1
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Gentili PL, Stano P. Living cells and biological mechanisms as prototypes for developing chemical artificial intelligence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 720:150060. [PMID: 38754164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a revolutionary impact on our societies. It is helping humans in facing the global challenges of this century. Traditionally, AI is developed in software or through neuromorphic engineering in hardware. More recently, a brand-new strategy has been proposed. It is the so-called Chemical AI (CAI), which exploits molecular, supramolecular, and systems chemistry in wetware to mimic human intelligence. In this work, two promising approaches for boosting CAI are described. One regards designing and implementing neural surrogates that can communicate through optical or chemical signals and give rise to networks for computational purposes and to develop micro/nanorobotics. The other approach concerns "bottom-up synthetic cells" that can be exploited for applications in various scenarios, including future nano-medicine. Both topics are presented at a basic level, mainly to inform the broader audience of non-specialists, and so favour the rise of interest in these frontier subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
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2
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Li G, Huang Y, Zhao L, Yang B, Guo J, Hu J, Wang J, Wang H, Liu B, Zhang A, Sun F, Luo Q. Targeting and Microenvironment-Activated Nanoreactor for Diabetic Chronic Wound Healing via Multienzyme Cascade Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6315-6326. [PMID: 38277498 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of cell-like nanoreactors with the ability to initiate biocatalytic cascades under special conditions holds tremendous potential for therapeutic applications. Herein, conformationally gated nanoreactors that respond to the acidic microenvironment of infected diabetic wounds were developed by cucur[8]bituril (CB[8])-based supramolecular assembly. The bioinspired nanoreactors exhibit not only self-regulated permeability and selectivity to control internal enzyme activities by substance exchange but also distinct binding specificities toward Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria via noncovalent modification with different ligands. The encapsulation of glucose oxidase (GOx), Fe3O4 nanozyme, and l-arginine (l-Arg) into the nanocarriers enables intelligent activation of multienzyme cascade reactions upon glucose (Glu) uptake to produce gluconic acid (GA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is further converted into highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH) for selective antibacterial activity. Moreover, acidic H2O2 promotes the oxidization of l-Arg, leading to the release of nitric oxide (NO). Consequently, this nanoreactor provides a multifunctional and synergistic platform for diabetic chronic wound healing by combining enzyme dynamic therapy with NO gas therapy to combat bacterial infections and inflammation under high blood Glu levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yibing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Linlu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiale Guo
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Juntao Hu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jinli Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, No.2699 Yiju Road, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Aiguo Zhang
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, No.2699 Yiju Road, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Fengying Sun
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Quan Luo
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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3
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Stano P. Chemical Systems for Wetware Artificial Life: Selected Perspectives in Synthetic Cell Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14138. [PMID: 37762444 PMCID: PMC10532297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent and important advances in bottom-up synthetic biology (SB), in particular in the field of the so-called "synthetic cells" (SCs) (or "artificial cells", or "protocells"), lead us to consider the role of wetware technologies in the "Sciences of Artificial", where they constitute the third pillar, alongside the more well-known pillars hardware (robotics) and software (Artificial Intelligence, AI). In this article, it will be highlighted how wetware approaches can help to model life and cognition from a unique perspective, complementary to robotics and AI. It is suggested that, through SB, it is possible to explore novel forms of bio-inspired technologies and systems, in particular chemical AI. Furthermore, attention is paid to the concept of semantic information and its quantification, following the strategy recently introduced by Kolchinsky and Wolpert. Semantic information, in turn, is linked to the processes of generation of "meaning", interpreted here through the lens of autonomy and cognition in artificial systems, emphasizing its role in chemical ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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4
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Stano P, Gentili PL, Damiano L, Magarini M. A Role for Bottom-Up Synthetic Cells in the Internet of Bio-Nano Things? Molecules 2023; 28:5564. [PMID: 37513436 PMCID: PMC10385758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential role of bottom-up Synthetic Cells (SCs) in the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) is discussed. In particular, this perspective paper focuses on the growing interest in networks of biological and/or artificial objects at the micro- and nanoscale (cells and subcellular parts, microelectrodes, microvessels, etc.), whereby communication takes place in an unconventional manner, i.e., via chemical signaling. The resulting "molecular communication" (MC) scenario paves the way to the development of innovative technologies that have the potential to impact biotechnology, nanomedicine, and related fields. The scenario that relies on the interconnection of natural and artificial entities is briefly introduced, highlighting how Synthetic Biology (SB) plays a central role. SB allows the construction of various types of SCs that can be designed, tailored, and programmed according to specific predefined requirements. In particular, "bottom-up" SCs are briefly described by commenting on the principles of their design and fabrication and their features (in particular, the capacity to exchange chemicals with other SCs or with natural biological cells). Although bottom-up SCs still have low complexity and thus basic functionalities, here, we introduce their potential role in the IoBNT. This perspective paper aims to stimulate interest in and discussion on the presented topics. The article also includes commentaries on MC, semantic information, minimal cognition, wetware neuromorphic engineering, and chemical social robotics, with the specific potential they can bring to the IoBNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Gentili
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Damiano
- Department of Communication, Arts and Media, IULM University, 20143 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Magarini
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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5
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Braccini M, Collinson E, Roli A, Fellermann H, Stano P. Recurrent neural networks in synthetic cells: a route to autonomous molecular agents? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1210334. [PMID: 37351468 PMCID: PMC10284608 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1210334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Braccini
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Campus of Cesena, Cesena, Italy
| | - Ethan Collinson
- Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex Biosystems Research Group, School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Roli
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Campus of Cesena, Cesena, Italy
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Venice, Italy
| | - Harold Fellermann
- Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex Biosystems Research Group, School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Venice, Italy
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Gentili PL, Stano P. Monitoring the advancements in the technology of artificial cells by determining their complexity degree: Hints from complex systems descriptors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1132546. [PMID: 36815888 PMCID: PMC9928734 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1132546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy,*Correspondence: Pier Luigi Gentili, ; Pasquale Stano,
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy,*Correspondence: Pier Luigi Gentili, ; Pasquale Stano,
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Toward Interdisciplinary Synergies in Molecular Communications: Perspectives from Synthetic Biology, Nanotechnology, Communications Engineering and Philosophy of Science. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010208. [PMID: 36676156 PMCID: PMC9861838 DOI: 10.3390/life13010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Within many chemical and biological systems, both synthetic and natural, communication via chemical messengers is widely viewed as a key feature. Often known as molecular communication, such communication has been a concern in the fields of synthetic biologists, nanotechnologists, communications engineers, and philosophers of science. However, interactions between these fields are currently limited. Nevertheless, the fact that the same basic phenomenon is studied by all of these fields raises the question of whether there are unexploited interdisciplinary synergies. In this paper, we summarize the perspectives of each field on molecular communications, highlight potential synergies, discuss ongoing challenges to exploit these synergies, and present future perspectives for interdisciplinary efforts in this area.
