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Chen E, Zhang ZQ, Xu AC, Huang F, He YX, Yu XC, He GX. INFLUENCES OF HEAT STRESS ON GLUTAMATE TRANSMISSION-DEPENDENT EXPRESSION LEVELS OF IL-1β and IL-18 IN BV-2 MICROGLIAL CELLS. Shock 2024; 62:146-152. [PMID: 38668801 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to explore the impact of heat stress (HS) on glutamate transmission-dependent expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 in BV-2 microglial cells. Methods: BV-2 microglial cells were cultured in vitro , with cells maintained at 37°C serving as the control. The HS group experienced incubation at 40°C for 1 h, followed by further culturing at 37°C for 6 or 12 h. The experimental group was preincubated with glutamate, the glutamate antagonist riluzole, or the mGluR5 agonist, 2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG), before HS. Glutamate content in BV-2 culture supernatant was assessed using colorimetric assay. Moreover, mRNA expression levels of EAAT3 and/or mGluR5 in BV-2 cells were determined via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Interleukins (IL-1β and IL-18) in cell culture supernatant were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blot analysis was employed to assess protein levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in BV-2 cells. Results: HS induced a significant release of glutamate and increased the expression levels of mGluR5 and EAAT3 in BV-2 cells. It also triggered the expression levels and release of proinflammatory factors, such as IL-1β and IL-18, synergizing with the effects of glutamate treatment. Preincubation with both riluzole and CHPG significantly reduced HS-induced glutamate release and mitigated the increased expression levels and release of IL-1β and IL-18 induced by HS. Conclusion: The findings confirmed that microglia could be involved in HS primarily through glutamate metabolisms, influencing the expression levels and release of IL-1β and IL-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - An-Cong Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Xi-Chong Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guo-Xin He
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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2
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Lee S, Kim J, Ryu HH, Jang H, Lee D, Lee S, Song JM, Lee YS, Ho Suh Y. SHP2 regulates GluA2 tyrosine phosphorylation required for AMPA receptor endocytosis and mGluR-LTD. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316819121. [PMID: 38657042 PMCID: PMC11066993 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316819121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications regulate the properties and abundance of synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors that mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. During long-term depression (LTD), protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) dephosphorylate tyrosine residues in the C-terminal tail of AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit, which is essential for GluA2 endocytosis and group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-dependent LTD. However, as a selective downstream effector of mGluRs, the mGluR-dependent PTP responsible for GluA2 tyrosine dephosphorylation remains elusive at Schaffer collateral (SC)-CA1 synapses. In the present study, we find that mGluR5 stimulation activates Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) by increasing phospho-Y542 levels in SHP2. Under steady-state conditions, SHP2 plays a protective role in stabilizing phospho-Y869 of GluA2 by directly interacting with GluA2 phosphorylated at Y869, without affecting GluA2 phospho-Y876 levels. Upon mGluR5 stimulation, SHP2 dephosphorylates GluA2 at Y869 and Y876, resulting in GluA2 endocytosis and mGluR-LTD. Our results establish SHP2 as a downstream effector of mGluR5 and indicate a dual action of SHP2 in regulating GluA2 tyrosine phosphorylation and function. Given the implications of mGluR5 and SHP2 in synaptic pathophysiology, we propose SHP2 as a promising therapeutic target for neurodevelopmental and autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - Jungho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - Hanbyul Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - DoEun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - Seungha Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - Jae-man Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Suh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
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3
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Aleksandrova EP, Ivlev AP, Kulikov AA, Naumova AA, Glazova MV, Chernigovskaya EV. Audiogenic kindling activates glutamatergic system in the hippocampus of rats with genetic predisposition to audiogenic seizures. Brain Res 2024; 1829:148792. [PMID: 38325559 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) development is associated with dysregulation of glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus; however, detailed molecular mechanisms of pathological changes are still poorly understood. In the present study, we performed the complex analysis of glutamatergic system in the hippocampus of Krushinsky-Molodkina (KM) rats genetically prone to audiogenic seizures (AGS). Daily AGS stimulations (audiogenic kindling) were used to reproduce the dynamics of TLE development. Naïve KM rats were used as a control. After 14 AGS, at the stage of developing TLE, KM rats demonstrated significant upregulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and c-Fos in the hippocampus indicating activation of the hippocampal cells. These changes were accompanied with an increase in glutaminase and vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) 2 suggesting the activation of glutamate production and loading into the synaptic vesicles. After 21 AGS, when TLE was fully-established, alterations were similar but more pronounced, with higher activation of glutaminase, increase in glutamate production, upregulation of VGLUT1 and 2, and Fos-related antigen 1 (Fra-1) along with c-Fos. Analysis of glutamate receptors showed variable changes. Thus, after 14 AGS, simultaneous increase in metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1 and decrease in ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors could reflect compensatory anti-epileptic mechanism, while further kindling progression induced upregulation of ionotropic receptors, probably, contributing to the hippocampal epileptization. However, we revealed practically no alterations in the expression of synaptic proteins. Altogether, obtained results suggested that overactivation of glutamate production in the hippocampus strongly contributed to TLE development in KM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina P Aleksandrova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey P Ivlev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey A Kulikov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Naumova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Margarita V Glazova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Elena V Chernigovskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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4
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Oliveira MM, Mohamed M, Elder MK, Banegas-Morales K, Mamcarz M, Lu EH, Golhan EAN, Navrange N, Chatterjee S, Abel T, Klann E. The integrated stress response effector GADD34 is repurposed by neurons to promote stimulus-induced translation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113670. [PMID: 38219147 PMCID: PMC10964249 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuronal protein synthesis is required for long-lasting plasticity and long-term memory consolidation. Dephosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α is one of the key translational control events that is required to increase de novo protein synthesis that underlies long-lasting plasticity and memory consolidation. Here, we interrogate the molecular pathways of translational control that are triggered by neuronal stimulation with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which results in eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) dephosphorylation and increases in de novo protein synthesis. Primary rodent neurons exposed to BDNF display elevated translation of GADD34, which facilitates eIF2α dephosphorylation and subsequent de novo protein synthesis. Furthermore, GADD34 requires G-actin generated by cofilin to dephosphorylate eIF2α and enhance protein synthesis. Finally, GADD34 is required for BDNF-induced translation of synaptic plasticity-related proteins. Overall, we provide evidence that neurons repurpose GADD34, an effector of the integrated stress response, as an orchestrator of rapid increases in eIF2-dependent translation in response to plasticity-inducing stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhaned Mohamed
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megan K Elder
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Maggie Mamcarz
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily H Lu
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ela A N Golhan
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nishika Navrange
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Snehajyoti Chatterjee
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Jong YJI, Izumi Y, Harmon SK, Zorumski CF, ÓMalley KL. Striatal mGlu 5-mediated synaptic plasticity is independently regulated by location-specific receptor pools and divergent signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104949. [PMID: 37354970 PMCID: PMC10388212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) is widely expressed throughout the central nervous system and is involved in neuronal function, synaptic transmission, and a number of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and autism. Recent work from this lab showed that mGlu5 is one of a growing number of G protein-coupled receptors that can signal from intracellular membranes where it drives unique signaling pathways, including upregulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), ETS transcription factor Elk-1, and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc). To determine the roles of cell surface mGlu5 as well as the intracellular receptor in a well-known mGlu5 synaptic plasticity model such as long-term depression, we used pharmacological isolation and genetic and physiological approaches to analyze spatially restricted pools of mGlu5 in striatal cultures and slice preparations. Here we show that both intracellular and cell surface receptors activate the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway, whereas only intracellular mGlu5 activates protein phosphatase 2 and leads to fragile X mental retardation protein degradation and de novo protein synthesis followed by a protein synthesis-dependent increase in Arc and post-synaptic density protein 95. However, both cell surface and intracellular mGlu5 activation lead to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor GluA2 internalization and chemically induced long-term depression albeit via different signaling mechanisms. These data underscore the importance of intracellular mGlu5 in the cascade of events associated with sustained synaptic transmission in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Jiin I Jong
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yukitoshi Izumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Steven K Harmon
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Charles F Zorumski
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Karen L ÓMalley
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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6
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Mango D, Ledonne A. Updates on the Physiopathology of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRI)-Dependent Long-Term Depression. Cells 2023; 12:1588. [PMID: 37371058 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRI), including mGluR1 and mGluR5 subtypes, modulate essential brain functions by affecting neuronal excitability, intracellular calcium dynamics, protein synthesis, dendritic spine formation, and synaptic transmission and plasticity. Nowadays, it is well appreciated that the mGluRI-dependent long-term depression (LTD) of glutamatergic synaptic transmission (mGluRI-LTD) is a key mechanism by which mGluRI shapes connectivity in various cerebral circuitries, directing complex brain functions and behaviors, and that it is deranged in several neurological and psychiatric illnesses, including neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychopathologies. Here, we will provide an updated overview of the physiopathology of mGluRI-LTD, by describing mechanisms of induction and regulation by endogenous mGluRI interactors, as well as functional physiological implications and pathological deviations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Mango
- School of Pharmacy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Ledonne
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
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7
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Ramsakha N, Ojha P, Pal S, Routh S, Citri A, Bhattacharyya S. A vital role for PICK1 in the differential regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor internalization and synaptic AMPA receptor endocytosis. J Biol Chem 2023:104837. [PMID: 37209824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) play important roles in many neuronal processes and are believed to be involved in synaptic plasticity underlying the encoding of experience, including classic paradigms of learning and memory. These receptors have also been implicated in various neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Fragile X syndrome and autism. Internalization and recycling of these receptors in the neuron are important mechanisms to regulate the activity of the receptor and control the precise spatio-temporal localization of these receptors. Applying a "molecular replacement" approach in hippocampal neurons derived from mice, we demonstrate a critical role for protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1) in regulating the agonist-induced internalization of mGluR1. We show that PICK1 specifically regulates the internalization of mGluR1 but it does not play any role in the internalization of the other member of group I mGluR family, mGluR5. Various regions of PICK1 viz., the N-terminal acidic motif, PDZ domain and BAR domain play important roles in the agonist-mediated internalization of mGluR1. Finally, we demonstrate that PICK1-mediated internalization of mGluR1 is critical for the resensitization of the receptor. Upon knockdown of endogenous PICK1, mGluR1s stayed on the cell membrane as inactive receptors, incapable of triggering the MAP-kinase signaling. They also could not induce AMPAR endocytosis, a cellular correlate for mGluR-dependent synaptic plasticity. Thus, this study unravels a novel role for PICK1 in the agonist-mediated internalization of mGluR1 and mGluR1-mediated AMPAR endocytosis that might contribute to the function of mGluR1 in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Ramsakha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector - 81, SAS Nagar, PO: 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Prachi Ojha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector - 81, SAS Nagar, PO: 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Subhajit Pal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector - 81, SAS Nagar, PO: 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Sanjeev Routh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector - 81, SAS Nagar, PO: 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Ami Citri
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel 91904; Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel 91904; Program in Child and Brain Development, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; MaRS Centre, West Tower, 661 University Ave, Suite 505, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1M1
| | - Samarjit Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector - 81, SAS Nagar, PO: 140306, Punjab, India.
