1
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Liu S, Zenda T, Tian Z, Huang Z. Metabolic pathways engineering for drought or/and heat tolerance in cereals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1111875. [PMID: 37810398 PMCID: PMC10557149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought (D) and heat (H) are the two major abiotic stresses hindering cereal crop growth and productivity, either singly or in combination (D/+H), by imposing various negative impacts on plant physiological and biochemical processes. Consequently, this decreases overall cereal crop production and impacts global food availability and human nutrition. To achieve global food and nutrition security vis-a-vis global climate change, deployment of new strategies for enhancing crop D/+H stress tolerance and higher nutritive value in cereals is imperative. This depends on first gaining a mechanistic understanding of the mechanisms underlying D/+H stress response. Meanwhile, functional genomics has revealed several stress-related genes that have been successfully used in target-gene approach to generate stress-tolerant cultivars and sustain crop productivity over the past decades. However, the fast-changing climate, coupled with the complexity and multigenic nature of D/+H tolerance suggest that single-gene/trait targeting may not suffice in improving such traits. Hence, in this review-cum-perspective, we advance that targeted multiple-gene or metabolic pathway manipulation could represent the most effective approach for improving D/+H stress tolerance. First, we highlight the impact of D/+H stress on cereal crops, and the elaborate plant physiological and molecular responses. We then discuss how key primary metabolism- and secondary metabolism-related metabolic pathways, including carbon metabolism, starch metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis, and phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling can be modified using modern molecular biotechnology approaches such as CRISPR-Cas9 system and synthetic biology (Synbio) to enhance D/+H tolerance in cereal crops. Understandably, several bottlenecks hinder metabolic pathway modification, including those related to feedback regulation, gene functional annotation, complex crosstalk between pathways, and metabolomics data and spatiotemporal gene expressions analyses. Nonetheless, recent advances in molecular biotechnology, genome-editing, single-cell metabolomics, and data annotation and analysis approaches, when integrated, offer unprecedented opportunities for pathway engineering for enhancing crop D/+H stress tolerance and improved yield. Especially, Synbio-based strategies will accelerate the development of climate resilient and nutrient-dense cereals, critical for achieving global food security and combating malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Tinashe Zenda
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zaimin Tian
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhihong Huang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
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2
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Anxiety in Duckweed–Metabolism and Effect of Diazepam on Lemna minor. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14091484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The fate of pharmaceuticals in the human body, from their absorption to excretion is well studied. However, medication often leaves the patient’s body in an unchanged or metabolised, yet still active, form. Diazepam and its metabolites, ranging up to 100 µg/L, have been detected in surface waters worldwide; therefore, the question of its influence on model aquatic plants, such as duckweed (Lemna minor), needs to be addressed. Lemna was cultivated in a Steinberg medium containing diazepam in three concentrations—0.2, 20, and 2000 µg/L. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), leaf count, mass, and the fluorescence quantum yield of photosynthesis were assessed. The medium was also analysed by LC-MS/MS to determine the concentration of diazepam metabolites. Our results show no negative impact of diazepam on Lemna minor, even in concentrations significantly higher than those that are ecotoxicologically relevant. On the contrary, the influence of diazepam on Lemna suggests growth stimulation and a similarity to the effect diazepam has on the human body. The comparison to the human body may be accurate because γ-Aminobutyric acid-like (GABA-like) receptors responsible for the effect in humans have also been recently described in plants. Therefore, our results can open an interesting scientific area, indicating that GABA receptors and interference with benzodiazepines are evolutionarily much older than previously anticipated. This could help to answer more questions related to the reaction of aquatic organisms to micropollutants such as psychopharmaceuticals.
