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Liu L, Wang Y, Cao W, Yang L, Zhang C, Yuan L, Wang D, Wang W, Zhang H, Schiefelbein J, Yu F, An L. TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2 defines trichome cell shape by modulating actin cytoskeleton in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1256-1276. [PMID: 38391271 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2 (TTG2) gene encodes a WRKY transcription factor that regulates a range of development events like trichome, seed coat, and atrichoblast formation. Loss-of-function of TTG2 was previously shown to reduce or eliminate trichome specification and branching. Here, we report the identification of an allele of TTG2, ttg2-6. In contrast to the ttg2 mutants described before, ttg2-6 displayed unique trichome phenotypes. Some ttg2-6 mutant trichomes were hyper-branched, whereas others were hypo-branched, distorted, or clustered. Further, we found that in addition to specifically activating R3 MYB transcription factor TRIPTYCHON (TRY) to modulate trichome specification, TTG2 also integrated cytoskeletal signaling to regulate trichome morphogenesis. The ttg2-6 trichomes displayed aberrant cortical microtubules (cMTs) and actin filaments (F-actin) configurations. Moreover, genetic and biochemical analyses showed that TTG2 could directly bind to the promoter and regulate the expression of BRICK1 (BRK1), which encodes a subunit of the actin nucleation promoting complex suppressor of cyclic AMP repressor (SCAR)/Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin homologous protein (WAVE). Collectively, taking advantage of ttg2-6, we uncovered a function for TTG2 in facilitating cMTs and F-actin cytoskeleton-dependent trichome development, providing insight into cellular signaling events downstream of the core transcriptional regulation during trichome development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weihua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lanxin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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2
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Wu M, Bian X, Hu S, Huang B, Shen J, Du Y, Wang Y, Xu M, Xu H, Yang M, Wu S. A gradient of the HD-Zip regulator Woolly regulates multicellular trichome morphogenesis in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2375-2392. [PMID: 38470570 PMCID: PMC11132899 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Homeodomain (HD) proteins regulate embryogenesis in animals such as the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), often in a concentration-dependent manner. HD-leucine zipper (Zip) IV family genes are unique to plants and often function in the L1 epidermal cell layer. However, our understanding of the roles of HD-Zip IV family genes in plant morphogenesis is limited. In this study, we investigated the morphogenesis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) multicellular trichomes, a type of micro-organ in plants. We found that a gradient of the HD-Zip IV regulator Woolly (Wo) coordinates spatially polarized cell division and cell expansion in multicellular trichomes. Moreover, we identified a TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, and PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN BINDING FACTOR (TCP) transcription factor-encoding gene, SlBRANCHED2a (SlBRC2a), as a key downstream target of Wo that regulates the transition from cell division to cell expansion. High levels of Wo promote cell division in apical trichome cells, whereas in basal trichome cells, Wo mediates a negative feedback loop with SlBRC2a that forces basal cells to enter endoreduplication. The restricted high and low activities of Wo pattern the morphogenesis of tomato multicellular trichomes. These findings provide insights into the functions of HD-Zip IV genes during plant morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinLiang Wu
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - XinXin Bian
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - ShouRong Hu
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - BenBen Huang
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - JingYuan Shen
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - YaDi Du
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - YanLi Wang
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - MengYuan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - HuiMin Xu
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - MeiNa Yang
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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3
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Xu L, Cao L, Li J, Staiger CJ. Cooperative actin filament nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex and formins maintains the homeostatic cortical array in Arabidopsis epidermal cells. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:764-789. [PMID: 38057163 PMCID: PMC10896301 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Precise control over how and where actin filaments are created leads to the construction of unique cytoskeletal arrays within a common cytoplasm. Actin filament nucleators are key players in this activity and include the conserved actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex as well as a large family of formins. In some eukaryotic cells, these nucleators compete for a common pool of actin monomers and loss of one favors the activity of the other. To test whether this mechanism is conserved, we combined the ability to image single filament dynamics in the homeostatic cortical actin array of living Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) epidermal cells with genetic and/or small molecule inhibitor approaches to stably or acutely disrupt nucleator activity. We found that Arp2/3 mutants or acute CK-666 treatment markedly reduced the frequency of side-branched nucleation events as well as overall actin filament abundance. We also confirmed that plant formins contribute to side-branched filament nucleation in vivo. Surprisingly, simultaneous inhibition of both classes of nucleator increased overall actin filament abundance and enhanced the frequency of de novo nucleation events by an unknown mechanism. Collectively, our findings suggest that multiple actin nucleation mechanisms cooperate to generate and maintain the homeostatic cortical array of plant epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lingyan Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- EMBRIO Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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4
