1
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Chung C, Yang X, Hevner RF, Kennedy K, Vong KI, Liu Y, Patel A, Nedunuri R, Barton ST, Noel G, Barrows C, Stanley V, Mittal S, Breuss MW, Schlachetzki JCM, Kingsmore SF, Gleeson JG. Cell-type-resolved mosaicism reveals clonal dynamics of the human forebrain. Nature 2024; 629:384-392. [PMID: 38600385 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Debate remains around the anatomical origins of specific brain cell subtypes and lineage relationships within the human forebrain1-7. Thus, direct observation in the mature human brain is critical for a complete understanding of its structural organization and cellular origins. Here we utilize brain mosaic variation within specific cell types as distinct indicators for clonal dynamics, denoted as cell-type-specific mosaic variant barcode analysis. From four hemispheres and two different human neurotypical donors, we identified 287 and 780 mosaic variants, respectively, that were used to deconvolve clonal dynamics. Clonal spread and allele fractions within the brain reveal that local hippocampal excitatory neurons are more lineage-restricted than resident neocortical excitatory neurons or resident basal ganglia GABAergic inhibitory neurons. Furthermore, simultaneous genome transcriptome analysis at both a cell-type-specific and a single-cell level suggests a dorsal neocortical origin for a subgroup of DLX1+ inhibitory neurons that disperse radially from an origin shared with excitatory neurons. Finally, the distribution of mosaic variants across 17 locations within one parietal lobe reveals that restriction of clonal spread in the anterior-posterior axis precedes restriction in the dorsal-ventral axis for both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Thus, cell-type-resolved somatic mosaicism can uncover lineage relationships governing the development of the human forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changuk Chung
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Keng Ioi Vong
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Arzoo Patel
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rahul Nedunuri
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott T Barton
- Division of Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Geoffroy Noel
- Division of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chelsea Barrows
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Swapnil Mittal
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martin W Breuss
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
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2
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Chung C, Yang X, Hevner RF, Kennedy K, Vong KI, Liu Y, Patel A, Nedunuri R, Barton ST, Barrows C, Stanley V, Mittal S, Breuss MW, Schlachetzki JCM, Gleeson JG. Cell-type-resolved somatic mosaicism reveals clonal dynamics of the human forebrain. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.24.563814. [PMID: 37961480 PMCID: PMC10634852 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Debate remains around anatomic origins of specific brain cell subtypes and lineage relationships within the human forebrain. Thus, direct observation in the mature human brain is critical for a complete understanding of the structural organization and cellular origins. Here, we utilize brain mosaic variation within specific cell types as distinct indicators for clonal dynamics, denoted as cell-type-specific Mosaic Variant Barcode Analysis. From four hemispheres from two different human neurotypical donors, we identified 287 and 780 mosaic variants (MVs), respectively that were used to deconvolve clonal dynamics. Clonal spread and allelic fractions within the brain reveal that local hippocampal excitatory neurons are more lineage-restricted compared with resident neocortical excitatory neurons or resident basal ganglia GABAergic inhibitory neurons. Furthermore, simultaneous genome-transcriptome analysis at both a cell-type-specific and single-cell level suggests a dorsal neocortical origin for a subgroup of DLX1+ inhibitory neurons that disperse radially from an origin shared with excitatory neurons. Finally, the distribution of MVs across 17 locations within one parietal lobe reveals restrictions of clonal spread in the anterior-posterior axis precedes that of the dorsal-ventral axis for both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Thus cell-type resolved somatic mosaicism can uncover lineage relationships governing the development of the human forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changuk Chung
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Robert F. Hevner
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Pathology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Keng Ioi Vong
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Arzoo Patel
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Rahul Nedunuri
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Scott T. Barton
- Division of Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chelsea Barrows
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Swapnil Mittal
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Martin W. Breuss
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | | | - Joseph G. Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
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3
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Powers RM, Hevner RF, Halpain S. The Neuron Navigators: Structure, function, and evolutionary history. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1099554. [PMID: 36710926 PMCID: PMC9877351 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1099554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron navigators (Navigators) are cytoskeletal-associated proteins important for neuron migration, neurite growth, and axon guidance, but they also function more widely in other tissues. Recent studies have revealed novel cellular functions of Navigators such as macropinocytosis, and have implicated Navigators in human disorders of axon growth. Navigators are present in most or all bilaterian animals: vertebrates have three Navigators (NAV1-3), Drosophila has one (Sickie), and Caenorhabditis elegans has one (Unc-53). Structurally, Navigators have conserved N- and C-terminal regions each containing specific domains. The N-terminal region contains a calponin homology (CH) domain and one or more SxIP motifs, thought to interact with the actin cytoskeleton and mediate localization to microtubule plus-end binding proteins, respectively. The C-terminal region contains two coiled-coil domains, followed by a AAA+ family nucleoside triphosphatase domain of unknown activity. The Navigators appear to have evolved by fusion of N- and C-terminal region homologs present in simpler organisms. Overall, Navigators participate in the cytoskeletal response to extracellular cues via microtubules and actin filaments, in conjunction with membrane trafficking. We propose that uptake of fluid-phase cues and nutrients and/or downregulation of cell surface receptors could represent general mechanisms that explain Navigator functions. Future studies developing new models, such as conditional knockout mice or human cerebral organoids may reveal new insights into Navigator function. Importantly, further biochemical studies are needed to define the activities of the Navigator AAA+ domain, and to study potential interactions among different Navigators and their binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M. Powers
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Robert F. Hevner
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States,Department of Pathology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shelley Halpain
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Shelley Halpain, ✉
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Furnari F, Miki S, Koga T, Mckinney AM, Parisian AD, Tadokoro T, Vadla R, Masala M, Hevner RF, Costello JF. IL-1 TERT PROMOTER C228T MUTATION IN NEURAL PROGENITORS CONFERS GROWTH ADVANTAGE FOLLOWING TELOMERE SHORTENING IN VIVO. Neurooncol Adv 2022. [PMCID: PMC9719355 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac167.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Heterozygous TERT (Telomerase reverse transcriptase) promoter mutations (TPMs) facilitate TERT expression and are the most frequent mutation in glioblastoma (GBM). A recent analysis revealed this mutation is one of the earliest events in gliomagenesis, however no appropriate human models have been engineered to study the role of this mutation in the initiation of these tumors. To address this, we established GBM models by introducing the heterozygous TPM in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using a two-step targeting approach in the context of GBM genetic alterations, CDKN2A/B and PTEN deletion, and EGFRvIII overexpression. Orthotopic injection of neuronal precursor cells (NPCs) derived from hiPSCs with TPM into immunodeficient mice did not enhance tumorigenesis compared to TERT promoter wild type (TPW) NPCs at initial in vivo passage which we attribute to relatively long telomeres. We further show that the TPM mutation recruited GA-Binding Protein (GABPA) and engendered low-level TERT expression, resulting in enhanced tumorigenesis upon secondary passage and maintenance of short telomere length as has been reported in human GBM. RNA sequencing of harvested tumors grown as secondary spheres demonstrated upregulated proliferation and mitosis pathway signatures in TPM cells, consistent with their increased in vitro proliferation relative to TPW counterparts. Finally, when secondary TPM and TPW sphere cultures were reinjected into mice, only the TPM led to tumor formation. In summary, our novel GBM model illustrates a growth advantage imparted by heterozygous TPMs in the context of GBM driver mutations relative to isogenic controls, and thereby allows for the identification and validation of TERT promoter-specific vulnerabilities in a genetically accurate background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Furnari
- Department of Medicine , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093 , USA
- Ludwig Cancer Research, San Diego Branch , La Jolla, CA 92093 , USA
| | - Shunichiro Miki
- Department of Medicine , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093 , USA
| | - Tomoyuki Koga
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455 , USA
| | - Andrew M Mckinney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California , San Francisco, CA 94158 , USA
| | | | - Takahiro Tadokoro
- Department of Anesthesiology , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093 , USA
| | | | - Martin Masala
- Department of Anesthesiology , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093 , USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093 , USA
| | - Joseph F Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California , San Francisco, CA 94158 , USA
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Miki S, Koga T, Mckinney AM, Parisian AD, Tadokoro T, Vadla R, Marsala M, Hevner RF, Costello JF, Furnari F. TERT promoter C228T mutation in neural progenitors confers growth advantage following telomere shortening in vivo. Neuro Oncol 2022; 24:2063-2075. [PMID: 35325218 PMCID: PMC9713509 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) promoter mutations (TPMs) facilitate TERT expression and are the most frequent mutation in glioblastoma (GBM). A recent analysis revealed this mutation is one of the earliest events in gliomagenesis. However, no appropriate human models have been engineered to study the role of this mutation in the initiation of these tumors. METHOD We established GBM models by introducing the heterozygous TPM in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using a two-step targeting approach in the context of GBM genetic alterations, CDKN2A/B and PTEN deletion, and EGFRvIII overexpression. The impact of the mutation was evaluated through the in vivo passage and in vitro experiment and analysis. RESULTS Orthotopic injection of neuronal precursor cells (NPCs) derived from hiPSCs with the TPM into immunodeficient mice did not enhance tumorigenesis compared to TERT promoter wild type NPCs at initial in vivo passage presumably due to relatively long telomeres. However, the mutation recruited GA-Binding Protein and engendered low-level TERT expression resulting in enhanced tumorigenesis and maintenance of short telomeres upon secondary passage as observed in human GBM. These results provide the first insights regarding increased tumorigenesis upon introducing a TPM compared to isogenic controls without TPMs. CONCLUSION Our novel GBM models presented the growth advantage of heterozygous TPMs for the first time in the context of GBM driver mutations relative to isogenic controls, thereby allowing for the identification and validation of TERT promoter-specific vulnerabilities in a genetically accurate background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichiro Miki
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - Alison D Parisian
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Takahiro Tadokoro
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Raghavendra Vadla
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Martin Marsala
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph F Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Frank Furnari
- Corresponding Authors: Frank Furnari, PhD, Ludwig Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3053, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA ()
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Powers RM, Daza R, Koehler AE, Courchet J, Calabrese B, Hevner RF, Halpain S. Growth cone macropinocytosis of neurotrophin receptor and neuritogenesis are regulated by neuron navigator 1. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar64. [PMID: 35352947 PMCID: PMC9561856 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-12-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron navigator 1 (Nav1) is a cytoskeleton-associated protein expressed during brain development that is necessary for proper neuritogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that Nav1 is present in elongating axon tracts during mouse brain embryogenesis. We found that depletion of Nav1 in cultured neurons disrupts growth cone morphology and neurotrophin-stimulated neuritogenesis. In addition to regulating both F-actin and microtubule properties, Nav1 promotes actin-rich membrane ruffles in the growth cone and promotes macropinocytosis at those membrane ruffles, including internalization of the TrkB receptor for the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). Growth cone macropinocytosis is important for downstream signaling, neurite targeting, and membrane recycling, implicating Nav1 in one or more of these processes. Depletion of Nav1 also induces transient membrane blebbing via disruption of signaling in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway, supporting the novel role of Nav1 in dynamic actin-based membrane regulation at the cell periphery. These data demonstrate that Nav1 works at the interface of microtubules, actin, and plasma membrane to organize the cell periphery and promote uptake of growth and guidance cues to facilitate neural morphogenesis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M. Powers
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ray Daza
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161
| | - Alanna E. Koehler
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161
| | - Julien Courchet
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69008 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Barbara Calabrese
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Robert F. Hevner
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161
| | - Shelley Halpain
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037,*Address correspondence to: Shelley Halpain ()