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3
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Xu B, Sai N, Gilliham M. The emerging role of GABA as a transport regulator and physiological signal. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2005-2016. [PMID: 35235673 PMCID: PMC8644139 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
While the proposal that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acts a signal in plants is decades old, a signaling mode of action for plant GABA has been unveiled only relatively recently. Here, we review the recent research that demonstrates how GABA regulates anion transport through aluminum-activated malate transporters (ALMTs) and speculation that GABA also targets other proteins. The ALMT family of anion channels modulates multiple physiological processes in plants, with many members still to be characterized, opening up the possibility that GABA has broad regulatory roles in plants. We focus on the role of GABA in regulating pollen tube growth and stomatal pore aperture, and we speculate on its role in long-distance signaling and how it might be involved in cross talk with hormonal signals. We show that in barley (Hordeum vulgare), guard cell opening is regulated by GABA, as it is in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), to regulate water use efficiency, which impacts drought tolerance. We also discuss the links between glutamate and GABA in generating signals in plants, particularly related to pollen tube growth, wounding, and long-distance electrical signaling, and explore potential interactions of GABA signals with hormones, such as abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. We conclude by postulating that GABA encodes a signal that links plant primary metabolism to physiological status to fine tune plant responses to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- Author for communication:
| | - Na Sai
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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4
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Jakšová J, Rác M, Bokor B, Petřík I, Novák O, Reichelt M, Mithöfer A, Pavlovič A. Anaesthetic diethyl ether impairs long-distance electrical and jasmonate signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 169:311-321. [PMID: 34826706 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
General volatile anaesthetics (GVA) inhibit electrical signal propagation in animal neurons. Although plants do not have neurons, they generate and propagate electrical signals systemically from a local damaged leaf to neighbouring leaves. This systemic electrical signal propagation is mediated by ligand-gated glutamate receptor-like (GLR) channels. Here, we investigated the effect of GVA diethyl ether on the systemic electrical and further downstream responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. We monitored electrical signals, cytoplasmic Ca2+ level ([Ca2+]cyt), ultra-weak photon emission, amino acid contents, phytohormone response as well as gene expression in response to heat wounding during diethyl ether anaesthesia. We found complete suppression of electrical and [Ca2+]cyt signal propagation from damaged leaf to neighbouring systemic leaves upon diethyl ether treatment. Concomitantly, jasmonates (JAs) did not accumulate and expression of JA-responsive genes (AOS, OPR3, JAZ10) was not detected in systemic leaves. However local damaged leaves still showed increased [Ca2+]cyt and accumulated high level of JAs and JA-inducible transcripts. An exogenously added GLR ligand, L-glutamate, was not able to trigger Ca2+ wave in etherized plants indicating that GLRs are targeted by diethyl ether, but not specifically. The fact that GVA inhibit electrical signal propagation not only in animals but also in plants is intriguing. However, the cellular response is completely blocked only in systemic leaves; the local damaged leaf still senses damaging stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jakšová
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Rác
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina B2, SK-842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia; Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 8, SK-841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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5
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Kaspal M, Kanapaddalagamage MH, Ramesh SA. Emerging Roles of γ Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Gated Channels in Plant Stress Tolerance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10102178. [PMID: 34685991 PMCID: PMC8540008 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The signaling role for γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been documented in animals for over seven decades. However, a signaling role for GABA in plants is just beginning to emerge with the discovery of putative GABA binding site/s and GABA regulation of anion channels. In this review, we explore the role of GABA in plant growth and development under abiotic stress, its interactions with other signaling molecules and the probability that there are other anion channels with important roles in stress tolerance that are gated by GABA.