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Wu R, Liu Z, Sun S, Qin A, Liu H, Zhou Y, Li W, Liu Y, Hu M, Yang J, Rochaix JD, An G, Herrera-Estrella L, Tran LSP, Sun X. Identification of bZIP Transcription Factors That Regulate the Development of Leaf Epidermal Cells in Arabidopsis thaliana by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2553. [PMID: 38473801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidermal cells are the main avenue for signal and material exchange between plants and the environment. Leaf epidermal cells primarily include pavement cells, guard cells, and trichome cells. The development and distribution of different epidermal cells are tightly regulated by a complex transcriptional regulatory network mediated by phytohormones, including jasmonic acid, and transcription factors. How the fate of leaf epidermal cells is determined, however, is still largely unknown due to the diversity of cell types and the complexity of their regulation. Here, we characterized the transcriptional profiles of epidermal cells in 3-day-old true leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana using single-cell RNA sequencing. We identified two genes encoding BASIC LEUCINE-ZIPPER (bZIP) transcription factors, namely bZIP25 and bZIP53, which are highly expressed in pavement cells and early-stage meristemoid cells. Densities of pavement cells and trichome cells were found to increase and decrease, respectively, in bzip25 and bzip53 mutants, compared with wild-type plants. This trend was more pronounced in the presence of jasmonic acid, suggesting that these transcription factors regulate the development of trichome cells and pavement cells in response to jasmonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Susu Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Aizhi Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Hao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yumeng Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Mengke Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jincheng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guoyong An
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Xuwu Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
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5
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Suárez-Baron H, Alzate JF, Ambrose BA, Pelaz S, González F, Pabón-Mora N. Comparative morphoanatomy and transcriptomic analyses reveal key factors controlling floral trichome development in Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6588-6607. [PMID: 37656729 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized epidermal cells in aerial plant parts. Trichome development proceeds in three stages, determination of cell fate, specification, and morphogenesis. Most genes responsible for these processes have been identified in the unicellular branched leaf trichomes from the model Arabidopsis thaliana. Less is known about the molecular basis of multicellular trichome formation across flowering plants, especially those formed in floral organs of early diverging angiosperms. Here, we aim to identify the genetic regulatory network (GRN) underlying multicellular trichome development in the kettle-shaped trap flowers of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). We selected two taxa for comparison, A. fimbriata, with trichomes inside the perianth, which play critical roles in pollination, and A. macrophylla, lacking specialized trichomes in the perianth. A detailed morphoanatomical characterization of floral epidermis is presented for the two species. We compared transcriptomic profiling at two different developmental stages in the different perianth portions (limb, tube, and utricle) of the two species. Moreover, we present a comprehensive expression map for positive regulators and repressors of trichome development, as well as cell cycle regulators. Our data point to extensive modifications in gene composition, expression, and putative roles in all functional categories when compared with model species. We also record novel differentially expressed genes (DEGs) linked to epidermis patterning and trichome development. We thus propose the first hypothetical genetic regulatory network (GRN) underlying floral multicellular trichome development in Aristolochia, and pinpoint key factors responsible for the presence and specialization of floral trichomes in phylogenetically distant species of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Suárez-Baron
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali, Colombia
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica (CNSG), Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Soraya Pelaz
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Favio González
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá, Colombia
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6