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8
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Ghane MA, Wei W, Yakout DW, Allen ZD, Miller CL, Dong B, Yang JJ, Fang N, Mabb AM. Arc ubiquitination regulates endoplasmic reticulum-mediated Ca 2+ release and CaMKII signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1091324. [PMID: 36998269 PMCID: PMC10043188 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1091324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity relies on rapid, yet spatially precise signaling to alter synaptic strength. Arc is a brain enriched protein that is rapidly expressed during learning-related behaviors and is essential for regulating metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated long-term depression (mGluR-LTD). We previously showed that disrupting the ubiquitination capacity of Arc enhances mGluR-LTD; however, the consequences of Arc ubiquitination on other mGluR-mediated signaling events is poorly characterized. Here we find that pharmacological activation of Group I mGluRs with S-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) increases Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Disrupting Arc ubiquitination on key amino acid residues enhances DHPG-induced ER-mediated Ca2+ release. These alterations were observed in all neuronal subregions except secondary branchpoints. Deficits in Arc ubiquitination altered Arc self-assembly and enhanced its interaction with calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIb (CaMKIIb) and constitutively active forms of CaMKII in HEK293 cells. Colocalization of Arc and CaMKII was altered in cultured hippocampal neurons, with the notable exception of secondary branchpoints. Finally, disruptions in Arc ubiquitination were found to increase Arc interaction with the integral ER protein Calnexin. These results suggest a previously unknown role for Arc ubiquitination in the fine tuning of ER-mediated Ca2+ signaling that may support mGluR-LTD, which in turn, may regulate CaMKII and its interactions with Arc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Ghane
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wei Wei
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dina W. Yakout
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zachary D. Allen
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cassandra L. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jenny J. Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ning Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angela M. Mabb
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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9
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Yadav P, Podia M, Kumari SP, Mani I. Glutamate receptor endocytosis and signaling in neurological conditions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 196:167-207. [PMID: 36813358 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The non-essential amino acid glutamate acts as a major excitatory neurotransmitter and plays a significant role in the central nervous system (CNS). It binds with two different types of receptors, ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), responsible for the postsynaptic excitation of neurons. They are important for memory, neural development and communication, and learning. Endocytosis and subcellular trafficking of the receptor are essential for the regulation of receptor expression on the cell membrane and excitation of the cells. The endocytosis and trafficking of the receptor are dependent on its type, ligand, agonist, and antagonist present. This chapter discusses the types of glutamate receptors, their subtypes, and the regulation of their internalization and trafficking. The roles of glutamate receptors in neurological diseases are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mansi Podia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashi Prabha Kumari
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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10
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Hoglund BK, Carfagno V, Olive MF, Leyrer-Jackson JM. Metabotropic glutamate receptors and cognition: From underlying plasticity and neuroprotection to cognitive disorders and therapeutic targets. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 168:367-413. [PMID: 36868635 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that play pivotal roles in mediating the activity of neurons and other cell types within the brain, communication between cell types, synaptic plasticity, and gene expression. As such, these receptors play an important role in a number of cognitive processes. In this chapter, we discuss the role of mGlu receptors in various forms of cognition and their underlying physiology, with an emphasis on cognitive dysfunction. Specifically, we highlight evidence that links mGlu physiology to cognitive dysfunction across brain disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Fragile X syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. We also provide recent evidence demonstrating that mGlu receptors may elicit neuroprotective effects in particular disease states. Lastly, we discuss how mGlu receptors can be targeted utilizing positive and negative allosteric modulators as well as subtype specific agonists and antagonist to restore cognitive function across these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K Hoglund
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Vincent Carfagno
- School of Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - M Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Jonna M Leyrer-Jackson
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
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11
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Lee K, Mills Z, Cheung P, Cheyne JE, Montgomery JM. The Role of Zinc and NMDA Receptors in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:ph16010001. [PMID: 36678498 PMCID: PMC9866730 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA-type glutamate receptors are critical for synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Their unique properties and age-dependent arrangement of subunit types underpin their role as a coincidence detector of pre- and postsynaptic activity during brain development and maturation. NMDAR function is highly modulated by zinc, which is co-released with glutamate and concentrates in postsynaptic spines. Both NMDARs and zinc have been strongly linked to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), suggesting that NMDARs are an important player in the beneficial effects observed with zinc in both animal models and children with ASDs. Significant evidence is emerging that these beneficial effects occur via zinc-dependent regulation of SHANK proteins, which form the backbone of the postsynaptic density. For example, dietary zinc supplementation enhances SHANK2 or SHANK3 synaptic recruitment and rescues NMDAR deficits and hypofunction in Shank3ex13-16-/- and Tbr1+/- ASD mice. Across multiple studies, synaptic changes occur in parallel with a reversal of ASD-associated behaviours, highlighting the zinc-dependent regulation of NMDARs and glutamatergic synapses as therapeutic targets for severe forms of ASDs, either pre- or postnatally. The data from rodent models set a strong foundation for future translational studies in human cells and people affected by ASDs.
