols, revealed rapid off-target reorganisation in the non-manipulated fingers following gluing, with the representation of the ring finger (digit 4) shifted towards the little finger (digit 5) and away from the middle finger (digit 3). These shifts were also evident in two behavioural tasks conducted in an independent cohort, showing reduced sensitivity for discriminating the temporal order of stimuli to the ring and little fingers, and increased substitution errors across this pair on a speeded reaction time task. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17280.001 The areas of the brain that receive inputs from our senses have a map-like structure. In an area called the visual cortex this map represents our field of vision; in the auditory cortex, it represents the range of different tones we can hear. The sense of touch is processed in the somatosensory cortex: an area of the brain that is organised around a map of the body, with adjacent regions of the cortex representing adjacent regions of the body. The clear structure of these brain regions makes them ideal for exploring how the organisation of the brain changes over time. How quickly can changes to the touch inputs that the brain receives cause the map in the somatosensory cortex to reorganise? Can these effects be produced in just 24 hours? And would this remapping affect how we perceive touch? To investigate these questions, Kolasinski et al. glued together the right index and right middle fingers of healthy human volunteers. This separated the middle and ring fingers: a pair that usually move together due to the anatomical structure of the hand. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain’s activity revealed that within 24 hours of the gluing, the brain’s representation of the ring finger moved away from that of the middle finger, and towards the representation of the little finger. A perceptual judgment task mirrored this finding: after 24 hours of gluing, the participants became better at distinguishing between the middle and ring fingers and worse at distinguishing between the ring and little fingers. This is a powerful demonstration of the human brain’s potential to adapt and reorganise rapidly to changes to sensory inputs. The sense of touch declines gradually with age and may also be reduced as a result of disease such as stroke. A long-term challenge is to understand how the sensory regions of the brain change during this loss of sensation. Further research could then investigate how to maintain the structure of the cortical map to prolong or restore high quality touch sensation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17280.002
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kolasinski
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,University College, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tamar R Makin
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John P Logan
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Clare
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte J Stagg
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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38
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Tonchev AB, Tuoc TC, Rosenthal EH, Studer M, Stoykova A. Zbtb20 modulates the sequential generation of neuronal layers in developing cortex. Mol Brain 2016; 9:65. [PMID: 27282384 PMCID: PMC4901408 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During corticogenesis, genetic programs encoded in progenitor cells at different developmental stages and inherited in postmitotic neurons specify distinct layer and area identities. Transcription factor Zbtb20 has been shown to play a role for hippocampal development but whether it is implicated in mammalian neocortical morphogenesis remains unknown. Results Here, we report that during embyogenesis transcription factor Zbtb20 has a dynamic spatio-temporal expression pattern in mitotic cortical progenitors through which it modulates the sequential generation of cortical neuronal layer identities. Zbtb20 knock out mice exhibited enhanced populations of early born L6-L4 neuronal subtypes and a dramatic reduction of the late born L3/L2 neurons. This defect was due to a temporal misbalance in the production of earlier versus later born neurons, leading to a progressive diminishing of the progenitor pool for the generation of L3-L2 neurons. Zbtb20 implements these temporal effects in part by binding to promoter of the orphan nuclear receptor CoupTF1/Nr2f1. In addition to its effects exerted in cortical progenitors, the postmitotic expression of Zbtb20 in L3/L2 neurons starting at birth may contribute to their proper differentiation and migration. Conclusions Our findings reveal Zbtb20 as a novel temporal regulator for the generation of layer-specific neuronal identities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-016-0242-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton B Tonchev
- Molecular Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg, 37077, Gottingen, Germany. .,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University-Varna, Varna, Bulgaria.
| | - Tran Cong Tuoc
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University of Goettingen Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eva H Rosenthal
- Molecular Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg, 37077, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Michèle Studer
- University Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, UMR 7277, F-06108, Nice, France.,Inserm, iBV, U1091, F-06108, Nice, France
| | - Anastassia Stoykova
- Molecular Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg, 37077, Gottingen, Germany. .,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University-Varna, Varna, Bulgaria.
