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Ricci A, Rubino E, Serra GP, Wallén-Mackenzie Å. Concerning neuromodulation as treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorder: Insights gained from selective targeting of the subthalamic nucleus, para-subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2024; 256:110003. [PMID: 38789078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Neuromodulation such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) is advancing as a clinical intervention in several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, dystonia, tremor, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) for which DBS is already applied to alleviate severely afflicted individuals of symptoms. Tourette syndrome and drug addiction are two additional disorders for which DBS is in trial or proposed as treatment. However, some major remaining obstacles prevent this intervention from reaching its full therapeutic potential. Side-effects have been reported, and not all DBS-treated individuals are relieved of their symptoms. One major target area for DBS electrodes is the subthalamic nucleus (STN) which plays important roles in motor, affective and associative functions, with impact on for example movement, motivation, impulsivity, compulsivity, as well as both reward and aversion. The multifunctionality of the STN is complex. Decoding the anatomical-functional organization of the STN could enhance strategic targeting in human patients. The STN is located in close proximity to zona incerta (ZI) and the para-subthalamic nucleus (pSTN). Together, the STN, pSTN and ZI form a highly heterogeneous and clinically important brain area. Rodent-based experimental studies, including opto- and chemogenetics as well as viral-genetic tract tracings, provide unique insight into complex neuronal circuitries and their impact on behavior with high spatial and temporal precision. This research field has advanced tremendously over the past few years. Here, we provide an inclusive review of current literature in the pre-clinical research fields centered around STN, pSTN and ZI in laboratory mice and rats; the three highly heterogeneous and enigmatic structures brought together in the context of relevance for treatment strategies. Specific emphasis is placed on methods of manipulation and behavioral impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ricci
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Eleonora Rubino
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Gian Pietro Serra
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Åsa Wallén-Mackenzie
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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2
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Callahan JW, Morales JC, Atherton JF, Wang D, Kostic S, Bevan MD. Movement-related increases in subthalamic activity optimize locomotion. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114495. [PMID: 39068661 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is traditionally thought to restrict movement. Lesion or prolonged STN inhibition increases movement vigor and propensity, while optogenetic excitation has opposing effects. However, STN neurons often exhibit movement-related increases in firing. To address this paradox, STN activity was recorded and manipulated in head-fixed mice at rest and during self-initiated and self-paced treadmill locomotion. We found that (1) most STN neurons (type 1) exhibit locomotion-dependent increases in activity, with half firing preferentially during the propulsive phase of the contralateral locomotor cycle; (2) a minority of STN neurons exhibit dips in activity or are uncorrelated with movement; (3) brief optogenetic inhibition of the lateral STN (where type 1 neurons are concentrated) slows and prematurely terminates locomotion; and (4) in Q175 Huntington's disease mice, abnormally brief, low-velocity locomotion is associated with type 1 hypoactivity. Together, these data argue that movement-related increases in STN activity contribute to optimal locomotor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Callahan
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Morales
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jeremy F Atherton
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dorothy Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Selena Kostic
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mark D Bevan
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Clapp M, Bahuguna J, Giossi C, Rubin JE, Verstynen T, Vich C. CBGTPy: An extensible cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic framework for modeling biological decision making. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.05.556301. [PMID: 37732280 PMCID: PMC10508778 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.05.556301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Here we introduce CBGTPy, a virtual environment for designing and testing goal-directed agents with internal dynamics that are modeled on the cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) pathways in the mammalian brain. CBGTPy enables researchers to investigate the internal dynamics of the CBGT system during a variety of tasks, allowing for the formation of testable predictions about animal behavior and neural activity. The framework has been designed around the principle of flexibility, such that many experimental parameters in a decision making paradigm can be easily defined and modified. Here we demonstrate the capabilities of CBGTPy across a range of single and multi-choice tasks, highlighting the ease of set up and the biologically realistic behavior that it produces. We show that CBGTPy is extensible enough to apply to a range of experimental protocols and to allow for the implementation of model extensions with minimal developmental effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Clapp
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jyotika Bahuguna
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cristina Giossi
- Departament de Ciències Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
- Institute of Applied Computing and Community Code, Palma, Spain
| | - Jonathan E. Rubin
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy Verstynen
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Catalina Vich
- Departament de Ciències Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
- Institute of Applied Computing and Community Code, Palma, Spain
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Rogers K, Gold JI, Ding L. The subthalamic nucleus contributes causally to perceptual decision-making in monkeys. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.09.588715. [PMID: 38645039 PMCID: PMC11030388 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.09.588715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays critical roles in the motor and cognitive function of the basal ganglia (BG), but the exact nature of these roles is not fully understood, especially in the context of decision-making based on uncertain evidence. Guided by theoretical predictions of specific STN contributions, we used single-unit recording and electrical microstimulation in the STN of healthy monkeys to assess its causal, computational roles in visual-saccadic decisions based on noisy evidence. The recordings identified subpopulations of STN neurons with distinct task-related activity patterns that related to different theoretically predicted functions. Microstimulation caused changes in behavioral choices and response times that reflected multiple contributions to an "accumulate-to-bound"-like decision process, including modulation of decision bounds and evidence accumulation, and to non-perceptual processes. These results provide new insights into the multiple ways that the STN can support higher brain function.
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Sitzia G, Bariselli S, Gracias A, Lovinger DM. Chronic alcohol induces subcircuit-specific striatonigral plasticity enhancing the sensorimotor basal ganglia role in action execution. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm6951. [PMID: 38941461 PMCID: PMC11212723 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm6951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Functional deficits in basal ganglia (BG) circuits contribute to cognitive and motor dysfunctions in alcohol use disorder. Chronic alcohol exposure alters synaptic function and neuronal excitability in the dorsal striatum, but it remains unclear how it affects BG output that is mediated by the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Here, we describe a neuronal subpopulation-specific synaptic organization of striatal and subthalamic (STN) inputs to the medial and lateral SNr. Chronic alcohol exposure (CIE) potentiated dorsolateral striatum (DLS) inputs but did not change dorsomedial striatum and STN inputs to the SNr. Chemogenetic inhibition of DLS direct pathway neurons revealed an enhanced role for DLS direct pathway neurons in execution of an instrumental lever-pressing task. Overall, we reveal a subregion-specific organization of striatal and subthalamic inputs onto the medial and lateral SNr and find that potentiated DLS-SNr inputs are accompanied by altered BG control of action execution following CIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Sitzia
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastiano Bariselli
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexa Gracias
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - David M. Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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Ludwig M, Yi YJ, Lüsebrink F, Callaghan MF, Betts MJ, Yakupov R, Weiskopf N, Dolan RJ, Düzel E, Hämmerer D. Functional locus coeruleus imaging to investigate an ageing noradrenergic system. Commun Biol 2024; 7:777. [PMID: 38937535 PMCID: PMC11211439 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC), our main source of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain, declines with age and is a potential epicentre of protein pathologies in neurodegenerative diseases (ND). In vivo measurements of LC integrity and function are potentially important biomarkers for healthy ageing and early ND onset. In the present study, high-resolution functional MRI (fMRI), a reversal reinforcement learning task, and dedicated post-processing approaches were used to visualise age differences in LC function (N = 50). Increased LC responses were observed during emotionally and task-related salient events, with subsequent accelerations and decelerations in reaction times, respectively, indicating context-specific adaptive engagement of the LC. Moreover, older adults exhibited increased LC activation compared to younger adults, indicating possible compensatory overactivation of a structurally declining LC in ageing. Our study shows that assessment of LC function is a promising biomarker of cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Ludwig
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Yeo-Jin Yi
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Falk Lüsebrink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- NMR Methods Development Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martina F Callaghan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Betts
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Renat Yakupov
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK
| | - Emrah Düzel
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dorothea Hämmerer
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Wegman E, Wosiski-Kuhn M, Luo Y. The dual role of striatal interneurons: circuit modulation and trophic support for the basal ganglia. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1277-1283. [PMID: 37905876 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Striatal interneurons play a key role in modulating striatal-dependent behaviors, including motor activity and reward and emotional processing. Interneurons not only provide modulation to the basal ganglia circuitry under homeostasis but are also involved in changes to plasticity and adaptation during disease conditions such as Parkinson's or Huntington's disease. This review aims to summarize recent findings regarding the role of striatal cholinergic and GABAergic interneurons in providing circuit modulation to the basal ganglia in both homeostatic and disease conditions. In addition to direct circuit modulation, striatal interneurons have also been shown to provide trophic support to maintain neuron populations in adulthood. We discuss this interesting and novel role of striatal interneurons, with a focus on the maintenance of adult dopaminergic neurons from interneuron-derived sonic-hedgehog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Wegman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marlena Wosiski-Kuhn
- Department of Emergency Medicine at the School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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8
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Callahan JW, Morales JC, Atherton JF, Wang D, Kostic S, Bevan MD. Movement-related increases in subthalamic activity optimize locomotion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.07.570617. [PMID: 38105984 PMCID: PMC10723456 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.07.570617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is traditionally thought to restrict movement. Lesion or prolonged STN inhibition increases movement vigor and propensity, while ontogenetic excitation typically has opposing effects. Subthalamic and motor activity are also inversely correlated in movement disorders. However, most STN neurons exhibit movement-related increases in firing. To address this paradox, STN activity was recorded and manipulated in head-fixed mice at rest and during self-initiated treadmill locomotion. The majority of STN neurons (type 1) exhibited locomotion-dependent increases in activity, with half encoding the locomotor cycle. A minority of neurons exhibited dips in activity or were uncorrelated with movement. Brief optogenetic inhibition of the dorsolateral STN (where type 1 neurons are concentrated) slowed and prematurely terminated locomotion. In Q175 Huntington's disease mice abnormally brief, low-velocity locomotion was specifically associated with type 1 hyperactivity. Together these data argue that movement-related increases in STN activity contribute to optimal locomotor performance.