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6
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Miguel-Tomé S, Llinás RR. Broadening the definition of a nervous system to better understand the evolution of plants and animals. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1927562. [PMID: 34120565 PMCID: PMC8331040 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1927562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Most textbook definitions recognize only animals as having nervous systems. However, for the past couple decades, botanists have been meticulously studying long-distance signaling systems in plants, and some researchers have stated that plants have a simple nervous system. Thus, an academic conflict has emerged between those who defend and those who deny the existence of a nervous system in plants. This article analyses that debate, and we propose an alternative to answering yes or no: broadening the definition of a nervous system to include plants. We claim that a definition broader than the current one, which is based only on a phylogenetic viewpoint, would be helpful in obtaining a deeper understanding of how evolution has driven the features of signal generation, transmission and processing in multicellular beings. Also, we propose two possible definitions and exemplify how broader a definition allows for new viewpoints on the evolution of plants, animals and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Miguel-Tomé
- Grupo De Investigación En Minería De Datos (Mida), Universidad De Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodolfo R. Llinás
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
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7
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Segundo-Ortin M, Calvo P. Consciousness and cognition in plants. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2021; 13:e1578. [PMID: 34558231 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Unlike animal behavior, behavior in plants is traditionally assumed to be completely determined either genetically or environmentally. Under this assumption, plants are usually considered to be noncognitive organisms. This view nonetheless clashes with a growing body of empirical research that shows that many sophisticated cognitive capabilities traditionally assumed to be exclusive to animals are exhibited by plants too. Yet, if plants can be considered cognitive, even in a minimal sense, can they also be considered conscious? Some authors defend that the quest for plant consciousness is worth pursuing, under the premise that sentience can play a role in facilitating plant's sophisticated behavior. The goal of this article is not to provide a positive argument for plant cognition and consciousness, but to invite a constructive, empirically informed debate about it. After reviewing the empirical literature concerning plant cognition, we introduce the reader to the emerging field of plant neurobiology. Research on plant electrical and chemical signaling can help shed light into the biological bases for plant sentience. To conclude, we shall present a series of approaches to scientifically investigate plant consciousness. In sum, we invite the reader to consider the idea that if consciousness boils down to some form of biological adaptation, we should not exclude a priori the possibility that plants have evolved their own phenomenal experience of the world. This article is categorized under: Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition Philosophy > Consciousness Neuroscience > Cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Segundo-Ortin
- Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paco Calvo
- Minimal Intelligence Laboratory, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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8
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Xu B, Long Y, Feng X, Zhu X, Sai N, Chirkova L, Betts A, Herrmann J, Edwards EJ, Okamoto M, Hedrich R, Gilliham M. GABA signalling modulates stomatal opening to enhance plant water use efficiency and drought resilience. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1952. [PMID: 33782393 PMCID: PMC8007581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-protein amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been proposed to be an ancient messenger for cellular communication conserved across biological kingdoms. GABA has well-defined signalling roles in animals; however, whilst GABA accumulates in plants under stress it has not been determined if, how, where and when GABA acts as an endogenous plant signalling molecule. Here, we establish endogenous GABA as a bona fide plant signal, acting via a mechanism not found in animals. Using Arabidopsis thaliana, we show guard cell GABA production is necessary and sufficient to reduce stomatal opening and transpirational water loss, which improves water use efficiency and drought tolerance, via negative regulation of a stomatal guard cell tonoplast-localised anion transporter. We find GABA modulation of stomata occurs in multiple plants, including dicot and monocot crops. This study highlights a role for GABA metabolism in fine tuning physiology and opens alternative avenues for improving plant stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Yu Long
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Xueying Feng
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Xujun Zhu
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Sai
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Larissa Chirkova
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Wheat in a Hot and Dry Climate, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Annette Betts
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Johannes Herrmann
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Mamoru Okamoto
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Wheat in a Hot and Dry Climate, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.
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9
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Li L, Dou N, Zhang H, Wu C. The versatile GABA in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1862565. [PMID: 33404284 PMCID: PMC7889023 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1862565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a ubiquitous four-carbon, non-protein amino acid. GABA has been widely studied in animal central nervous systems, where it acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. In plants, it is metabolized through the GABA shunt pathway, a bypass of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Additionally, it can be synthesized through the polyamine metabolic pathway. GABA acts as a signal in Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated plant gene transformation and in plant development, especially in pollen tube elongation (to enter the ovule), root growth, fruit ripening, and seed germination. It is accumulated during plant responses to environmental stresses and pathogen and insect attacks. A high concentration of GABA elevates plant stress tolerance by improving photosynthesis, inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activating antioxidant enzymes, and regulating stomatal opening in drought stress. The transporters of GABA in plants are reviewed in this work. We summarize the recent research on GABA function and transporters with the goal of providing a review of GABA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Dou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunxia Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
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10
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Baluška F, Yokawa K. Anaesthetics and plants: from sensory systems to cognition-based adaptive behaviour. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:449-454. [PMID: 33462719 PMCID: PMC7907011 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants are not only sensitive to exogenous anaesthetics, but they also produce multitudes of endogenous substances, especially when stressed, that often have anaesthetic and anelgesic properties when applied to both humans and animals. Moreover, plants rely on neurotransmitters and their receptors for cell-cell communication and integration in a similar fashion to the use of neural systems in animals and humans. Plants also use their plant-specific sensory systems and neurotransmitter-based communication, including long-distance action potentials, to manage stress via cognition-like plant-specific behaviour and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 090-8597, Japan.