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12
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Kawa AB, Hwang EK, Funke JR, Zhou H, Costa-Mattioli M, Wolf ME. Positive Allosteric Modulation of mGlu 1 Reverses Cocaine-Induced Behavioral and Synaptic Plasticity Through the Integrated Stress Response and Oligophrenin-1. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:871-879. [PMID: 35871097 PMCID: PMC10656746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cue-induced cocaine craving progressively intensifies (incubates) during abstinence from cocaine self-administration. Expression of incubated cocaine craving depends on elevated calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) on medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core. After incubation has occurred, stimulation of NAc metabotropic glutamate 1 (mGlu1) receptors or systemic administration of mGlu1 positive allosteric modulators removes CP-AMPARs from NAc synapses via dynamin-dependent internalization (mGlu1 long-term depression [LTD]) and thereby reduces incubated cocaine craving. Because mGlu1 positive allosteric modulators are potential therapeutics for cocaine craving, it is important to further define the mechanism triggering this mGlu1-LTD. METHODS Male and female rats self-administered saline or cocaine (10 days) using a long access regimen (6 h/day). Following ≥40 days of abstinence, we assessed the ability of an mGlu1 positive allosteric modulator to inhibit expression of incubated craving and remove CP-AMPARs from NAc synapses under control conditions, after blocking the integrated stress response (ISR), or after knocking down oligophrenin-1, a mediator of the ISR that can promote AMPAR endocytosis. AMPAR transmission in NAc medium spiny neurons was assessed with ex vivo slice recordings. RESULTS mGlu1 stimulation reduced cue-induced craving and removed synaptic CP-AMPARs. When the ISR was blocked prior to mGlu1 stimulation, there was no reduction in cue-induced craving, nor were CP-AMPARs removed from the synapse. Further, selective knockdown of oligophrenin-1 blocked mGlu1-LTD. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that mGlu1-LTD in the NAc and consequently the reduction of cue-induced seeking occur through activation of the ISR, which induces translation of oligophrenin-1. We also demonstrate CP-AMPAR accumulation and mGlu1 reversal in female rats, as previously shown in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Kawa
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Eun-Kyung Hwang
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jonathan R Funke
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Hongyi Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Marina E Wolf
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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13
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Sánchez-Castillo C, Cuartero MI, Fernández-Rodrigo A, Briz V, López-García S, Jiménez-Sánchez R, López JA, Graupera M, Esteban JA. Functional specialization of different PI3K isoforms for the control of neuronal architecture, synaptic plasticity, and cognition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq8109. [PMID: 36417513 PMCID: PMC9683729 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal connectivity and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity are fundamental properties that support brain function and cognitive performance. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) intracellular signaling controls multiple mechanisms mediating neuronal growth, synaptic structure, and plasticity. However, it is still unclear how these pleiotropic functions are integrated at molecular and cellular levels. To address this issue, we used neuron-specific virally delivered Cre expression to delete either p110α or p110β (the two major catalytic isoforms of type I PI3K) from the hippocampus of adult mice. We found that dendritic and postsynaptic structures are almost exclusively supported by p110α activity, whereas p110β controls neurotransmitter release and metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression at the presynaptic terminal. In addition to these separate functions, p110α and p110β jointly contribute to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent postsynaptic long-term potentiation. This molecular and functional specialization is reflected in different proteomes controlled by each isoform and in distinct behavioral alterations for learning/memory and sociability in mice lacking p110α or p110β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Sánchez-Castillo
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María I. Cuartero
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Fernández-Rodrigo
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Briz
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio López-García
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Jiménez-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. López
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Graupera
- Endothelial Pathobiology and Microenviroment Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Esteban
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Insulin-like growth factor 1 regulates excitatory synaptic transmission in pyramidal neurons from adult prefrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology 2022; 217:109204. [PMID: 35931212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) influences synaptic function in addition to its role in brain development and aging. Although the expression levels of IGF1 and IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) peak during development and decline with age, the adult brain has abundant IGF1 or IGF1R expression. Studies reveal that IGF1 regulates the synaptic transmission in neurons from young animals. However, the action of IGF1 on neurons in the adult brain is still unclear. Here, we used prefrontal cortical (PFC) slices from adult mice (∼8 weeks old) to characterize the role of IGF1 on excitatory synaptic transmission in pyramidal neurons and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We first validated IGF1R expression in pyramidal neurons using translating ribosomal affinity purification assay. Then, using whole-cell patch-clamp recording, we found that IGF1 attenuated the amplitude of evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) without affecting the frequency and amplitude of miniature EPSC. Furthermore, this decrease in excitatory neurotransmission was blocked by pharmacological inhibition of IGF1R or conditionally knockdown of IGF1R in PFC pyramidal neurons. In addition, we determined that IGF1-induced decrease of EPSC amplitude was due to postsynaptic effect (internalization of a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazolepropionic acid receptors [AMPAR]) rather than presynaptic glutamate release. Finally, we found that inhibition of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype-1 (mGluR1) abolished IGF1-induced attenuation of evoked EPSC amplitude and decrease of AMPAR expression at synaptic membrane, suggesting mGluR1-mediated endocytosis of AMPAR was involved. Taken together, these data provide the first evidence that IGF1 regulates excitatory synaptic transmission in adult PFC via the interaction between IGF1R-dependent signaling pathway and mGluR1-mediated AMPAR endocytosis.
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15
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Mao LM, Mathur N, Wang JQ. Downregulation of surface AMPA receptor expression in the striatum following prolonged social isolation, a role of mGlu5 receptors. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:22-30. [PMID: 35711245 PMCID: PMC9193854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a common and serious mood illness. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and symptomatology of depression are poorly understood at present. Multiple neurotransmitter systems are believed to be implicated in depression. Increasing evidence supports glutamatergic transmission as a critical element in depression and antidepressant activity. In this study, we investigated adaptive changes in expression of AMPA receptors in a key limbic reward structure, the striatum, in response to an anhedonic model of depression. Prolonged social isolation in adult rats caused anhedonic/depression- and anxiety-like behavior. In these depressed rats, surface levels of AMPA receptors, mainly GluA1 and GluA3 subunits, were reduced in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Surface GluA1/A3 expression was also reduced in the caudate putamen (CPu) following chronic social isolation. No change was observed in expression of presynaptic synaptophysin, postsynaptic density-95, and dendritic microtubule-associated protein 2 in the striatum. Noticeably, chronic treatment with the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor 5 antagonist MTEP reversed the reduction of AMPA receptors in the NAc and CPu. MTEP also prevented depression- and anxiety-like behavior induced by social isolation. These data indicate that adulthood prolonged social isolation induces the adaptive downregulation of GluA1/A3-containing AMPA receptor expression in the limbic striatum. mGlu5 receptor activity is linked to this downregulation, and antagonism of mGlu5 receptors produces an antidepressant effect in this anhedonic model of depression.
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Key Words
- AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid;
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- Antidepressant
- CDH2, Cadherin-2
- CPu, caudate putamen
- Caudate putamen
- GluA1
- MAP-2, microtubule-associated protein 2
- MTEP
- MTEP, 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-pyridine
- Metabotropic glutamate receptor
- NAc, nucleus accumbens
- NCAD, neural cadherin
- Nucleus accumbens
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- PSD-95, postsynaptic density-95
- Social isolation
- mGlu, metabotropic glutamate
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Mao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Nirav Mathur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - John Q. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA,Correspondence to: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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16
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Sanderson TM, Ralph LT, Amici M, Ng AN, Kaang BK, Zhuo M, Kim SJ, Georgiou J, Collingridge GL. Selective Recruitment of Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Forms of mGluR-LTD. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:857675. [PMID: 35615440 PMCID: PMC9126322 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.857675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In area CA1 of the hippocampus, long-term depression (LTD) can be induced by activating group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), with the selective agonist DHPG. There is evidence that mGluR-LTD can be expressed by either a decrease in the probability of neurotransmitter release [P(r)] or by a change in postsynaptic AMPA receptor number. However, what determines the locus of expression is unknown. We investigated the expression mechanisms of mGluR-LTD using either a low (30 μM) or a high (100 μM) concentration of (RS)-DHPG. We found that 30 μM DHPG generated presynaptic LTD that required the co-activation of NMDA receptors, whereas 100 μM DHPG resulted in postsynaptic LTD that was independent of the activation of NMDA receptors. We found that both forms of LTD occur at the same synapses and that these may constitute the population with the lowest basal P(r). Our results reveal an unexpected complexity to mGluR-mediated synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Sanderson
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Liam T. Ralph
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mascia Amici
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ai Na Ng
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Zhuo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - John Georgiou
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Graham L. Collingridge
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Graham L. Collingridge,
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17
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Chronic facial inflammatory pain-induced anxiety is associated with bilateral deactivation of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Brain Res Bull 2022; 184:88-98. [PMID: 35339627 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic pain, especially orofacial pain, often suffer from affective disorders, including anxiety. Previous studies largely focused on the role of the caudal anterior cingulate cortex (cACC) in affective responses to pain, long-term potentiation (LTP) in cACC being thought to mediate the interaction between anxiety and chronic pain. But recent evidence indicates that the rostral ACC (rACC), too, is implicated in processing affective pain. However, whether such processing is associated with neuronal and/or synaptic plasticity is still unknown. We addressed this issue in a chronic facial inflammatory pain model (complete Freund's adjuvant model) in rats, by combining behavior, Fos protein immunochemistry and ex vivo intracellular recordings in rACC slices prepared from these animals. Facial mechanical allodynia occurs immediately after CFA injection, peaks at post-injection day 3 and progressively recovers until post-injection days 10-11, whereas anxiety is delayed, being present at post-injection day 10, when sensory hypersensitivity is relieved, but, notably, not at post-injection day 3. Fos expression reveals that neuronal activity follows a bi-phasic time course in bilateral rACC: first enhanced at post-injection day 3, it gets strongly depressed at post-injection day 10. Ex vivo recordings from lamina V pyramidal neurons, the rACC projecting neurons, show that both their intrinsic excitability and excitatory synaptic inputs have undergone long-term depression (LTD) at post-injection day 10. Thus chronic pain processing is associated with dynamic changes in rACC activity: first enhanced and subsequently decreased, at the time of anxiety-like behavior. Chronic pain-induced anxiety might thus result from a rACC deactivation-cACC hyperactivation interplay.