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9
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Diesburg DA, Wessel JR, Jones SR. Biophysical Modeling of Frontocentral ERP Generation Links Circuit-Level Mechanisms of Action-Stopping to a Behavioral Race Model. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2016232024. [PMID: 38561227 PMCID: PMC11097283 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2016-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Human frontocentral event-related potentials (FC-ERPs) are ubiquitous neural correlates of cognition and control, but their generating multiscale mechanisms remain mostly unknown. We used the Human Neocortical Neurosolver's biophysical model of a canonical neocortical circuit under exogenous thalamic and cortical drive to simulate the cell and circuit mechanisms underpinning the P2, N2, and P3 features of the FC-ERP observed after Stop-Signals in the Stop-Signal task (SST; N = 234 humans, 137 female). We demonstrate that a sequence of simulated external thalamocortical and corticocortical drives can produce the FC-ERP, similar to what has been shown for primary sensory cortices. We used this model of the FC-ERP to examine likely circuit-mechanisms underlying FC-ERP features that distinguish between successful and failed action-stopping. We also tested their adherence to the predictions of the horse-race model of the SST, with specific hypotheses motivated by theoretical links between the P3 and Stop process. These simulations revealed that a difference in P3 onset between successful and failed Stops is most likely due to a later arrival of thalamocortical drive in failed Stops, rather than, for example, a difference in the effective strength of the input. In contrast, the same model predicted that early thalamocortical drives underpinning the P2 and N2 differed in both strength and timing across stopping accuracy conditions. Overall, this model generates novel testable predictions of the thalamocortical dynamics underlying FC-ERP generation during action-stopping. Moreover, it provides a detailed cellular and circuit-level interpretation that supports links between these macroscale signatures and predictions of the behavioral race model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy A Diesburg
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Jan R Wessel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Stephanie R Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island 02908
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Giossi C, Bahuguna J, Rubin JE, Verstynen T, Vich C. Arkypallidal neurons in the external globus pallidus can mediate inhibitory control by altering competition in the striatum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.03.592321. [PMID: 38746308 PMCID: PMC11092778 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.03.592321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Reactive inhibitory control is crucial for survival. Traditionally, this control in mammals was attributed solely to the hyperdirect pathway, with cortical control signals flowing unidirectionally from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) to basal ganglia output regions. Yet recent findings have put this model into question, suggesting that the STN is assisted in stopping actions through ascending control signals to the striatum mediated by the external globus pallidus (GPe). Here we investigate this suggestion by harnessing a biologically-constrained spiking model of the corticobasal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) circuit that includes pallidostriatal pathways originating from arkypallidal neurons. Through a series of experiments probing the interaction between three critical inhibitory nodes (the STN, arkypallidal cells, and indirect path-way spiny projection neurons), we find that the GPe acts as a critical mediator of both ascending and descending inhibitory signals in the CBGT circuit. In particular, pallidostriatal pathways regulate this process by weakening the direct pathway dominance of the evidence accumulation process driving decisions, which increases the relative suppressive influence of the indirect pathway on basal ganglia output. These findings delineate how pallidostriatal pathways can facilitate action cancellation by managing the bidirectional flow of information within CBGT circuits.
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Polyakova Z, Hatanaka N, Chiken S, Nambu A. Subthalamic Activity for Motor Execution and Cancelation in Monkeys. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1911222024. [PMID: 38290848 PMCID: PMC10957207 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1911-22.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) receives cortical inputs via the hyperdirect and indirect pathways, projects to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia, and plays a critical role in the control of voluntary movements and movement disorders. STN neurons change their activity during execution of movements, while recent studies emphasize STN activity specific to cancelation of movements. To address the relationship between execution and cancelation functions, we examined STN activity in two Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata, both sexes) who performed a goal-directed reaching task with a delay that included Go, Cancel, and NoGo trials. We first examined responses to the stimulation of the forelimb regions in the primary motor cortex and/or supplementary motor area. STN neurons with motor cortical inputs were found in the dorsal somatomotor region of the STN. All these STN neurons showed activity changes in Go trials, suggesting their involvement in execution of movements. Part of them exhibited activity changes in Cancel trials and sustained activity during delay periods, suggesting their involvement in cancelation of planed movements and preparation of movements, respectively. The STN neurons rarely showed activity changes in NoGo trials. Go- and Cancel-related activity was selective to the direction of movements, and the selectivity was higher in Cancel trials than in Go trials. Changes in Go- and Cancel-related activity occurred early enough to initiate and cancel movements, respectively. These results suggest that the dorsal somatomotor region of the STN, which receives motor cortical inputs, is involved in preparation and execution of movements and cancelation of planned movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Polyakova
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hatanaka
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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12
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He Q, Geißler CF, Ferrante M, Hartwigsen G, Friehs MA. Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on reactive response inhibition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 157:105532. [PMID: 38194868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Reactive response inhibition cancels impending actions to enable adaptive behavior in ever-changing environments and has wide neuropsychiatric implications. A canonical paradigm to measure the covert inhibition latency is the stop-signal task (SST). To probe the cortico-subcortical network underlying motor inhibition, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been applied over central nodes to modulate SST performance, especially to the right inferior frontal cortex and the presupplementary motor area. Since the vast parameter spaces of SST and TMS enabled diverse implementations, the insights delivered by emerging TMS-SST studies remain inconclusive. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to account for variability and synthesize converging evidence. Results indicate certain protocol specificity through the consistent perturbations induced by online TMS, whereas offline protocols show paradoxical effects on different target regions besides numerous null effects. Ancillary neuroimaging findings have verified and dissociated the underpinning network dynamics. Sources of heterogeneity in designs and risk of bias are highlighted. Finally, we outline best-practice recommendations to bridge methodological gaps and subserve the validity as well as replicability of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu He
- Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph F Geißler
- Institute for Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience (ICAN), Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Matteo Ferrante
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gesa Hartwigsen
- Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany; Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian A Friehs
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Psychology of Conflict Risk and Safety, University of Twente, the Netherlands; University College Dublin, School of Psychology, Dublin, Ireland.