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Biel A, Castanza AS, Rutherford R, Fair SR, Chifamba L, Wester JC, Hester ME, Hevner RF. AUTS2 Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms and Model Systems. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:858582. [PMID: 35431798 PMCID: PMC9008325 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.858582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AUTS2 syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes intellectual disability, microcephaly, and other phenotypes. Syndrome severity is worse when mutations involve 3' regions (exons 9-19) of the AUTS2 gene. Human AUTS2 protein has two major isoforms, full-length (1259 aa) and C-terminal (711 aa), the latter produced from an alternative transcription start site in exon 9. Structurally, AUTS2 contains the putative "AUTS2 domain" (∼200 aa) conserved among AUTS2 and its ohnologs, fibrosin, and fibrosin-like-1. Also, AUTS2 contains extensive low-complexity sequences and intrinsically disordered regions, features typical of RNA-binding proteins. During development, AUTS2 is expressed by specific progenitor cell and neuron types, including pyramidal neurons and Purkinje cells. AUTS2 localizes mainly in cell nuclei, where it regulates transcription and RNA metabolism. Some studies have detected AUTS2 in neurites, where it may regulate cytoskeletal dynamics. Neurodevelopmental functions of AUTS2 have been studied in diverse model systems. In zebrafish, auts2a morphants displayed microcephaly. In mice, excision of different Auts2 exons (7, 8, or 15) caused distinct phenotypes, variously including neonatal breathing abnormalities, cerebellar hypoplasia, dentate gyrus hypoplasia, EEG abnormalities, and behavioral changes. In mouse embryonic stem cells, AUTS2 could promote or delay neuronal differentiation. Cerebral organoids, derived from an AUTS2 syndrome patient containing a pathogenic missense variant in exon 9, exhibited neocortical growth defects. Emerging technologies for analysis of human cerebral organoids will be increasingly useful for understanding mechanisms underlying AUTS2 syndrome. Questions for future research include whether AUTS2 binds RNA directly, how AUTS2 regulates neurogenesis, and how AUTS2 modulates neural circuit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia Biel
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anthony S. Castanza
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Rutherford
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Summer R. Fair
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lincoln Chifamba
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jason C. Wester
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mark E. Hester
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Robert F. Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Thomsen G, Burghes AHM, Hsieh C, Do J, Chu BTT, Perry S, Barkho B, Kaufmann P, Sproule DM, Feltner DE, Chung WK, McGovern VL, Hevner RF, Conces M, Pierson CR, Scoto M, Muntoni F, Mendell JR, Foust KD. Biodistribution of onasemnogene abeparvovec DNA, mRNA and SMN protein in human tissue. Nat Med 2021; 27:1701-1711. [PMID: 34608334 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (SMA1) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease resulting from survival motor neuron 1 gene (SMN1) deletion/mutation. Onasemnogene abeparvovec (formerly AVXS-101) is a gene therapy that restores SMN production via one-time systemic administration. The present study demonstrates widespread biodistribution of vector genomes and transgenes throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs, after intravenous administration of an AAV9-mediated gene therapy. Two symptomatic infants with SMA1 enrolled in phase III studies received onasemnogene abeparvovec. Both patients died of respiratory complications unrelated to onasemnogene abeparvovec. One patient had improved motor function and the other died shortly after administration before appreciable clinical benefit could be observed. In both patients, onasemnogene abeparvovec DNA and messenger RNA distribution were widespread among peripheral organs and in the CNS. The greatest concentration of vector genomes was detected in the liver, with an increase over that detected in CNS tissues of 300-1,000-fold. SMN protein, which was low in an untreated SMA1 control, was clearly detectable in motor neurons, brain, skeletal muscle and multiple peripheral organs in treated patients. These data support the fact that onasemnogene abeparvovec has effective distribution, transduction and expression throughout the CNS after intravenous administration and restores SMN expression in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur H M Burghes
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | | | - Janet Do
- Novartis Gene Therapies, Bannockburn, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vicki L McGovern
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Miriam Conces
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mariacristina Scoto
- National Institute for Health Research, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- National Institute for Health Research, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London, UK
| | - Jerry R Mendell
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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9
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Bedogni F, Hevner RF. Cell-Type-Specific Gene Expression in Developing Mouse Neocortex: Intermediate Progenitors Implicated in Axon Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:686034. [PMID: 34321999 PMCID: PMC8313239 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.686034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortex projection neurons (PNs) are generated from intermediate progenitors (IPs), which are in turn derived from radial glial progenitors (RGPs). To investigate developmental processes in IPs, we profiled IP transcriptomes in embryonic mouse neocortex, using transgenic Tbr2-GFP mice, cell sorting, and microarrays. These data were used in combination with in situ hybridization to ascertain gene sets specific for IPs, RGPs, PNs, interneurons, and other neural and non-neural cell types. RGP-selective transcripts (n = 419) included molecules for Notch receptor signaling, proliferation, neural stem cell identity, apical junctions, necroptosis, hippo pathway, and NF-κB pathway. RGPs also expressed specific genes for critical interactions with meningeal and vascular cells. In contrast, IP-selective genes (n = 136) encoded molecules for activated Delta ligand presentation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, core planar cell polarity (PCP), axon genesis, and intrinsic excitability. Interestingly, IPs expressed several “dependence receptors” (Unc5d, Dcc, Ntrk3, and Epha4) that induce apoptosis in the absence of ligand, suggesting a competitive mechanism for IPs and new PNs to detect key environmental cues or die. Overall, our results imply a novel role for IPs in the patterning of neuronal polarization, axon differentiation, and intrinsic excitability prior to mitosis. Significantly, IPs highly express Wnt-PCP, netrin, and semaphorin pathway molecules known to regulate axon polarization in other systems. In sum, IPs not only amplify neurogenesis quantitatively, but also molecularly “prime” new PNs for axogenesis, guidance, and excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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10
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Castanza AS, Ramirez S, Tripathi PP, Daza RAM, Kalume FK, Ramirez JM, Hevner RF. AUTS2 Regulates RNA Metabolism and Dentate Gyrus Development in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4808-4824. [PMID: 34013328 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human AUTS2 mutations are linked to a syndrome of intellectual disability, autistic features, epilepsy, and other neurological and somatic disorders. Although it is known that this unique gene is highly expressed in developing cerebral cortex, the molecular and developmental functions of AUTS2 protein remain unclear. Using proteomics methods to identify AUTS2 binding partners in neonatal mouse cerebral cortex, we found that AUTS2 associates with multiple proteins that regulate RNA transcription, splicing, localization, and stability. Furthermore, AUTS2-containing protein complexes isolated from cortical tissue bound specific RNA transcripts in RNA immunoprecipitation and sequencing assays. Deletion of all major functional isoforms of AUTS2 (full-length and C-terminal) by conditional excision of exon 15 caused breathing abnormalities and neonatal lethality when Auts2 was inactivated throughout the developing brain. Mice with limited inactivation of Auts2 in cerebral cortex survived but displayed abnormalities of cerebral cortex structure and function, including dentate gyrus hypoplasia with agenesis of hilar mossy neurons, and abnormal spiking activity on EEG. Also, RNA transcripts that normally associate with AUTS2 were dysregulated in mutant mice. Together, these findings indicate that AUTS2 regulates RNA metabolism and is essential for development of cerebral cortex, as well as subcortical breathing centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Castanza
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sanja Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Prem P Tripathi
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ray A M Daza
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Franck K Kalume
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98014, USA
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98014, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98014, USA
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11
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Vetro A, Nielsen HN, Holm R, Hevner RF, Parrini E, Powis Z, Møller RS, Bellan C, Simonati A, Lesca G, Helbig KL, Palmer EE, Mei D, Ballardini E, Van Haeringen A, Syrbe S, Leuzzi V, Cioni G, Curry CJ, Costain G, Santucci M, Chong K, Mancini GMS, Clayton-Smith J, Bigoni S, Scheffer IE, Dobyns WB, Vilsen B, Guerrini R. ATP1A2- and ATP1A3-associated early profound epileptic encephalopathy and polymicrogyria. Brain 2021; 144:1435-1450. [PMID: 33880529 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutional heterozygous mutations of ATP1A2 and ATP1A3, encoding for two distinct isoforms of the Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) alpha-subunit, have been associated with familial hemiplegic migraine (ATP1A2), alternating hemiplegia of childhood (ATP1A2/A3), rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia-areflexia-progressive optic atrophy, and relapsing encephalopathy with cerebellar ataxia (all ATP1A3). A few reports have described single individuals with heterozygous mutations of ATP1A2/A3 associated with severe childhood epilepsies. Early lethal hydrops fetalis, arthrogryposis, microcephaly, and polymicrogyria have been associated with homozygous truncating mutations in ATP1A2. We investigated the genetic causes of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies variably associated with malformations of cortical development in a large cohort and identified 22 patients with de novo or inherited heterozygous ATP1A2/A3 mutations. We characterized clinical, neuroimaging and neuropathological findings, performed in silico and in vitro assays of the mutations' effects on the NKA-pump function, and studied genotype-phenotype correlations. Twenty-two patients harboured 19 distinct heterozygous mutations of ATP1A2 (six patients, five mutations) and ATP1A3 (16 patients, 14 mutations, including a mosaic individual). Polymicrogyria occurred in 10 (45%) patients, showing a mainly bilateral perisylvian pattern. Most patients manifested early, often neonatal, onset seizures with a multifocal or migrating pattern. A distinctive, 'profound' phenotype, featuring polymicrogyria or progressive brain atrophy and epilepsy, resulted in early lethality in seven patients (32%). In silico evaluation predicted all mutations to be detrimental. We tested 14 mutations in transfected COS-1 cells and demonstrated impaired NKA-pump activity, consistent with severe loss of function. Genotype-phenotype analysis suggested a link between the most severe phenotypes and lack of COS-1 cell survival, and also revealed a wide continuum of severity distributed across mutations that variably impair NKA-pump activity. We performed neuropathological analysis of the whole brain in two individuals with polymicrogyria respectively related to a heterozygous ATP1A3 mutation and a homozygous ATP1A2 mutation and found close similarities with findings suggesting a mainly neural pathogenesis, compounded by vascular and leptomeningeal abnormalities. Combining our report with other studies, we estimate that ∼5% of mutations in ATP1A2 and 12% in ATP1A3 can be associated with the severe and novel phenotypes that we describe here. Notably, a few of these mutations were associated with more than one phenotype. These findings assign novel, 'profound' and early lethal phenotypes of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies and polymicrogyria to the phenotypic spectrum associated with heterozygous ATP1A2/A3 mutations and indicate that severely impaired NKA pump function can disrupt brain morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Vetro
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Hang N Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rikke Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elena Parrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Zoe Powis
- Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine Danish Epilepsy Centre, Filadelfia, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cristina Bellan
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Bolognini Hospital, ASST-Bergamo Est, Seriate, Italy
| | - Alessandro Simonati
- Neurology (Child Neurology and Neuropathology), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gaétan Lesca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Katherine L Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Palmer
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Davide Mei
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Ballardini
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Pediatric Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arie Van Haeringen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen Syrbe
- Division of Pediatric Epileptology, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cynthia J Curry
- Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco/Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Costain
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margherita Santucci
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,DIBINEM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Karen Chong
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Stefania Bigoni
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Mother and Child, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetics), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Bente Vilsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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12
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Moreno AM, Alemán F, Catroli GF, Hunt M, Hu M, Dailamy A, Pla A, Woller SA, Palmer N, Parekh U, McDonald D, Roberts AJ, Goodwill V, Dryden I, Hevner RF, Delay L, Gonçalves Dos Santos G, Yaksh TL, Mali P. Long-lasting analgesia via targeted in situ repression of Na V1.7 in mice. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eaay9056. [PMID: 33692134 PMCID: PMC8830379 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay9056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for chronic pain rely largely on opioids despite their substantial side effects and risk of addiction. Genetic studies have identified in humans key targets pivotal to nociceptive processing. In particular, a hereditary loss-of-function mutation in NaV1.7, a sodium channel protein associated with signaling in nociceptive sensory afferents, leads to insensitivity to pain without other neurodevelopmental alterations. However, the high sequence and structural similarity between NaV subtypes has frustrated efforts to develop selective inhibitors. Here, we investigated targeted epigenetic repression of NaV1.7 in primary afferents via epigenome engineering approaches based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-dCas9 and zinc finger proteins at the spinal level as a potential treatment for chronic pain. Toward this end, we first optimized the efficiency of NaV1.7 repression in vitro in Neuro2A cells and then, by the lumbar intrathecal route, delivered both epigenome engineering platforms via adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) to assess their effects in three mouse models of pain: carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain, paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain, and BzATP-induced pain. Our results show effective repression of NaV1.7 in lumbar dorsal root ganglia, reduced thermal hyperalgesia in the inflammatory state, decreased tactile allodynia in the neuropathic state, and no changes in normal motor function in mice. We anticipate that this long-lasting analgesia via targeted in vivo epigenetic repression of NaV1.7 methodology we dub pain LATER, might have therapeutic potential in management of persistent pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Moreno