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8
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Stano P. A four-track perspective for bottom-up synthetic cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1029446. [PMID: 36246382 PMCID: PMC9563707 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1029446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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9
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Stano P. Exploring Information and Communication Theories for Synthetic Cell Research. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:927156. [PMID: 35910013 PMCID: PMC9334554 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.927156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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10
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Sakamoto Y, Suehiro F, Akiba I, Nishimura T. Supramolecular Shear-Thinning Glycopeptide Hydrogels for Injectable Enzyme Prodrug Therapy Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5883-5890. [PMID: 35471982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transplantable catalytic reactors have attracted considerable attention as therapeutic biomedical materials. However, existing transplantable reactors such as biocatalytic films are limited by their invasiveness. Here, we report the fabrication of biocatalytic supramolecular hydrogels via self-assembly of amphiphilic glycopeptides. We show that the hydrogels have shear-thinning properties, demonstrating their potential to be administered using a syringe. Enzymes can be loaded into the hydrogels by simply adding enzyme solution, and the enzyme-loaded hydrogels can transform a prodrug into an anticancer drug that inhibits tumor cell growth. This study demonstrates the potential of these biocatalytic hydrogels as injectable therapeutic reactors for enzyme prodrug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Fumi Suehiro
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Isamu Akiba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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11
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Sato W, Zajkowski T, Moser F, Adamala KP. Synthetic cells in biomedical applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1761. [PMID: 34725945 PMCID: PMC8918002 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cells are engineered vesicles that can mimic one or more salient features of life. These features include directed localization, sense-and-respond behavior, gene expression, metabolism, and high stability. In nanomedicine, many of these features are desirable capabilities of drug delivery vehicles but are difficult to engineer. In this focus article, we discuss where synthetic cells offer unique advantages over nanoparticle and living cell therapies. We review progress in the engineering of the above life-like behaviors and how they are deployed in nanomedicine. Finally, we assess key challenges synthetic cells face before being deployed as drugs and suggest ways to overcome these challenges. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Sato
- 1 Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN US
| | - Tomasz Zajkowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- USRA at NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 94035
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, 600 1st Avenue, Seattle WA 98104
| | - Felix Moser
- Synlife, Inc., One Kendall Square Suite B4401, Cambridge, MA 20139
| | - Katarzyna P. Adamala
- 1 Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN US
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12
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Trends and Outlooks in Synthetic Biology: A Special Issue for Celebrating 10 Years of Life and Its Landmarks. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020181. [PMID: 35207469 PMCID: PMC8878137 DOI: 10.3390/life12020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Lussier F, Schröter M, Diercks NJ, Jahnke K, Weber C, Frey C, Platzman I, Spatz JP. pH-Triggered Assembly of Endomembrane Multicompartments in Synthetic Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:366-382. [PMID: 34889607 PMCID: PMC8787813 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By using electrostatic interactions as driving force to assemble vesicles, the droplet-stabilized method was recently applied to reconstitute and encapsulate proteins, or compartments, inside giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) to act as minimal synthetic cells. However, the droplet-stabilized approach exhibits low production efficiency associated with the troublesome release of the GUVs from the stabilized droplets, corresponding to a major hurdle for the droplet-stabilized approach. Herein, we report the use of pH as a potential trigger to self-assemble droplet-stabilized GUVs (dsGUVs) by either bulk or droplet-based microfluidics. Moreover, pH enables the generation of compartmentalized GUVs with flexibility and robustness. By co-encapsulating pH-sensitive small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs), negatively charged SUVs, and/or proteins, we show that acidification of the droplets efficiently produces dsGUVs while sequestrating the co-encapsulated material. Most importantly, the pH-mediated assembly of dsGUVs significantly improves the production efficiency of free-standing GUVs (i.e., released from the stabilizing-droplets) compared to its previous implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Lussier
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schröter
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas J. Diercks
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Jahnke
- Biophysical
Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Weber
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Frey
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max
Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Japir AAWMM, Ke W, Li J, Mukerabigwi JF, Ibrahim A, Wang Y, Li X, Zhou Q, Mohammed F, Ge Z. Tumor-dilated polymersome nanofactories for enhanced enzyme prodrug chemo-immunotherapy. J Control Release 2021; 339:418-429. [PMID: 34662586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Combination chemo-immunotherapy of cancers has attracted great attention due to its significant synergistic antitumor effect. The response rates and therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy can be enhanced significantly after proper combination with chemotherapy. However, chemo-immunotherapy is frequently limited by severe immune-related adverse events and systemic side toxicity. In this report, efficient nanofactory-directed enzyme prodrug chemo-immunotherapy is demonstrated based on enzyme-loaded tumor-dilatable polymersomes with optimized membrane cross-linking density. Upon intravenous injection of the nanofactories, they can passively accumulate at the tumor site. The tumor pH-responsive nanofactories can swell from ~100 nm to ~200 nm under the trigger of tumor acidity, leading to prolonged retention of up to one week inside tumor tissues. Simultaneously, the membrane permeability of the nanofactories has improved significantly, which allows hydrophilic small molecules to pass across the membranes while keeping the enzymes in the inner cavities. Subsequently, the non-toxic prodrug mixtures of chemo-immunotherapy are administrated three times within 6 days, which are in situ activated by the nanofactories selectively at tumor sites. Activated chemotherapeutic drugs kill cancer cells and generate tumor-associated antigens to promote the maturation of dendritic cells. Activated indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Finally, primary tumors can be effectively suppressed while causing minimal systemic toxicity. The distant tumors that are established after treatment can also be inhibited completely via activation of antitumor immunity in mice. Thus, the tumor-dilatable polymersome nanofactories with long-term intratumoral retention offer a promising paradigm for enhanced enzyme prodrug chemo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Al-Wali Mohammed M Japir
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Wendong Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Jean Felix Mukerabigwi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Alhadi Ibrahim
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Qinghao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Fathelrahman Mohammed
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zhishen Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.