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13
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Guilhemsang L, Mallet NP. Arkypallidal neurons in basal ganglia circuits: Unveiling novel pallidostriatal loops? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 84:102814. [PMID: 38016260 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Just over a decade ago, a novel GABAergic input originating from a subpopulation of external globus pallidus neurons known as Arkypallidal and projecting exclusively to the striatum was unveiled. At the single-cell level, these pallidostriatal Arkypallidal projections represent one of the largest extrinsic sources of GABA known to innervate the dorsal striatum. This discovery has sparked new questions regarding their role in striatal information processing, the circuit that recruit these neurons, and their influence on behaviour, especially in the context of action selection vs. inhibition. In this review, we will present the different anatomo-functional organization of Arkypallidal neurons as compared to classic Prototypic neurons, including their unique molecular properties and what is known about their specific input/output synaptic organization. We will further describe recent findings that demonstrate one mode of action of Arkypallidal neurons, which is to convey feedback inhibition to the striatum, and how this mechanism is differentially modulated by both striatal projection pathways. Lastly, we will delve into speculations on their mechanistic contribution to striatal action execution or inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Guilhemsang
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas P Mallet
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Rueda-Orozco PE, Hidalgo-Balbuena AE, González-Pereyra P, Martinez-Montalvo MG, Báez-Cordero AS. The Interactions of Temporal and Sensory Representations in the Basal Ganglia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1455:141-158. [PMID: 38918350 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60183-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
In rodents and primates, interval estimation has been associated with a complex network of cortical and subcortical structures where the dorsal striatum plays a paramount role. Diverse evidence ranging from individual neurons to population activity has demonstrated that this area hosts temporal-related neural representations that may be instrumental for the perception and production of time intervals. However, little is known about how temporal representations interact with other well-known striatal representations, such as kinematic parameters of movements or somatosensory representations. An attractive hypothesis suggests that somatosensory representations may serve as the scaffold for complex representations such as elapsed time. Alternatively, these representations may coexist as independent streams of information that could be integrated into downstream nuclei, such as the substantia nigra or the globus pallidus. In this review, we will revise the available information suggesting an instrumental role of sensory representations in the construction of temporal representations at population and single-neuron levels throughout the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel E Rueda-Orozco
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of México, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | - Ana S Báez-Cordero
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of México, Querétaro, Mexico
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15
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Nambu A, Chiken S. External segment of the globus pallidus in health and disease: Its interactions with the striatum and subthalamic nucleus. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106362. [PMID: 37992783 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) has long been considered a homogeneous structure that receives inputs from the striatum and sends processed information to the subthalamic nucleus, composing a relay nucleus of the indirect pathway that contributes to movement suppression. Recent methodological revolution in rodents led to the identification of two distinct cell types in the GPe with different fiber connections. The GPe may be regarded as a dynamic, complex and influential center within the basal ganglia circuitry, rather than a simple relay nucleus. On the other hand, many studies have so far been performed in monkeys to clarify the functions of the basal ganglia in the healthy and diseased states, but have not paid much attention to such classification and functional differences of GPe neurons. In this minireview, we consider the knowledge on the rodent GPe and discuss its impact on the understanding of the basal ganglia circuitry in monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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16
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Friedman AD, Yin HH. Selective Activation of Subthalamic Nucleus Output Quantitatively Scales Movements. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7967-7981. [PMID: 37816600 PMCID: PMC10669786 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0734-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a common target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatments of Parkinsonian motor symptoms. According to the dominant model, the STN output can suppress movement by enhancing inhibitory basal ganglia (BG) output via the indirect pathway, and disrupting STN output using DBS can restore movement in Parkinson's patients. But the mechanisms underlying STN DBS remain poorly understood, as previous studies usually relied on electrical stimulation, which cannot selectively target STN output neurons. Here, we selectively stimulated STN projection neurons using optogenetics and quantified behavior in male and female mice using 3D motion capture. STN stimulation resulted in movements with short latencies (10-15 ms). A single pulse of light was sufficient to generate movement, and there was a highly linear relationship between stimulation frequency and kinematic measures. Unilateral stimulation caused movement in the ipsiversive direction (toward the side of stimulation) and quantitatively determined head yaw and head roll, while stimulation of either STN raises the head (pitch). Bilateral stimulation does not cause turning but raised the head twice as high as unilateral stimulation of either STN. Optogenetic stimulation increased the firing rate of STN neurons in a frequency-dependent manner, and the increased firing is responsible for stimulation-induced movements. Finally, stimulation of the STN's projection to the brainstem mesencephalic locomotor region was sufficient to reproduce the behavioral effects of STN stimulation. These results question the common assumption that the STN suppresses movement, and instead suggest that STN output can precisely specify action parameters via direct projections to the brainstem.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our results question the common assumption that the subthalamic nucleus (STN) suppresses movement, and instead suggest that STN output can precisely specify action parameters via direct projections to the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Friedman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Henry H Yin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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17
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Zhong S, Pouratian N, Christopoulos V. Computational mechanism underlying switching of motor actions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.27.564490. [PMID: 37961566 PMCID: PMC10634885 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.27.564490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Surviving in a constantly changing environment requires not only the ability to select actions, but also the flexibility to stop and switch actions when necessary. Extensive research has been devoted to understanding how the brain switches actions, yet the computations underlying switching and how it relates to selecting and stopping processes remain elusive. A central question is whether switching is an extension of the stopping process or involves different mechanisms. To address this question, we modeled action regulation tasks with a neurocomputational theory and evaluated its predictions on individuals performing reaches in a dynamic environment. Our findings suggest that, unlike stopping, switching does not necessitate a proactive pause mechanism to delay movement onset. However, switching engages a pause mechanism after movement onset, if the new target location is unknown prior to switch signal. These findings offer a new understanding of the action-switching computations, opening new avenues for future neurophysiological investigations.
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18
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Diesburg DA, Wessel JR, Jones SR. Biophysical modeling of frontocentral ERP generation links circuit-level mechanisms of action-stopping to a behavioral race model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.25.564020. [PMID: 37961333 PMCID: PMC10634895 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.564020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Human frontocentral event-related potentials (FC-ERPs) are ubiquitous neural correlates of cognition and control, but their generating multiscale mechanisms remain mostly unknown. We used the Human Neocortical Neurosolver(HNN)'s biophysical model of a canonical neocortical circuit under exogenous thalamic and cortical drive to simulate the cell and circuit mechanisms underpinning the P2, N2, and P3 features of the FC-ERP observed after Stop-Signals in the Stop-Signal task (SST). We demonstrate that a sequence of simulated external thalamocortical and cortico-cortical drives can produce the FC-ERP, similar to what has been shown for primary sensory cortices. We used this model of the FC-ERP to examine likely circuit-mechanisms underlying FC-ERP features that distinguish between successful and failed action-stopping. We also tested their adherence to the predictions of the horse-race model of the SST, with specific hypotheses motivated by theoretical links between the P3 and Stop process. These simulations revealed that a difference in P3 onset between successful and failed Stops is most likely due to a later arrival of thalamocortical drive in failed Stops, rather than, for example, a difference in effective strength of the input. In contrast, the same model predicted that early thalamocortical drives underpinning the P2 and N2 differed in both strength and timing across stopping accuracy conditions. Overall, this model generates novel testable predictions of the thalamocortical dynamics underlying FC-ERP generation during action-stopping. Moreover, it provides a detailed cellular and circuit-level interpretation that supports links between these macroscale signatures and predictions of the behavioral race model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan R. Wessel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stephanie R. Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence VA Medical Center, RI, USA
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19
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Ding L. Contributions of the Basal Ganglia to Visual Perceptual Decisions. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2023; 9:385-407. [PMID: 37713277 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-111022-123804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) make up a prominent nexus between visual and motor-related brain regions. In contrast to the BG's well-established roles in movement control and value-based decision making, their contributions to the transformation of visual input into an action remain unclear, especially in the context of perceptual decisions based on uncertain visual evidence. This article reviews recent progress in our understanding of the BG's contributions to the formation, evaluation, and adjustment of such decisions. From theoretical and experimental perspectives, the review focuses on four key stations in the BG network, namely, the striatum, pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, and midbrain dopamine neurons, which can have different roles and together support the decision process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ding
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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20
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Mangin EN, Chen J, Lin J, Li N. Behavioral measurements of motor readiness in mice. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3610-3624.e4. [PMID: 37582373 PMCID: PMC10529875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Motor planning facilitates rapid and precise execution of volitional movements. Although motor planning has been classically studied in humans and monkeys, the mouse has become an increasingly popular model system to study neural mechanisms of motor planning. It remains yet untested whether mice and primates share common behavioral features of motor planning. We combined videography and a delayed response task paradigm in an autonomous behavioral system to measure motor planning in non-body-restrained mice. Motor planning resulted in both reaction time (RT) savings and increased movement accuracy, replicating classic effects in primates. We found that motor planning was reflected in task-relevant body features. Both the specific actions prepared and the degree of motor readiness could be read out online during motor planning. The online readout further revealed behavioral evidence of simultaneous preparation for multiple actions under uncertain conditions. These results validate the mouse as a model to study motor planning, demonstrate body feature movements as a powerful real-time readout of motor readiness, and offer behavioral evidence that motor planning can be a parallel process that permits rapid selection of multiple prepared actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise N Mangin
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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21