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fernando Alemán
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Glaucilene F Catroli
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew Hunt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amir Dailamy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew Pla
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sarah A Woller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathan Palmer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Udit Parekh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniella McDonald
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Animal Models Core, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vanessa Goodwill
- Department of Neuropathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ian Dryden
- Department of Neuropathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Neuropathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lauriane Delay
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Prashant Mali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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13
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McDonough A, Elsen GE, Daza RM, Bachleda AR, Pizzo D, DelleTorri OM, Hevner RF. Unipolar (Dendritic) Brush Cells Are Morphologically Complex and Require Tbr2 for Differentiation and Migration. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:598548. [PMID: 33488348 PMCID: PMC7820753 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.598548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated specific expression of transcription factor Tbr2 in unipolar brush cells (UBCs) of the cerebellum during development and adulthood. To further study UBCs and the role of Tbr2 in their development we examined UBC morphology in transgenic mouse lines (reporter and lineage tracer) and also examined the effects of Tbr2 deficiency in Tbr2 (MGI: Eomes) conditional knock-out (cKO) mice. In Tbr2 reporter and lineage tracer cerebellum, UBCs exhibited more complex morphologies than previously reported including multiple dendrites, bifurcating dendrites, and up to four dendritic brushes. We propose that “dendritic brush cells” (DBCs) may be a more apt nomenclature. In Tbr2 cKO cerebellum, mature UBCs were completely absent. Migration of UBC precursors from rhombic lip to cerebellar cortex and other nuclei was impaired in Tbr2 cKO mice. Our results indicate that UBC migration and differentiation are sensitive to Tbr2 deficiency. To investigate whether UBCs develop similarly in humans as in rodents, we studied Tbr2 expression in mid-gestational human cerebellum. Remarkably, Tbr2+ UBC precursors migrate along the same pathways in humans as in rodent cerebellum and disperse to create the same “fountain-like” appearance characteristic of UBCs exiting the rhombic lip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley McDonough
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Gina E Elsen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ray M Daza
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Amelia R Bachleda
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Donald Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Olivia M DelleTorri
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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14
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Park KB, Chapman T, Aldinger KA, Mirzaa GM, Zeiger J, Beck A, Glass IA, Hevner RF, Jansen AC, Marshall DA, Oegema R, Parrini E, Saneto RP, Curry CJ, Hall JG, Guerrini R, Leventer RJ, Dobyns WB. The spectrum of brain malformations and disruptions in twins. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:2690-2718. [PMID: 33205886 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Twins have an increased risk for congenital malformations and disruptions, including defects in brain morphogenesis. We analyzed data on brain imaging, zygosity, sex, and fetal demise in 56 proband twins and 7 less affected co-twins with abnormal brain imaging and compared them to population-based data and to a literature series. We separated our series into malformations of cortical development (MCD, N = 39), cerebellar malformations without MCD (N = 13), and brain disruptions (N = 11). The MCD group included 37/39 (95%) with polymicrogyria (PMG), 8/39 (21%) with pia-ependymal clefts (schizencephaly), and 15/39 (38%) with periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) including 2 with PNH but not PMG. Cerebellar malformations were found in 19 individuals including 13 with a cerebellar malformation only and another 6 with cerebellar malformation and MCD. The pattern varied from diffuse cerebellar hypoplasia to classic Dandy-Walker malformation. Brain disruptions were seen in 11 individuals with hydranencephaly, porencephaly, or white matter loss without cysts. Our series included an expected statistically significant excess of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs (22/41 MZ, 54%) compared to population data (482/1448 MZ, 33.3%; p = .0110), and an unexpected statistically significant excess of dizygotic (DZ) twins (19/41, 46%) compared to the literature cohort (1/46 DZ, 2%; p < .0001. Recurrent association with twin-twin transfusion syndrome, intrauterine growth retardation, and other prenatal factors support disruption of vascular perfusion as the most likely unifying cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee B Park
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Teresa Chapman
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ghayda M Mirzaa
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jordan Zeiger
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anita Beck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anna C Jansen
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Reproduction Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Pediatric Neurology Unit, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Desiree A Marshall
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Renske Oegema
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Genetics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Parrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Russell P Saneto
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cynthia J Curry
- Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Fresno, California, USA
| | - Judith G Hall
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Richard J Leventer
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and University of Melbourne Department of Pediatrics, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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15
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Abstract
Which elements of the genome endow human brains with the capacity for heightened cognitive abilities? In this issue of Neuron, Namba et al. (2020) find that ARHGAP11B, a human-specific gene, augments cerebral cortex expansion by regulating metabolic pathways in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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16
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Koga T, Chaim IA, Benitez JA, Markmiller S, Parisian AD, Hevner RF, Turner KM, Hessenauer FM, D'Antonio M, Nguyen NPD, Saberi S, Ma J, Miki S, Boyer AD, Ravits J, Frazer KA, Bafna V, Chen CC, Mischel PS, Yeo GW, Furnari FB. Author Correction: Longitudinal assessment of tumor development using cancer avatars derived from genetically engineered pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1958. [PMID: 32312984 PMCID: PMC7171109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15828-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Koga
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Isaac A Chaim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jorge A Benitez
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sebastian Markmiller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alison D Parisian
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kristen M Turner
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Florian M Hessenauer
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Matteo D'Antonio
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nam-Phuong D Nguyen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0404, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shahram Saberi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0662, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jianhui Ma
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shunichiro Miki
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Antonia D Boyer
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0662, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kelly A Frazer
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0831, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Vineet Bafna
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0404, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Clark C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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17
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Nambot S, Hevner RF, Dobyns WB. Reply to Hsueh YP et al. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 28:999. [PMID: 32273581 PMCID: PMC7471462 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Nambot
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares «Anomalies du Développement de l'Interrégion Est», Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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18
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Nelson BR, Hodge RD, Daza RA, Tripathi PP, Arnold SJ, Millen KJ, Hevner RF. Intermediate progenitors support migration of neural stem cells into dentate gyrus outer neurogenic niches. eLife 2020; 9:53777. [PMID: 32238264 PMCID: PMC7159924 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is a unique brain region maintaining neural stem cells (NCSs) and neurogenesis into adulthood. We used multiphoton imaging to visualize genetically defined progenitor subpopulations in live slices across key stages of mouse DG development, testing decades old static models of DG formation with molecular identification, genetic-lineage tracing, and mutant analyses. We found novel progenitor migrations, timings, dynamic cell-cell interactions, signaling activities, and routes underlie mosaic DG formation. Intermediate progenitors (IPs, Tbr2+) pioneered migrations, supporting and guiding later emigrating NSCs (Sox9+) through multiple transient zones prior to converging at the nascent outer adult niche in a dynamic settling process, generating all prenatal and postnatal granule neurons in defined spatiotemporal order. IPs (Dll1+) extensively targeted contacts to mitotic NSCs (Notch active), revealing a substrate for cell-cell contact support during migrations, a developmental feature maintained in adults. Mouse DG formation shares conserved features of human neocortical expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden R Nelson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Rebecca D Hodge
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Ray Am Daza
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Prem Prakash Tripathi
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freiburg, Germany.,Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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19
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Koga T, Chaim IA, Benitez JA, Markmiller S, Parisian AD, Hevner RF, Turner KM, Hessenauer FM, D'Antonio M, Nguyen NPD, Saberi S, Ma J, Miki S, Boyer AD, Ravits J, Frazer KA, Bafna V, Chen CC, Mischel PS, Yeo GW, Furnari FB. Longitudinal assessment of tumor development using cancer avatars derived from genetically engineered pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:550. [PMID: 31992716 PMCID: PMC6987220 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellular models aimed at elucidating cancer biology do not recapitulate pathobiology including tumor heterogeneity, an inherent feature of cancer that underlies treatment resistance. Here we introduce a cancer modeling paradigm using genetically engineered human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that captures authentic cancer pathobiology. Orthotopic engraftment of the neural progenitor cells derived from hiPSCs that have been genome-edited to contain tumor-associated genetic driver mutations revealed by The Cancer Genome Atlas project for glioblastoma (GBM) results in formation of high-grade gliomas. Similar to patient-derived GBM, these models harbor inter-tumor heterogeneity resembling different GBM molecular subtypes, intra-tumor heterogeneity, and extrachromosomal DNA amplification. Re-engraftment of these primary tumor neurospheres generates secondary tumors with features characteristic of patient samples and present mutation-dependent patterns of tumor evolution. These cancer avatar models provide a platform for comprehensive longitudinal assessment of human tumor development as governed by molecular subtype mutations and lineage-restricted differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Koga
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Isaac A Chaim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jorge A Benitez
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sebastian Markmiller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alison D Parisian
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kristen M Turner
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Florian M Hessenauer
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Matteo D'Antonio
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nam-Phuong D Nguyen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0404, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shahram Saberi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0662, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jianhui Ma
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shunichiro Miki
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Antonia D Boyer
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0662, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kelly A Frazer
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0831, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Vineet Bafna
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0404, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Clark C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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20
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Molnár Z, Clowry GJ, Šestan N, Alzu'bi A, Bakken T, Hevner RF, Hüppi PS, Kostović I, Rakic P, Anton ES, Edwards D, Garcez P, Hoerder‐Suabedissen A, Kriegstein A. New insights into the development of the human cerebral cortex. J Anat 2019; 235:432-451. [PMID: 31373394 PMCID: PMC6704245 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex constitutes more than half the volume of the human brain and is presumed to be responsible for the neuronal computations underlying complex phenomena, such as perception, thought, language, attention, episodic memory and voluntary movement. Rodent models are extremely valuable for the investigation of brain development, but cannot provide insight into aspects that are unique or highly derived in humans. Many human psychiatric and neurological conditions have developmental origins but cannot be studied adequately in animal models. The human cerebral cortex has some unique genetic, molecular, cellular and anatomical features, which need to be further explored. The Anatomical Society devoted its summer meeting to the topic of Human Brain Development in June 2018 to tackle these important issues. The meeting was organized by Gavin Clowry (Newcastle University) and Zoltán Molnár (University of Oxford), and held at St John's College, Oxford. The participants provided a broad overview of the structure of the human brain in the context of scaling relationships across the brains of mammals, conserved principles and recent changes in the human lineage. Speakers considered how neuronal progenitors diversified in human to generate an increasing variety of cortical neurons. The formation of the earliest cortical circuits of the earliest generated neurons in the subplate was discussed together with their involvement in neurodevelopmental pathologies. Gene expression networks and susceptibility genes associated to neurodevelopmental diseases were discussed and compared with the networks that can be identified in organoids developed from induced pluripotent stem cells that recapitulate some aspects of in vivo development. New views were discussed on the specification of glutamatergic pyramidal and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons. With the advancement of various in vivo imaging methods, the histopathological observations can be now linked to in vivo normal conditions and to various diseases. Our review gives a general evaluation of the exciting new developments in these areas. The human cortex has a much enlarged association cortex with greater interconnectivity of cortical areas with each other and with an expanded thalamus. The human cortex has relative enlargement of the upper layers, enhanced diversity and function of inhibitory interneurons and a highly expanded transient subplate layer during development. Here we highlight recent studies that address how these differences emerge during development focusing on diverse facets of our evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Gavin J. Clowry
- Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Nenad Šestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Ayman Alzu'bi
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesFaculty of MedicineYarmouk UniversityIrbidJordan
| | | | | | - Petra S. Hüppi
- Dept. de l'enfant et de l'adolescentHôpitaux Universitaires de GenèveGenèveSwitzerland
| | - Ivica Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain ResearchSchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - E. S. Anton
- UNC Neuroscience CenterDepartment of Cell and Molecular PhysiologyThe University of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
| | - David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing BrainBiomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences,King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Patricia Garcez
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJInstitute of Biomedical SciencesRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | | | - Arnold Kriegstein
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUCSFSan FranciscoCAUSA
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21
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Gust J, Finney OC, Li D, Brakke HM, Hicks RM, Futrell RB, Gamble DN, Rawlings-Rhea SD, Khalatbari HK, Ishak GE, Duncan VE, Hevner RF, Jensen MC, Park JR, Gardner RA. Glial injury in neurotoxicity after pediatric CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. Ann Neurol 2019; 86:42-54. [PMID: 31074527 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether systemic cytokine release is associated with central nervous system inflammatory responses and glial injury in immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) after chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy in children and young adults. METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study of clinical manifestations as well as imaging, pathology, CSF, and blood biomarkers on 43 subjects ages 1 to 25 who received CD19-directed CAR/T cells for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). RESULTS Neurotoxicity occurred in 19 of 43 (44%) subjects. Nine subjects (21%) had CTCAE grade 3 or 4 neurological symptoms, with no neurotoxicity-related deaths. Reversible delirium, headache, decreased level of consciousness, tremor, and seizures were most commonly observed. Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) scores ≥9 had 94% sensitivity and 33% specificity for grade ≥3 neurotoxicity, and 91% sensitivity and 72% specificity for grade ≥2 neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity correlated with severity of cytokine release syndrome, abnormal past brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and higher peak CAR-T cell numbers in blood, but not cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF levels of S100 calcium-binding protein B and glial fibrillary acidic protein increased during neurotoxicity, indicating astrocyte injury. There were concomitant increases in CSF white blood cells, protein, interferon-γ (IFNγ), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and granzyme B (GzB), with concurrent elevation of serum IFNγ IL-10, GzB, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, but not IL-6. We did not find direct evidence of endothelial activation. INTERPRETATION Our data are most consistent with ICANS as a syndrome of systemic inflammation, which affects the brain through compromise of the neurovascular unit and astrocyte injury. ANN NEUROL 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Gust
- Seattle Children's Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Olivia C Finney
- Seattle Children's Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Hannah M Brakke
- Seattle Children's Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Roxana M Hicks
- Seattle Children's Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Robert B Futrell
- Seattle Children's Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Danielle N Gamble
- Seattle Children's Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephanie D Rawlings-Rhea
- Seattle Children's Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael C Jensen
- Seattle Children's Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Seattle Children's Division of Hematology-Oncology, Seattle, WA
| | - Julie R Park
- Seattle Children's Division of Hematology-Oncology, Seattle, WA
| | - Rebecca A Gardner
- Seattle Children's Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Seattle Children's Division of Hematology-Oncology, Seattle, WA
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22
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Oosterhof N, Chang IJ, Karimiani EG, Kuil LE, Jensen DM, Daza R, Young E, Astle L, van der Linde HC, Shivaram GM, Demmers J, Latimer CS, Keene CD, Loter E, Maroofian R, van Ham TJ, Hevner RF, Bennett JT. Homozygous Mutations in CSF1R Cause a Pediatric-Onset Leukoencephalopathy and Can Result in Congenital Absence of Microglia. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:936-947. [PMID: 30982608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are CNS-resident macrophages that scavenge debris and regulate immune responses. Proliferation and development of macrophages, including microglia, requires Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R), a gene previously associated with a dominant adult-onset neurological condition (adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia). Here, we report two unrelated individuals with homozygous CSF1R mutations whose presentation was distinct from ALSP. Post-mortem examination of an individual with a homozygous splice mutation (c.1754-1G>C) demonstrated several structural brain anomalies, including agenesis of corpus callosum. Immunostaining demonstrated almost complete absence of microglia within this brain, suggesting that it developed in the absence of microglia. The second individual had a homozygous missense mutation (c.1929C>A [p.His643Gln]) and presented with developmental delay and epilepsy in childhood. We analyzed a zebrafish model (csf1rDM) lacking Csf1r function and found that their brains also lacked microglia and had reduced levels of CUX1, a neuronal transcription factor. CUX1+ neurons were also reduced in sections of homozygous CSF1R mutant human brain, identifying an evolutionarily conserved role for CSF1R signaling in production or maintenance of CUX1+ neurons. Since a large fraction of CUX1+ neurons project callosal axons, we speculate that microglia deficiency may contribute to agenesis of the corpus callosum via reduction in CUX1+ neurons. Our results suggest that CSF1R is required for human brain development and establish the csf1rDM fish as a model for microgliopathies. In addition, our results exemplify an under-recognized form of phenotypic expansion, in which genes associated with well-recognized, dominant conditions produce different phenotypes when biallelically mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Oosterhof
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irene J Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Laura E Kuil
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dana M Jensen
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ray Daza
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Erica Young
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Lee Astle
- Department of Laboratory and Pathology, Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Herma C van der Linde
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caitlin S Latimer
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Emily Loter
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK; Department of Neuromuscular Disorders and Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tjakko J van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James T Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Malformations of cortical development encompass heterogeneous groups of structural brain anomalies associated with complex neurodevelopmental disorders and diverse genetic and nongenetic etiologies. Recent progress in understanding the genetic basis of brain malformations has been driven by extraordinary advances in DNA sequencing technologies. For example, somatic mosaic mutations that activate mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in cortical progenitor cells during development are now recognized as the cause of hemimegalencephaly and some types of focal cortical dysplasia. In addition, research on brain development has begun to reveal the cellular and molecular bases of cortical gyrification and axon pathway formation, providing better understanding of disorders involving these processes. New neuroimaging techniques with improved resolution have enhanced our ability to characterize subtle malformations, such as those associated with intellectual disability and autism. In this review, we broadly discuss cortical malformations and focus on several for which genetic etiologies have elucidated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Juric-Sekhar
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA; ,
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA; ,
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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24
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Abstract
In developing cerebral cortex, intermediate progenitors (IPs) are transit amplifying cells that specifically express Tbr2 (gene: Eomes), a T-box transcription factor. IPs are derived from radial glia (RG) progenitors, the neural stem cells of developing cortex. In turn, IPs generate glutamatergic projection neurons (PNs) exclusively. IPs are found in ventricular and subventricular zones, where they differentiate as distinct ventricular IP (vIP) and outer IP (oIP) subtypes. Morphologically, IPs have short processes, resembling filopodia or neurites, that transiently contact other cells, most importantly dividing RG cells to mediate Delta-Notch signaling. Also, IPs secrete a chemokine, Cxcl12, which guides interneuron and microglia migrations and promotes thalamocortical axon growth. In mice, IPs produce clones of 1-12 PNs, sometimes spanning multiple layers. After mitosis, IP daughter cells undergo asymmetric cell death in the majority of instances. In mice, Tbr2 is necessary for PN differentiation and subtype specification, and to repress IP-genic transcription factors. Tbr2 directly represses Insm1, an IP-genic transcription factor gene, as well as Pax6, a key activator of Tbr2 transcription. Without Tbr2, abnormal IPs transiently accumulate in elevated numbers. More broadly, Tbr2 regulates the transcriptome by activating or repressing hundreds of direct target genes. Notably, Tbr2 'unlocks' and activates PN-specific genes, such as Tbr1, by recruiting Jmjd3, a histone H3K27me3 demethylase that removes repressive epigenetic marks placed by polycomb repressive complex 2. IPs have played an important role in the evolution and gyrification of mammalian cerebral cortex, and TBR2 is essential for human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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25
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Mihalas AB, Hevner RF. Clonal analysis reveals laminar fate multipotency and daughter cell apoptosis of mouse cortical intermediate progenitors. Development 2018; 145:145/17/dev164335. [PMID: 30217810 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In developing cerebral cortex, most pyramidal-projection neurons are produced by intermediate progenitors (IPs), derived in turn from radial glial progenitors. Although IPs produce neurons for all cortical layers, it is unknown whether individual IPs produce multiple or single laminar fates, and the potential of IPs for extended proliferation remains uncertain. Previously, we found that, at the population level, early IPs (present during lower-layer neurogenesis) produce lower- and upper-layer neurons, whereas late IPs produce upper-layer neurons only. Here, we employed mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) in mice to sparsely label early IP clones. Most early IPs produced 1-2 neurons for deep layers only. Less frequently, early IPs produced larger clones (up to 12 neurons) spanning lower and upper layers, or upper layers only. The majority of IP-derived clones (∼66%) were associated with asymmetric cell death after the first division. These data demonstrate that laminar fate is not predetermined, at least in some IPs. Rather, the heterogeneous sizes and laminar fates of early IP clones are correlated with cell division/death/differentiation choices and neuron birthdays, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca B Mihalas
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA .,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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26
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Elsen GE, Bedogni F, Hodge RD, Bammler TK, MacDonald JW, Lindtner S, Rubenstein JLR, Hevner RF. The Epigenetic Factor Landscape of Developing Neocortex Is Regulated by Transcription Factors Pax6→ Tbr2→ Tbr1. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:571. [PMID: 30186101 PMCID: PMC6113890 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic factors (EFs) regulate multiple aspects of cerebral cortex development, including proliferation, differentiation, laminar fate, and regional identity. The same neurodevelopmental processes are also regulated by transcription factors (TFs), notably the Pax6→ Tbr2→ Tbr1 cascade expressed sequentially in radial glial progenitors (RGPs), intermediate progenitors, and postmitotic projection neurons, respectively. Here, we studied the EF landscape and its regulation in embryonic mouse neocortex. Microarray and in situ hybridization assays revealed that many EF genes are expressed in specific cortical cell types, such as intermediate progenitors, or in rostrocaudal gradients. Furthermore, many EF genes are directly bound and transcriptionally regulated by Pax6, Tbr2, or Tbr1, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing and gene expression analysis of TF mutant cortices. Our analysis demonstrated that Pax6, Tbr2, and Tbr1 form a direct feedforward genetic cascade, with direct feedback repression. Results also revealed that each TF regulates multiple EF genes that control DNA methylation, histone marks, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNA. For example, Tbr1 activates Rybp and Auts2 to promote the formation of non-canonical Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). Also, Pax6, Tbr2, and Tbr1 collectively drive massive changes in the subunit isoform composition of BAF chromatin remodeling complexes during differentiation: for example, a novel switch from Bcl7c (Baf40c) to Bcl7a (Baf40a), the latter directly activated by Tbr2. Of 11 subunits predominantly in neuronal BAF, 7 were transcriptionally activated by Pax6, Tbr2, or Tbr1. Using EFs, Pax6→ Tbr2→ Tbr1 effect persistent changes of gene expression in cell lineages, to propagate features such as regional and laminar identity from progenitors to neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina E. Elsen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Francesco Bedogni
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rebecca D. Hodge