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Martinek J, Cifrová P, Vosolsobě S, García-González J, Malínská K, Mauerová Z, Jelínková B, Krtková J, Sikorová L, Leaves I, Sparkes I, Schwarzerová K. ARP2/3 complex associates with peroxisomes to participate in pexophagy in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1874-1889. [PMID: 37845336 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Actin-related protein (ARP2/3) complex is a heteroheptameric protein complex, evolutionary conserved in all eukaryotic organisms. Its conserved role is based on the induction of actin polymerization at the interface between membranes and the cytoplasm. Plant ARP2/3 has been reported to participate in actin reorganization at the plasma membrane during polarized growth of trichomes and at the plasma membrane-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites. Here we demonstrate that individual plant subunits of ARP2/3 fused to fluorescent proteins form motile spot-like structures in the cytoplasm that are associated with peroxisomes in Arabidopsis and tobacco. ARP2/3 is found at the peroxisome periphery and contains the assembled ARP2/3 complex and the WAVE/SCAR complex subunit NAP1. This ARP2/3-positive peroxisomal domain colocalizes with the autophagosome and, under conditions that affect the autophagy, colocalization between ARP2/3 and the autophagosome increases. ARP2/3 subunits co-immunoprecipitate with ATG8f and peroxisome-associated ARP2/3 interact in vivo with the ATG8f marker. Since mutants lacking functional ARP2/3 complex have more peroxisomes than wild type, we suggest that ARP2/3 has a novel role in the process of peroxisome degradation by autophagy, called pexophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martinek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cifrová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Imaging Facility of Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Mauerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Jelínková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krtková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sikorová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ian Leaves
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Exeter, UK
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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7
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Cui X, Zou M, Li J. Basally distributed actin array drives embryonic hypocotyl elongation during the seed-to-seedling transition in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:191-206. [PMID: 37537721 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is a vital developmental transition for the production of progeny by sexual reproduction in spermatophytes. The seed-to-seedling transition is predominately driven by hypocotyl cell elongation. However, the mechanism that underlies hypocotyl growth remains largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the actin array reorganization in embryonic hypocotyl epidermal cells. Live-cell imaging revealed a basally organized actin array formed during hypocotyl cell elongation. This polarized actin assembly is a barrel-shaped network, which comprises a backbone of longitudinally aligned actin cables and a fine actin cap linking these cables. We provide genetic evidence that the basal actin array formation requires formin-mediated actin polymerization and directional movement of actin filaments powered by myosin XIs. In fh1-1 and xi3ko mutants, actin filaments failed to reorganize into the basal actin array, and the hypocotyl cell elongation was inhibited compared with wild-type plants. Collectively, our work uncovers the molecular mechanisms for basal actin array assembly and demonstrates the connection between actin polarization and hypocotyl elongation during seed-to-seedling transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Minxia Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiejie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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8
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Wen X, Chen Z, Yang Z, Wang M, Jin S, Wang G, Zhang L, Wang L, Li J, Saeed S, He S, Wang Z, Wang K, Kong Z, Li F, Zhang X, Chen X, Zhu Y. A comprehensive overview of cotton genomics, biotechnology and molecular biological studies. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2214-2256. [PMID: 36899210 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is an irreplaceable economic crop currently domesticated in the human world for its extremely elongated fiber cells specialized in seed epidermis, which makes it of high research and application value. To date, numerous research on cotton has navigated various aspects, from multi-genome assembly, genome editing, mechanism of fiber development, metabolite biosynthesis, and analysis to genetic breeding. Genomic and 3D genomic studies reveal the origin of cotton species and the spatiotemporal asymmetric chromatin structure in fibers. Mature multiple genome editing systems, such as CRISPR/Cas9, Cas12 (Cpf1) and cytidine base editing (CBE), have been widely used in the study of candidate genes affecting fiber development. Based on this, the cotton fiber cell development network has been preliminarily drawn. Among them, the MYB-bHLH-WDR (MBW) transcription factor complex and IAA and BR signaling pathway regulate the initiation; various plant hormones, including ethylene, mediated regulatory network and membrane protein overlap fine-regulate elongation. Multistage transcription factors targeting CesA 4, 7, and 8 specifically dominate the whole process of secondary cell wall thickening. And fluorescently labeled cytoskeletal proteins can observe real-time dynamic changes in fiber development. Furthermore, research on the synthesis of cotton secondary metabolite gossypol, resistance to diseases and insect pests, plant architecture regulation, and seed oil utilization are all conducive to finding more high-quality breeding-related genes and subsequently facilitating the cultivation of better cotton varieties. This review summarizes the paramount research achievements in cotton molecular biology over the last few decades from the above aspects, thereby enabling us to conduct a status review on the current studies of cotton and provide strong theoretical support for the future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpeng Wen
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhiwen Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Zuoren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Maojun Wang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guangda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lingjian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianying Li
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sumbul Saeed
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shoupu He
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China.