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Goñi-Erro H, Selvan R, Caggiano V, Leiras R, Kiehn O. Pedunculopontine Chx10 + neurons control global motor arrest in mice. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1516-1528. [PMID: 37501003 PMCID: PMC10471498 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Arrest of ongoing movements is an integral part of executing motor programs. Behavioral arrest may happen upon termination of a variety of goal-directed movements or as a global motor arrest either in the context of fear or in response to salient environmental cues. The neuronal circuits that bridge with the executive motor circuits to implement a global motor arrest are poorly understood. We report the discovery that the activation of glutamatergic Chx10-derived neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) in mice arrests all ongoing movements while simultaneously causing apnea and bradycardia. This global motor arrest has a pause-and-play pattern with an instantaneous interruption of movement followed by a short-latency continuation from where it was paused. Mice naturally perform arrest bouts with the same combination of motor and autonomic features. The Chx10-PPN-evoked arrest is different to ventrolateral periaqueductal gray-induced freezing. Our study defines a motor command that induces a global motor arrest, which may be recruited in response to salient environmental cues to allow for a preparatory or arousal state, and identifies a locomotor-opposing role for rostrally biased glutamatergic neurons in the PPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizea Goñi-Erro
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raghavendra Selvan
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vittorio Caggiano
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Meta AI Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberto Leiras
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ole Kiehn
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Hiraoka T, Yagi M. The Pathogenesis of Disinhibition in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Two Patient Case Report. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1227. [PMID: 37626583 PMCID: PMC10452717 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13081227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher brain dysfunction commonly occurs following traumatic brain injury (TBI), and may manifest in a social behavioral impairment which can significantly impede active social participation. We report two cases, one of voyeurism and the second of alcohol abuse, which might have been caused by TBI resulting in disinhibition, a type of social behavioral impairment. We discuss the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms to raise awareness of such cases and aid the development of effective interventions. Patient 1 suffered a TBI at 18 years of age, 2 years after which he presented repeated episodes of sexually deviant behavior (voyeurism). At 28, he committed suicide, since he was unable to control his aberrant behavior. Patient 2 suffered a TBI at the age of 13. He first displayed problematic behavior 7 years later, which included drinking excessive amounts of alcohol and stealing while inebriated. Despite both patients having sound moral judgment, they had irrational and uncontrollable impulses of desire. Imaging findings could explain the possible causes of impulse control impairments. Damage to the basal ganglia and limbic system, which are involved in social behavior, presumably led to desire-dominated behavior, leading to the patients conducting unlawful acts despite intact moral judgment. It is crucial to educate society about the prevalence of these disorders, explain how these disinhibitions start, and develop effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hiraoka
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City 701-0192, Japan
| | - Masami Yagi
- Rehabilitation Center, Kawasaki Medical School Hospital, Kurashiki City 701-0192, Japan;
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23
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Courtney CD, Pamukcu A, Chan CS. Cell and circuit complexity of the external globus pallidus. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1147-1159. [PMID: 37336974 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The external globus pallidus (GPe) of the basal ganglia has been underappreciated owing to poor understanding of its cells and circuits. It was assumed that the GPe consisted of a homogeneous neuron population primarily serving as a 'relay station' for information flowing through the indirect basal ganglia pathway. However, the advent of advanced tools in rodent models has sparked a resurgence in interest in the GPe. Here, we review recent data that have unveiled the cell and circuit complexity of the GPe. These discoveries have revealed that the GPe does not conform to traditional views of the basal ganglia. In particular, recent evidence confirms that the afferent and efferent connections of the GPe span both the direct and the indirect pathways. Furthermore, the GPe displays broad interconnectivity beyond the basal ganglia, consistent with its emerging multifaceted roles in both motor and non-motor functions. In summary, recent data prompt new proposals for computational rules of the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor D Courtney
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arin Pamukcu
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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24
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Maith O, Baladron J, Einhäuser W, Hamker FH. Exploration behavior after reversals is predicted by STN-GPe synaptic plasticity in a basal ganglia model. iScience 2023; 26:106599. [PMID: 37250300 PMCID: PMC10214406 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans can quickly adapt their behavior to changes in the environment. Classical reversal learning tasks mainly measure how well participants can disengage from a previously successful behavior but not how alternative responses are explored. Here, we propose a novel 5-choice reversal learning task with alternating position-reward contingencies to study exploration behavior after a reversal. We compare human exploratory saccade behavior with a prediction obtained from a neuro-computational model of the basal ganglia. A new synaptic plasticity rule for learning the connectivity between the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and external globus pallidus (GPe) results in exploration biases to previously rewarded positions. The model simulations and human data both show that during experimental experience exploration becomes limited to only those positions that have been rewarded in the past. Our study demonstrates how quite complex behavior may result from a simple sub-circuit within the basal ganglia pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Maith
- Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Javier Baladron
- Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wolfgang Einhäuser
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Fred H. Hamker
- Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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25
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Zhang Q, Li M, Wang Z, Chen F. Sex differences in learning and performing the Go/NoGo tasks. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:25. [PMID: 37138307 PMCID: PMC10155458 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of learning and post-learning performances is critical for daily life. The behavioral flexibility is equally important for adapting the changing circumstances. The learning process requires repeated practices, which enhances prompt and proper behavioral responses, in turn, which promotes habits formation as well. Despite the well-documented sex differences in learning and performances, contradictory results were reported. A possible cause might be a systematic analysis due to specific research interests, regardless of the continuity of natural acquisition process. Here, we investigate the potential sex differences in learning, performances and adjustments of habited behaviors with regular and reversal Go/NoGo tasks. METHODS Both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. All rats were trained for a regular rodent Go/NoGo task and a subset of rats were trained for a reversal rodent Go/NoGo task, both with strict elimination criteria. The behavioral performance data were stored in PC for off-line analysis. Multiple behavioral indices were analyzed for both passed and retired rats. RESULTS The ability of learning the regular the reversal Go/NoGo tasks was similar for both male and female rats, however, the female rats took longer time to master the task principles in later stages for both tasks. In the regular Go/NoGo task, the female rats spent more time on completing the trial in performance optimization phases, which implied female rats were more cautious than male rats. Along with the progression of training, both male and female rats developed Go-preference strategies to perform the regular Go/NoGo task, which induced failure to meet the setting success criteria. The retired male rats exhibited shorter RTs and MTs than the retired female rats after developing Go-preference. Moreover, the time needed to complete the Go trials was significantly prolonged for male rats in the reversal Go/NoGo task. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we conclude that distinctive strategies were employed in performing Go/NoGo tasks for both male and female rats. Male rats required less time to stabilize the performance in behavioral optimization phase. In addition, male rats were more accurate in estimating time elapsing. In contrast, female rats took more cautious considerations in performing the task, through which minimal influences were manifested in the reversal version of task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxi Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiru Wang
- The Institute of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fujun Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Basanisi R, Marche K, Combrisson E, Apicella P, Brovelli A. Beta Oscillations in Monkey Striatum Encode Reward Prediction Error Signals. J Neurosci 2023; 43:3339-3352. [PMID: 37015808 PMCID: PMC10162459 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0952-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reward prediction error (RPE) signals are crucial for reinforcement learning and decision-making as they quantify the mismatch between predicted and obtained rewards. RPE signals are encoded in the neural activity of multiple brain areas, such as midbrain dopaminergic neurons, prefrontal cortex, and striatum. However, it remains unclear how these signals are expressed through anatomically and functionally distinct subregions of the striatum. In the current study, we examined to which extent RPE signals are represented across different striatal regions. To do so, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) in sensorimotor, associative, and limbic striatal territories of two male rhesus monkeys performing a free-choice probabilistic learning task. The trial-by-trial evolution of RPE during task performance was estimated using a reinforcement learning model fitted on monkeys' choice behavior. Overall, we found that changes in beta band oscillations (15-35 Hz), after the outcome of the animal's choice, are consistent with RPE encoding. Moreover, we provide evidence that the signals related to RPE are more strongly represented in the ventral (limbic) than dorsal (sensorimotor and associative) part of the striatum. To conclude, our results suggest a relationship between striatal beta oscillations and the evaluation of outcomes based on RPE signals and highlight a major contribution of the ventral striatum to the updating of learning processes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reward prediction error (RPE) signals are crucial for reinforcement learning and decision-making as they quantify the mismatch between predicted and obtained rewards. Current models suggest that RPE signals are encoded in the neural activity of multiple brain areas, including the midbrain dopaminergic neurons, prefrontal cortex and striatum. However, it remains elusive whether RPEs recruit anatomically and functionally distinct subregions of the striatum. Our study provides evidence that RPE-related modulations in local field potential (LFP) power are dominant in the striatum. In particular, they are stronger in the rostro-ventral rather than the caudo-dorsal striatum. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of striatal territories in reward-based learning and may be relevant for neuropsychiatric and neurologic diseases that affect striatal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggero Basanisi
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7289 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Kevin Marche
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7289 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille 13005, France
- Wellcome Center for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Etienne Combrisson
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7289 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Paul Apicella
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7289 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Andrea Brovelli
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7289 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille 13005, France
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Nishimaru H, Matsumoto J, Setogawa T, Nishijo H. Neuronal structures controlling locomotor behavior during active and inactive motor states. Neurosci Res 2022; 189:83-93. [PMID: 36549389 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal behaviors can be divided into two states according to their motor activity: the active motor state, which involves significant body movements, and the inactive motor state, which refers to when the animal is stationary. The timing and duration of these states are determined by the activity of the neuronal circuits involved in motor control. Among these motor circuits, those that generate locomotion are some of the most studied neuronal networks and are widely distributed from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries, mainly in rodents using state-of-the-art experimental approaches, of the neuronal mechanisms underlying the initiation and termination of locomotion in the brainstem, basal ganglia, and prefrontal cortex. These findings is discussed with reference to studies on the neuronal mechanism of motor control during sleep and the modulation of cortical states in these structures. Accumulating evidence has unraveled the complex yet highly structured network that controls the transition between motor states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Graduate school of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Graduate school of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Setogawa