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15
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Ono K, Hashimoto H, Katayama T, Ueda N, Nagahama K. Injectable Biocatalytic Nanocomposite Hydrogel Factories for Focal Enzyme-Prodrug Cancer Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4217-4227. [PMID: 34546743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic enzyme-prodrug therapy (EPT) using nanofactories, nanoparticles encapsulating prodrug-activating enzymes, is a promising concept for anticancer therapy. However, systemic delivery systems can be problematic. As nanofactories are typically carried by the blood circulation to tissues throughout the body, conversion of anticancer drugs in normal tissues can cause severe side effects. To overcome this problem, we developed a novel focal EPT approach utilizing nanocomposite hydrogels composed of a poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) copolymer, LAPONITE, and β-galactosidase (β-gal). The nanocomposite gels can be easily injected locally, and the inherent enzyme activity of β-gal can be preserved long-term. Prodrug 5-FU-β-gal readily permeated into the interior space of gels and was converted into the active anticancer drug 5-FU. Importantly, a single local injection of nanocomposite gels and prodrug 5-FU-β-gal provided long-lasting antitumor activity in vivo without observable side effects, demonstrating the potential utility of injectable biocatalytic hydrogel factories for novel focal EPT systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimika Ono
- Department of Nanobiochemistry, Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hashimoto
- Department of Nanobiochemistry, Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tokitaka Katayama
- Department of Nanobiochemistry, Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Natsumi Ueda
- Department of Nanobiochemistry, Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Koji Nagahama
- Department of Nanobiochemistry, Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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16
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Altamura E, Albanese P, Mavelli F, Stano P. The Rise of the Nested Multicompartment Model in Synthetic Cell Research. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:750576. [PMID: 34540903 PMCID: PMC8446550 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.750576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Albanese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Mavelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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17
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Pashirova TN, Bogdanov A, Masson P. Therapeutic nanoreactors for detoxification of xenobiotics: Concepts, challenges and biotechnological trends with special emphasis to organophosphate bioscavenging. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 346:109577. [PMID: 34274336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of enzyme nanoreactors in medicine is relatively new. However, this technology has already been experimentally successful in cancer treatments, struggle against toxicity of reactive oxygen species in inflammatory processes, detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics, and correction of metabolic and genetic defects by using encapsulated enzymes, acting in single or cascade reactions. Biomolecules, e.g. enzymes, antibodies, reactive proteins capable of inactivating toxicants in the body are called bioscavengers. In this review, we focus on enzyme-containing nanoreactors for in vivo detoxification of organophosphorous compounds (OP) to be used for prophylaxis and post-exposure treatment of OP poisoning. A particular attention is devoted to bioscavenger-containing injectable nanoreactors operating in the bloodstream. The nanoreactor concept implements single or multiple enzymes and cofactors co-encapsulated in polymeric semi-permeable nanocontainers. Thus, the detoxification processes take place in a confined space containing highly concentrated bioscavengers. The article deals with historical and theoretical backgrounds about enzymatic detoxification of OPs in nanoreactors, nanoreactor polymeric enveloppes, realizations and advantages over other approaches using bioscavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Pashirova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Andrei Bogdanov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Patrick Masson
- Kazan Federal University, Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kremlevskaya str., 18, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation.
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18
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Okuno Y, Nishimura T, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K. Thermoresponsive Carbohydrate- b-Polypeptoid Polymer Vesicles with Selective Solute Permeability and Permeable Factors for Solutes. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3099-3106. [PMID: 34165283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Solute-permeable polymer vesicles are structural compartments for nanoreactors/nanofactories in the context of drug delivery and artificial cells. We previously proposed design guidelines for polymers that form solute-permeable vesicles, yet we did not provide enough experimental verification. In addition, the fact that there is no clear factor for identifying permeable solutes necessitates extensive trial and error. Herein, we report solute-permeable polymer vesicles based on an amphiphilic copolymer, thermoresponsive oligosaccharide-block-poly(N-n-propylglycine). The introduction of a thermoresponsive polymer as a hydrophobic segment into amphiphilic polymers is a viable approach to construct solute-permeable polymer vesicles. We also demonstrate that the polymer vesicles are preferentially permeable to cationic and neutral fluorophores and are hardly permeable to anionic fluorophores due to the electrostatic repulsion between the bilayer and anionic fluorophores. In addition, the permeability of neutral fluorophores increases with the increasing log P value of the fluorophores. Thus, the electrical charge and log P value are important factors for membrane permeability. These findings will help researchers develop advanced nanoreactors based on permeable vesicles for a broad range of fundamental and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Okuno
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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19
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Zhang Z, Terrasson V, Guénin E. Lignin Nanoparticles and Their Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051336. [PMID: 34069477 PMCID: PMC8159083 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignin nanomaterials have emerged as a promising alternative to fossil-based chemicals and products for some potential added-value applications, which benefits from their structural diversity and biodegradability. This review elucidates a perspective in recent research on nanolignins and their nanocomposites. It summarizes the different nanolignin preparation methods, emphasizing anti-solvent precipitation, self-assembly and interfacial crosslinking. Also described are the preparation of various nanocomposites by the chemical modification of nanolignin and compounds with inorganic materials or polymers. Additionally, advances in numerous potential high-value applications, such as use in food packaging, biomedical, chemical engineering and biorefineries, are described.