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18
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Kallergi E, Daskalaki AD, Kolaxi A, Camus C, Ioannou E, Mercaldo V, Haberkant P, Stein F, Sidiropoulou K, Dalezios Y, Savitski MM, Bagni C, Choquet D, Hosy E, Nikoletopoulou V. Dendritic autophagy degrades postsynaptic proteins and is required for long-term synaptic depression in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:680. [PMID: 35115539 PMCID: PMC8814153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The pruning of dendritic spines during development requires autophagy. This process is facilitated by long-term depression (LTD)-like mechanisms, which has led to speculation that LTD, a fundamental form of synaptic plasticity, also requires autophagy. Here, we show that the induction of LTD via activation of NMDA receptors or metabotropic glutamate receptors initiates autophagy in the postsynaptic dendrites in mice. Dendritic autophagic vesicles (AVs) act in parallel with the endocytic machinery to remove AMPA receptor subunits from the membrane for degradation. During NMDAR-LTD, key postsynaptic proteins are sequestered for autophagic degradation, as revealed by quantitative proteomic profiling of purified AVs. Pharmacological inhibition of AV biogenesis, or conditional ablation of atg5 in pyramidal neurons abolishes LTD and triggers sustained potentiation in the hippocampus. These deficits in synaptic plasticity are recapitulated by knockdown of atg5 specifically in postsynaptic pyramidal neurons in the CA1 area. Conducive to the role of synaptic plasticity in behavioral flexibility, mice with autophagy deficiency in excitatory neurons exhibit altered response in reversal learning. Therefore, local assembly of the autophagic machinery in dendrites ensures the degradation of postsynaptic components and facilitates LTD expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouela Kallergi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
| | | | - Angeliki Kolaxi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
| | - Come Camus
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Evangelia Ioannou
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | - Valentina Mercaldo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
| | - Per Haberkant
- Proteomic Core Facility (PCF), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Stein
- Proteomic Core Facility (PCF), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Yannis Dalezios
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (IACM), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Mikhail M Savitski
- Proteomic Core Facility (PCF), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Daniel Choquet
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Hosy
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
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Liu X, Kumar V, Tsai NP, Auerbach BD. Hyperexcitability and Homeostasis in Fragile X Syndrome. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:805929. [PMID: 35069112 PMCID: PMC8770333 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.805929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a leading inherited cause of autism and intellectual disability, resulting from a mutation in the FMR1 gene and subsequent loss of its protein product FMRP. Despite this simple genetic origin, FXS is a phenotypically complex disorder with a range of physical and neurocognitive disruptions. While numerous molecular and cellular pathways are affected by FMRP loss, there is growing evidence that circuit hyperexcitability may be a common convergence point that can account for many of the wide-ranging phenotypes seen in FXS. The mechanisms for hyperexcitability in FXS include alterations to excitatory synaptic function and connectivity, reduced inhibitory neuron activity, as well as changes to ion channel expression and conductance. However, understanding the impact of FMR1 mutation on circuit function is complicated by the inherent plasticity in neural circuits, which display an array of homeostatic mechanisms to maintain activity near set levels. FMRP is also an important regulator of activity-dependent plasticity in the brain, meaning that dysregulated plasticity can be both a cause and consequence of hyperexcitable networks in FXS. This makes it difficult to separate the direct effects of FMR1 mutation from the myriad and pleiotropic compensatory changes associated with it, both of which are likely to contribute to FXS pathophysiology. Here we will: (1) review evidence for hyperexcitability and homeostatic plasticity phenotypes in FXS models, focusing on similarities/differences across brain regions, cell-types, and developmental time points; (2) examine how excitability and plasticity disruptions interact with each other to ultimately contribute to circuit dysfunction in FXS; and (3) discuss how these synaptic and circuit deficits contribute to disease-relevant behavioral phenotypes like epilepsy and sensory hypersensitivity. Through this discussion of where the current field stands, we aim to introduce perspectives moving forward in FXS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Liu
- Deparment of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Vipendra Kumar
- Deparment of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nien-Pei Tsai
- Deparment of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Auerbach
- Deparment of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Benjamin D. Auerbach
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20
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Chronic neuronal excitation leads to dual metaplasticity in the signaling for structural long-term potentiation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110153. [PMID: 34986356 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is long-lasting changes in synaptic currents and structure. When neurons are exposed to signals that induce aberrant neuronal excitation, they increase the threshold for the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), known as metaplasticity. However, the metaplastic regulation of structural LTP (sLTP) remains unclear. We investigate glutamate uncaging/photoactivatable (pa)CaMKII-dependent sLTP induction in hippocampal CA1 neurons after chronic neuronal excitation by GABAA receptor antagonists. We find that the neuronal excitation decreases the glutamate uncaging-evoked Ca2+ influx mediated by GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors and suppresses sLTP induction. In addition, single-spine optogenetic stimulation using paCaMKII indicates the suppression of CaMKII signaling. While the inhibition of Ca2+ influx is protein synthesis independent, the paCaMKII-induced sLTP suppression depends on it. Our findings demonstrate that chronic neuronal excitation suppresses sLTP in two independent ways (i.e., dual inhibition of Ca2+ influx and CaMKII signaling). This dual inhibition mechanism may contribute to robust neuronal protection in excitable environments.
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21
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Membrane trafficking and positioning of mGluRs at presynaptic and postsynaptic sites of excitatory synapses. Neuropharmacology 2021; 200:108799. [PMID: 34592242 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The plethora of functions of glutamate in the brain are mediated by the complementary actions of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). The ionotropic glutamate receptors carry most of the fast excitatory transmission, while mGluRs modulate transmission on longer timescales by triggering multiple intracellular signaling pathways. As such, mGluRs mediate critical aspects of synaptic transmission and plasticity. Interestingly, at synapses, mGluRs operate at both sides of the cleft, and thus bidirectionally exert the effects of glutamate. At postsynaptic sites, group I mGluRs act to modulate excitability and plasticity. At presynaptic sites, group II and III mGluRs act as auto-receptors, modulating release properties in an activity-dependent manner. Thus, synaptic mGluRs are essential signal integrators that functionally couple presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms of transmission and plasticity. Understanding how these receptors reach the membrane and are positioned relative to the presynaptic glutamate release site are therefore important aspects of synapse biology. In this review, we will discuss the currently known mechanisms underlying the trafficking and positioning of mGluRs at and around synapses, and how these mechanisms contribute to synaptic functioning. We will highlight outstanding questions and present an outlook on how recent technological developments will move this exciting research field forward.
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22
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Ghasemi Z, Naderi N, Shojaei A, Raoufy MR, Ahmadirad N, Barkley V, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors contribute to the antiepileptic effect of electrical stimulation in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Epilepsy Res 2021; 178:106821. [PMID: 34839145 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Low-frequency deep brain stimulation (LFS) inhibits neuronal hyperexcitability during epilepsy. Accordingly, the use of LFS as a treatment method for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy has been proposed. However, the LFS antiepileptic mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors group I (mGluR I) in LFS inhibitory action on epileptiform activity (EA) was investigated. EA was induced by increasing the K+ concentration in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) up to 12 mM in hippocampal slices of male Wistar rats. LFS (1 Hz, 900 pulses) was delivered to the bundles of Schaffer collaterals at the beginning of EA. The excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons was assayed by intracellular whole-cell recording. Applying LFS reduced the firing frequency during EA and substantially moved the membrane potential toward repolarization after a high-K+ ACSF washout. In addition, LFS attenuated the EA-generated neuronal hyperexcitability. A blockade of both mGluR 1 and mGluR 5 prevented the inhibitory action of LFS on EA-generated neuronal hyperexcitability. Activation of mGluR I mimicked the LFS effects and had similar inhibitory action on excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons following EA. However, mGluR I agonist's antiepileptic action was not as strong as LFS. The observed LFS effects were significantly attenuated in the presence of a PKC inhibitor. Altogether, the LFS' inhibitory action on neuronal hyperexcitability following EA relies, in part, on the activity of mGluR I and a PKC-related signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nima Naderi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shojaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Raoufy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Ahmadirad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Victoria Barkley
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Fernandes G, Mishra PK, Nawaz MS, Donlin-Asp PG, Rahman MM, Hazra A, Kedia S, Kayenaat A, Songara D, Wyllie DJA, Schuman EM, Kind PC, Chattarji S. Correction of amygdalar dysfunction in a rat model of fragile X syndrome. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109805. [PMID: 34644573 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), a commonly inherited form of autism and intellectual disability, is associated with emotional symptoms that implicate dysfunction of the amygdala. However, current understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease is based primarily on studies in the hippocampus and neocortex, where FXS defects have been corrected by inhibiting group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Here, we observe that activation, rather than inhibition, of mGluRs in the basolateral amygdala reverses impairments in a rat model of FXS. FXS rats exhibit deficient recall of auditory conditioned fear, which is accompanied by a range of in vitro and in vivo deficits in synaptic transmission and plasticity. We find presynaptic mGluR5 in the amygdala, activation of which reverses deficient synaptic transmission and plasticity, thereby restoring normal fear learning in FXS rats. This highlights the importance of modifying the prevailing mGluR-based framework for therapeutic strategies to include circuit-specific differences in FXS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Fernandes
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Pradeep K Mishra
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India; Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Mohammad Sarfaraz Nawaz
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India; Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India
| | | | - Mohammed Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anupam Hazra
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India; Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Sonal Kedia