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Graduate school of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Graduate school of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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28
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Cai W, Young CB, Yuan R, Lee B, Ryman S, Kim J, Yang L, Henderson VW, Poston KL, Menon V. Dopaminergic medication normalizes aberrant cognitive control circuit signalling in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2022; 145:4042-4055. [PMID: 35357463 PMCID: PMC10200291 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic medication is widely used to alleviate motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but these medications also impact cognition with significant variability across patients. It is hypothesized that dopaminergic medication impacts cognition and working memory in Parkinson's disease by modulating frontoparietal-basal ganglia cognitive control circuits, but little is known about the underlying causal signalling mechanisms and their relation to individual differences in response to dopaminergic medication. Here we use a novel state-space computational model with ultra-fast (490 ms resolution) functional MRI to investigate dynamic causal signalling in frontoparietal-basal ganglia circuits associated with working memory in 44 Parkinson's disease patients ON and OFF dopaminergic medication, as well as matched 36 healthy controls. Our analysis revealed aberrant causal signalling in frontoparietal-basal ganglia circuits in Parkinson's disease patients OFF medication. Importantly, aberrant signalling was normalized by dopaminergic medication and a novel quantitative distance measure predicted individual differences in cognitive change associated with medication in Parkinson's disease patients. These findings were specific to causal signalling measures, as no such effects were detected with conventional non-causal connectivity measures. Our analysis also identified a specific frontoparietal causal signalling pathway from right middle frontal gyrus to right posterior parietal cortex that is impaired in Parkinson's disease. Unlike in healthy controls, the strength of causal interactions in this pathway did not increase with working memory load and the strength of load-dependent causal weights was not related to individual differences in working memory task performance in Parkinson's disease patients OFF medication. However, dopaminergic medication in Parkinson's disease patients reinstated the relation with working memory performance. Our findings provide new insights into aberrant causal brain circuit dynamics during working memory and identify mechanisms by which dopaminergic medication normalizes cognitive control circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christina B Young
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rui Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Byeongwook Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sephira Ryman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laurice Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Victor W Henderson
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathleen L Poston
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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29
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A neurocomputational theory of action regulation predicts motor behavior in neurotypical individuals and patients with Parkinson’s disease. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010111. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Surviving in an uncertain environment requires not only the ability to select the best action, but also the flexibility to withhold inappropriate actions when the environmental conditions change. Although selecting and withholding actions have been extensively studied in both human and animals, there is still lack of consensus on the mechanism underlying these action regulation functions, and more importantly, how they inter-relate. A critical gap impeding progress is the lack of a computational theory that will integrate the mechanisms of action regulation into a unified framework. The current study aims to advance our understanding by developing a neurodynamical computational theory that models the mechanism of action regulation that involves suppressing responses, and predicts how disruption of this mechanism can lead to motor deficits in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. We tested the model predictions in neurotypical individuals and PD patients in three behavioral tasks that involve free action selection between two opposed directions, action selection in the presence of conflicting information and abandoning an ongoing action when a stop signal is presented. Our results and theory suggest an integrated mechanism of action regulation that affects both action initiation and inhibition. When this mechanism is disrupted, motor behavior is affected, leading to longer reaction times and higher error rates in action inhibition.
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30
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Wessel JR, Diesburg DA, Chalkley NH, Greenlee JDW. A causal role for the human subthalamic nucleus in non-selective cortico-motor inhibition. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3785-3791.e3. [PMID: 35841891 PMCID: PMC9511894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Common cortico-basal ganglia models of motor control suggest a key role for the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in motor inhibition.1-3 In particular, when already-initiated actions have to be suddenly stopped, the STN is purportedly recruited via a hyperdirect pathway to net inhibit the cortico-motor system in a broad, non-selective fashion.4 Indeed, the suppression of cortico-spinal excitability (CSE) during rapid action stopping extends beyond the stopped muscle and affects even task-irrelevant motor representations.5,6 Although such non-selective CSE suppression has long been attributed to the broad inhibitory influence of STN on the motor system, causal evidence for this association is hitherto lacking. Here, 20 Parkinson's disease patients treated with STN deep-brain stimulation (DBS) and 20 matched healthy controls performed a verbal stop-signal task while CSE was measured from a task-unrelated hand muscle. DBS allowed a causal manipulation of STN, while CSE was measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over primary motor cortex and concurrent electromyography. In patients OFF-DBS and controls, the CSE of the hand was non-selectively suppressed when the verbal response was successfully stopped. Crucially, this effect disappeared when STN was disrupted via DBS in the patient group. Using this unique combination of DBS and TMS during human behavior, the current study provides first causal evidence that STN is likely involved in non-selectively suppressing the physiological excitability of the cortico-motor system during action stopping. This confirms a core prediction of long-held cortico-basal ganglia circuit models of movement. The absence of cortico-motor inhibition during STN-DBS may also provide potential insights into the common side effects of STN-DBS, such as increased impulsivity.7-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R Wessel
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA; Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Darcy A Diesburg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA; Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA
| | - Nathan H Chalkley
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA
| | - Jeremy D W Greenlee
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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31
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Thenaisie Y, Lee K, Moerman C, Scafa S, Gálvez A, Pirondini E, Burri M, Ravier J, Puiatti A, Accolla E, Wicki B, Zacharia A, Castro Jiménez M, Bally JF, Courtine G, Bloch J, Moraud EM. Principles of gait encoding in the subthalamic nucleus of people with Parkinson's disease. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabo1800. [PMID: 36070366 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of subthalamic nucleus dynamics in Parkinson's disease leads to impairments during walking. Here, we aimed to uncover the principles through which the subthalamic nucleus encodes functional and dysfunctional walking in people with Parkinson's disease. We conceived a neurorobotic platform embedding an isokinetic dynamometric chair that allowed us to deconstruct key components of walking under well-controlled conditions. We exploited this platform in 18 patients with Parkinson's disease to demonstrate that the subthalamic nucleus encodes the initiation, termination, and amplitude of leg muscle activation. We found that the same fundamental principles determine the encoding of leg muscle synergies during standing and walking. We translated this understanding into a machine learning framework that decoded muscle activation, walking states, locomotor vigor, and freezing of gait. These results expose key principles through which subthalamic nucleus dynamics encode walking, opening the possibility to operate neuroprosthetic systems with these signals to improve walking in people with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Thenaisie
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Defitech Centre for Interventional Neurotherapies, CHUV, UNIL, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Kyuhwa Lee
- Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, Geneva CH-1202, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Moerman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Defitech Centre for Interventional Neurotherapies, CHUV, UNIL, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Scafa
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Defitech Centre for Interventional Neurotherapies, CHUV, UNIL, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.,Institute of Digital Technologies for Personalized Healthcare (MeDiTech) , University of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Lugano-Viganello CH-6962 Switzerland
| | - Andrea Gálvez
- NeuroRestore, Defitech Centre for Interventional Neurotherapies, CHUV, UNIL, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Life Sciences, EPFL, NeuroX Institute, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Elvira Pirondini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15213, PA, USA.,Rehabilitation and Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15213, PA, USA
| | - Morgane Burri
- NeuroRestore, Defitech Centre for Interventional Neurotherapies, CHUV, UNIL, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Life Sciences, EPFL, NeuroX Institute, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Jimmy Ravier
- NeuroRestore, Defitech Centre for Interventional Neurotherapies, CHUV, UNIL, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Life Sciences, EPFL, NeuroX Institute, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Puiatti
- Institute of Digital Technologies for Personalized Healthcare (MeDiTech) , University of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Lugano-Viganello CH-6962 Switzerland
| | - Ettore Accolla
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Fribourgeois, Fribourg University, Fribourg CH-1708, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Wicki
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital du Valais, Sion CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - André Zacharia
- Clinique Bernoise, Crans-Montana CH-3963, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1201, Switzerland
| | - Mayte Castro Jiménez
- Department of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Julien F Bally
- Department of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Courtine
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Defitech Centre for Interventional Neurotherapies, CHUV, UNIL, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Life Sciences, EPFL, NeuroX Institute, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Bloch
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Defitech Centre for Interventional Neurotherapies, CHUV, UNIL, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Life Sciences, EPFL, NeuroX Institute, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Eduardo Martin Moraud
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Defitech Centre for Interventional Neurotherapies, CHUV, UNIL, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
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32
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Partanen J, Achim K. Neurons gating behavior—developmental, molecular and functional features of neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars reticulata. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:976209. [PMID: 36148148 PMCID: PMC9485944 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.976209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Substantia Nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) is the major information output site of the basal ganglia network and instrumental for the activation and adjustment of movement, regulation of the behavioral state and response to reward. Due to both overlapping and unique input and output connections, the SNpr might also have signal integration capacity and contribute to action selection. How the SNpr regulates these multiple functions remains incompletely understood. The SNpr is located in the ventral midbrain and is composed primarily of inhibitory GABAergic projection neurons that are heterogeneous in their properties. In addition, the SNpr contains smaller populations of other neurons, including glutamatergic neurons. Here, we discuss regionalization of the SNpr, in particular the division of the SNpr neurons to anterior (aSNpr) and posterior (pSNpr) subtypes, which display differences in many of their features. We hypothesize that unique developmental and molecular characteristics of the SNpr neuron subtypes correlate with both region-specific connections and notable functional specializations of the SNpr. Variation in both the genetic control of the SNpr neuron development as well as signals regulating cell migration and axon guidance may contribute to the functional diversity of the SNpr neurons. Therefore, insights into the various aspects of differentiation of the SNpr neurons can increase our understanding of fundamental brain functions and their defects in neurological and psychiatric disorders, including movement and mood disorders, as well as epilepsy.