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Theo K. Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - James W. MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - John L. R. Rubenstein
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Robert F. Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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27
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Adams Waldorf KM, Nelson BR, Stencel-Baerenwald JE, Studholme C, Kapur RP, Armistead B, Walker CL, Merillat S, Vornhagen J, Tisoncik-Go J, Baldessari A, Coleman M, Dighe MK, Shaw DW, Roby JA, Santana-Ufret V, Boldenow E, Li J, Gao X, Davis MA, Swanstrom JA, Jensen K, Widman DG, Baric RS, Medwid JT, Hanley KA, Ogle J, Gough GM, Lee W, English C, Durning WM, Thiel J, Gatenby C, Dewey EC, Fairgrieve MR, Hodge RD, Grant RF, Kuller L, Dobyns WB, Hevner RF, Gale M, Rajagopal L. Congenital Zika virus infection as a silent pathology with loss of neurogenic output in the fetal brain. Nat Med 2018; 24:368-374. [PMID: 29400709 PMCID: PMC5839998 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus with teratogenic effects on fetal brain, but the spectrum of ZIKV-induced brain injury is unknown, particularly when ultrasound imaging is normal. In a pregnant pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) model of ZIKV infection, we demonstrate that ZIKV-induced injury to fetal brain is substantial, even in the absence of microcephaly, and may be challenging to detect in a clinical setting. A common and subtle injury pattern was identified, including (i) periventricular T2-hyperintense foci and loss of fetal noncortical brain volume, (ii) injury to the ependymal epithelium with underlying gliosis and (iii) loss of late fetal neuronal progenitor cells in the subventricular zone (temporal cortex) and subgranular zone (dentate gyrus, hippocampus) with dysmorphic granule neuron patterning. Attenuation of fetal neurogenic output demonstrates potentially considerable teratogenic effects of congenital ZIKV infection even without microcephaly. Our findings suggest that all children exposed to ZIKV in utero should receive long-term monitoring for neurocognitive deficits, regardless of head size at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Adams Waldorf
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sweden
| | - Branden R. Nelson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Stencel-Baerenwald
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Colin Studholme
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Raj P. Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Blair Armistead
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christie L. Walker
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sean Merillat
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jay Vornhagen
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Audrey Baldessari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michelle Coleman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Manjiri K. Dighe
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dennis W.W. Shaw
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Justin A. Roby
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Veronica Santana-Ufret
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Erica Boldenow
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Junwei Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaohu Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Davis
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jesica A. Swanstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kara Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Douglas G. Widman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph T. Medwid
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jason Ogle
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - G. Michael Gough
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wonsok Lee
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chris English
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - W. McIntyre Durning
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeff Thiel
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chris Gatenby
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elyse C. Dewey
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marian R. Fairgrieve
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Richard F. Grant
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - William B. Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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28
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Kaplan ES, Ramos-Laguna KA, Mihalas AB, Daza RAM, Hevner RF. Neocortical Sox9+ radial glia generate glutamatergic neurons for all layers, but lack discernible evidence of early laminar fate restriction. Neural Dev 2017; 12:14. [PMID: 28814327 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-017-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic neurons in the cerebral cortex are derived from embryonic neural stem cells known as radial glial progenitors (RGPs). Early RGPs, present at the onset of cortical neurogenesis, are classically thought to produce columnar clones of glutamatergic neurons spanning the cortical layers. Recently, however, it has been reported that a subset of early RGPs may undergo early commitment to upper layer neuron fates, thus bypassing genesis of deep layer neurons. However, the latter mode of early RGP differentiation was not confirmed in some other studies, and remains controversial. To further investigate the clonal output from early RGPs, we employed genetic lineage tracing driven by Sox9, a transcription factor gene that is expressed in all early RGPs. We found that early RGPs produced columnar clones spanning all cortical layers, with no evidence of significant laminar fate restriction. These data support the classic progressive restriction model of cortical neurogenesis, and suggest that early RGPs do not undergo early commitment to only upper or lower layer fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Kaplan
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - K A Ramos-Laguna
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - A B Mihalas
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - R A M Daza
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - R F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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29
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Probst S, Daza RA, Bader N, Hummel JF, Weiß M, Tanriver Y, Hevner RF, Arnold SJ. A dual-fluorescence reporter in the Eomes locus for live imaging and medium-term lineage tracing. Genesis 2017. [PMID: 28646547 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The T-box transcription factor Eomes (also known as Tbr2) shows short-lived expression in various localized domains of the embryo, including epiblast cells during gastrulation and intermediate progenitor cells in the cerebral cortex. In these tissues Eomes fulfills crucial roles for lineage specification of progenitors. To directly observe Eomes-dependent cell lineages in the living embryo, we generated a novel dual-fluorescence reporter allele that expresses a membrane-bound tdTomato protein for investigation of cell morphology and a nuclear GFP for cell tracing. This allele recapitulates endogenous EOMES protein expression and is suitable for live imaging. We found that the allele can also be used as a short-to-medium-term lineage tracer, as GFP persists in cells longer than EOMES protein and marks Eomes-dependent lineages with a timeframe of days to weeks depending on the proliferation rate. In summary, we present a novel genetic tool for investigation of Eomes-dependent cell types by live imaging and lineage tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Probst
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ray A Daza
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, 98101
| | - Natalie Bader
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas F Hummel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Weiß
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yakup Tanriver
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, 98101
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
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30
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Mirzaa GM, Campbell CD, Solovieff N, Goold C, Jansen LA, Menon S, Timms AE, Conti V, Biag JD, Adams C, Boyle EA, Collins S, Ishak G, Poliachik S, Girisha KM, Yeung KS, Chung BHY, Rahikkala E, Gunter SA, McDaniel SS, Macmurdo CF, Bernstein JA, Martin B, Leary R, Mahan S, Liu S, Weaver M, Doerschner M, Jhangiani S, Muzny DM, Boerwinkle E, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, Shendure J, Saneto RP, Novotny EJ, Wilson CJ, Sellers WR, Morrissey M, Hevner RF, Ojemann JG, Guerrini R, Murphy LO, Winckler W, Dobyns WB. Association of MTOR Mutations With Developmental Brain Disorders, Including Megalencephaly, Focal Cortical Dysplasia, and Pigmentary Mosaicism. JAMA Neurol 2017; 73:836-845. [PMID: 27159400 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), hemimegalencephaly, and megalencephaly constitute a spectrum of malformations of cortical development with shared neuropathologic features. These disorders are associated with significant childhood morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE To identify the underlying molecular cause of FCD, hemimegalencephaly, and diffuse megalencephaly. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Patients with FCD, hemimegalencephaly, or megalencephaly (mean age, 11.7 years; range, 2-32 years) were recruited from Pediatric Hospital A. Meyer, the University of Hong Kong, and Seattle Children's Research Institute from June 2012 to June 2014. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on 8 children with FCD or hemimegalencephaly using standard-depth (50-60X) sequencing in peripheral samples (blood, saliva, or skin) from the affected child and their parents and deep (150-180X) sequencing in affected brain tissue. Targeted sequencing and WES were used to screen 93 children with molecularly unexplained diffuse or focal brain overgrowth. Histopathologic and functional assays of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT (serine/threonine kinase)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activity in resected brain tissue and cultured neurons were performed to validate mutations. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Whole-exome sequencing and targeted sequencing identified variants associated with this spectrum of developmental brain disorders. RESULTS Low-level mosaic mutations of MTOR were identified in brain tissue in 4 children with FCD type 2a with alternative allele fractions ranging from 0.012 to 0.086. Intermediate-level mosaic mutation of MTOR (p.Thr1977Ile) was also identified in 3 unrelated children with diffuse megalencephaly and pigmentary mosaicism in skin. Finally, a constitutional de novo mutation of MTOR (p.Glu1799Lys) was identified in 3 unrelated children with diffuse megalencephaly and intellectual disability. Molecular and functional analysis in 2 children with FCD2a from whom multiple affected brain tissue samples were available revealed a mutation gradient with an epicenter in the most epileptogenic area. When expressed in cultured neurons, all MTOR mutations identified here drive constitutive activation of mTOR complex 1 and enlarged neuronal size. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, mutations of MTOR were associated with a spectrum of brain overgrowth phenotypes extending from FCD type 2a to diffuse megalencephaly, distinguished by different mutations and levels of mosaicism. These mutations may be sufficient to cause cellular hypertrophy in cultured neurons and may provide a demonstration of the pattern of mosaicism in brain and substantiate the link between mosaic mutations of MTOR and pigmentary mosaicism in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghayda M Mirzaa
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Nadia Solovieff
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Carleton Goold
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Laura A Jansen
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Suchithra Menon
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Andrew E Timms
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Valerio Conti
- Paediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, A. Meyer Children's Hospital, and Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jonathan D Biag
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Carissa Adams
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Evan August Boyle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sarah Collins
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gisele Ishak
- Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sandra Poliachik
- Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kit San Yeung
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brian Hon Yin Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Elisa Rahikkala
- PEDEGO Research Group and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Sonya A Gunter
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sharon S McDaniel
- Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy, Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Colleen Forsyth Macmurdo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Beth Martin
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rebecca Leary
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Scott Mahan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Shanming Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Molly Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Doerschner
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shalini Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Russell P Saneto
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Washington, USA
| | - Edward J Novotny
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Paediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, A. Meyer Children's Hospital, and Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leon O Murphy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Wendy Winckler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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31
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Adams Waldorf KM, Stencel-Baerenwald JE, Kapur RP, Studholme C, Boldenow E, Vornhagen J, Baldessari A, Dighe MK, Thiel J, Merillat S, Armistead B, Tisoncik-Go J, Green RR, Davis MA, Dewey EC, Fairgrieve MR, Gatenby JC, Richards T, Garden GA, Diamond MS, Juul SE, Grant RF, Kuller L, Shaw DWW, Ogle J, Gough GM, Lee W, English C, Hevner RF, Dobyns WB, Gale M, Rajagopal L. Fetal brain lesions after subcutaneous inoculation of Zika virus in a pregnant nonhuman primate. Nat Med 2016; 22:1256-1259. [PMID: 27618651 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development of fetal brain lesions after Zika virus (ZIKV) inoculation in a pregnant pigtail macaque. Periventricular lesions developed within 10 d and evolved asymmetrically in the occipital-parietal lobes. Fetal autopsy revealed ZIKV in the brain and significant cerebral white matter hypoplasia, periventricular white matter gliosis, and axonal and ependymal injury. Our observation of ZIKV-associated fetal brain lesions in a nonhuman primate provides a model for therapeutic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer E Stencel-Baerenwald
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raj P Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Colin Studholme
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica Boldenow
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jay Vornhagen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Audrey Baldessari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Manjiri K Dighe
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeff Thiel
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sean Merillat
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Blair Armistead
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard R Green
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael A Davis
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elyse C Dewey
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marian R Fairgrieve
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Todd Richards
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gwenn A Garden
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sandra E Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard F Grant