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China.
| | - Yuxian Zhu
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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9
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Keynia S, Jaafar L, Zhou Y, Anderson CT, Turner JA. Stomatal opening efficiency is controlled by cell wall organization in Arabidopsis thaliana. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad294. [PMID: 37731948 PMCID: PMC10508357 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal function in plants is regulated by the nanoscale architecture of the cell wall and turgor pressure, which together control stomatal pore size to facilitate gas exchange and photosynthesis. The mechanical properties of the cell wall and cell geometry are critical determinants of stomatal dynamics. However, the specific biomechanical functions of wall constituents, for example, cellulose and pectins, and their impact on the work required to open or close the stomatal pore are unclear. Here, we use nanoindentation in normal and lateral directions, computational modeling, and microscopic imaging of cells from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate the precise influences of wall architecture and turgor pressure on stomatal biomechanics. This approach allows us to quantify and compare the unique anisotropic properties of guard cells with normal composition, lower cellulose content, or alterations in pectin molecular weight. Using these data to calculate the work required to open the stomata reveals that the wild type, with a circumferential-to-longitudinal modulus ratio of 3:1, is the most energy-efficient of those studied. In addition, the tested genotypes displayed similar changes in their pore size despite large differences in wall thickness and biomechanical properties. These findings imply that homeostasis in stomatal function is maintained in the face of varying wall compositions and biomechanics by tuning wall thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Keynia
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Leila Jaafar
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - You Zhou
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Joseph A Turner
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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10
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Li J, Szymanski DB, Kim T. Probing stress-regulated ordering of the plant cortical microtubule array via a computational approach. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:308. [PMID: 37291489 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphological properties of tissues and organs rely on cell growth. The growth of plant cells is determined by properties of a tough outer cell wall that deforms anisotropically in response to high turgor pressure. Cortical microtubules bias the mechanical anisotropy of a cell wall by affecting the trajectories of cellulose synthases in the wall that polymerize cellulose microfibrils. The microtubule cytoskeleton is often oriented in one direction at cellular length-scales to regulate growth direction, but the means by which cellular-scale microtubule patterns emerge has not been well understood. Correlations between the microtubule orientation and tensile forces in the cell wall have often been observed. However, the plausibility of stress as a determining factor for microtubule patterning has not been directly evaluated to date. RESULTS Here, we simulated how different attributes of tensile forces in the cell wall can orient and pattern the microtubule array in the cortex. We implemented a discrete model with transient microtubule behaviors influenced by local mechanical stress in order to probe the mechanisms of stress-dependent patterning. Specifically, we varied the sensitivity of four types of dynamic behaviors observed on the plus end of microtubules - growth, shrinkage, catastrophe, and rescue - to local stress. Then, we evaluated the extent and rate of microtubule alignments in a two-dimensional computational domain that reflects the structural organization of the cortical array in plant cells. CONCLUSION Our modeling approaches reproduced microtubule patterns observed in simple cell types and demonstrated that a spatial variation in the magnitude and anisotropy of stress can mediate mechanical feedback between the wall and of the cortical microtubule array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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11
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Fung HF, Bergmann DC. Function follows form: How cell size is harnessed for developmental decisions. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151312. [PMID: 36989838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell size has profound effects on biological function, influencing a wide range of processes, including biosynthetic capacity, metabolism, and nutrient uptake. As a result, size is typically maintained within a narrow, population-specific range through size control mechanisms, which are an active area of study. While the physiological consequences of cell size are relatively well-characterized, less is known about its developmental consequences, and specifically its effects on developmental transitions. In this review, we compare systems where cell size is linked to developmental transitions, paying particular attention to examples from plants. We conclude by proposing that size can offer a simple readout of complex inputs, enabling flexible decisions during plant development.