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20
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Nishimura T, Nakamura Y, Kinoshita N, Yamamoto K, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K. Biocatalytic Hybrid Films Self-Assembled from Carbohydrate Block Copolymers and Polysaccharides for Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8865-8871. [PMID: 35019562 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic films are attracting growing attention for their significant potential as scaffolds for therapeutic reactor devices. However, conventional film fabrication methods result either in enzyme denaturation or require cumbersome procedures. Here, we report the preparation of biocatalytic films via self-assembly of a carbohydrate block copolymer and a polysaccharide. Enzyme-loaded films can be prepared by simply drying the polymer solution, and the loaded enzymes retain their biocatalytic activities in the film for prolonged periods of time. We also demonstrate that the enzyme-loaded films can successfully transform a prodrug into an antitumor drug that inhibits tumor cell growth. Our work highlights the potential of these biocatalytic self-assembled films as therapeutic reactor devices for enzyme prodrug therapy. Given the simplicity of the preparation method, this approach could improve the versatility of biocatalytic films and consequently expand their applicability from exclusive use in therapeutic reactor devices to sensing and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Naoya Kinoshita
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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21
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Ebrahimi KH. Nanofactories for Controlled Synthesis and Delivery of Nucleoside Analogue Therapeutics. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3186-3188. [PMID: 32964558 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate nanomedicine will be a cell-like machinery capable of reaching a specific target in the body and performing a desired therapeutic action in a controlled fashion. To make such machinery a reality, we need to combine fundamental knowledge and technological developments in different areas including polymer chemistry, biology, enzymology, and biochemical engineering. In this viewpoint, I put forward my vision of creating a nanofactory as a step towards developing cell-like nanomedicines. To make the proposed nanofactory a reality there are many challenges ahead. I propose plausible solutions to address some of the main challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh H Ebrahimi
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QR, Oxford
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22
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Damiano L, Stano P. On the "Life-Likeness" of Synthetic Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:953. [PMID: 32984270 PMCID: PMC7479812 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Damiano
- Research Group on the Epistemology of the Sciences of the Artificial (RG-ESA), Department of Ancient and Modern Civilizations, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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23
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Nishimura T, de Campo L, Iwase H, Akiyoshi K. Determining the Hydration in the Hydrophobic Layer of Permeable Polymer Vesicles by Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Liliana de Campo
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Hiroki Iwase
- Research Center for Neutron Science and Technology, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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24
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Nishimura T, Shishi S, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K. Thermoresponsive Polysaccharide Graft Polymer Vesicles with Tunable Size and Structural Memory. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11784-11790. [PMID: 32506909 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlling polymer vesicle size is difficult and a major obstacle for their potential use in biomedical applications, such as drug-delivery carriers and nanoreactors. Herein, we report size-tunable polymer vesicles based on self-assembly of a thermoresponsive amphiphilic graft copolymer. Unilamellar polymer vesicles form upon heating chilled polymer solutions, and vesicle size can be tuned in the range of 40-70 nm by adjusting the initial polymer concentration. Notably, the polymer can reversibly switch between a monomer state and a vesicle state in accordance with a cooling/heating cycle, which changes neither the size nor the size distribution of the vesicles. This lack of change suggests that the polymer memorizes a particular vesicle conformation. Given our vesicles' size tunability and structural memory, our research considerably expands the fundamental and practical scope of thermoresponsive amphiphilic graft copolymers and renders amphiphilic graft copolymers useful tools for synthesizing functional self-assembled materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shen Shishi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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25
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Bich L. Interactive Models in Synthetic Biology: Exploring Biological and Cognitive Inter-Identities. Front Psychol 2020; 11:682. [PMID: 32351430 PMCID: PMC7174710 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to investigate the relevance and implications of synthetic models for the study of the interactive dimension of minimal life and cognition, by taking into consideration how the use of artificial systems may contribute to an understanding of the way in which interactions may affect or even contribute to shape biological identities. To do so, this article analyzes experimental work in synthetic biology on different types of interactions between artificial and natural systems, more specifically: between protocells and between biological living cells and protocells. It discusses how concepts such as control, cognition, communication can be used to characterize these interactions from a theoretical point of view, which criteria of relevance and evaluation of synthetic models can be applied to these cases, and what are their limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bich
- IAS-Research Centre for Life, Mind and Society, Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
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26
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Aufinger L, Simmel FC. Establishing Communication Between Artificial Cells. Chemistry 2019; 25:12659-12670. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Aufinger
- Physics Department and ZNNTechnische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4a 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Friedrich C. Simmel
- Physics Department and ZNNTechnische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4a 85748 Garching Germany
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27
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Polymersome nanoreactors with tumor pH-triggered selective membrane permeability for prodrug delivery, activation, and combined oxidation-chemotherapy. J Control Release 2019; 303:209-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Stano P. Gene Expression Inside Liposomes: From Early Studies to Current Protocols. Chemistry 2019; 25:7798-7814. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA)University of Salento, Ecotekne 73100 Lecce Italy
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29