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33
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Brockett AT, Tennyson SS, deBettencourt CA, Kallmyer M, Roesch MR. Medial prefrontal cortex lesions disrupt prepotent action selection signals in dorsomedial striatum. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3276-3287.e3. [PMID: 35803273 PMCID: PMC9378551 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to inhibit or adapt unwanted actions or movements is a critical feature of almost all forms of behavior. Many have attributed this ability to frontal brain areas such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), but the exact contribution of each brain region is often debated because their functions are not examined in animals performing the same task. Recently, we have shown that ACC signals a need for cognitive control and is crucial for the adaptation of action selection signals in dorsomedial striatum (DMS) in rats performing a stop-change task. Here, we show that unlike ACC, the prelimbic region of mPFC does not disrupt the inhibition or adaption of an action plan at either the level of behavior or downstream firing in DMS. Instead, lesions to mPFC correlate with changes in DMS signals involved in action initiation and disrupt performance on GO trials while improving performance on STOP trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Brockett
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Stephen S Tennyson
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Coreylyn A deBettencourt
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Madeline Kallmyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Matthew R Roesch
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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34
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Bauminger H, Gaisler-Salomon I. Beyond NMDA Receptors: Homeostasis at the Glutamate Tripartite Synapse and Its Contributions to Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8617. [PMID: 35955750 PMCID: PMC9368772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are core symptoms of schizophrenia but remain poorly addressed by dopamine-based antipsychotic medications. Glutamate abnormalities are implicated in schizophrenia-related cognitive deficits. While the role of the NMDA receptor has been extensively studied, less attention was given to other components that control glutamate homeostasis. Glutamate dynamics at the tripartite synapse include presynaptic and postsynaptic components and are tightly regulated by neuron-astrocyte crosstalk. Here, we delineate the role of glutamate homeostasis at the tripartite synapse in schizophrenia-related cognitive dysfunction. We focus on cognitive domains that can be readily measured in humans and rodents, i.e., working memory, recognition memory, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition. We describe tasks used to measure cognitive function in these domains in humans and rodents, and the relevance of glutamate alterations in these domains. Next, we delve into glutamate tripartite synaptic components and summarize findings that implicate the relevance of these components to specific cognitive domains. These collective findings indicate that neuron-astrocyte crosstalk at the tripartite synapse is essential for cognition, and that pre- and postsynaptic components play a critical role in maintaining glutamate homeostasis and cognitive well-being. The contribution of these components to cognitive function should be considered in order to better understand the role played by glutamate signaling in cognition and develop efficient pharmacological treatment avenues for schizophrenia treatment-resistant symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar Bauminger
- School of Psychological Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Inna Gaisler-Salomon
- School of Psychological Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
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35
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Adam EM, Johns T, Sur M. Dynamic control of visually guided locomotion through corticosubthalamic projections. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111139. [PMID: 35905719 PMCID: PMC9395210 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed locomotion requires control signals that propagate from higher order areas to regulate spinal mechanisms. The corticosubthalamic hyperdirect pathway offers a short route for cortical information to reach locomotor centers in the brainstem. We developed a task in which head-fixed mice run to a visual landmark and then stop and wait to collect the reward and examined the role of secondary motor cortex (M2) projections to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in controlling locomotion. Our behavioral modeling, calcium imaging, and optogenetics manipulation results suggest that the M2-STN pathway can be recruited during visually guided locomotion to rapidly and precisely control the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) of the mesencephalic locomotor region through the basal ganglia. By capturing the physiological dynamics through a feedback control model and analyzing neuronal signals in M2, PPN, and STN, we find that the corticosubthalamic projections potentially control PPN activity by differentiating an M2 error signal to ensure fast input-output dynamics. Using a combination of optogenetics, 2-photon imaging, extracellular recordings, and control theoretic models in behaving mice, Adam et al. find that the M2-STN projection sends stop signals to halt visually guided locomotion and potentially controls the MLR/PPN through SNr by differentiating an M2 error signal for the rapid control of locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie M Adam
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Taylor Johns
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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36
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Delevich K, Hoshal B, Zhou LZ, Zhang Y, Vedula S, Lin WC, Chase J, Collins AGE, Wilbrecht L. Activation, but not inhibition, of the indirect pathway disrupts choice rejection in a freely moving, multiple-choice foraging task. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111129. [PMID: 35905722 PMCID: PMC10481643 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsomedial striatum (DMS) plays a key role in action selection, but less is known about how direct and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs and iSPNs, respectively) contribute to choice rejection in freely moving animals. Here, we use pathway-specific chemogenetic manipulation during a serial choice foraging task to test the role of dSPNs and iSPNs in learned choice rejection. We find that chemogenetic activation, but not inhibition, of iSPNs disrupts rejection of nonrewarded choices, contrary to predictions of a simple "select/suppress" heuristic. Our findings suggest that iSPNs' role in stopping and freezing does not extend in a simple fashion to choice rejection in an ethological, freely moving context. These data may provide insights critical for the successful design of interventions for addiction or other conditions in which it is desirable to strengthen choice rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Delevich
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Benjamin Hoshal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lexi Z Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Satya Vedula
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wan Chen Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Juliana Chase
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anne G E Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Linda Wilbrecht
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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37
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Banstola A, Young CK, Parr-Brownlie L, McNaughton N. Dynamic interaction between hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex, and subthalamic nucleus during goal conflict in the stop signal task in rats. Neurosci Res 2022; 182:65-75. [PMID: 35779761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Action stopping depends on at least two (fast, slow) frontal circuits depending on the urgency of execution of the 'go' response. Human EEG suggests a third (even slower, limbic) circuit that activates frontal areas at frequencies typical of 'hippocampal theta'. Here we test in male rats whether stop-go conflict engages the hippocampus and so may send theta-modulated information via the frontal cortex to the subthalamic nucleus. We recorded from multi-electrode arrays in the hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex, and subthalamus in 5 male Long Evans rats performing a stop signal task and, as in previous human experiments, assessed stop-signal specific power for effects of goal conflict. Conflict increased 11-12 Hz theta power modestly in all three structures but with the largest increase in power being at 5 Hz in the frontal cortex but not the hippocampus. There was increased conflict-related coherence in all circuits in the range 5-8 Hz and particularly at 5-6 Hz. Increased coherence coupled with an increase in conflict-induced low frequency power in the frontal cortex may reflect communication with the hippocampus. The data are consistent with a third limbic circuit that can generate stopping when go responses are particularly slow (as, e.g., in a go/no go task). [199 words; 200 max].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashik Banstola
- Dept. Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Calvin K Young
- Dept. Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Neil McNaughton
- Dept. Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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38