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dennis W W Shaw
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jason Ogle
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - G Michael Gough
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Wonsok Lee
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chris English
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Bakken TE, Miller JA, Ding SL, Sunkin SM, Smith KA, Ng L, Szafer A, Dalley RA, Royall JJ, Lemon T, Shapouri S, Aiona K, Arnold J, Bennett JL, Bertagnolli D, Bickley K, Boe A, Brouner K, Butler S, Byrnes E, Caldejon S, Carey A, Cate S, Chapin M, Chen J, Dee N, Desta T, Dolbeare TA, Dotson N, Ebbert A, Fulfs E, Gee G, Gilbert TL, Goldy J, Gourley L, Gregor B, Gu G, Hall J, Haradon Z, Haynor DR, Hejazinia N, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Howard R, Jochim J, Kinnunen M, Kriedberg A, Kuan CL, Lau C, Lee CK, Lee F, Luong L, Mastan N, May R, Melchor J, Mosqueda N, Mott E, Ngo K, Nyhus J, Oldre A, Olson E, Parente J, Parker PD, Parry S, Pendergraft J, Potekhina L, Reding M, Riley ZL, Roberts T, Rogers B, Roll K, Rosen D, Sandman D, Sarreal M, Shapovalova N, Shi S, Sjoquist N, Sodt AJ, Townsend R, Velasquez L, Wagley U, Wakeman WB, White C, Bennett C, Wu J, Young R, Youngstrom BL, Wohnoutka P, Gibbs RA, Rogers J, Hohmann JG, Hawrylycz MJ, Hevner RF, Molnár Z, Phillips JW, Dang C, Jones AR, Amaral DG, Bernard A, Lein ES. A comprehensive transcriptional map of primate brain development. Nature 2016; 535:367-75. [PMID: 27409810 PMCID: PMC5325728 DOI: 10.1038/nature18637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional underpinnings of brain development remain poorly understood, particularly in humans and closely related non-human primates. We describe a high-resolution transcriptional atlas of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) brain development that combines dense temporal sampling of prenatal and postnatal periods with fine anatomical division of cortical and subcortical regions associated with human neuropsychiatric disease. Gene expression changes more rapidly before birth, both in progenitor cells and maturing neurons. Cortical layers and areas acquire adult-like molecular profiles surprisingly late in postnatal development. Disparate cell populations exhibit distinct developmental timing of gene expression, but also unexpected synchrony of processes underlying neural circuit construction including cell projection and adhesion. Candidate risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders including primary microcephaly, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and schizophrenia show disease-specific spatiotemporal enrichment within developing neocortex. Human developmental expression trajectories are more similar to monkey than rodent, although approximately 9% of genes show human-specific regulation with evidence for prolonged maturation or neoteny compared to monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trygve E Bakken
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jeremy A Miller
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Song-Lin Ding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kimberly A Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Szafer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Rachel A Dalley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Joshua J Royall
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Tracy Lemon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Sheila Shapouri
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kaylynn Aiona
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - James Arnold
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, California National Primate Research Center, The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew Boe
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Krissy Brouner
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Stephanie Butler
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Emi Byrnes
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Shiella Caldejon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Anita Carey
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Shelby Cate
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Mike Chapin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jefferey Chen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Tsega Desta
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Tim A Dolbeare
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Nadia Dotson
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Amanda Ebbert
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Erich Fulfs
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Garrett Gee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Terri L Gilbert
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jeff Goldy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Lindsey Gourley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Ben Gregor
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Guangyu Gu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jon Hall
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Zeb Haradon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - David R Haynor
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Nika Hejazinia
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Anna Hoerder-Suabedissen
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Robert Howard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jay Jochim
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Marty Kinnunen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Ali Kriedberg
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Chihchau L Kuan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Christopher Lau
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Felix Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Lon Luong
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Naveed Mastan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Ryan May
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jose Melchor
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Nerick Mosqueda
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Erika Mott
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Julie Nyhus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Oldre
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Eric Olson
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jody Parente
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Patrick D Parker
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Sheana Parry
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Lydia Potekhina
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Melissa Reding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Zackery L Riley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Tyson Roberts
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Brandon Rogers
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kate Roll
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - David Rosen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - David Sandman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Melaine Sarreal
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Shu Shi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Nathan Sjoquist
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Andy J Sodt
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Robbie Townsend
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Udi Wagley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Wayne B Wakeman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Cassandra White
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Crissa Bennett
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer Wu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Rob Young
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Paul Wohnoutka
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John G Hohmann
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - John W Phillips
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Chinh Dang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Allan R Jones
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, California National Primate Research Center, The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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33
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Easton CR, Dickey CW, Moen SP, Neuzil KE, Barger Z, Anderson TM, Moody WJ, Hevner RF. Distinct calcium signals in developing cortical interneurons persist despite disorganization of cortex by Tbr1 KO. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:705-20. [PMID: 26473411 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cortical development involves the structuring of network features by genetically programmed molecular signaling pathways. Additionally, spontaneous ion channel activity refines neuronal connections. We examine Ca(2+) fluctuations in the first postnatal week of normal mouse neocortex and that expressing knockout of the transcription factor T-brain-1 (Tbr1): a signaling molecule in cortical patterning and differentiation of excitatory neurons. In cortex, glutamatergic neurons express Tbr1 just before the onset of population electrical activity that is accompanied by intracellular Ca(2+) increases. It is known that glutamatergic cells are disordered with Tbr1 KO such that normal laying of the cortex, with newer born cells residing in superficial layers, does not occur. However, the fate of cortical interneurons is not well studied, nor is the ability of Tbr1 deficient cortex to express normal physiological activity. Using fluorescent proteins targeted to interneurons, we find that cortical interneurons are also disordered in the Tbr1 knockout. Using Ca(2+) imaging we find that population activity in mutant cortex occurs at normal frequencies with similar sensitivity to GABAA receptor blockade as in nonmutant cortex. Finally, using multichannel fluorescence imaging of Ca(2+) indicator dye and interneurons labeled with red fluorescent protein, we identify an additional Ca(2+) signal in interneurons distinct from population activity and with different pharmacological sensitivities. Our results show the population activity described here is a robust property of the developing network that continues in the absence of an important signaling molecule, Tbr1, and that cortical interneurons generate distinct forms of activity that may serve different developmental functions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 705-720, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Easton
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, 98101
| | - C W Dickey
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - S P Moen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - K E Neuzil
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Z Barger
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - T M Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - W J Moody
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - R F Hevner
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, 98101
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34
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Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG), a part of the hippocampal formation, has important functions in learning, memory, and adult neurogenesis. Compared with homologous areas in sauropsids (birds and reptiles), the mammalian DG is larger and exhibits qualitatively different phenotypes: 1) folded (C- or V-shaped) granule neuron layer, concave toward the hilus and delimited by a hippocampal fissure; 2) nonperiventricular adult neurogenesis; and 3) prolonged ontogeny, involving extensive abventricular (basal) migration and proliferation of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs). Although gaps remain, available data indicate that these DG traits are present in all orders of mammals, including monotremes and marsupials. The exception is Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), in which DG size, convolution, and adult neurogenesis have undergone evolutionary regression. Parsimony suggests that increased growth and convolution of the DG arose in stem mammals concurrently with nonperiventricular adult hippocampal neurogenesis and basal migration of NSPCs during development. These traits could all result from an evolutionary change that enhanced radial migration of NSPCs out of the periventricular zones, possibly by epithelial-mesenchymal transition, to colonize and maintain nonperiventricular proliferative niches. In turn, increased NSPC migration and clonal expansion might be a consequence of growth in the cortical hem (medial patterning center), which produces morphogens such as Wnt3a, generates Cajal-Retzius neurons, and is regulated by Lhx2. Finally, correlations between DG convolution and neocortical gyrification (or capacity for gyrification) suggest that enhanced abventricular migration and proliferation of NSPCs played a transformative role in growth and folding of neocortex as well as archicortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, 98101
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98104
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35
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Jansen LA, Mirzaa GM, Ishak GE, O'Roak BJ, Hiatt JB, Roden WH, Gunter SA, Christian SL, Collins S, Adams C, Rivière JB, St-Onge J, Ojemann JG, Shendure J, Hevner RF, Dobyns WB. PI3K/AKT pathway mutations cause a spectrum of brain malformations from megalencephaly to focal cortical dysplasia. Brain 2015; 138:1613-28. [PMID: 25722288 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development containing dysplastic neuronal and glial elements, including hemimegalencephaly and focal cortical dysplasia, are common causes of intractable paediatric epilepsy. In this study we performed multiplex targeted sequencing of 10 genes in the PI3K/AKT pathway on brain tissue from 33 children who underwent surgical resection of dysplastic cortex for the treatment of intractable epilepsy. Sequencing results were correlated with clinical, imaging, pathological and immunohistological phenotypes. We identified mosaic activating mutations in PIK3CA and AKT3 in this cohort, including cancer-associated hotspot PIK3CA mutations in dysplastic megalencephaly, hemimegalencephaly, and focal cortical dysplasia type IIa. In addition, a germline PTEN mutation was identified in a male with hemimegalencephaly but no peripheral manifestations of the PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome. A spectrum of clinical, imaging and pathological abnormalities was found in this cohort. While patients with more severe brain imaging abnormalities and systemic manifestations were more likely to have detected mutations, routine histopathological studies did not predict mutation status. In addition, elevated levels of phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein were identified in both neurons and astrocytes of all hemimegalencephaly and focal cortical dysplasia type II specimens, regardless of the presence or absence of detected PI3K/AKT pathway mutations. In contrast, expression patterns of the T308 and S473 phosphorylated forms of AKT and in vitro AKT kinase activities discriminated between mutation-positive dysplasia cortex, mutation-negative dysplasia cortex, and non-dysplasia epilepsy cortex. Our findings identify PI3K/AKT pathway mutations as an important cause of epileptogenic brain malformations and establish megalencephaly, hemimegalencephaly, and focal cortical dysplasia as part of a single pathogenic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Jansen
- 1 University of Virginia, Neurology, Charlottesville, VA, USA 2 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Centre for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ghayda M Mirzaa
- 2 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Centre for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA 3 University of Washington, Paediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gisele E Ishak
- 4 Seattle Children's Hospital, Radiology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian J O'Roak
- 5 University of Washington, Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA 6 Oregon Health and Science University, Molecular and Medical Genetics, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joseph B Hiatt
- 5 University of Washington, Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William H Roden