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Gumz H, Boye S, Iyisan B, Krönert V, Formanek P, Voit B, Lederer A, Appelhans D. Toward Functional Synthetic Cells: In-Depth Study of Nanoparticle and Enzyme Diffusion through a Cross-Linked Polymersome Membrane. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801299. [PMID: 30989019 PMCID: PMC6446602 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the diffusion of nanoparticles through permeable membranes in cell mimics paves the way for the construction of more sophisticated synthetic protocells with control over the exchange of nanoparticles or biomacromolecules between different compartments. Nanoparticles postloading by swollen pH switchable polymersomes is investigated and nanoparticles locations at or within polymersome membrane and polymersome lumen are precisely determined. Validation of transmembrane diffusion properties is performed based on nanoparticles of different origin-gold, glycopolymer protein mimics, and the enzymes myoglobin and esterase-with dimensions between 5 and 15 nm. This process is compared with the in situ loading of nanoparticles during polymersome formation and analyzed by advanced multiple-detector asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4). These experiments are supported by complementary i) release studies of protein mimics from polymersomes, ii) stability and cyclic pH switches test for in polymersome encapsulated myoglobin, and iii) cryogenic transmission electron microscopy studies on nanoparticles loaded polymersomes. Different locations (e.g., membrane and/or lumen) are identified for the uptake of each protein. The protein locations are extracted from the increasing scaling parameters and the decreasing apparent density of enzyme-containing polymersomes as determined by AF4. Postloading demonstrates to be a valuable tool for the implementation of cell-like functions in polymersomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Gumz
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
- School of ScienceFaculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence “Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden”Technische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Banu Iyisan
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Vera Krönert
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Petr Formanek
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
- School of ScienceFaculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence “Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden”Technische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
- School of ScienceFaculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
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30
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Ke W, Li J, Mohammed F, Wang Y, Tou K, Liu X, Wen P, Kinoh H, Anraku Y, Chen H, Kataoka K, Ge Z. Therapeutic Polymersome Nanoreactors with Tumor-Specific Activable Cascade Reactions for Cooperative Cancer Therapy. ACS NANO 2019; 13:2357-2369. [PMID: 30699292 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic nanoreactors are of increasing interest in precise cancer therapy, which have been explored to in situ produce therapeutic compounds from inert prodrugs or intrinsic molecules at the target sites. However, engineering a nanoreactor with tumor activable cascade reactions for efficient cooperative cancer therapy remains a great challenge. Herein, we demonstrate a polymersome nanoreactor with tumor acidity-responsive membrane permeability to activate cascade reactions for orchestrated cooperative cancer treatment. The nanoreactors are constructed from responsive polyprodrug polymersomes incorporating ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles and glucose oxidase in the membranes and inner aqueous cavities, respectively. The cascade reactions including glucose consumption to generate H2O2, accelerated iron ion release, Fenton reaction between H2O2 and iron ion to produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and •OH-triggered rapid release of parent drugs can be specifically activated by the tumor acidity-responsive membrane permeability. During this process, the orchestrated cooperative cancer therapy including starving therapy, chemodynamic therapy, and chemotherapy is realized for high-efficiency tumor suppression by the in situ consumed and produced compounds. The nanoreactor design with tumor-activable cascade reactions represents an insightful paradigm for precise cooperative cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , Anhui China
| | - Junjie Li
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM) , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , 3-25-14 Tonomachi , Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
| | - Fathelrahman Mohammed
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , Anhui China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , Anhui China
| | - Kazuko Tou
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM) , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , 3-25-14 Tonomachi , Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
| | - Xueying Liu
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM) , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , 3-25-14 Tonomachi , Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
| | - Panyue Wen
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM) , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , 3-25-14 Tonomachi , Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kinoh
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM) , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , 3-25-14 Tonomachi , Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
| | - Yasutaka Anraku
- Graduate School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Huabing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM) , Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion , 3-25-14 Tonomachi , Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821 , Japan
- Policy Alternatives Research Institute , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Zhishen Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , Anhui China
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31
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Zhang B, Wang F, Zhou H, Gao D, Yuan Z, Wu C, Zhang X. Polymer Dots Compartmentalized in Liposomes as a Photocatalyst for In Situ Hydrogen Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2744-2748. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Zhang
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Macau Macau SAR China
- College of Medical LaboratoryDalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Macau Macau SAR China
| | - Duyang Gao
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical ImagingInstitute of Biomedical and Health EngineeringShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Science Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Macau Macau SAR China
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Xuanjun Zhang
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Macau Macau SAR China
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32
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Zhang B, Wang F, Zhou H, Gao D, Yuan Z, Wu C, Zhang X. Polymer Dots Compartmentalized in Liposomes as a Photocatalyst for In Situ Hydrogen Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Zhang
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Macau Macau SAR China
- College of Medical LaboratoryDalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning 116044 China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Macau Macau SAR China
| | - Duyang Gao
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical ImagingInstitute of Biomedical and Health EngineeringShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Science Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Macau Macau SAR China
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Xuanjun Zhang
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Macau Macau SAR China
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33
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Martin L, Gurnani P, Zhang J, Hartlieb M, Cameron NR, Eissa AM, Perrier S. Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Giant Glycosylated Polymersomes with Tunable Bacterial Affinity. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1297-1307. [PMID: 30694656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic cell mimic in the form of giant glycosylated polymersomes (GGPs) comprised of a novel amphiphilic diblock copolymer is reported. A synthetic approach involving a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) macro-chain transfer agent (macroCTA) and postpolymerization modification was used to marry the hydrophobic and highly flexible properties of PDMS with the biological activity of glycopolymers. 2-Bromoethyl acrylate (BEA) was first polymerized using a PDMS macroCTA ( Mn,th ≈ 4900 g·mol-1, Đ = 1.1) to prepare well-defined PDMS- b-pBEA diblock copolymers ( Đ = 1.1) that were then substituted with 1-thio-β-d-glucose or 1-thio-β-d-galactose under facile conditions to yield PDMS- b-glycopolymers. Compositions possessing ≈25% of the glycopolymer block (by mass) were able to adopt a vesicular morphology in aqueous solution (≈210 nm in diameter), as indicated by TEM and light scattering techniques. The resulting carbohydrate-decorated polymersomes exhibited selective binding with the lectin concanavalin A (Con A), as demonstrated by turbidimetric experiments. Self-assembly of the same diblock copolymer compositions using an electroformation method yielded GGPs (ranging from 2-20 μm in diameter). Interaction of these cell-sized polymersomes with fimH positive E. coli was then studied via confocal microscopy. The glucose-decorated GGPs were found to cluster upon addition of the bacteria, while galactose-decorated GGPs could successfully interact with (and possibly immobilize) the bacteria without the onset of clustering. This demonstrates an opportunity to modulate the response of these synthetic cell mimics (protocells) toward biological entities through exploitation of selective ligand-receptor interactions, which may be readily tuned through a considered choice of carbohydrate functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Neil R Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , VIC 3800 , Australia