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12
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Bellinvia E, García-González J, Cifrová P, Martinek J, Sikorová L, Havelková L, Schwarzerová K. CRISPR-Cas9 Arabidopsis mutants of genes for ARPC1 and ARPC3 subunits of ARP2/3 complex reveal differential roles of complex subunits. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18205. [PMID: 36307477 PMCID: PMC9616901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein complex Arp2/3 has a conserved role in the nucleation of branched actin filaments. It is constituted of seven subunits, including actin-like subunits ARP2 and ARP3 plus five other subunits called Arp2/3 Complex Component 1 to 5, which are not related to actin. Knock-out plant mutants lacking individual plant ARP2/3 subunits have a typical phenotype of distorted trichomes, altered pavement cells shape and defects in cell adhesion. While knock-out mutant Arabidopsis plants for most ARP2/3 subunits have been characterized before, Arabidopsis plant mutants missing ARPC1 and ARPC3 subunits have not yet been described. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated knock-out mutants lacking ARPC1 and ARPC3 subunits. We confirmed that the loss of ARPC1 subunits results in the typical ARP2/3 mutant phenotype. However, the mutants lacking ARPC3 subunits resulted in plants with surprisingly different phenotypes. Our results suggest that plant ARP2/3 complex function in trichome shaping does not require ARPC3 subunit, while the fully assembled complex is necessary for the establishment of correct cell adhesion in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Bellinvia
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Judith García-González
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cifrová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Martinek
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sikorová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Havelková
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Cosgrove DJ. Building an extensible cell wall. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1246-1277. [PMID: 35460252 PMCID: PMC9237729 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This article recounts, from my perspective of four decades in this field, evolving paradigms of primary cell wall structure and the mechanism of surface enlargement of growing cell walls. Updates of the structures, physical interactions, and roles of cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectins are presented. This leads to an example of how a conceptual depiction of wall structure can be translated into an explicit quantitative model based on molecular dynamics methods. Comparison of the model's mechanical behavior with experimental results provides insights into the molecular basis of complex mechanical behaviors of primary cell wall and uncovers the dominant role of cellulose-cellulose interactions in forming a strong yet extensible network.
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14
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Zeng J, Xi J, Li B, Yan X, Dai Y, Wu Y, Xiao Y, Pei Y, Zhang M. Microtubules play a crucial role in regulating actin organization and cell initiation in cotton fibers. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1059-1073. [PMID: 35217893 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic organization of actin and microtubule cytoskeletons directs a distinct expansion behavior of cotton fiber initiation from cell elongation. Cotton fibers are highly elongated single cells derived from the ovule epidermis. Although actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletons have been implicated in cell elongation and secondary wall deposition, their roles in fiber initiation is poorly understood. Here, we used fluorescent probes and pharmacological approaches to study the roles of these cytoskeletal components during cotton fiber initiation. Both cytoskeletons align along the growth axis in initiating fibers. The dorsal view of ovules shows that unlike the fine actin filaments (AFs) in nonfiber cells, the AFs in fiber cells are dense and bundled. MTs are randomized in fiber cells and well-ordered in nonfiber cells. The pharmacological experiments revealed that the depolymerization of AFs and MTs assisted fiber initiation. Both AF stabilization and depolymerization inhibited fiber elongation. In contrast, the proper depolymerization of MTs promoted cell elongation, although the MT-stabilizing drug consistently resulted in a negative effect. Notably, we found that the organization of AFs was correlated with MT dynamics. Stabilizing the MTs by taxol treatment promoted the formation of AF bundles (in fiber initials) and transversely aligned AFs (in elongating fibers), whereas depolymerizing the MTs by oryzalin treatment promoted the fragmentation of AFs. Collectively, our data indicates that MTs plays a crucial role in regulating AF organization and early development of cotton fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyan Zeng
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxia Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingying Yan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglu Dai