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Aiman Kayenaat
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India; Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India; University of Transdisciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Dheeraj Songara
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Erin M Schuman
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sumantra Chattarji
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India; Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
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24
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Liu X, Ying J, Wang X, Zheng Q, Zhao T, Yoon S, Yu W, Yang D, Fang Y, Hua F. Astrocytes in Neural Circuits: Key Factors in Synaptic Regulation and Potential Targets for Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:729273. [PMID: 34658786 PMCID: PMC8515196 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.729273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the major glial cells in the brain, which play a supporting role in the energy and nutritional supply of neurons. They were initially regarded as passive space-filling cells, but the latest progress in the study of the development and function of astrocytes highlights their active roles in regulating synaptic transmission, formation, and plasticity. In the concept of "tripartite synapse," the bidirectional influence between astrocytes and neurons, in addition to their steady-state and supporting function, suggests that any negative changes in the structure or function of astrocytes will affect the activity of neurons, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders. The role of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of various neurological and psychiatric disorders caused by synaptic defects is increasingly appreciated. Understanding the roles of astrocytes in regulating synaptic development and the plasticity of neural circuits could help provide new treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingcui Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Tiancheng Zhao
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sungtae Yoon
- Helping Minds International Charitable Foundation, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wen Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Danying Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
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25
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Subrahmanyam R, Dwivedi D, Rashid Z, Bonnycastle K, Cousin MA, Chattarji S. Reciprocal regulation of spontaneous synaptic vesicle fusion by Fragile X mental retardation protein and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1094-1109. [PMID: 34327719 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is a neuronal protein mediating multiple functions, with its absence resulting in one of the most common monogenic causes of autism, Fragile X syndrome (FXS). Analyses of FXS pathophysiology have identified a range of aberrations in synaptic signaling pathways and plasticity associated with group I metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors. These studies, however, have mostly focused on the post-synaptic functions of FMRP and mGlu receptor activation, and relatively little is known about their presynaptic effects. Neurotransmitter release is mediated via multiple forms of synaptic vesicle (SV) fusion, each of which contributes to specific neuronal functions. The impacts of mGlu receptor activation and loss of FMRP on these SV fusion events remain unexplored. Here we combined electrophysiological and fluorescence imaging analyses on primary hippocampal cultures prepared from an Fmr1 knockout (KO) rat model. Compared to wild-type (WT) hippocampal neurons, KO neurons displayed an increase in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents (sEPSCs), as well as spontaneous SV fusion events. Pharmacological activation of mGlu receptors in WT neurons caused a similar increase in spontaneous SV fusion and sEPSC frequency. Notably, this increase in SV fusion was not observed when spontaneous activity was blocked using the sodium channel antagonist tetrodotoxin. Importantly, the effect of mGlu receptor activation on spontaneous SV fusion was occluded in Fmr1 KO neurons. Together, our results reveal that FMRP represses spontaneous presynaptic SV fusion, whereas mGlu receptor activation increases this event. This reciprocal control appears to be mediated via their regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Subrahmanyam
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Deepanjali Dwivedi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Zubin Rashid
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Katherine Bonnycastle
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael A Cousin
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sumantra Chattarji
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, India
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26
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Maier JP, Ravi VM, Kueckelhaus J, Behringer SP, Garrelfs N, Will P, Sun N, von Ehr J, Goeldner JM, Pfeifer D, Follo M, Hannibal L, Walch AK, Hofmann UG, Beck J, Heiland DH, Schnell O, Joseph K. Inhibition of metabotropic glutamate receptor III facilitates sensitization to alkylating chemotherapeutics in glioblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:723. [PMID: 34290229 PMCID: PMC8295384 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most malignant tumor of the central nervous system, is marked by its dynamic response to microenvironmental niches. In particular, this cellular plasticity contributes to the development of an immediate resistance during tumor treatment. Novel insights into the developmental trajectory exhibited by GBM show a strong capability to respond to its microenvironment by clonal selection of specific phenotypes. Using the same mechanisms, malignant GBM do develop intrinsic mechanisms to resist chemotherapeutic treatments. This resistance was reported to be sustained by the paracrine and autocrine glutamate signaling via ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. However, the extent to which glutamatergic signaling modulates the chemoresistance and transcriptional profile of the GBM remains unexplored. In this study we aimed to map the manifold effects of glutamate signaling in GBM as the basis to further discover the regulatory role and interactions of specific receptors, within the GBM microenvironment. Our work provides insights into glutamate release dynamics, representing its importance for GBM growth, viability, and migration. Based on newly published multi-omic datasets, we explored the and characterized the functions of different ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, of which the metabotropic receptor 3 (GRM3) is highlighted through its modulatory role in maintaining the ability of GBM cells to evade standard alkylating chemotherapeutics. We addressed the clinical relevance of GRM3 receptor expression in GBM and provide a proof of concept where we manipulate intrinsic mechanisms of chemoresistance, driving GBM towards chemo-sensitization through GRM3 receptor inhibition. Finally, we validated our findings in our novel human organotypic section-based tumor model, where GBM growth and proliferation was significantly reduced when GRM3 inhibition was combined with temozolomide application. Our findings present a new picture of how glutamate signaling via mGluR3 interacts with the phenotypical GBM transcriptional programs in light of recently published GBM cell-state discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian P Maier
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vidhya M Ravi
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Neuroelectronic Systems, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Kueckelhaus
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon P Behringer
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Garrelfs
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paulina Will
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Na Sun
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jasmin von Ehr
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Goeldner
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Axel Karl Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich G Hofmann
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Neuroelectronic Systems, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Beck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Henrik Heiland
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schnell
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Joseph
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Neuroelectronic Systems, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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27
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Feng X, Yang F, Rabenstein M, Wang Z, Frech MJ, Wree A, Bräuer AU, Witt M, Gläser A, Hermann A, Rolfs A, Luo J. Stimulation of mGluR1/5 Improves Defective Internalization of AMPA Receptors in NPC1 Mutant Mouse. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1465-1480. [PMID: 31599924 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease is characterized by neurodegeneration caused by cholesterol accumulation in the late endosome/lysosome. In this study, a defective basal and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-stimulated internalization of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors in NPC1-/- cortical neurons was detected. Our results show that the amount of cholesterol and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/5) in lipid rafts of NPC1-/- cortical tissue and neurons are decreased and their downstream signals of p-ERK are defective, which are restored by a rebalance of cholesterol homeostasis through β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) treatment. Application of 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG)-a mGluR1/5 agonist-and β-CD markedly increases the internalization of AMPA receptors and decreases over-influx of calcium in NPC1-/- neurons, respectively. Furthermore, the defective phosphorylated GluR2 and protein kinase C signals are ameliorated by the treatment with DHPG and β-CD, respectively, suggesting an involvement of them in internalization dysfunction. Taken together, our data imply that abnormal internalization of AMPA receptors is a critical mechanism for neuronal dysfunction and the correction of dysfunctional mGluR1/5 is a potential therapeutic strategy for NPC1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Feng
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany
| | - Michael Rabenstein
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany
| | - Zhen Wang
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Moritz J Frech
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany.,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18055, Germany
| | - Anja U Bräuer
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18055, Germany.,Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany.,Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Martin Witt
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18055, Germany
| | - Anne Gläser
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18055, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany.,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock 18147, Germany
| | | | - Jiankai Luo
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany.,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany
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28
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Mahaman YAR, Huang F, Embaye KS, Wang X, Zhu F. The Implication of STEP in Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Impairments in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:680118. [PMID: 34195199 PMCID: PMC8236946 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.680118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) is a tyrosine phosphatase that has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, and many other neurological diseases. The protein level and activity of STEP have been found to be elevated in most of these disorders, and specifically in AD as a result of dysregulation of different pathways including PP2B/DARPP32/PP1, PKA as well as impairments of both proteasomal and lysosomal systems. The upregulation in STEP leads to increased binding to, and dephosphorylation of, its substrates which are mainly found to be synaptic plasticity and thus learning and memory related proteins. These proteins include kinases like Fyn, Pyk2, ERK1/2 and both NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits GluN2B and GluA2. The dephosphorylation of these molecules results in inactivation of these kinases and internalization of NMDA and AMPA receptor complexes leading to synapse loss and cognitive impairments. In this study, we aim to review STEP regulation and its implications in AD as well as other neurological disorders and then summarize data on targeting STEP as therapeutic strategy in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacoubou Abdoul Razak Mahaman