| | - Ahmed M Eissa
- Department of Polymers, Chemical Industries Research Division , National Research Centre (NRC) , El-Bohouth Street , Dokki , 12622 , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Clayton , VIC 3052 , Australia
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Rampioni G, D'Angelo F, Leoni L, Stano P. Gene-Expressing Liposomes as Synthetic Cells for Molecular Communication Studies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:1. [PMID: 30705882 PMCID: PMC6344414 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bottom-up branch of synthetic biology includes-among others-innovative studies that combine cell-free protein synthesis with liposome technology to generate cell-like systems of minimal complexity, often referred to as synthetic cells. The functions of this type of synthetic cell derive from gene expression, hence they can be programmed in a modular, progressive and customizable manner by means of ad hoc designed genetic circuits. This experimental scenario is rapidly expanding and synthetic cell research already counts numerous successes. Here, we present a review focused on the exchange of chemical signals between liposome-based synthetic cells (operating by gene expression) and biological cells, as well as between two populations of synthetic cells. The review includes a short presentation of the "molecular communication technologies," briefly discussing their promises and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Livia Leoni
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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35
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Ye Y, Wang J, Sun W, Bomba HN, Gu Z. Topical and Transdermal Nanomedicines for Cancer Therapy. Bioanalysis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01775-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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36
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Nishimura T, Sumi N, Koda Y, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K. Intrinsically permeable polymer vesicles based on carbohydrate-conjugated poly(2-oxazoline)s synthesized using a carbohydrate-based initiator system. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01502c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A thermo-responsive poly(n-propyl oxazoline) block was employed as the hydrophobic segment in an amphiphilic glyco polymer. This approach affords intrinsically permeable polymer vesicles for water-soluble compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate school of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Naoki Sumi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate school of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Yuta Koda
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate school of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate school of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate school of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
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37
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Rampioni G, Leoni L, Stano P. Molecular Communications in the Context of “Synthetic Cells” Research. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2019; 18:43-50. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2018.2882543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Stano P. Is Research on "Synthetic Cells" Moving to the Next Level? Life (Basel) 2018; 9:E3. [PMID: 30587790 PMCID: PMC6463193 DOI: 10.3390/life9010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
"Synthetic cells" research focuses on the construction of cell-like models by using solute-filled artificial microcompartments with a biomimetic structure. In recent years this bottom-up synthetic biology area has considerably progressed, and the field is currently experiencing a rapid expansion. Here we summarize some technical and theoretical aspects of synthetic cells based on gene expression and other enzymatic reactions inside liposomes, and comment on the most recent trends. Such a tour will be an occasion for asking whether times are ripe for a sort of qualitative jump toward novel SC prototypes: is research on "synthetic cells" moving to a next level?
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento; Ecotekne-S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
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39
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Nishimura T, Akiyoshi K. Biotransporting Biocatalytic Reactors toward Therapeutic Nanofactories. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800801. [PMID: 30479925 PMCID: PMC6247036 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Drug-delivery systems (DDSs), in which drug encapsulation in nanoparticles enables targeted delivery of therapeutic agents and their release at specific disease sites, are important because they improve drug efficacy and help to decrease side effects. Although significant progress has been made in the development of DDSs for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, new approaches that increase the scope and effectiveness of such systems are still needed. Concepts such as nanoreactors and nanofactories are therefore attracting much attention. Nanoreactors, which basically consist of vesicle-encapsulated enzymes, provide prodrug conversion to therapeutic agents rather than simple drug delivery. Nanofactories are an extension of this concept and combine the features of nanoreactors and delivery carriers. Here, the required features of nanofactories are discussed and an overview of current strategies for the design and fabrication of different types of nanoreactors, i.e., systems based on lipid or polymer vesicles, capsules, mesoporous silica, viral capsids, and hydrogels, and their respective advantages and shortcomings, is provided. In vivo applications of biocatalytic reactors in the treatment of cancer, glaucoma, neuropathic pain, and alcohol intoxication are also discussed. Finally, the prospects for further progress in this important and promising field are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Polymer ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto UniversityKatsuraNishikyo‐kuKyoto615‐8510Japan
- ERATO Bio‐Nanotransporter ProjectJapan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Kyoto UniversityKatsuraNishikyo‐kuKyoto615‐8530Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto UniversityKatsuraNishikyo‐kuKyoto615‐8510Japan
- ERATO Bio‐Nanotransporter ProjectJapan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Kyoto UniversityKatsuraNishikyo‐kuKyoto615‐8530Japan
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40
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Ding Y, Contreras-Llano LE, Morris E, Mao M, Tan C. Minimizing Context Dependency of Gene Networks Using Artificial Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:30137-30146. [PMID: 30113814 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The functioning of synthetic gene circuits depends on their local chemical context defined by the types and concentrations of biomolecules in the surrounding milieu that influences gene transcription and translation. This chemical-context dependence of synthetic gene circuits arises from significant yet unknown cross talk between engineered components, host cells, and environmental factors and has been a persistent challenge for synthetic biology. Here, we show that the sensitivity of synthetic gene networks to their extracellular chemical contexts can be minimized, and their designed functions rendered robust using artificial cells, which are synthetic biomolecular compartments engineered from the bottom-up using liposomes that encapsulate the gene networks. Our artificial cells detect, interact with, and kill bacteria in simulated external environments with different chemical complexity. Our work enables the engineering of synthetic gene networks with minimal dependency on their extracellular chemical context and creates a new frontier in controlling robustness of synthetic biological systems using bioinspired mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California Davis , Davis 95616 , California , United States