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11
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Cognition in some surprising places. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 564:150-157. [PMID: 32950231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The most widely accepted view in the biopsychological sciences is that the cognitive functions that are diagnostic of mental operations, sentience or, more commonly, consciousness emerged fairly late in evolution, most likely in the Cambrian period. Our position dovetails with James's below - subjectivity, feeling, consciousness has a much longer evolutionary history, one that goes back to the first appearance of life. The Cellular Basis of Consciousness (CBC) model is founded on the presumption that sentience and life are coterminous; that all organisms, based on inherent cellular activities via processes that take place in excitable membranes of their cells, are sentient, have subjective experiences and feelings. These, in turn, guide the context-relevant behaviors essential for their survival in often hostile environments in constant flux. The CBC framework is reductionistic, mechanistic, and calls for bottom-up research programs into the evolutionary origin of biological consciousness.
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12
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Tarkowski ŁP, Signorelli S, Höfte M. γ-Aminobutyric acid and related amino acids in plant immune responses: Emerging mechanisms of action. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1103-1116. [PMID: 31997381 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The entanglement between primary metabolism regulation and stress responses is a puzzling and fascinating theme in plant sciences. Among the major metabolites found in plants, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) fulfils important roles in connecting C and N metabolic fluxes through the GABA shunt. Activation of GABA metabolism is known since long to occur in plant tissues following biotic stresses, where GABA appears to have substantially different modes of action towards different categories of pathogens and pests. While it can harm insects thanks to its inhibitory effect on the neuronal transmission, its capacity to modulate the hypersensitive response in attacked host cells was proven to be crucial for host defences in several pathosystems. In this review, we discuss how plants can employ GABA's versatility to effectively deal with all the major biotic stressors, and how GABA can shape plant immune responses against pathogens by modulating reactive oxygen species balance in invaded plant tissues. Finally, we discuss the connections between GABA and other stress-related amino acids such as BABA (β-aminobutyric acid), glutamate and proline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz P Tarkowski
- Seed Metabolism and Stress Team, INRAE Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Bâtiment A, Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Sayago CP, Montevideo, Uruguay
- The School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley CP, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley CP, WA, Australia
| | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Taiz L, Alkon D, Draguhn A, Murphy A, Blatt M, Thiel G, Robinson DG. Reply to Trewavas et al. and Calvo and Trewavas. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:218-220. [PMID: 31926764 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln Taiz
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Daniel Alkon
- Neurotrope, Inc., 1185 Avenue of the Americas, 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Medizinische Fakultät Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angus Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, 2104 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Michael Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Gerhard Thiel
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - David G Robinson
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Trewavas A, Baluška F, Mancuso S, Calvo P. Consciousness Facilitates Plant Behavior. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:216-217. [PMID: 31902571 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Trewavas
- Institute of Molecular Plant Science, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentarie dell'Ambiente, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paco Calvo
- Minimal Intelligence Laboratory, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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15
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Xie T, Ji J, Chen W, Yue J, Du C, Sun J, Chen L, Jiang Z, Shi S. GABA negatively regulates adventitious root development in poplar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1459-1474. [PMID: 31740934 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) influences plant growth, but little is known about how this metabolite regulates adventitious root (AR) development. Here, we investigate the effects of GABA on ARs using poplar lines overexpressing glutamate decarboxilase 2 (GAD2) and by treating poplar stem cuttings with exogenous GABA or vigabatrin (VGB; a specific GABA transaminase inhibitor). Endogenous GABA accumulation not only inhibited AR growth, but it also suppressed or delayed AR formation. Anatomical observations revealed that the GABA and VGB treatments resulted in a 1 d delay in the formation of AR primordia and the appearance of ARs. This delay coincided with changes in primary metabolism, including transient increases in hexose and amino acid levels. GABA-dependent changes in the expression of genes related to hormone synthesis and signalling, as well as analysis of hormone levels revealed that ethylene-dependent pathways were decreased at the earliest stage of AR formation. In contrast, auxin and abscisic acid were increased at 1-5 d as well as GA4 over a 5 d period of AR formation. These results demonstrate that GABA plays a crucial role in AR development. Evidence is presented demonstrating that GABA can interact with hormone-related pathways as well as carbon/nitrogen metabolism. These findings also elucidate the functions of GABA in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Changjian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Lanzhen Chen