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kidane Siele Embaye
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feiqi Zhu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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29
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Bin Ibrahim MZ, Benoy A, Sajikumar S. Long-term plasticity in the hippocampus: maintaining within and 'tagging' between synapses. FEBS J 2021; 289:2176-2201. [PMID: 34109726 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synapses between neurons are malleable biochemical structures, strengthening and diminishing over time dependent on the type of information they receive. This phenomenon known as synaptic plasticity underlies learning and memory, and its different forms, long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), perform varied cognitive roles in reinforcement, relearning and associating memories. Moreover, both LTP and LTD can exist in an early transient form (early-LTP/LTD) or a late persistent form (late-LTP/LTD), which are triggered by different induction protocols, and also differ in their dependence on protein synthesis and the involvement of key molecular players. Beyond homosynaptic modifications, synapses can also interact with one another. This is encapsulated in the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis (STC), where synapses expressing early-LTP/LTD present a 'tag' that can capture the protein synthesis products generated during a temporally proximal late-LTP/LTD induction. This 'tagging' phenomenon forms the framework of synaptic interactions in various conditions and accounts for the cellular basis of the time-dependent associativity of short-lasting and long-lasting memories. All these synaptic modifications take place under controlled neuronal conditions, regulated by subcellular elements such as epigenetic regulation, proteasomal degradation and neuromodulatory signals. Here, we review current understanding of the different forms of synaptic plasticity and its regulatory mechanisms in the hippocampus, a brain region critical for memory formation. We also discuss expression of plasticity in hippocampal CA2 area, a long-overlooked narrow hippocampal subfield and the behavioural correlate of STC. Lastly, we put forth perspectives for an integrated view of memory representation in synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zaki Bin Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amrita Benoy
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Feng Z, Glebov OO. Synaptic NMDA receptor signalling controls R-type calcium channel recruitment. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4133-4140. [PMID: 33901331 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of extracellular Ca2+ influx by neuronal activity is a key mechanism underlying synaptic plasticity. At the neuronal synapse, activity-dependent Ca2+ entry involves N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs); the relationship between NMDARs and VGCCs, however, is poorly understood. Here, we report that neuronal activity rapidly (1h) regulates recruitment of R-type VGCCs in hippocampal neurons through synaptic NMDAR signalling. This finding reveals a link between two key neuronal signalling pathways, suggesting a feedback mode for regulation of synaptic Ca2+ signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Feng
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Oleg O Glebov
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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31
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Shen Y, Zhang ZC, Cheng S, Liu A, Zuo J, Xia S, Liu X, Liu W, Jia Z, Xie W, Han J. PQBP1 promotes translational elongation and regulates hippocampal mGluR-LTD by suppressing eEF2 phosphorylation. Mol Cell 2021; 81:1425-1438.e10. [PMID: 33662272 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) mediates translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the ribosomal A site to the P site to promote translational elongation. Its phosphorylation on Thr56 by its single known kinase eEF2K inactivates it and inhibits translational elongation. Extensive studies have revealed that different signal cascades modulate eEF2K activity, but whether additional factors regulate phosphorylation of eEF2 remains unclear. Here, we find that the X chromosome-linked intellectual disability protein polyglutamine-binding protein 1 (PQBP1) specifically binds to non-phosphorylated eEF2 and suppresses eEF2K-mediated phosphorylation at Thr56. Loss of PQBP1 significantly reduces general protein synthesis by suppressing translational elongation. Moreover, we show that PQBP1 regulates hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression (mGluR-LTD) and mGluR-LTD-associated behaviors by suppressing eEF2K-mediated phosphorylation. Our results identify PQBP1 as a novel regulator in translational elongation and mGluR-LTD, and this newly revealed regulator in the eEF2K/eEF2 pathway is also an excellent therapeutic target for various disease conditions, such as neural diseases, virus infection, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zi Chao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
| | - Shanshan Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - An Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jian Zuo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shuting Xia
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xian Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhengping Jia
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Wei Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Junhai Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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32
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Reddish FN, Miller CL, Deng X, Dong B, Patel AA, Ghane MA, Mosca B, McBean C, Wu S, Solntsev KM, Zhuo Y, Gadda G, Fang N, Cox DN, Mabb AM, Treves S, Zorzato F, Yang JJ. Rapid subcellular calcium responses and dynamics by calcium sensor G-CatchER . iScience 2021; 24:102129. [PMID: 33665552 PMCID: PMC7900224 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise spatiotemporal characteristics of subcellular calcium (Ca2+) transients are critical for the physiological processes. Here we report a green Ca2+ sensor called "G-CatchER+" using a protein design to report rapid local ER Ca2+ dynamics with significantly improved folding properties. G-CatchER+ exhibits a superior Ca2+ on rate to G-CEPIA1er and has a Ca2+-induced fluorescence lifetimes increase. G-CatchER+ also reports agonist/antagonist triggered Ca2+ dynamics in several cell types including primary neurons that are orchestrated by IP3Rs, RyRs, and SERCAs with an ability to differentiate expression. Upon localization to the lumen of the RyR channel (G-CatchER+-JP45), we report a rapid local Ca2+ release that is likely due to calsequestrin. Transgenic expression of G-CatchER+ in Drosophila muscle demonstrates its utility as an in vivo reporter of stimulus-evoked SR local Ca2+ dynamics. G-CatchER+ will be an invaluable tool to examine local ER/SR Ca2+ dynamics and facilitate drug development associated with ER dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence N Reddish
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Cassandra L Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Xiaonan Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Atit A Patel
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Mohammad A Ghane
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Barbara Mosca
- Department of Life Sciences, General Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cheyenne McBean
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shengnan Wu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Kyril M Solntsev
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - You Zhuo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Giovanni Gadda
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ning Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Angela M Mabb
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Susan Treves
- Department of Life Sciences, General Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Basel University, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Zorzato
- Department of Life Sciences, General Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Basel University, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jenny J Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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33
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Beamer E, Corrêa SAL. The p38 MAPK-MK2 Signaling Axis as a Critical Link Between Inflammation and Synaptic Transmission. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635636. [PMID: 33585492 PMCID: PMC7876405 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
p38 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), that responds primarily to stress stimuli. p38 has a number of targets for phosphorylation, including MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2). MK2 primarily functions as a master regulator of RNA-binding proteins, indirectly controlling gene expression at the level of translation. The role of MK2 in regulating the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines downstream of inflammation and cellular stress is well-described. A significant amount of evidence, however, now points to a role for the p38MAPK-MK2 signaling axis in mediating synaptic plasticity through control of AMPA receptor trafficking and the morphology of dendritic spines. These processes are mediated through control of cytoskeletal dynamics via the activation of cofilin-1 and possibly control of the expression of Arc/Arg3.1. There is evidence that MK2 is necessary for group I metabotropic glutamate receptors long-term depression (mGluR-LTD). Disruption of this signaling may play an important role in mediating cognitive dysfunction in neurological disorders such as fragile X syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. To date, the role of neuronal MK2 mediating synaptic plasticity in response to inflammatory stimuli has not yet been investigated. In immune cells, it is clear that MK2 is phosphorylated following activation of a broad range of cell surface receptors for cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. We propose that neuronal MK2 may be an important player in the link between inflammatory states and dysregulation of synaptic plasticity underlying cognitive functions. Finally, we discuss the potential of the p38MAPK-MK2 signaling axis as target for therapeutic intervention in a number of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Beamer
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia A L Corrêa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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34
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Dissociation of functional and structural plasticity of dendritic spines during NMDAR and mGluR-dependent long-term synaptic depression in wild-type and fragile X model mice. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4652-4669. [PMID: 32606374 PMCID: PMC8095717 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by impaired functional synaptic plasticity and abnormal dendritic spine morphology, but little is known about how these are related. Previous work in the Fmr1-/y mouse model of fragile X (FX) suggests that increased constitutive dendritic protein synthesis yields exaggerated mGluR5-dependent long-term synaptic depression (LTD) in area CA1 of the hippocampus, but an effect on spine structural plasticity remains to be determined. In the current study, we used simultaneous electrophysiology and time-lapse two photon imaging to examine how spines change their structure during LTD induced by activation of mGluRs or NMDA receptors (NMDARs), and how this plasticity is altered in Fmr1-/y mice. We were surprised to find that mGluR activation causes LTD and AMPA receptor internalization, but no spine shrinkage in either wildtype or Fmr1-/y mice. In contrast, NMDAR activation caused spine shrinkage as well as LTD in both genotypes. Spine shrinkage was initiated by non-ionotropic (metabotropic) signaling through NMDARs, and in wild-type mice this structural plasticity required activation of mTORC1 and new protein synthesis. In striking contrast, NMDA-induced spine plasticity in Fmr1-/y mice was no longer dependent on acute activation of mTORC1 or de novo protein synthesis. These findings reveal that the structural consequences of mGluR and metabotropic NMDAR activation differ, and that a brake on spine structural plasticity, normally provided by mTORC1 regulation of protein synthesis, is absent in FX. Increased constitutive protein synthesis in FX appears to modify functional and structural plasticity induced through different glutamate receptors.