| | - Luis E Contreras-Llano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California Davis , Davis 95616 , California , United States
| | - Eliza Morris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California Davis , Davis 95616 , California , United States
| | - Michelle Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California Davis , Davis 95616 , California , United States
| | - Cheemeng Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California Davis , Davis 95616 , California , United States
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41
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Mukerabigwi JF, Ge Z, Kataoka K. Therapeutic Nanoreactors as In Vivo Nanoplatforms for Cancer Therapy. Chemistry 2018; 24:15706-15724. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Felix Mukerabigwi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Zhishen Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine Institute of Industrial Promotion-Kawasaki 3-25-14 Tonomachi Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki 210-0821 Japan
- Policy Alternatives Research Institute The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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42
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Altamura E, Carrara P, D'Angelo F, Mavelli F, Stano P. Extrinsic stochastic factors (solute partition) in gene expression inside lipid vesicles and lipid-stabilized water-in-oil droplets: a review. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2018; 3:ysy011. [PMID: 32995519 PMCID: PMC7445889 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The encapsulation of transcription-translation (TX-TL) machinery inside lipid vesicles and water-in-oil droplets leads to the construction of cytomimetic systems (often called 'synthetic cells') for synthetic biology and origins-of-life research. A number of recent reports have shown that protein synthesis inside these microcompartments is highly diverse in terms of rate and amount of synthesized protein. Here, we discuss the role of extrinsic stochastic effects (i.e. solute partition phenomena) as relevant factors contributing to this pattern. We evidence and discuss cases where between-compartment diversity seems to exceed the expected theoretical values. The need of accurate determination of solute content inside individual vesicles or droplets is emphasized, aiming at validating or rejecting the predictions calculated from the standard fluctuations theory. At the same time, we promote the integration of experiments and stochastic modeling to reveal the details of solute encapsulation and intra-compartment reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Altamura
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Carrara
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Angelo
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Mavelli
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Ecotekne, I-73100, Lecce, Italy
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43
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Rampioni G, D'Angelo F, Messina M, Zennaro A, Kuruma Y, Tofani D, Leoni L, Stano P. Synthetic cells produce a quorum sensing chemical signal perceived by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2090-2093. [PMID: 29334092 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09678j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in bottom-up synthetic biology (e.g., lipid vesicle technology integrated with cell-free protein expression systems) allow the generation of semi-synthetic minimal cells (in short, synthetic cells, SCs) endowed with some distinctive capacities of natural cells. In particular, such approaches provide technological tools and conceptual frameworks for the design and engineering of programmable SCs capable of communicating with natural cells by exchanging chemical signals. Here we describe the generation of giant vesicle-based SCs which, via gene expression, synthesize in their aqueous lumen an enzyme that in turn produces a chemical signal. The latter is a small molecule, which is passively released in the medium and then perceived by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, demonstrating that SCs and bacteria can communicate chemically. The results pave the way to a novel basic and applied research area where synthetic cells can communicate with natural cells, for example for exploring minimal cognition, developing chemical information technologies, and producing smart and programmable drug-producing/drug-delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Rampioni
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
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44
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Liu X, Formanek P, Voit B, Appelhans D. Functional Cellular Mimics for the Spatiotemporal Control of Multiple Enzymatic Cascade Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16233-16238. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liu
- Leibniz-Institute für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers; Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Petr Formanek
- Leibniz-Institute für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institute für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers; Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institute für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
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45
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Liu X, Formanek P, Voit B, Appelhans D. Functional Cellular Mimics for the Spatiotemporal Control of Multiple Enzymatic Cascade Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liu
- Leibniz-Institute für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers; Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Petr Formanek
- Leibniz-Institute für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institute für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers; Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institute für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
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46
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Li J, Li Y, Wang Y, Ke W, Chen W, Wang W, Ge Z. Polymer Prodrug-Based Nanoreactors Activated by Tumor Acidity for Orchestrated Oxidation/Chemotherapy. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:6983-6990. [PMID: 28977746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic nanoreactors have been proposed to treat cancers through in situ transformation of low-toxicity prodrugs into toxic therapeutics in the body. However, the in vivo applications are limited by low tissue-specificity and different tissue distributions between sequentially injected nanoreactors and prodrugs. Herein, we construct a block copolymer prodrug-based polymersome nanoreactor that can achieve novel orchestrated oxidation/chemotherapy of cancer via specific activation at tumor sites. The block copolymers composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and copolymerized monomers of camptothecin (CPT) and piperidine-modified methacrylate [P(CPTMA-co-PEMA)] were optimized to self-assemble into polymersomes in aqueous solution for encapsulation of glucose oxidase (GOD) to obtain GOD-loaded polymersome nanoreactors (GOD@PCPT-NR). GOD@PCPT-NR maintained inactive in normal tissues upon systemic administration. After deposition in tumor tissues, tumor acidity-triggered protonation of PPEMA segments resulted in high permeability of the polymersome membranes and oxidation reaction of diffused glucose and O2 under the catalysis of GOD. The activation of the reaction generated H2O2, improving the oxidative stress in tumors. Simultaneously, a high level of H2O2 further activated PCPTMA prodrugs, releasing active CPT drugs. High tumor oxidative stress and released CPT drugs synergistically killed cancer cells and suppressed tumor growth via oxidation/chemotherapy. Our study provides a new strategy for engineering therapeutic nanoreactors in an orchestrated fashion for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yafei Li