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products, Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shengqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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16
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Pavlovič A, Libiaková M, Bokor B, Jakšová J, Petřík I, Novák O, Baluška F. Anaesthesia with diethyl ether impairs jasmonate signalling in the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:173-183. [PMID: 31677265 PMCID: PMC6948209 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS General anaesthetics are compounds that induce loss of responsiveness to environmental stimuli in animals and humans. The primary site of action of general anaesthetics is the nervous system, where anaesthetics inhibit neuronal transmission. Although plants do not have neurons, they generate electrical signals in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we investigated the effect of the general volatile anaesthetic diethyl ether on the ability to sense potential prey or herbivore attacks in the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). METHODS We monitored trap movement, electrical signalling, phytohormone accumulation and gene expression in response to the mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs and wounding under diethyl ether treatment. KEY RESULTS Diethyl ether completely inhibited the generation of action potentials and trap closing reactions, which were easily and rapidly restored when the anaesthetic was removed. Diethyl ether also inhibited the later response: jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation and expression of JA-responsive genes (cysteine protease dionain and type I chitinase). However, external application of JA bypassed the inhibited action potentials and restored gene expression under diethyl ether anaesthesia, indicating that downstream reactions from JA are not inhibited. CONCLUSIONS The Venus flytrap cannot sense prey or a herbivore attack under diethyl ether treatment caused by inhibited action potentials, and the JA signalling pathway as a consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Libiaková
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Jakšová
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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17
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Long Y, Tyerman SD, Gilliham M. Cytosolic GABA inhibits anion transport by wheat ALMT1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:671-678. [PMID: 31591723 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Anion transport by aluminium-activated malate transporter (ALMT) proteins is negatively regulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which increases in concentration during stress. Here, the interaction between GABA and wheat (Triticum aestivum, Ta) TaALMT1 heterologously-expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes was investigated. GABA inhibited anion transport by TaALMT1 in membrane patches from the cytosolic, not extracellular membrane face, via a reduction in open probability (NPopen ), not an inhibition of channel current magnitude. TaALMT1 currents in patches frequently exhibited rundown with complete removal of cytosolic factors, but were partially sustained by protein kinase C dependent phosphorylation. When applied to whole oocytes a GABA-analogue-BODIPY conjugate inhibited TaALMT1 anion currents from the cytoplasmic face only, whereas free GABA inhibited from both the inside and outside consistent with GABA traversing the TaALMT1 pore then acting from the inside. We propose GABA does not competitively inhibit ALMT conductance through the same pore but rather leads to an allosteric effect, reducing anion channel opening frequency. Across plants GABA is a conserved regulator of anion transport via ALMTs - a family with numerous physiological roles beyond Al3+ tolerance. Our data suggests that a GABA-ALMT interaction from the cytosolic face has the potential to form part of a novel plant signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Long
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
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18
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Seifikalhor M, Aliniaeifard S, Hassani B, Niknam V, Lastochkina O. Diverse role of γ-aminobutyric acid in dynamic plant cell responses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:847-867. [PMID: 30739138 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a four-carbon non-protein amino acid, is found in most prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Although, ample research into GABA has occurred in mammals as it is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter; in plants, a role for GABA has often been suggested as a metabolite that changes under stress rather than as a signal, as no receptor or motif for GABA binding was identified until recently and many aspects of its biological function (ranging from perception to function) remain to be answered. In this review, flexible properties of GABA in regulation of plant responses to various environmental biotic and abiotic stresses and its integration in plant growth and development either as a metabolite or a signaling molecule are discussed. We have elaborated on the role of GABA in stress adaptation (i.e., salinity, hypoxia/anoxia, drought, temperature, heavy metals, plant-insect interplay and ROS-related responses) and its contribution in non-stress-related biological pathways (i.e., involvement in plant-microbe interaction, contribution to the carbon and nitrogen metabolism and governing of signal transduction pathways). This review aims to represent the multifunctional contribution of GABA in various biological and physiological mechanisms under stress conditions; the objective is to review the current state of knowledge about GABA role beyond stress-related responses. Our effort is to place findings about GABA in an organized and broader context to highlight its shared metabolic and biologic functions in plants under variable conditions. This will provide potential modes of GABA crosstalk in dynamic plant cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Seifikalhor