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Brain-inspired meta-reinforcement learning cognitive control in conflictual inhibition decision-making task for artificial agents. Neural Netw 2022; 154:283-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Moolchand P, Jones SR, Frank MJ. Biophysical and Architectural Mechanisms of Subthalamic Theta under Response Conflict. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4470-4487. [PMID: 35477903 PMCID: PMC9172290 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2433-19.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortico-basal ganglia circuit is needed to suppress prepotent actions and to facilitate controlled behavior. Under conditions of response conflict, the frontal cortex and subthalamic nucleus (STN) exhibit increased spiking and theta band power, which are linked to adaptive regulation of behavioral output. The electrophysiological mechanisms underlying these neural signatures of impulse control remain poorly understood. To address this lacuna, we constructed a novel large-scale, biophysically principled model of the subthalamopallidal (STN-globus pallidus externus) network and examined the mechanisms that modulate theta power and spiking in response to cortical input. Simulations confirmed that theta power does not emerge from intrinsic network dynamics but is robustly elicited in response to cortical input as burst events representing action selection dynamics. Rhythmic burst events of multiple cortical populations, representing a state of conflict where cortical motor plans vacillate in the theta range, led to prolonged STN theta and increased spiking, consistent with empirical literature. Notably, theta band signaling required NMDA, but not AMPA, currents, which were in turn related to a triphasic STN response characterized by spiking, silence, and bursting periods. Finally, theta band resonance was also strongly modulated by architectural connectivity, with maximal theta arising when multiple cortical populations project to individual STN "conflict detector" units because of an NMDA-dependent supralinear response. Our results provide insights into the biophysical principles and architectural constraints that give rise to STN dynamics during response conflict, and how their disruption can lead to impulsivity and compulsivity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The subthalamic nucleus exhibits theta band power modulation related to cognitive control over motor actions during conditions of response conflict. However, the mechanisms of such dynamics are not understood. Here we developed a novel biophysically detailed and data-constrained large-scale model of the subthalamopallidal network, and examined the impacts of cellular and network architectural properties that give rise to theta dynamics. Our investigations implicate an important role for NMDA receptors and cortico-subthalamic nucleus topographical connectivities in theta power modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prannath Moolchand
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Stephanie R Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Michael J Frank
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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40
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Leunissen I, Van Steenkiste M, Heise KF, Monteiro TS, Dunovan K, Mantini D, Coxon JP, Swinnen SP. Effects of beta-band and gamma-band rhythmic stimulation on motor inhibition. iScience 2022; 25:104338. [PMID: 35602965 PMCID: PMC9117874 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether beta oscillations are causally related to motor inhibition, thirty-six participants underwent two concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and electroencephalography (EEG) sessions during which either beta (20 Hz) or gamma (70 Hz) stimulation was applied while participants performed a stop-signal task. In addition, we acquired magnetic resonance images to simulate the electric field during tACS. 20 Hz stimulation targeted at the pre-supplementary motor area enhanced inhibition and increased beta oscillatory power around the time of the stop-signal in trials directly following stimulation. The increase in inhibition on stop trials followed a dose-response relationship with the strength of the individually simulated electric field. Computational modeling revealed that 20 and 70 Hz stimulation had opposite effects on the braking process. These results highlight that the effects of tACS are state-dependent and demonstrate that fronto-central beta activity is causally related to successful motor inhibition, supporting its use as a functional biomarker. Beta tACS over preSMA improved motor inhibition Gamma tACS slowed down the stop process but primarily affected movement execution Beta tACS resulted in higher beta spectral power around the time of the stop-signal Effects of tACS showed a dose-response relationship with electric field strength
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Leunissen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Manon Van Steenkiste
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirstin-Friederike Heise
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thiago Santos Monteiro
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kyle Dunovan
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126, Venice, Italy
| | - James P Coxon
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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41
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Subthalamic nucleus stabilizes movements by reducing neural spike variability in monkey basal ganglia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2233. [PMID: 35468893 PMCID: PMC9038919 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus projects to the external and internal pallidum, the modulatory and output nuclei of the basal ganglia, respectively, and plays an indispensable role in controlling voluntary movements. However, the precise mechanism by which the subthalamic nucleus controls pallidal activity and movements remains elusive. Here, we utilize chemogenetics to reversibly reduce neural activity of the motor subregion of the subthalamic nucleus in three macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata, both sexes) during a reaching task. Systemic administration of chemogenetic ligands prolongs movement time and increases spike train variability in the pallidum, but only slightly affects firing rate modulations. Across-trial analyses reveal that the irregular discharges in the pallidum coincides with prolonged movement time. Reduction of subthalamic activity also induces excessive abnormal movements in the contralateral forelimb, which are preceded by subthalamic and pallidal phasic activity changes. Our results suggest that the subthalamic nucleus stabilizes pallidal spike trains and achieves stable movements. Chemogenetic inactivation of the subthalamic nucleus in monkeys increases spike train variability in the pallidum and prolongs movement time, suggesting its role in stabilizing pallidal spike trains to achieve stable motor control.
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42
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Villalobos CA, Basso MA. Optogenetic activation of the inhibitory nigro-collicular circuit evokes contralateral orienting movements in mice. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110699. [PMID: 35443172 PMCID: PMC10144672 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that increasing inhibition from the basal ganglia (BG) to the superior colliculus (SC) through the substantia nigra pars reticulata (nigra) using in vivo optogenetic activation of GABAergic terminals in mice produces contralateral orienting movements. These movements are unexpected because decreases, and not increases, in nigral activity are generally associated with the initiation of orienting movements. We found that, in slice recordings, the same optogenetic stimulation of nigral terminals producing movements in vivo evokes post-inhibitory rebound depolarization followed by Na+ spikes in SC output neurons. Moreover, blocking T-type Ca2+ channels in slices prevent post-inhibitory rebound and subsequent Na+ spiking in SC output neurons and also reduce the likelihood of contralateral orienting in vivo. On the basis of these results, we propose that, in addition to the permissive role, the BG may play an active role in the generation of orienting movements in mice by driving post-inhibitory rebound depolarization in SC output neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A Villalobos
- Fuster Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Michele A Basso
- Fuster Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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43
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Muralidharan V, Aron AR, Schmidt R. Transient beta modulates decision thresholds during human action-stopping. Neuroimage 2022; 254:119145. [PMID: 35342005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Action-stopping in humans involves bursts of beta oscillations in prefrontal-basal ganglia regions. To determine the functional role of these beta bursts we took advantage of the Race Model framework describing action-stopping. We incorporated beta bursts in three race model variants, each implementing a different functional contribution of beta to action-stopping. In these variants, we hypothesized that a transient increase in beta could (1) modulate decision thresholds, (2) change stop accumulation rates, or (3) promote the interaction between the Stop and the Go process. We then tested the model predictions using EEG recordings in humans performing a Stop-signal task. We found that the model variant in which beta increased decision thresholds for a brief period of time best explained the empirical data. The model parameters fitted to the empirical data indicated that beta bursts involve a stronger decision threshold modulation for the Go process than for the Stop process. This suggests that prefrontal beta influences stopping by temporarily holding the response from execution. Our study further suggests that human action-stopping could be multi-staged with the beta acting as a pause, increasing the response threshold for the Stop process to modulate behavior successfully. Overall, our approach of introducing transient oscillations into the race model and testing against human electrophysiological data provides a novel account of the puzzle of prefrontal beta in executive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Muralidharan
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, UK
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44
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Indrajeet I, Atkinson-Clement C, Worbe Y, Pouget P, Ray S. Compromised reactive but intact proactive inhibitory motor control in Tourette disorder. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2193. [PMID: 35140247 PMCID: PMC8828748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette disorder (TD) is characterized by tics, which are sudden repetitive involuntary movements or vocalizations. Deficits in inhibitory control in TD patients remain inconclusive from the traditional method of estimating the ability to stop an impending action, which requires careful interpretation of a metric derived from race model. One possible explanation for these inconsistencies is that race model's assumptions of independent and stochastic rise of GO and STOP process to a fixed threshold are often violated, making the classical metric to assess inhibitory control less robust. Here, we used a pair of metrics derived from a recent alternative model to address why stopping performance in TD is unaffected despite atypical neural circuitry. These new metrics distinguish between proactive and reactive inhibitory control and estimate them separately. When these metrics in adult TD group were contrasted with healthy controls (HC), we identified robust deficits in reactive control, but not in proactive control in TD. The TD group exhibited difficulty in slowing down the speed of movement preparation, which they rectified by their intact ability to postpone the movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajeet Indrajeet
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Cyril Atkinson-Clement
- Sorbonne University, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France
| | - Yulia Worbe
- Sorbonne University, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France
- Department of Neurophysiology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Pouget
- Sorbonne University, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France.
- Department of Neurophysiology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Supriya Ray
- Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India.