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong-Karolinska Institutet Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Wendong Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Weijian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong-Karolinska Institutet Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhishen Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
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47
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Li J, Dirisala A, Ge Z, Wang Y, Yin W, Ke W, Toh K, Xie J, Matsumoto Y, Anraku Y, Osada K, Kataoka K. Therapeutic Vesicular Nanoreactors with Tumor‐Specific Activation and Self‐Destruction for Synergistic Tumor Ablation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Anjaneyulu Dirisala
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki 210-0821 Japan
| | - Zhishen Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Wei Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Wendong Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Kazuko Toh
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki 210-0821 Japan
| | - Jinbing Xie
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki 210-0821 Japan
| | - Yu Matsumoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Yasutaka Anraku
- Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kensuke Osada
- Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki 210-0821 Japan
- Policy Alternatives Research Institute The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-1709 Japan
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48
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Li J, Dirisala A, Ge Z, Wang Y, Yin W, Ke W, Toh K, Xie J, Matsumoto Y, Anraku Y, Osada K, Kataoka K. Therapeutic Vesicular Nanoreactors with Tumor‐Specific Activation and Self‐Destruction for Synergistic Tumor Ablation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14025-14030. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Anjaneyulu Dirisala
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki 210-0821 Japan
| | - Zhishen Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Wei Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Wendong Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Kazuko Toh
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki 210-0821 Japan
| | - Jinbing Xie
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki 210-0821 Japan
| | - Yu Matsumoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Yasutaka Anraku
- Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kensuke Osada
- Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki 210-0821 Japan
- Policy Alternatives Research Institute The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-1709 Japan
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49
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Gallego-Perez D, Pal D, Ghatak S, Malkoc V, Higuita-Castro N, Gnyawali S, Chang L, Liao WC, Shi J, Sinha M, Singh K, Steen E, Sunyecz A, Stewart R, Moore J, Ziebro T, Northcutt RG, Homsy M, Bertani P, Lu W, Roy S, Khanna S, Rink C, Sundaresan VB, Otero JJ, Lee LJ, Sen CK. Topical tissue nano-transfection mediates non-viral stroma reprogramming and rescue. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:974-979. [PMID: 28785092 PMCID: PMC5814120 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although cellular therapies represent a promising strategy for a number of conditions, current approaches face major translational hurdles, including limited cell sources and the need for cumbersome pre-processing steps (for example, isolation, induced pluripotency). In vivo cell reprogramming has the potential to enable more-effective cell-based therapies by using readily available cell sources (for example, fibroblasts) and circumventing the need for ex vivo pre-processing. Existing reprogramming methodologies, however, are fraught with caveats, including a heavy reliance on viral transfection. Moreover, capsid size constraints and/or the stochastic nature of status quo approaches (viral and non-viral) pose additional limitations, thus highlighting the need for safer and more deterministic in vivo reprogramming methods. Here, we report a novel yet simple-to-implement non-viral approach to topically reprogram tissues through a nanochannelled device validated with well-established and newly developed reprogramming models of induced neurons and endothelium, respectively. We demonstrate the simplicity and utility of this approach by rescuing necrotizing tissues and whole limbs using two murine models of injury-induced ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gallego-Perez
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Durba Pal
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Subhadip Ghatak
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Veysi Malkoc
- Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Natalia Higuita-Castro
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Surya Gnyawali
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Lingqian Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Wei-Ching Liao
- Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Mithun Sinha
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kanhaiya Singh
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Erin Steen
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Alec Sunyecz
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Richard Stewart
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jordan Moore
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Thomas Ziebro
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Robert G. Northcutt
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Michael Homsy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Paul Bertani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Wu Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Vishnu Baba Sundaresan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jose J. Otero
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - L. James Lee
- Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- ;
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- ;
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50
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Edlinger C, Einfalt T, Spulber M, Car A, Meier W, Palivan CG. Biomimetic Strategy To Reversibly Trigger Functionality of Catalytic Nanocompartments by the Insertion of pH-Responsive Biovalves. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5790-5798. [PMID: 28851220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe an innovative strategy to generate catalytic compartments with triggered functionality at the nanoscale level by combining pH-reversible biovalves and enzyme-loaded synthetic compartments. The biovalve has been engineered by the attachment of stimuli-responsive peptides to a genetically modified channel porin, enabling a reversible change of the molecular flow through the pores of the porin in response to a pH change in the local environment. The biovalve functionality triggers the reaction inside the cavity of the enzyme-loaded compartments by switching the in situ activity of the enzymes on/off based on a reversible change of the permeability of the membrane, which blocks or allows the passage of substrates and products. The complex functionality of our catalytic compartments is based on the preservation of the integrity of the compartments to protect encapsulated enzymes. An increase of the in situ activity compared to that of the free enzyme and a reversible on/off switch of the activity upon the presence of a specific stimulus is achieved. This strategy provides straightforward solutions for the development of catalytic nanocompartments efficiently producing desired molecules in a controlled, stimuli-responsive manner with high potential in areas, such as medicine, analytical chemistry, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Edlinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomaz Einfalt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Spulber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Car
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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