- 2 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Centre for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sonya A Gunter
- 1 University of Virginia, Neurology, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Susan L Christian
- 2 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Centre for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Collins
- 2 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Centre for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carissa Adams
- 2 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Centre for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rivière
- 2 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Centre for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA 7 Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Dijon, France
| | - Judith St-Onge
- 2 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Centre for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA 7 Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Dijon, France
| | | | - Jay Shendure
- 5 University of Washington, Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- 2 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Centre for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA 8 University of Washington, Neurosurgery, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- 2 Seattle Children's Research Institute, Centre for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA 3 University of Washington, Paediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
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36
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Abstract
Disorders of brain overgrowth are significant causes of intractable epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism, and other complex neurological problems. The pathology of these disorders is sometimes striking and characteristic, as in hemimegalencephaly, but can also be subtle, as in autism. Recent genetic studies have shown that many diverse forms of brain overgrowth are caused by de novo mutations that increase activity in the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling pathway, a key mediator of signaling by growth factors in the developing brain, such as fibroblast growth factors. In cases where mutations arise in postzygotic embryos, brain regions exhibit mosaic pathology that reflects the distribution of mutant cells, ranging from focal cortical dysplasia to lobar or hemispheric overgrowth. In turn, the histopathology of these disorders is also remarkably varied. The common underlying mechanisms of RTK-PI3K-AKT overactivation suggest new possibilities for drugs that inhibit this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Hevner
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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37
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Smith MJ, Wallace AJ, Bennett C, Hasselblatt M, Elert-Dobkowska E, Evans LT, Hickey WF, van Hoff J, Bauer D, Lee A, Hevner RF, Beetz C, du Plessis D, Kilday JP, Newman WG, Evans DG. Germline SMARCE1 mutations predispose to both spinal and cranial clear cell meningiomas. J Pathol 2014; 234:436-40. [PMID: 25143307 DOI: 10.1002/path.4427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported SMARCE1 mutations as a cause of spinal clear cell meningiomas. Here, we have identified five further cases with non-NF2 spinal meningiomas and six with non-NF2 cranial meningiomas. Three of the spinal cases and three of the cranial cases were clear cell tumours. We screened them for SMARCE1 mutations and investigated copy number changes in all point mutation-negative samples. We identified two novel mutations in individuals with spinal clear cell meningiomas and three mutations in individuals with cranial clear cell meningiomas. Copy number analysis identified a large deletion of the 5' end of SMARCE1 in two unrelated probands with spinal clear cell meningiomas. Testing of affected and unaffected relatives of one of these individuals identified the same deletion in two affected female siblings and their unaffected father, providing further evidence of incomplete penetrance of meningioma disease in males. In addition, we found loss of SMARCE1 protein in three of 10 paraffin-embedded cranial clear cell meningiomas. Together, these results demonstrate that loss of SMARCE1 is relevant to cranial as well as spinal meningiomas. Our study broadens the spectrum of mutations in the SMARCE1 gene and expands the phenotype to include cranial clear cell meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam J Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), UK
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38
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Abstract
The size and extent of folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex are important factors that influence a species' cognitive abilities and sensorimotor skills. Studies in various animal models and in humans have provided insight into the mechanisms that regulate cortical growth and folding. Both protein-coding genes and microRNAs control cortical size, and recent progress in characterizing basal progenitor cells and the genes that regulate their proliferation has contributed to our understanding of cortical folding. Neurological disorders linked to disruptions in cortical growth and folding have been associated with novel neurogenetic mechanisms and aberrant signalling pathways, and these findings have changed concepts of brain evolution and may lead to new medical treatments for certain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, BOX 60, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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39
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Molnár Z, Kaas JH, de Carlos JA, Hevner RF, Lein E, Němec P. Evolution and development of the mammalian cerebral cortex. Brain Behav Evol 2014; 83:126-39. [PMID: 24776993 DOI: 10.1159/000357753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Comparative developmental studies of the mammalian brain can identify key changes that can generate the diverse structures and functions of the brain. We have studied how the neocortex of early mammals became organized into functionally distinct areas, and how the current level of cortical cellular and laminar specialization arose from the simpler premammalian cortex. We demonstrate the neocortical organization in early mammals, which helps to elucidate how the large, complex human brain evolved from a long line of ancestors. The radial and tangential enlargement of the cortex was driven by changes in the patterns of cortical neurogenesis, including alterations in the proportions of distinct progenitor types. Some cortical cell populations travel to the cortex through tangential migration whereas others migrate radially. A number of recent studies have begun to characterize the chick, mouse and human and nonhuman primate cortical transcriptome to help us understand how gene expression relates to the development and anatomical and functional organization of the adult neocortex. Although all mammalian forms share the basic layout of cortical areas, the areal proportions and distributions are driven by distinct evolutionary pressures acting on sensory and motor experiences during the individual ontogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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40
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Mirzaa G, Parry DA, Fry AE, Giamanco KA, Schwartzentruber J, Vanstone M, Logan CV, Roberts N, Johnson CA, Singh S, Kholmanskikh SS, Adams C, Hodge RD, Hevner RF, Bonthron DT, Braun KPJ, Faivre L, Rivière JB, St-Onge J, Gripp KW, Mancini GM, Pang K, Sweeney E, van Esch H, Verbeek N, Wieczorek D, Steinraths M, Majewski J, Boycot KM, Pilz DT, Ross ME, Dobyns WB, Sheridan EG. De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome. Nat Genet 2014; 46:510-515. [PMID: 24705253 PMCID: PMC4004933 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghayda Mirzaa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - David A Parry
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Andrew E Fry
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kristin A Giamanco
- Neurogenetics and Development, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | - Megan Vanstone
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clare V Logan
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Nicola Roberts
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Colin A Johnson
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Shawn Singh
- Neurogenetics and Development, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Stanislav S Kholmanskikh
- Neurogenetics and Development, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Carissa Adams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Rebecca D Hodge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pathology, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle
| | - David T Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Kees P J Braun
- Department of Child Neurology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon F-21000, France
| | | | - Judith St-Onge
- Université de Bourgogne Equipe GAD, EA 4271 Dijon F-21000 France
| | - Karen W Gripp
- Division of Medical Genetics, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Grazia Ms Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Expertise Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ki Pang
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sweeney
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hilde van Esch
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nienke Verbeek
- Department of Medical Genetics, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institut fur Humangenetik, Universitatsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michelle Steinraths
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- Mcgill University and Genome Quebec Innovation centre, Montreal, QC H3A 1A4, Canada
| | | | - Kym M Boycot
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniela T Pilz
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Elizabeth Ross
- Neurogenetics and Development, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Eamonn G Sheridan
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Miller JA, Ding SL, Sunkin SM, Smith KA, Ng L, Szafer A, Ebbert A, Riley ZL, Royall JJ, Aiona K, Arnold JM, Bennet C, Bertagnolli D, Brouner K, Butler S, Caldejon S, Carey A, Cuhaciyan C, Dalley RA, Dee N, Dolbeare TA, Facer BAC, Feng D, Fliss TP, Gee G, Goldy J, Gourley L, Gregor BW, Gu G, Howard RE, Jochim JM, Kuan CL, Lau C, Lee CK, Lee F, Lemon TA, Lesnar P, McMurray B, Mastan N, Mosqueda N, Naluai-Cecchini T, Ngo NK, Nyhus J, Oldre A, Olson E, Parente J, Parker PD, Parry SE, Stevens A, Pletikos M, Reding M, Roll K, Sandman D, Sarreal M, Shapouri S, Shapovalova NV, Shen EH, Sjoquist N, Slaughterbeck CR, Smith M, Sodt AJ, Williams D, Zöllei L, Fischl B, Gerstein MB, Geschwind DH, Glass IA, Hawrylycz MJ, Hevner RF, Huang H, Jones AR, Knowles JA, Levitt P, Phillips JW, Sestan N, Wohnoutka P, Dang C, Bernard A, Hohmann JG, Lein ES. Transcriptional landscape of the prenatal human brain. Nature 2014; 508:199-206. [PMID: 24695229 PMCID: PMC4105188 DOI: 10.1038/nature13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 842] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The anatomical and functional architecture of the human brain is largely determined by prenatal transcriptional processes. We describe an anatomically comprehensive atlas of mid-gestational human brain, including de novo reference atlases, in situ hybridization, ultra-high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and microarray analysis on highly discrete laser microdissected brain regions. In developing cerebral cortex, transcriptional differences are found between different proliferative and postmitotic layers, wherein laminar signatures reflect cellular composition and developmental processes. Cytoarchitectural differences between human and mouse have molecular correlates, including species differences in gene expression in subplate, although surprisingly we find minimal differences between the inner and human-expanded outer subventricular zones. Both germinal and postmitotic cortical layers exhibit fronto-temporal gradients, with particular enrichment in frontal lobe. Finally, many neurodevelopmental disorder and human evolution-related genes show patterned expression, potentially underlying unique features of human cortical formation. These data provide a rich, freely-accessible resource for understanding human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Miller
- 1] Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA [2]
| | - Song-Lin Ding
- 1] Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA [2]
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Kimberly A Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Aaron Szafer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Amanda Ebbert
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Zackery L Riley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Joshua J Royall
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Kaylynn Aiona
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - James M Arnold
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Crissa Bennet
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Krissy Brouner
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Stephanie Butler
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Shiella Caldejon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Anita Carey
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Rachel A Dalley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Tim A Dolbeare
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Tim P Fliss
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Garrett Gee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jeff Goldy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Lindsey Gourley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Guangyu Gu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Robert E Howard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jayson M Jochim
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Chihchau L Kuan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Christopher Lau
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Felix Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Tracy A Lemon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Phil Lesnar
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Bergen McMurray
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Naveed Mastan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nerick Mosqueda
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Theresa Naluai-Cecchini
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1959 North East Pacific Street, Box 356320, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Nhan-Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Julie Nyhus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Aaron Oldre
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Eric Olson
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jody Parente
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Patrick D Parker
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Sheana E Parry
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Allison Stevens
- 1] Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA [2] Computer Science and AI Lab, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mihovil Pletikos
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Melissa Reding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Kate Roll
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - David Sandman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Melaine Sarreal
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Sheila Shapouri
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Elaine H Shen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nathan Sjoquist
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Michael Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Andy J Sodt
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Derric Williams
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Lilla Zöllei
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- 1] Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA [2] Computer Science and AI Lab, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mark B Gerstein
- 1] Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology and Semel Institute David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1959 North East Pacific Street, Box 356320, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | - Robert F Hevner