- Department of Plant Biology, Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms in Iran, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155, Iran
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Batool Hassani
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Niknam
- Department of Plant Biology, Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms in Iran, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155, Iran
| | - Oksana Lastochkina
- Bashkir Research Institute of Agriculture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
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Chaffey N, Volkmann D, Baluška F. The botanical multiverse of Peter Barlow. Commun Integr Biol 2019; 12:14-30. [PMID: 31156759 PMCID: PMC6529214 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2019.1575788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dr Peter Barlow, who died in 2017, was one of the most respected botanists and biologists of the latter half of the 20th Century. His interests covered a wide range of plant biological topics, e.g. root growth and development, plant cytoskeleton, effects of gravity, plant intelligence, pattern formation, and evolution of eukaryotic cells. Here we consider Peter's numerous contributions to the: elucidation of plant patterns; understanding of root biology; role of the plant cytoskeleton in growth and development; influence of the Moon on terrestrial vegetation; Cell Body concept; and plant neurobiology. In so doing we attempt not only to provide an overview of Peter's important work in many areas of plant biology, but also to place that work in the context of recent advances in plant and biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Chaffey
- College of Liberal Arts, Bath Spa University, Bath, UK
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20
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Yokawa K, Kagenishi T, Baluška F. Anesthetics, Anesthesia, and Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:12-14. [PMID: 30446303 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
General anesthesia, its nature, and how exactly it works are still poorly understood. Plants can also be anesthetized and lose their responses to external stimuli. Interestingly, plants are known to produce endogenous anesthetic compounds to deal with stress. Plants offer an excellent model object for studies on anesthetics and anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yokawa
- School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan; Research Center for Okhotsk Agriculture-, Forestry- and Fisheries-Engineering Collaboration, Kitami Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Kagenishi
- School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan; Research Center for Okhotsk Agriculture-, Forestry- and Fisheries-Engineering Collaboration, Kitami Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany.
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21
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Yokawa K, Kagenishi T, Pavlovič A, Gall S, Weiland M, Mancuso S, Baluška F. Anaesthetics stop diverse plant organ movements, affect endocytic vesicle recycling and ROS homeostasis, and block action potentials in Venus flytraps. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:747-756. [PMID: 29236942 PMCID: PMC6215046 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Anaesthesia for medical purposes was introduced in the 19th century. However, the physiological mode of anaesthetic drug actions on the nervous system remains unclear. One of the remaining questions is how these different compounds, with no structural similarities and even chemically inert elements such as the noble gas xenon, act as anaesthetic agents inducing loss of consciousness. The main goal here was to determine if anaesthetics affect the same or similar processes in plants as in animals and humans. Methods A single-lens reflex camera was used to follow organ movements in plants before, during and after recovery from exposure to diverse anaesthetics. Confocal microscopy was used to analyse endocytic vesicle trafficking. Electrical signals were recorded using a surface AgCl electrode. Key Results Mimosa leaves, pea tendrils, Venus flytraps and sundew traps all lost both their autonomous and touch-induced movements after exposure to anaesthetics. In Venus flytrap, this was shown to be due to the loss of action potentials under diethyl ether anaesthesia. The same concentration of diethyl ether immobilized pea tendrils. Anaesthetics also impeded seed germination and chlorophyll accumulation in cress seedlings. Endocytic vesicle recycling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, as observed in intact Arabidopsis root apex cells, were also affected by all anaesthetics tested. Conclusions Plants are sensitive to several anaesthetics that have no structural similarities. As in animals and humans, anaesthetics used at appropriate concentrations block action potentials and immobilize organs via effects on action potentials, endocytic vesicle recycling and ROS homeostasis. Plants emerge as ideal model objects to study general questions related to anaesthesia, as well as to serve as a suitable test system for human anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yokawa
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - T Kagenishi
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - A Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - S Gall
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Weiland