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39
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Stocker AM, O’Leary DDM. Emx1 Is Required for Neocortical Area Patterning. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149900. [PMID: 26901526 PMCID: PMC4762677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing appropriate area patterning in the neocortex is a critical developmental event, and transcription factors whose expression is graded across the developing neural axes have been implicated in this process. While previous reports suggested that the transcription factor Emx1 does not contribute to neocortical area patterning, those studies were performed at perinatal ages prior to the emergence of primary areas. We therefore examined two different Emx1 deletion mouse lines once primary areas possess mature features. Following the deletion of Emx1, the frontal and motor areas were expanded while the primary visual area was reduced, and overall the areas shifted posterio-medially. This patterning phenotype was consistent between the two Emx1 deletion strategies. The present study demonstrates that Emx1 is an area patterning transcription factor and is required for the specification of the primary visual area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Stocker
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dennis D. M. O’Leary
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States of America
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40
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Zembrzycki A, Stocker AM, Leingärtner A, Sahara S, Chou SJ, Kalatsky V, May SR, Stryker MP, O'Leary DD. Genetic mechanisms control the linear scaling between related cortical primary and higher order sensory areas. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26705332 PMCID: PMC4739755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the neocortical layout consists of few modality-specific primary sensory areas and a multitude of higher order ones. Abnormal layout of cortical areas may disrupt sensory function and behavior. Developmental genetic mechanisms specify primary areas, but mechanisms influencing higher order area properties are unknown. By exploiting gain-of and loss-of function mouse models of the transcription factor Emx2, we have generated bi-directional changes in primary visual cortex size in vivo and have used it as a model to show a novel and prominent function for genetic mechanisms regulating primary visual area size and also proportionally dictating the sizes of surrounding higher order visual areas. This finding redefines the role for intrinsic genetic mechanisms to concomitantly specify and scale primary and related higher order sensory areas in a linear fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zembrzycki
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Adam M Stocker
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Axel Leingärtner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Setsuko Sahara
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Valery Kalatsky
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francsisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Scott R May
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Michael P Stryker
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francsisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Dennis Dm O'Leary
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
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41
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Barnes SA, Pinto-Duarte A, Kappe A, Zembrzycki A, Metzler A, Mukamel EA, Lucero J, Wang X, Sejnowski TJ, Markou A, Behrens MM. Disruption of mGluR5 in parvalbumin-positive interneurons induces core features of neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1161-72. [PMID: 26260494 PMCID: PMC4583365 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in glutamatergic transmission onto developing GABAergic systems, in particular onto parvalbumin-positive (Pv(+)) fast-spiking interneurons, have been proposed as underlying causes of several neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia and autism. Excitatory glutamatergic transmission, through ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, is necessary for the correct postnatal development of the Pv(+) GABAergic network. We generated mutant mice in which the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) was specifically ablated from Pv(+) interneurons postnatally, and investigated the consequences of such a manipulation at the cellular, network and systems levels. Deletion of mGluR5 from Pv(+) interneurons resulted in reduced numbers of Pv(+) neurons and decreased inhibitory currents, as well as alterations in event-related potentials and brain oscillatory activity. These cellular and sensory changes translated into domain-specific memory deficits and increased compulsive-like behaviors, abnormal sensorimotor gating and altered responsiveness to stimulant agents. Our findings suggest a fundamental role for mGluR5 in the development of Pv(+) neurons and show that alterations in this system can produce broad-spectrum alterations in brain network activity and behavior that are relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- SA Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Pinto-Duarte
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Kappe
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Zembrzycki
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Metzler
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - EA Mukamel
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Lucero
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - X Wang
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - TJ Sejnowski
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - MM Behrens
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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42
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Ypsilanti AR, Rubenstein JLR. Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of early cortical development: An examination of how Pax6 coordinates cortical development. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:609-29. [PMID: 26304102 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of the cortex is an elaborate process that integrates a plethora of finely tuned molecular processes ranging from carefully regulated gradients of transcription factors, dynamic changes in the chromatin landscape, or formation of protein complexes to elicit and regulate transcription. Combined with cellular processes such as cell type specification, proliferation, differentiation, and migration, all of these developmental processes result in the establishment of an adult mammalian cortex with its typical lamination and regional patterning. By examining in-depth the role of one transcription factor, Pax6, on the regulation of cortical development, its integration in the regulation of chromatin state, and its regulation by cis-regulatory elements, we aim to demonstrate the importance of integrating each level of regulation in our understanding of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athéna R Ypsilanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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43