- 1] Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA [2] Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Allan R Jones
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - James A Knowles
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Pat Levitt
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA [2] Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - John W Phillips
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Paul Wohnoutka
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Chinh Dang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - John G Hohmann
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
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Jansen LA, Hevner RF, Roden WH, Hahn SH, Jung S, Gospe SM. Glial localization of antiquitin: implications for pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:22-32. [PMID: 24122892 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A high incidence of structural brain abnormalities has been reported in individuals with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE). PDE is caused by mutations in ALDH7A1, also known as antiquitin. How antiquitin dysfunction leads to cerebral dysgenesis is unknown. In this study, we analyzed tissue from a child with PDE as well as control human and murine brain to determine the normal distribution of antiquitin, its distribution in PDE, and associated brain malformations. METHODS Formalin-fixed human brain sections were subjected to histopathology and fluorescence immunohistochemistry studies. Frozen brain tissue was utilized for measurement of PDE-associated metabolites and Western blot analysis. Comparative studies of antiquitin distribution were performed in developing mouse brain sections. RESULTS Histologic analysis of PDE cortex revealed areas of abnormal radial neuronal organization consistent with type Ia focal cortical dysplasia. Heterotopic neurons were identified in subcortical white matter, as was cortical astrogliosis, hippocampal sclerosis, and status marmoratus of the basal ganglia. Highly elevated levels of lysine metabolites were present in postmortem PDE cortex. In control human and developing mouse brain, antiquitin immunofluorescence was identified in radial glia, mature astrocytes, ependyma, and choroid plexus epithelium, but not in neurons. In PDE cortex, antiquitin immunofluorescence was greatly attenuated with evidence of perinuclear accumulation in astrocytes. INTERPRETATION Antiquitin is expressed within glial cells in the brain, and its dysfunction in PDE is associated with neuronal migration abnormalities and other structural brain defects. These malformations persist despite postnatal pyridoxine supplementation and likely contribute to neurodevelopmental impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Jansen
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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Kahoud RJ, Elsen GE, Hevner RF, Hodge RD. Conditional ablation of Tbr2 results in abnormal development of the olfactory bulbs and subventricular zone-rostral migratory stream. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:440-50. [PMID: 24550175 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of the olfactory bulb (OB) is a complex process that requires contributions from several progenitor cell niches to generate neuronal diversity. Previous studies showed that Tbr2 is expressed during the generation of glutamatergic OB neurons in rodents. However, relatively little is known about the role of Tbr2 in the developing OB or in the subventricular zone-rostral migratory stream (SVZ-RMS) germinal niche that gives rise to many OB neurons. RESULTS Here, we use conditional gene ablation strategies to knockout Tbr2 during embryonic mouse olfactory bulb morphogenesis, as well as during perinatal and adult neurogenesis from the SVZ-RMS niche, and describe the resulting phenotypes. We find that Tbr2 is important for the generation of mitral cells in the OB, and that the olfactory bulbs themselves are hypoplastic and disorganized in Tbr2 mutant mice. Furthermore, we show that the SVZ-RMS niche is expanded and disordered following loss of Tbr2, which leads to ectopic accumulation of neuroblasts in the RMS. Lastly, we show that adult glutamatergic neurogenesis from the SVZ is impaired by loss of Tbr2. CONCLUSIONS Tbr2 is essential for proper morphogenesis of the OB and SVZ-RMS, and is important for the generation of multiple lineages of glutamatergic olfactory bulb neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Kahoud
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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Tornero D, Wattananit S, Grønning Madsen M, Koch P, Wood J, Tatarishvili J, Mine Y, Ge R, Monni E, Devaraju K, Hevner RF, Brüstle O, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons integrate in stroke-injured cortex and improve functional recovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:3561-77. [PMID: 24148272 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based approaches to restore function after stroke through replacement of dead neurons require the generation of specific neuronal subtypes. Loss of neurons in the cerebral cortex is a major cause of stroke-induced neurological deficits in adult humans. Reprogramming of adult human somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells is a novel approach to produce patient-specific cells for autologous transplantation. Whether such cells can be converted to functional cortical neurons that survive and give rise to behavioural recovery after transplantation in the stroke-injured cerebral cortex is not known. We have generated progenitors in vitro, expressing specific cortical markers and giving rise to functional neurons, from long-term self-renewing neuroepithelial-like stem cells, produced from adult human fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. At 2 months after transplantation into the stroke-damaged rat cortex, the cortically fated cells showed less proliferation and more efficient conversion to mature neurons with morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of a cortical phenotype and higher axonal projection density as compared with non-fated cells. Pyramidal morphology and localization of the cells expressing the cortex-specific marker TBR1 in a certain layered pattern provided further evidence supporting the cortical phenotype of the fated, grafted cells, and electrophysiological recordings demonstrated their functionality. Both fated and non-fated cell-transplanted groups showed bilateral recovery of the impaired function in the stepping test compared with vehicle-injected animals. The behavioural improvement at this early time point was most likely not due to neuronal replacement and reconstruction of circuitry. At 5 months after stroke in immunocompromised rats, there was no tumour formation and the grafted cells exhibited electrophysiological properties of mature neurons with evidence of integration in host circuitry. Our findings show, for the first time, that human skin-derived induced pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated to cortical neuronal progenitors, which survive, differentiate to functional neurons and improve neurological outcome after intracortical implantation in a rat stroke model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tornero
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Centre, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Pimeisl IM, Tanriver Y, Daza RA, Vauti F, Hevner RF, Arnold HH, Arnold SJ. Generation and characterization of a tamoxifen-inducible Eomes(CreER) mouse line. Genesis 2013; 51:725-33. [PMID: 23897762 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mouse lines expressing inducible forms of Cre-recombinase in a tissue-specific manner are powerful genetic tools for studying aspects of development and various processes in the adult. The T-box transcription factor eomesodermin (Eomes) plays critical roles for maintenance and differentiation of different pools of stem and progenitor cells from early embryonic stages to adulthood. These include trophoblast stem cells, epiblast cells during the generation of the primary germ layers, neurogenic intermediate progenitor cells in embryonic and adult cortical neurogenesis, and maturing natural killer and T cells. Here, we report on the generation and analysis of an Eomes(CreER) -targeted allele by placing the tamoxifen-activatable Cre-recombinase (CreER) under the control of the Eomes genomic locus. We demonstrate that CreER expression recapitulates endogenous Eomes transcription within different progenitor cell populations. Tamoxifen administration specifically labels Eomes-expressing cells and their progeny as demonstrated by crossing Eomes(CreER) animals to different Cre-inducible reporter strains. In summary, this novel Eomes(CreER) allele can be used as elegant genetic tool that allows to follow the fate of Eomes-positive cells and to genetically manipulate them in a temporal specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga-Marie Pimeisl
- University Medical Centre, Renal Department, Centre for Clinical Research, Freiburg, Germany
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Shiba N, Daza RAM, Shaffer LG, Barkovich AJ, Dobyns WB, Hevner RF. Neuropathology of brain and spinal malformations in a case of monosomy 1p36. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:45. [PMID: 24252393 PMCID: PMC3893467 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Monosomy 1p36 is the most common subtelomeric chromosomal deletion linked to mental retardation and seizures. Neuroimaging studies suggest that monosomy 1p36 is associated with brain malformations including polymicrogyria and nodular heterotopia, but the histopathology of these lesions is unknown. Here we present postmortem neuropathological findings from a 10 year-old girl with monosomy 1p36, who died of respiratory complications. The findings included micrencephaly, periventricular nodular heterotopia in occipitotemporal lobes, cortical dysgenesis resembling polymicrogyria in dorsolateral frontal lobes, hippocampal malrotation, callosal hypoplasia, superiorly rotated cerebellum with small vermis, and lumbosacral hydromyelia. The abnormal cortex exhibited “festooned” (undulating) supragranular layers, but no significant fusion of the molecular layer. Deletion mapping demonstrated single copy loss of a contiguous 1p36 terminal region encompassing many important neurodevelopmental genes, among them four HES genes implicated in regulating neural stem cell differentiation, and TP73, a monoallelically expressed gene. Our results suggest that brain and spinal malformations in monosomy 1p36 may be more extensive than previously recognized, and may depend on the parental origin of deleted genes. More broadly, our results suggest that specific genetic disorders may cause distinct forms of cortical dysgenesis.
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Ramirez JSB, Christakis DA, Hodge RD, Hevner RF, Smith AF, Ramirez TK, Burgos MF, Ramirez JM. Decreased neurogenesis in the Dentate Gyrus following sensory non‐normative overstimulation. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1124.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Sergej Benedikt Ramirez
- Center For Integrative Brain ResearchSeattle Childrens Research InstituteSeattleWA
- Child Health Behavior and DevelopmentSeattle Children'sSeattleWA
| | - Dimitri A Christakis
- Child Health Behavior and DevelopmentSeattle Children'sSeattleWA
- Center on Human Development and DisabilityUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA
| | - Rebecca Dawn Hodge
- Center For Integrative Brain ResearchSeattle Childrens Research InstituteSeattleWA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Center For Integrative Brain ResearchSeattle Childrens Research InstituteSeattleWA
- Neurological Surgery and PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA
| | | | | | | | - Jan Marino Ramirez
- Center For Integrative Brain ResearchSeattle Childrens Research InstituteSeattleWA
- Neurological SurgeryUniversity of ChicagoSeattleWA
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Yusuf D, Butland SL, Swanson MI, Bolotin E, Ticoll A, Cheung WA, Zhang XYC, Dickman CTD, Fulton DL, Lim JS, Schnabl JM, Ramos OHP, Vasseur-Cognet M, de Leeuw CN, Simpson EM, Ryffel GU, Lam EWF, Kist R, Wilson MSC, Marco-Ferreres R, Brosens JJ, Beccari LL, Bovolenta P, Benayoun BA, Monteiro LJ, Schwenen HDC, Grontved L, Wederell E, Mandrup S, Veitia RA, Chakravarthy H, Hoodless PA, Mancarelli MM, Torbett BE, Banham AH, Reddy SP, Cullum RL, Liedtke M, Tschan MP, Vaz M, Rizzino A, Zannini M, Frietze S, Farnham PJ, Eijkelenboom A, Brown PJ, Laperrière D, Leprince D, de Cristofaro T, Prince KL, Putker M, del Peso L, Camenisch G, Wenger RH, Mikula M, Rozendaal M, Mader S, Ostrowski J, Rhodes SJ, Van Rechem C, Boulay G, Olechnowicz SWZ, Breslin MB, Lan MS, Nanan KK, Wegner M, Hou J, Mullen RD, Colvin SC, Noy PJ, Webb CF, Witek ME, Ferrell S, Daniel JM, Park J, Waldman SA, Peet DJ, Taggart M, Jayaraman PS, Karrich JJ, Blom B, Vesuna F, O'Geen H, Sun Y, Gronostajski RM, Woodcroft MW, Hough MR, Chen E, Europe-Finner GN, Karolczak-Bayatti M, Bailey J, Hankinson O, Raman V, LeBrun DP, Biswal S, Harvey CJ, DeBruyne JP, Hogenesch JB, Hevner RF, Héligon C, Luo XM, Blank MC, Millen KJ, Sharlin DS, Forrest D, Dahlman-Wright K, Zhao C, Mishima Y, Sinha S, Chakrabarti R, Portales-Casamar E, Sladek FM, Bradley PH, Wasserman WW. The transcription factor encyclopedia. Genome Biol 2012; 13:R24. [PMID: 22458515 PMCID: PMC3439975 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-3-r24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present the Transcription Factor Encyclopedia (TFe), a new web-based compendium of mini review articles on transcription factors (TFs) that is founded on the principles of open access and collaboration. Our consortium of over 100 researchers has collectively contributed over 130 mini review articles on pertinent human, mouse and rat TFs. Notable features of the TFe website include a high-quality PDF generator and web API for programmatic data retrieval. TFe aims to rapidly educate scientists about the TFs they encounter through the delivery of succinct summaries written and vetted by experts in the field. TFe is available at http://www.cisreg.ca/tfe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimas Yusuf
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Kovach C, Dixit R, Li S, Mattar P, Wilkinson G, Elsen GE, Kurrasch DM, Hevner RF, Schuurmans C. Neurog2 Simultaneously Activates and Represses Alternative Gene Expression Programs in the Developing Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2012; 23:1884-900. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Recent advances in cell labeling and imaging techniques have dramatically expanded our knowledge of the neural precursor cells responsible for corticogenesis. In particular, radial glial cells are now known to generate several classes of restricted progenitors and neurons. While radial glial cells in the ventricular zone have received the most attention, it has become increasingly clear that a distinct subclass of radial glial cells situated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and intermediate zone also play an important role in corticogenesis. These delaminated radial glial cells, which lack an apical process attached to the ventricular surface but maintain a basal process, were discovered over 3 decades ago. Recently, they have been further characterized as cortical progenitors and renamed outer, intermediate, or basal radial glia (bRG). Some of these studies indicated that bRG abundance in the outer SVZ (oSVZ) is correlated with enhanced gyrencephaly, particularly in primates and especially human, and therefore suggested that bRG may be responsible for the emergence and evolution of cerebral convolutions. In this issue of Cerebral Cortex, 2 papers provide new information about bRG in common marmosets, a near-lissencephalic primate, and in agouti, a near-gyrencephalic rodent (Garcia-Moreno et al. 2011; Kelava et al. 2011). They demonstrate that bRG are abundant and proliferate in inner as well as oSVZ, in both species. Together, these findings indicate that bRG and the oSVZ might not be correlated with gyrification or phylogeny. Rather, differential regulation of bRG and other progenitor types may enhance the adaptability and diversity of cortical morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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