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Science & LINV, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - S Mancuso
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Science & LINV, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - F Baluška
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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22
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Yue J, Du C, Ji J, Xie T, Chen W, Chang E, Chen L, Jiang Z, Shi S. Inhibition of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity affects adventitious root growth in poplar via changes in GABA shunt. PLANTA 2018; 248:963-979. [PMID: 29982922 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Blocking α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase results in up-regulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt activity, and inhibits the growth of poplar adventitious roots (ARs), indicating that AR growth is closely associated with GABA shunt. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt starts from α-ketoglutarate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which is thought to represent the cross road between carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Previous studies (Araújo et al. 2012b, Plant Cell 24: 2328-2351) have shown that blocking α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) affects the GABA shunt activity, and inhibits growth. However, its effects on the growth of adventitious roots (ARs) are unclear. In this study, the growth of ARs in tissue-cultured 84K poplar (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa cv. '84K') was significantly inhibited when succinyl phosphate (SP), a specific inhibitor of α-KGDH, was supplied. The inhibition of ARs was associated with significant changes in the levels of soluble sugars, organic acids, and amino acids, and was coupled with the up-regulation of the GABA shunt activity at the transcriptional and translational levels. Exogenous GABA also inhibited AR growth following the increase of the endogenous GABA level. Transcriptomic analyses further showed that genes related to cell wall carbon metabolism and phytohormone (indoleacetic acid, ABA, and ethylene) signaling were affected by the changes of GABA shunt activity, resulting from the α-KGDH inhibition. Thus, our study indicates that the inhibition of poplar AR growth by blocking α-KGDH is closely associated with GABA shunt, which would benefit a better understanding of GABA's roles in plant development and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Changjian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Tiantian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ermei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lanzhen Chen
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products, Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China.
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
| | - Shengqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China.
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23
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Kalhor MS, Aliniaeifard S, Seif M, Asayesh EJ, Bernard F, Hassani B, Li T. Title: Enhanced salt tolerance and photosynthetic performance: Implication of ɤ-amino butyric acid application in salt-exposed lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:157-172. [PMID: 29990769 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) is a substantial component of the free amino acid pool with low concentration in plant tissues. Enhanced GABA content occurs during plant growth and developmental processes like seed germination. GABA level, basically, alters in response to many endogenous and exogenous stimuli. In the current study, GABA effects were studied on germination, photosynthetic performance and oxidative damages in salt-exposed lettuce plants. Three NaCl (0, 40 and 80 mM) and two GABA (0 and 25 μM) concentrations were applied on lettuce during two different developmental (seed germination and seedlings growth) stages. Negative effects of salinity on germination and plant growth were removed by GABA application. GABA significantly reduced mean germination time (MGT) in salt-exposed lettuce seeds. Although, salinity caused a significant decline in maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) during distinct steps of plant growth, GABA application improved Fv/Fm particularly on high salinity level. GABA decreased specific energy fluxes per reaction center (RC) for energy absorption and dissipation, while enhanced-electron transport flux in photosynthetic apparatus of lettuce plants was observed in GABA-supplemented plants. Moreover, decline in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and quenching coefficients (qP, qL, qN) by salt stress were recovered by GABA application. Elevated electrolyte leakage considerably decreased by GABA exposure on salt-treated plants. Although, proline level increased by NaCl treatments in a concentration dependent manner, combined application of salt with GABA caused a significant reduction in proline content. Catalase; EC 1.11.1.6 (CAT), l-ascorbate peroxidase; EC 1.11.1.11 (APX), and superoxide dismutase; EC 1.15.1.1 (SOD) activities were increased by GABA exposure in salt-supplemented plants that resulted in regulated hydrogen peroxide level. In conclusion, a multifaceted role for GABA is suggested for minimizing detrimental effects of salinity on lettuce through improvement of photosynthetic functionality and regulation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Seifi Kalhor
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Department of Plant Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Seif
- Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Javadi Asayesh
- Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Françoise Bernard
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Department of Plant Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Batool Hassani
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Department of Plant Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