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Toma K, Hanashima C. Switching modes in corticogenesis: mechanisms of neuronal subtype transitions and integration in the cerebral cortex. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:274. [PMID: 26321900 PMCID: PMC4531338 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Information processing in the cerebral cortex requires the activation of diverse neurons across layers and columns, which are established through the coordinated production of distinct neuronal subtypes and their placement along the three-dimensional axis. Over recent years, our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of the specification and integration of neuronal subtypes in the cerebral cortex has progressed rapidly. In this review, we address how the unique cytoarchitecture of the neocortex is established from a limited number of progenitors featuring neuronal identity transitions during development. We further illuminate the molecular mechanisms of the subtype-specific integration of these neurons into the cerebral cortex along the radial and tangential axis, and we discuss these key features to exemplify how neocortical circuit formation accomplishes economical connectivity while maintaining plasticity and evolvability to adapt to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Toma
- Laboratory for Neocortical Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology Kobe, Japan
| | - Carina Hanashima
- Laboratory for Neocortical Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology Kobe, Japan ; Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University Kobe, Japan
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44
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Body maps in the infant brain. Trends Cogn Sci 2015; 19:499-505. [PMID: 26231760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have examined representations of the body in the adult brain but relatively little attention has been paid to ontogenetic aspects of neural body maps in human infants. Novel applications of methods for recording brain activity in infants are delineating cortical body maps in the first months of life. Body maps may facilitate infants' registration of similarities between self and other - an ability that is foundational to developing social cognition. Alterations in interpersonal aspects of body representations might also contribute to social deficits in certain neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Postmitotic regulation of sensory area patterning in the mammalian neocortex by Lhx2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6736-41. [PMID: 25971728 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424440112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge suggests that cortical sensory area identity is controlled by transcription factors (TFs) that specify area features in progenitor cells and subsequently their progeny in a one-step process. However, how neurons acquire and maintain these features is unclear. We have used conditional inactivation restricted to postmitotic cortical neurons in mice to investigate the role of the TF LIM homeobox 2 (Lhx2) in this process and report that in conditional mutant cortices area patterning is normal in progenitors but strongly affected in cortical plate (CP) neurons. We show that Lhx2 controls neocortical area patterning by regulating downstream genetic and epigenetic regulators that drive the acquisition of molecular properties in CP neurons. Our results question a strict hierarchy in which progenitors dominate area identity, suggesting a novel and more comprehensive two-step model of area patterning: In progenitors, patterning TFs prespecify sensory area blueprints. Sequentially, sustained function of alignment TFs, including Lhx2, is essential to maintain and to translate the blueprints into functional sensory area properties in cortical neurons postmitotically. Our results reemphasize critical roles for Lhx2 that acts as one of the terminal selector genes in controlling principal properties of neurons.
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46
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Tylkowski MA, Yang K, Hoyer-Fender S, Stoykova A. Pax6 controls centriole maturation in cortical progenitors through Odf2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1795-809. [PMID: 25352170 PMCID: PMC11114037 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cortical glutamatergic neurons are generated by radial glial cells (RGCs), specified by the expression of transcription factor (TF) Pax6, in the germinative zones of the dorsal telencephalon. Here, we demonstrate that Pax6 regulates the structural assembly of the interphase centrosomes. In the cortex of the Pax6-deficient Small eye (Sey/Sey) mutant, we find a defect of the appendages of the mother centrioles, indicating incomplete centrosome maturation. Consequently, RGCs fail to generate primary cilia, and instead of staying in the germinative zone for renewal, RGCs detach from the ventricular surface thus affecting the interkinetic nuclear migration and they exit prematurely from mitosis. Mechanistically, we show that TF Pax6 directly regulates the activity of the Odf2 gene encoding for the appendage-specific protein Odf2 with a role for the assembly of mother centriole. Our findings demonstrate a molecular mechanism that explains important characteristics of the centrosome disassembly and malfunctioning in developing cortex lacking Pax6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Tylkowski
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Neurobiology, Department Molecular Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kefei Yang
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sigrid Hoyer-Fender
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anastassia Stoykova
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Neurobiology, Department Molecular Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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47
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Formation of functional areas in the cerebral cortex is disrupted in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. Neural Dev 2015; 10:10. [PMID: 25879444 PMCID: PMC4412039 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-015-0033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of poorly understood behavioural disorders, which have increased in prevalence in the past two decades. Animal models offer the opportunity to understand the biological basis of these disorders. Studies comparing different mouse strains have identified the inbred BTBR T + tf/J (BTBR) strain as a mouse model of ASD based on its anti-social and repetitive behaviours. Adult BTBR mice have complete agenesis of the corpus callosum, reduced cortical thickness and changes in early neurogenesis. However, little is known about the development or ultimate organisation of cortical areas devoted to specific sensory and motor functions in these mice that may also contribute to their behavioural phenotype. Results In this study, we performed diffusion tensor imaging and tractography, together with histological analyses to investigate the emergence of functional areas in the cerebral cortex and their connections in BTBR mice and age-matched C57Bl/6 control mice. We found evidence that neither the anterior commissure nor the hippocampal commissure compensate for the loss of callosal connections, indicating that no interhemispheric neocortical connectivity is present in BTBR mice. We also found that both the primary visual and somatosensory cortical areas are shifted medially in BTBR mice compared to controls and that cortical thickness is differentially altered in BTBR mice between cortical areas and throughout development. Conclusions We demonstrate that interhemispheric connectivity and cortical area formation are altered in an age- and region-specific manner in BTBR mice, which may contribute to the behavioural deficits previously observed in this strain. Some of these developmental patterns of change are also present in human ASD patients, and elucidating the aetiology driving cortical changes in BTBR mice may therefore help to increase our understanding of this disorder. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-015-0033-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Khodadad A, Adelson PD, Lifshitz J, Thomas TC. The time course of activity-regulated cytoskeletal (ARC) gene and protein expression in the whisker-barrel circuit using two paradigms of whisker stimulation. Behav Brain Res 2015; 284:249-56. [PMID: 25682931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immediate early genes have previously demonstrated a rapid increase in gene expression after various behavioral paradigms. The main focus of this article is to identify a molecular marker of circuit activation after manual whisker stimulation or exploration of a novel environment. To this end, we investigated the dynamics of ARC transcription in adult male rats during whisker somatosensation throughout the whisker barrel circuit. At various time points, tissue was biopsied from the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus, primary somatosensory barrel field (S1BF) cortex and hippocampus for quantification using real-time PCR and western blot. Our results show that there were no significant differences in ARC gene or protein expression in the VPM after both types of stimulation. However, manual whisker stimulation resulted in increased ARC gene expression at 15, 30, 60 and 300 min in the S1BF, and 15 min in the hippocampus (p<0.05). Also, exploration of a novel environment resulted in increased ARC mRNA expression at 15 and 30 min in the S1BF and at 15 min in the hippocampus (p<0.05). The type of stimulation (manual versus exploration of a novel environment) influenced the magnitude of ARC gene expression in the S1BF (p<0.05). These data are the first to demonstrate that ARC is a specific, quantifiable and input dependent molecular marker of circuit activation which can serve to quantify the impact of brain injury and subsequent rehabilitation on whisker sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Khodadad
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital- Phoenix, AZ; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neuroscience, University of Strasbourg, France.
| | - P David Adelson
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital- Phoenix, AZ; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital- Phoenix, AZ; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, AZ; Phoenix VA Healthcare System- Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital- Phoenix, AZ; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, AZ; Phoenix VA Healthcare System- Phoenix, AZ.
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Feng D, Lau C, Ng L, Li Y, Kuan L, Sunkin SM, Dang C, Hawrylycz M. Exploration and visualization of connectivity in the adult mouse brain. Methods 2015; 73:90-7. [PMID: 25637033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas is a mesoscale whole brain axonal projection atlas of the C57Bl/6J mouse brain. All data were aligned to a common template in 3D space to generate a comprehensive and quantitative database of inter-areal and cell-type-specific projections. A suite of computational tools were developed to search and visualize the projection labeling experiments, available at http://connectivity.brain-map.org. We present three use cases illustrating how these publicly-available tools can be used to perform analyses of long range brain region connectivity. The use cases make extensive use of advanced visualization tools integrated with the atlas including projection density histograms, 3D computed anterograde and retrograde projection paths, and multi-specimen projection composites. These tools offer convenient access to detailed axonal projection information in the adult mouse brain and the ability to perform data analysis and visualization of projection fields and neuroanatomy in an integrated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, United States.
| | - Chris Lau
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, United States.
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, United States.
| | - Yang Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, United States.
| | - Leonard Kuan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, United States.
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, United States.
| | - Chinh Dang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, United States.
| | - Michael Hawrylycz
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, United States.
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50
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Kuan L, Li Y, Lau C, Feng D, Bernard A, Sunkin SM, Zeng H, Dang C, Hawrylycz M, Ng L. Neuroinformatics of the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas. Methods 2014; 73:4-17. [PMID: 25536338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas is a mesoscale whole brain axonal projection atlas of the C57Bl/6J mouse brain. Anatomical trajectories throughout the brain were mapped into a common 3D space using a standardized platform to generate a comprehensive and quantitative database of inter-areal and cell-type-specific projections. This connectivity atlas has several desirable features, including brain-wide coverage, validated and versatile experimental techniques, a single standardized data format, a quantifiable and integrated neuroinformatics resource, and an open-access public online database (http://connectivity.brain-map.org/). Meaningful informatics data quantification and comparison is key to effective use and interpretation of connectome data. This relies on successful definition of a high fidelity atlas template and framework, mapping precision of raw data sets into the 3D reference framework, accurate signal detection and quantitative connection strength algorithms, and effective presentation in an integrated online application. Here we describe key informatics pipeline steps in the creation of the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas and include basic application use cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Kuan
- The Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N. 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
| | - Yang Li
- The Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N. 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
| | - Chris Lau
- The Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N. 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
| | - David Feng
- The Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N. 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
| | - Amy Bernard
- The Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N. 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- The Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N. 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- The Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N. 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
| | - Chinh Dang
- The Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N. 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
| | - Michael Hawrylycz
- The Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N. 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
| | - Lydia Ng
- The Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N. 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
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