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45
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Das A, Goldberg JH. Songbird subthalamic neurons project to dopaminergic midbrain and exhibit singing-related activity. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:373-383. [PMID: 34965747 PMCID: PMC8896995 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00254.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Skill learning requires motor output to be evaluated against internal performance benchmarks. In songbirds, ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons (DA) signal performance errors important for learning, but it remains unclear which brain regions project to VTA and how these inputs may contribute to DA error signaling. Here, we find that the songbird subthalamic nucleus (STN) projects to VTA and that STN microstimulation can excite VTA neurons. We also discover that STN receives inputs from motor cortical, auditory cortical, and ventral pallidal brain regions previously implicated in song evaluation. In the first neural recordings from songbird STN, we discover that the activity of most STN neurons is associated with body movements and not singing, but a small fraction of neurons exhibits precise song timing and performance error signals. Our results place the STN in a pathway important for song learning, but not song production, and expand the territories of songbird brain potentially associated with song learning.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Songbird subthalamic (STN) neurons exhibit singing-related signals and are interconnected with the motor cortical nucleus, auditory pallium, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area, areas important for song generation and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Das
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jesse H. Goldberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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46
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The motor inhibitory network in patients with asymmetrical Parkinson's disease: An fMRI study. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:1349-1361. [PMID: 35020124 PMCID: PMC9107438 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent imaging studies with the stop-signal task in healthy individuals indicate that the subthalamic nucleus, the pre-supplementary motor area and the inferior frontal gyrus are key components of the right hemisphere “inhibitory network”. Limited information is available regarding neural substrates of inhibitory processing in patients with asymmetric Parkinson’s disease. The aim of the current fMRI study was to identify the neural changes underlying deficient inhibitory processing on the stop-signal task in patients with predominantly left-sided Parkinson’s disease. Fourteen patients and 23 healthy controls performed a stop-signal task with the left and right hands. Behaviorally, patients showed delayed response inhibition with either hand compared to controls. We found small imaging differences for the right hand, however for the more affected left hand when behavior was successfully inhibited we found reduced activation of the inferior frontal gyrus bilaterally and the insula. Using the stop-signal delay as regressor, contralateral underactivation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal and anterior putamen were found in patients. This finding indicates dysfunction of the right inhibitory network in left-sided Parkinson’s disease. Functional connectivity analysis of the left subthalamic nucleus showed a significant increase of connectivity with bilateral insula. In contrast, the right subthalamic nucleus showed increased connectivity with visuomotor and sensorimotor regions of the cerebellum. We conclude that altered inhibitory control in left-sided Parkinson’s disease is associated with reduced activation in regions dedicated to inhibition in healthy controls, which requires engagement of additional regions, not observed in controls, to successfully stop ongoing actions.
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47
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Piszczek L, Constantinescu A, Kargl D, Lazovic J, Pekcec A, Nicholson JR, Haubensak W. Dissociation of impulsive traits by subthalamic metabotropic glutamate receptor 4. eLife 2022; 11:62123. [PMID: 34982027 PMCID: PMC8803315 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral strategies require gating of premature responses to optimize outcomes. Several brain areas control impulsive actions, but the neuronal basis of natural variation in impulsivity between individuals remains largely unknown. Here, by combining a Go/No-Go behavioral assay with resting-state (rs) functional MRI in mice, we identified the subthalamic nucleus (STN), a known gate for motor control in the basal ganglia, as a major hotspot for trait impulsivity. In vivo recorded STN neural activity encoded impulsive action as a separable state from basic motor control, characterized by decoupled STN/substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) mesoscale networks. Optogenetic modulation of STN activity bidirectionally controlled impulsive behavior. Pharmacological and genetic manipulations showed that these impulsive actions are modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGlu4) function in STN and its coupling to SNr in a behavioral trait-dependent manner, and independently of general motor function. In conclusion, STN circuitry multiplexes motor control and trait impulsivity, which are molecularly dissociated by mGlu4. This provides a potential mechanism for the genetic modulation of impulsive behavior, a clinically relevant predictor for developing psychiatric disorders associated with impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Piszczek
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Department of Neuroscience, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreea Constantinescu
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Department of Neuroscience, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominic Kargl
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Department of Neuroscience, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jelena Lazovic
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities (VBCF), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Pekcec
- Div Research Germany, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Janet R Nicholson
- Div Research Germany, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Wulf Haubensak
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Department of Neuroscience, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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48
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Choo Y, Matzke D, Bowren MD, Tranel D, Wessel JR. Right inferior frontal gyrus damage is associated with impaired initiation of inhibitory control, but not its implementation. eLife 2022; 11:79667. [PMID: 36583378 PMCID: PMC9803357 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control is one of the most important control functions in the human brain. Much of our understanding of its neural basis comes from seminal work showing that lesions to the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) increase stop-signal reaction time (SSRT), a latent variable that expresses the speed of inhibitory control. However, recent work has identified substantial limitations of the SSRT method. Notably, SSRT is confounded by trigger failures: stop-signal trials in which inhibitory control was never initiated. Such trials inflate SSRT, but are typically indicative of attentional, rather than inhibitory deficits. Here, we used hierarchical Bayesian modeling to identify stop-signal trigger failures in human rIFG lesion patients, non-rIFG lesion patients, and healthy comparisons. Furthermore, we measured scalp-EEG to detect β-bursts, a neurophysiological index of inhibitory control. rIFG lesion patients showed a more than fivefold increase in trigger failure trials and did not exhibit the typical increase of stop-related frontal β-bursts. However, on trials in which such β-bursts did occur, rIFG patients showed the typical subsequent upregulation of β over sensorimotor areas, indicating that their ability to implement inhibitory control, once triggered, remains intact. These findings suggest that the role of rIFG in inhibitory control has to be fundamentally reinterpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojeong Choo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States,Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Dora Matzke
- Department of Psychology, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Mark D Bowren
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and ClinicsIowa CityUnited States
| | - Jan R Wessel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States,Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and ClinicsIowa CityUnited States
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49
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Optogenetic inhibition of indirect pathway neurons in the dorsomedial striatum reduces excessive grooming in Sapap3-knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:477-487. [PMID: 34417544 PMCID: PMC8674346 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive grooming of Sapap3-KO mice has been used as a model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Previous studies suggest that dysregulation of cortico-striatal circuits is critically important in the generation of compulsive behaviors, and it has been proposed that the alteration in the activity patterns of striatal circuitry underlies the excessive grooming observed in Sapap3-KO mice. To test this hypothesis, we used in-vivo calcium imaging of individual cells to record striatal activity in these animals and optogenetic inhibition to manipulate this activity. We identified striatal neurons that are modulated during grooming behavior and found that their proportion is significantly larger in Sapap3-KO mice compared to wild-type littermates. Inhibition of striatal cells in Sapap3-KO mice increased the number of grooming episodes observed. Remarkably, the specific inhibition of indirect pathway neurons decreased the occurrence of grooming events. Our results indicate that there is striatal neural activity related to excessive grooming engagement in Sapap3-KO mice. We also demonstrate, for the first time, that specific inhibition of striatal indirect pathway neurons reduces this compulsive phenotype, suggesting that treatments that alleviate compulsive symptoms in OCD patients may exert their effects through this specific striatal population.
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50
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Caglayan A, Stumpenhorst K, Winter Y. The Stop Signal Task for Measuring Behavioral Inhibition in Mice With Increased Sensitivity and High-Throughput Operation. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:777767. [PMID: 34955779 PMCID: PMC8696275 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.777767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceasing an ongoing motor response requires action cancelation. This is impaired in many pathologies such as attention deficit disorder and schizophrenia. Action cancelation is measured by the stop signal task that estimates how quickly a motor response can be stopped when it is already being executed. Apart from human studies, the stop signal task has been used to investigate neurobiological mechanisms of action cancelation overwhelmingly in rats and only rarely in mice, despite the need for a genetic model approach. Contributing factors to the limited number of mice studies may be the long and laborious training that is necessary and the requirement for a very loud (100 dB) stop signal. We overcame these limitations by employing a fully automated home-cage-based setup. We connected a home-cage to the operant box via a gating mechanism, that allowed individual ID chipped mice to start sessions voluntarily. Furthermore, we added a negative reinforcement consisting of a mild air puff with escape option to the protocol. This specifically improved baseline inhibition to 94% (from 84% with the conventional approach). To measure baseline inhibition the stop is signaled immediately with trial onset thus measuring action restraint rather than action cancelation ability. A high baseline allowed us to measure action cancelation ability with higher sensitivity. Furthermore, our setup allowed us to reduce the intensity of the acoustic stop signal from 100 to 70 dB. We constructed inhibition curves from stop trials with daily adjusted delays to estimate stop signal reaction times (SSRTs). SSRTs (median 88 ms) were lower than reported previously, which we attribute to the observed high baseline inhibition. Our automated training protocol reduced training time by 17% while also promoting minimal experimenter involvement. This sensitive and labor efficient stop signal task procedure should therefore facilitate the investigation of action cancelation pathologies in genetic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - York Winter
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.,Excellenzcluster NeuroCure, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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