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24
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Ji J, Yue J, Xie T, Chen W, Du C, Chang E, Chen L, Jiang Z, Shi S. Roles of γ-aminobutyric acid on salinity-responsive genes at transcriptomic level in poplar: involving in abscisic acid and ethylene-signalling pathways. PLANTA 2018; 248:675-690. [PMID: 29948123 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) affected ABA and ethylene metabolic genes and signal components in salt-treated poplar, indicating its potential role in signal pathways of ABA and ethylene during salt stress. GABA is a small signalling molecule that accumulates rapidly in plants exposed to various stresses. However, the relationship between GABA and other signalling molecules, such as hormones, remains unclear. Here, in the poplar woody plant under 200-mM NaCl conditions, the application of low (0.25 mM) and high (10 mM) exogenous GABA, compared to 0 mM, affected the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and hormones, including ABA and ethylene, in different manners. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that 1025 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; |log2Ratio| ≥ 1.5) were widely affected by exogenous GABA under salt stress. A clustering analysis revealed that GABA could rescue or promote the effects of salt stress on gene expression. Among them, 146 genes involved in six hormone-signalling pathways were enriched, including 22 ABA- and 50 ethylene-related genes. Quantitative expression of selected genes involved in hormone-related pathways showed that ABA metabolic genes (ABAG, ABAH2, and ABAH4), ethylene biosynthetic genes (ACO1, ACO2, ACO5, ACOH1, ACS1, and ACS7) and receptor genes (PYL1, PYL2, PYL4, and PYL6) were regulated by exogenous GABA, even at a 0.1 mM level. The production of ABA was negatively correlated with ABAH expression levels at different GABA concentrations. The increase of endogenous GABA, resulting from inhibitor (succinyl phosphonate) of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, affected the PYLs levels. Thus, GABA may be involved in ABA- and ethylene-signalling pathways. Our data provide a better understanding of GABA's roles in the plant responses to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jianyun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Tiantian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Changjian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ermei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lanzhen Chen
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products, Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China.
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
| | - Shengqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Baluška F, Mancuso S. Plant Cognition and Behavior: From Environmental Awareness to Synaptic Circuits Navigating Root Apices. MEMORY AND LEARNING IN PLANTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75596-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ramesh SA, Tyerman SD, Gilliham M, Xu B. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling in plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1577-1603. [PMID: 27838745 PMCID: PMC11107511 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a signal in animals has been documented for over 60 years. In contrast, evidence that GABA is a signal in plants has only emerged in the last 15 years, and it was not until last year that a mechanism by which this could occur was identified-a plant 'GABA receptor' that inhibits anion passage through the aluminium-activated malate transporter family of proteins (ALMTs). ALMTs are multigenic, expressed in different organs and present on different membranes. We propose GABA regulation of ALMT activity could function as a signal that modulates plant growth, development, and stress response. In this review, we compare and contrast the plant 'GABA receptor' with mammalian GABAA receptors in terms of their molecular identity, predicted topology, mode of action, and signalling roles. We also explore the implications of the discovery that GABA modulates anion flux in plants, its role in signal transduction for the regulation of plant physiology, and predict the possibility that there are other GABA interaction sites in the N termini of ALMT proteins through in silico evolutionary coupling analysis; we also explore the potential interactions between GABA and other signalling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita A Ramesh
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Bo Xu
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
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Gilliham M, Tyerman SD. Linking Metabolism to Membrane Signaling: The GABA-Malate Connection. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:295-301. [PMID: 26723562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration increases rapidly in tissues when plants encounter abiotic or biotic stress, and GABA manipulation affects growth. This, coupled to GABA's well-described role as a neurotransmitter in mammals, led to over a decade of speculation that GABA is a signal in plants. The discovery of GABA-regulated anion channels in plants provides compelling mechanistic proof that GABA is a legitimate plant-signaling molecule. Here we examine research avenues unlocked by this finding and propose that these plant 'GABA receptors' possess novel properties ideally suited to translating changes in metabolic status into physiological responses. Specifically, we suggest they have a role in signaling altered cycling of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates during stress via eliciting changes in electrical potential differences across membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gilliham
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Precinct, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Precinct, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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