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35
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Gregory KJ, Goudet C. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CXI. Pharmacology, Signaling, and Physiology of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:521-569. [PMID: 33361406 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.019133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors respond to glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, mediating a modulatory role that is critical for higher-order brain functions such as learning and memory. Since the first mGlu receptor was cloned in 1992, eight subtypes have been identified along with many isoforms and splice variants. The mGlu receptors are transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to the class C G protein-coupled receptor family and represent attractive targets for a multitude of central nervous system disorders. Concerted drug discovery efforts over the past three decades have yielded a wealth of pharmacological tools including subtype-selective agents that competitively block or mimic the actions of glutamate or act allosterically via distinct sites to enhance or inhibit receptor activity. Herein, we review the physiologic and pathophysiological roles for individual mGlu receptor subtypes including the pleiotropic nature of intracellular signal transduction arising from each. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of prototypical and commercially available orthosteric agonists and antagonists as well as allosteric modulators, including ligands that have entered clinical trials. Finally, we highlight emerging areas of research that hold promise to facilitate rational design of highly selective mGlu receptor-targeting therapeutics in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabotropic glutamate receptors are attractive therapeutic targets for a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Over the past three decades, intense discovery efforts have yielded diverse pharmacological tools acting either competitively or allosterically, which have enabled dissection of fundamental biological process modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors and established proof of concept for many therapeutic indications. We review metabotropic glutamate receptor molecular pharmacology and highlight emerging areas that are offering new avenues to selectively modulate neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
| | - Cyril Goudet
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
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36
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Fernández-Blanco Á, Dierssen M. Rethinking Intellectual Disability from Neuro- to Astro-Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9039. [PMID: 33261169 PMCID: PMC7730506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders arise from genetic and/or from environmental factors and are characterized by different degrees of intellectual disability. The mechanisms that govern important processes sustaining learning and memory, which are severely affected in intellectual disability, have classically been thought to be exclusively under neuronal control. However, this vision has recently evolved into a more integrative conception in which astroglia, rather than just acting as metabolic supply and structural anchoring for neurons, interact at distinct levels modulating neuronal communication and possibly also cognitive processes. Recently, genetic tools have made it possible to specifically manipulate astrocyte activity unraveling novel functions that involve astrocytes in memory function in the healthy brain. However, astrocyte manipulation has also underscored potential mechanisms by which dysfunctional astrocytes could contribute to memory deficits in several neurodevelopmental disorders revealing new pathogenic mechanisms in intellectual disability. Here, we review the current knowledge about astrocyte dysfunction that might contribute to learning and memory impairment in neurodevelopmental disorders, with special focus on Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Fernández-Blanco
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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37
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Draffin JE, Sánchez-Castillo C, Fernández-Rodrigo A, Sánchez-Sáez X, Ávila J, Wagner FF, Esteban JA. GSK3α, not GSK3β, drives hippocampal NMDAR-dependent LTD via tau-mediated spine anchoring. EMBO J 2020; 40:e105513. [PMID: 33197065 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is an important signalling protein in the brain and modulates different forms of synaptic plasticity. Neuronal functions of GSK3 are typically attributed to one of its two isoforms, GSK3β, simply because of its prevalent expression in the brain. Consequently, the importance of isoform-specific functions of GSK3 in synaptic plasticity has not been fully explored. We now directly address this question for NMDA receptor-dependent long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus. Here, we specifically target the GSK3 isoforms with shRNA knock-down in mouse hippocampus and with novel isoform-selective drugs to dissect their roles in LTD. Using electrophysiological and live imaging approaches, we find that GSK3α, but not GSK3β, is required for LTD. The specific engagement of GSK3α occurs via its transient anchoring in dendritic spines during LTD induction. We find that the major GSK3 substrate, the microtubule-binding protein tau, is required for this spine anchoring of GSK3α and mediates GSK3α-induced LTD. These results link GSK3α and tau in a common mechanism for synaptic depression and rule out a major role for GSK3β in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Draffin
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Sánchez-Castillo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Fernández-Rodrigo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Sánchez-Sáez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Florence F Wagner
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - José A Esteban
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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38
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Shi G, Yin C, Fan Z, Xing L, Mostovoy Y, Kwok PY, Ashbrook LH, Krystal AD, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. Mutations in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Contribute to Natural Short Sleep Trait. Curr Biol 2020; 31:13-24.e4. [PMID: 33065013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sufficient and efficient sleep is crucial for our health. Natural short sleepers can sleep significantly shorter than the average population without a desire for more sleep and without any obvious negative health consequences. In searching for genetic variants underlying the short sleep trait, we found two different mutations in the same gene (metabotropic glutamate receptor 1) from two independent natural short sleep families. In vitro, both of the mutations exhibited loss of function in receptor-mediated signaling. In vivo, the mice carrying the individual mutations both demonstrated short sleep behavior. In brain slices, both of the mutations changed the electrical properties and increased excitatory synaptic transmission. These results highlight the important role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 in modulating sleep duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangsen Shi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Chen Yin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zenghua Fan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lijuan Xing
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yulia Mostovoy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Liza H Ashbrook
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew D Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Louis J Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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39
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Sharma M, Sajikumar S. G9a/GLP Complex Acts as a Bidirectional Switch to Regulate Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor-Dependent Plasticity in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2932-2946. [PMID: 29982412 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression (mGluR-LTD) is conventionally considered to be solely dependent on local protein synthesis. Given the impact of epigenetics on memory, the intriguing question is whether epigenetic regulation influences mGluR-LTD as well. G9a/GLP histone lysine methyltransferase complex is crucial for brain development and goal-directed learning as well as for drug-addiction. In this study, we analyzed whether the epigenetic regulation by G9a/GLP complex affects mGluR-LTD in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons of 5-7 weeks old male Wistar rats. In hippocampal slices with intact CA1 dendritic regions, inhibition of G9a/GLP activity abolished mGluR-LTD. The inhibition of this complex upregulated the expression of plasticity proteins like PKMζ, which mediated the prevention of mGluR-LTD expression by regulating the NSF-GluA2-mediated trafficking of AMPA receptors towards the postsynaptic site. G9a/GLP inhibition during the induction of mGluR-LTD also downregulated the protein levels of phosphorylated-GluA2 and Arc. Interestingly, G9a/GLP inhibition could not impede the mGluR-LTD when the cell-body was severed. Our study highlights the role of G9a/GLP complex in intact neuronal network as a bidirectional switch; when turned on, it facilitates the expression of mGluR-LTD, and when turned off, it promotes the expression of long-term potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Sharma
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, Singapore, Singapore.,Neurobiology/Aging Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, Singapore, Singapore.,Neurobiology/Aging Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore
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40
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Musazzi L. Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors for rapid-acting antidepressant drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:147-157. [PMID: 32962432 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1822814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression is a highly debilitating psychiatric disorder and a worldwide health issue. Functional deficits in glutamatergic cortico-limbic areas are hypothesized to play a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Consistently, the clinical antidepressant efficacy of the N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine gives hope for a new class of glutamatergic rapid-acting antidepressants. In this context, metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have received attention as interesting targets for new antidepressants. AREAS COVERED The present review summarizes the preclinical evidence supporting the antidepressant effect of the pharmacological modulation of mGlu receptors. Antidepressant properties in animal models of mGlu1 antagonists, mGlu5 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), mGlu2/3 agonists, PAMs, orthosteric antagonists and NAMs, mGlu4 and mGlu7 PAMs are reviewed. To date, orthosteric mGlu2/3 antagonists are the most promising compounds in development as antidepressants. EXPERT OPINION Although accumulating clinical and preclinical evidence concur to confirm a primary role of glutamate transmission modulation for the induction of a rapid antidepressant effect, very little is still known about the cellular mechanisms involved. More mechanistic studies are required to understand the role of glutamate in depression and the therapeutic potential of drugs directly targeting the glutamate synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Musazzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca , Monza, Italy
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Pan B, Li Y, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Li L, Xue X, Li H, Niu Q. Role of mGluR 1 in synaptic plasticity impairment induced by maltol aluminium in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 78:103406. [PMID: 32438325 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The main symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the loss of learning and memory ability, of which biological basis is synaptic plasticity. Aluminium has been found to cause changes in synaptic plasticity, but its molecular mechanism was unclear. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with aluminium maltol (Al(mal)3) through the lateral ventricle to establish an AD-like model. Y-maze, electrophysiological measurements, Golgi staining, scanning electron microscopy, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blot techniques were used to investigate regulation of the metabolic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) in synaptic plasticity impairment induced by Al(mal)3. The results showed that Al(mal)3 inhibited the induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 region. During this process, the expression of mGluR1 was up-regulated and it inhibited the expression and phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors (NMDARs). This mainly affected NMDAR1 and NMDAR2B but did not affect protein kinase C expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Pan
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China; General Hospital of Tisco, Sixth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001,PR China
| | - Yaqin Li
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China; Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Jingsi Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China; Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China; Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China; Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Xingli Xue
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China; Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China; Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, China; Key Lab of Cellular Physiology of Education Ministry, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China; Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, China; Key Lab of Cellular Physiology of Education Ministry, Shanxi Medical University, China.
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42
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Gross KS, Mermelstein PG. Estrogen receptor signaling through metabotropic glutamate receptors. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2020; 114:211-232. [PMID: 32723544 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As the non-nuclear initiated effects of steroid hormone signaling have become more widely accepted, there has been a need to define the novel mechanisms of hormone receptor action that account for these outcomes. One mechanism that has emerged is the coupling of classical estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) with metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) to initiate G protein signaling cascades that ultimately influence neuronal physiology, structure, and behavior. Since its initial discovery in hippocampal neurons, evidence of ER/mGluR associations have been found throughout the nervous system, and the heterogeneity of possible receptor pairings afforded by multiple ER and mGluR subtypes appears to drive diverse molecular outcomes that can impact processes like cognition, motivation, movement, and pain. Recent evidence also suggests that the role of mGluRs in steroid hormone signaling may not be unique to ERs, but rather a conserved mechanism of membrane-initiated hormone receptor action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie S Gross
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Paul G Mermelstein
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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43
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Effects of exercise on proactive interference in memory: potential neuroplasticity and neurochemical mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1917-1929. [PMID: 32488351 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proactive interference occurs when consolidated memory traces inhibit new learning. This kind of interference decreases the efficiency of new learning and also causes memory errors. Exercise has been shown to facilitate some types of cognitive function; however, whether exercise reduces proactive interference to enhance learning efficiency is not well understood. Thus, this review discusses the effects of exercise on proactive memory interference and explores potential mechanisms, such as neurogenesis and neurochemical changes, mediating any effect.
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Mechanisms Underlying Long-Term Synaptic Zinc Plasticity at Mouse Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus Glutamatergic Synapses. J Neurosci 2020; 40:4981-4996. [PMID: 32434779 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0175-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In many brain areas, such as the neocortex, limbic structures, and auditory brainstem, synaptic zinc is released from presynaptic terminals to modulate neurotransmission. As such, synaptic zinc signaling modulates sensory processing and enhances acuity for discrimination of different sensory stimuli. Whereas sensory experience causes long-term changes in synaptic zinc signaling, the mechanisms underlying this long-term synaptic zinc plasticity remain unknown. To study these mechanisms in male and female mice, we used in vitro and in vivo models of zinc plasticity observed at the zinc-rich glutamatergic dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) parallel fiber synapses onto cartwheel cells. High-frequency stimulation of DCN parallel fiber synapses induced LTD of synaptic zinc signaling (Z-LTD), evidenced by reduced zinc-mediated inhibition of EPSCs. Low-frequency stimulation induced LTP of synaptic zinc signaling (Z-LTP), evidenced by enhanced zinc-mediated inhibition of EPSCs. Pharmacological manipulations of Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (G1 mGluRs) demonstrated that G1 mGluR activation is necessary and sufficient for inducing Z-LTD and Z-LTP. Pharmacological manipulations of Ca2+ dynamics indicated that rises in postsynaptic Ca2+ are necessary and sufficient for Z-LTD induction. Electrophysiological measurements assessing postsynaptic expression mechanisms, and imaging studies with a ratiometric extracellular zinc sensor probing zinc release, supported that Z-LTD is expressed, at least in part, via reductions in presynaptic zinc release. Finally, exposure of mice to loud sound caused G1 mGluR-dependent Z-LTD at DCN parallel fiber synapses, thus validating our in vitro results. Together, our results reveal a novel mechanism underlying activity- and experience-dependent plasticity of synaptic zinc signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the neocortex, limbic structures, and auditory brainstem, glutamatergic nerve terminals corelease zinc to modulate excitatory neurotransmission and sensory responses. Moreover, sensory experience causes bidirectional, long-term changes in synaptic zinc signaling. However, the mechanisms of this long-term synaptic zinc plasticity remain unknown. Here, we identified a novel Group 1 mGluR-dependent mechanism that causes bidirectional, long-term changes in synaptic zinc signaling. Our results highlight new mechanisms of brain adaptation during sensory processing, and potentially point to mechanisms of disorders associated with pathologic adaptation, such as tinnitus.
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Gerace E, Zianni E, Landucci E, Scartabelli T, Berlinguer Palmini R, Iezzi D, Moroni F, Di Luca M, Mannaioni G, Gardoni F, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE. Differential mechanisms of tolerance induced by NMDA and 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) preconditioning. J Neurochem 2020; 155:638-649. [PMID: 32343420 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the molecular events triggered by NMDA and 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) preconditioning, that lead to neuroprotection against excitotoxic insults (AMPA or oxygen and glucose deprivation) in rat organotypic hippocampal slices, with particular attention on glutamate receptors and on cannabinoid system. We firstly evaluated the protein expression of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits after preconditioning using western blot analysis performed in post-synaptic densities. We observed that following NMDA, but not DHPG preconditioning, the expression of GluA1 was significantly reduced and this reduction appeared to be associated with the internalization of AMPA receptors. Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings on CA1 pyramidal neurons of organotypic slices show that 24 hr after exposure to NMDA and DHPG preconditioning, AMPA-induced currents were significantly reduced. To clarify the mechanisms induced by DHPG preconditioning, we then investigated the involvement of the endocannabinoid system. Exposure of slices to the CB1 antagonist AM251 prevented the development of tolerance to AMPA toxicity induced by DHPG but not NMDA. Accordingly, the MAG-lipase inhibitor URB602, that increases arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) content, but not the FAAH inhibitor URB597, that limits the degradation of anandamide, was also able to induce tolerance versus AMPA and OGD toxicity, suggesting that 2-AG is responsible for the DHPG-induced tolerance. In conclusion, preconditioning with NMDA or DHPG promotes differential neuroprotective mechanisms: NMDA by internalization of GluA1-AMPA receptors, DHPG by producing the endocannabinoid 2-AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Gerace
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Zianni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tania Scartabelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rolando Berlinguer Palmini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Iezzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Flavio Moroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Sanderson TM, Georgiou J, Collingridge GL. Illuminating Relationships Between the Pre- and Post-synapse. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:9. [PMID: 32308573 PMCID: PMC7146027 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory synapses in the mammalian cortex are highly diverse, both in terms of their structure and function. However, relationships between synaptic features indicate they are highly coordinated entities. Imaging techniques, that enable physiology at the resolution of individual synapses to be investigated, have allowed the presynaptic activity level of the synapse to be related to postsynaptic function. This approach has revealed that neuronal activity induces the pre- and post-synapse to be functionally correlated and that subsets of synapses are more susceptible to certain forms of synaptic plasticity. As presynaptic function is often examined in isolation from postsynaptic properties, the effect it has on the post-synapse is not fully understood. However, since postsynaptic receptors at excitatory synapses respond to release of glutamate, it follows that they may be differentially regulated depending on the frequency of its release. Therefore, examining postsynaptic properties in the context of presynaptic function may be a useful way to approach a broad range of questions on synaptic physiology. In this review, we focus on how optophysiology tools have been utilized to study relationships between the pre- and the post-synapse. Multiple imaging techniques have revealed correlations in synaptic properties from the submicron to the dendritic level. Optical tools together with advanced imaging techniques are ideally suited to illuminate this area further, due to the spatial resolution and control they allow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Georgiou
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Glutamate Research Group, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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47
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Mao LM, Wang JQ. Linkage of Non-receptor Tyrosine Kinase Fyn to mGlu5 Receptors in Striatal Neurons in a Depression Model. Neuroscience 2020; 433:11-20. [PMID: 32145272 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Src family kinase (SFK) is a subfamily of non-receptor tyrosine kinases. The SFK member Fyn is enriched at synaptic sites in the limbic reward circuit and plays a pivotal role in the regulation of glutamate receptors. In this study, we investigated changes in phosphorylation and function of the two key SFK members (Fyn and Src) and SFK interactions with a metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor in the limbic striatum of adult rats in response to chronic passive stress, i.e., prolonged social isolation which is a pre-validated animal paradigm modeling depression in adulthood. In rats that showed typical anhedonic/depression-like behavior after chronic social isolation, phosphorylation of SFKs at a conserved and activation-associated autophosphorylation site (Y416) was not altered in the two subdivisions of the striatum, the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen. The total level of phosphorylation and kinase activity of individual Fyn and Src immunopurified from the striatum also remained stable after social isolation. Noticeably, Fyn and Src were found to interact with a Gαq-coupled mGlu5 receptor in striatal neurons. The interaction of Fyn with mGlu5 receptors was selectively elevated in socially isolated rats. Moreover, social isolation induced an increase in surface expression of striatal mGlu5 receptors, which was reduced by an SFK inhibitor. These results indicate that Fyn interacts with mGlu5 receptors in striatal neurons. Adulthood social isolation in rats enhances the Fyn-mGlu5 interaction, which appears to be critical for the upregulation of surface mGlu5 receptor expression in striatal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Mao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - John Q Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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48
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Role of the TRPC1 Channel in Hippocampal Long-Term Depression and in Spatial Memory Extinction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051712. [PMID: 32138218 PMCID: PMC7084652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are involved in various forms of synaptic plasticity that are believed to underlie declarative memory. We previously showed that mGluR5 specifically activates channels containing TRPC1, an isoform of the canonical family of Transient Receptor Potential channels highly expressed in the CA1-3 regions of the hippocampus. Using a tamoxifen-inducible conditional knockout model, we show here that the acute deletion of the Trpc1 gene alters the extinction of spatial reference memory. mGluR-induced long-term depression, which is partially responsible for memory extinction, was impaired in these mice. Similar results were obtained in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the channel by its most specific inhibitor, Pico145. Among the numerous known postsynaptic pathways activated by type I mGluR, we observed that the deletion of Trpc1 impaired the activation of ERK1/2 and the subsequent expression of Arc, an immediate early gene that plays a key role in AMPA receptors endocytosis and subsequent long-term depression.
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49
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Synaptic GluN2A-Containing NMDA Receptors: From Physiology to Pathological Synaptic Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041538. [PMID: 32102377 PMCID: PMC7073220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate-gated receptors. NMDARs are tetramers composed by several homologous subunits of GluN1-, GluN2-, or GluN3-type, leading to the existence in the central nervous system of a high variety of receptor subtypes with different pharmacological and signaling properties. NMDAR subunit composition is strictly regulated during development and by activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Given the differences between GluN2 regulatory subunits of NMDAR in several functions, here we will focus on the synaptic pool of NMDARs containing the GluN2A subunit, addressing its role in both physiology and pathological synaptic plasticity as well as the contribution in these events of different types of GluN2A-interacting proteins.
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50
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Ledonne A, Mercuri NB. On the Modulatory Roles of Neuregulins/ErbB Signaling on Synaptic Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010275. [PMID: 31906113 PMCID: PMC6981567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulins (NRGs) are a family of epidermal growth factor-related proteins, acting on tyrosine kinase receptors of the ErbB family. NRGs play an essential role in the development of the nervous system, since they orchestrate vital functions such as cell differentiation, axonal growth, myelination, and synapse formation. They are also crucially involved in the functioning of adult brain, by directly modulating neuronal excitability, neurotransmission, and synaptic plasticity. Here, we provide a review of the literature documenting the roles of NRGs/ErbB signaling in the modulation of synaptic plasticity, focusing on evidence reported in the hippocampus and midbrain dopamine (DA) nuclei. The emerging picture shows multifaceted roles of NRGs/ErbB receptors, which critically modulate different forms of synaptic plasticity (LTP, LTD, and depotentiation) affecting glutamatergic, GABAergic, and DAergic synapses, by various mechanisms. Further, we discuss the relevance of NRGs/ErbB-dependent synaptic plasticity in the control of brain processes, like learning and memory and the known involvement of NRGs/ErbB signaling in the modulation of synaptic plasticity in brain’s pathological conditions. Current evidence points to a central role of NRGs/ErbB receptors in controlling glutamatergic LTP/LTD and GABAergic LTD at hippocampal CA3–CA1 synapses, as well as glutamatergic LTD in midbrain DA neurons, thus supporting that NRGs/ErbB signaling is essential for proper brain functions, cognitive processes, and complex behaviors. This suggests that dysregulated NRGs/ErbB-dependent synaptic plasticity might contribute to mechanisms underlying different neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Ledonne
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, no 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +3906-501703160; Fax: +3906-501703307
| | - Nicola B. Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, no 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier no 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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