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehua Xiao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Keynia S, Davis TC, Szymanski DB, Turner JA. Cell twisting during desiccation reveals axial asymmetry in wall organization. Biophys J 2022; 121:932-942. [PMID: 35151632 PMCID: PMC8943815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell size and shape are tuned to their function and specified primarily by cellulose microfibril (CMF) patterning of the cell wall. Arabidopsis thaliana leaf trichomes are unicellular structures that act as a physical defense to deter insect feeding. This highly polarized cell type employs a strongly anisotropic cellulose wall to extend and taper, generating sharply pointed branches. During elongation, the mechanisms by which shifts in fiber orientation generate cells with predictable sizes and shapes are unknown. Specifically, the axisymmetric growth of trichome branches is often thought to result from axisymmetric CMF patterning. Here, we analyzed the direction and degree of twist of branches after desiccation to reveal the presence of an asymmetric cell wall organization with a left-hand bias. CMF organization, quantified using computational modeling, suggests a limited reorientation of microfibrils during growth and a maximum branch length limited by the wall axial stiffness. The model provides a mechanism for CMF asymmetry, which occurs after the branch bending stiffness becomes low enough that ambient bending affects the principal stresses. After this stage, the CMF synthesis results in a constant bending stiffness for longer branches. The bending vibration natural frequencies of branches with respect to their length are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Keynia
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Thomas C Davis
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Joseph A Turner
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.
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16
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Li W, Keynia S, Belteton SA, Afshar-Hatam F, Szymanski DB, Turner JA. Protocol for mapping the variability in cell wall mechanical bending behavior in living leaf pavement cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1435-1449. [PMID: 34908122 PMCID: PMC8896622 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical properties, size and geometry of cells, and internal turgor pressure greatly influence cell morphogenesis. Computational models of cell growth require values for wall elastic modulus and turgor pressure, but very few experiments have been designed to validate the results using measurements that deform the entire thickness of the cell wall. New wall material is synthesized at the inner surface of the cell such that full-thickness deformations are needed to quantify relevant changes associated with cell development. Here, we present an integrated, experimental-computational approach to analyze quantitatively the variation of elastic bending behavior in the primary cell wall of living Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) pavement cells and to measure turgor pressure within cells under different osmotic conditions. This approach used laser scanning confocal microscopy to measure the 3D geometry of single pavement cells and indentation experiments to probe the local mechanical responses across the periclinal wall. The experimental results were matched iteratively using a finite element model of the experiment to determine the local mechanical properties and turgor pressure. The resulting modulus distribution along the periclinal wall was nonuniform across the leaf cells studied. These results were consistent with the characteristics of plant cell walls which have a heterogeneous organization. The results and model allowed the magnitude and orientation of cell wall stress to be predicted quantitatively. The methods also serve as a reference for future work to analyze the morphogenetic behaviors of plant cells in terms of the heterogeneity and anisotropy of cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Li
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Sedighe Keynia
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Samuel A Belteton
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Faezeh Afshar-Hatam
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Joseph A Turner
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Author for communication:
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17
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Mallery EL, Yanagisawa M, Zhang C, Lee Y, Robles LM, Alonso JM, Szymanski DB. Tandem C2 domains mediate dynamic organelle targeting of a DOCK family guanine nucleotide exchange factor. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275003. [PMID: 35194638 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms use DOCK family guanine nucleotide exchange factors to activate Rac/Rho-of-Plants small GTPases and coordinate cell shape change. In developing tissues, DOCK signals integrate cell-cell interactions with cytoskeleton remodeling, and the GEFs cluster reversibly at specific organelle surfaces to orchestrate cytoskeletal reorganization. The domain organizations among DOCK orthologs are diverse, and the mechanisms of localization control are poorly understood. Here we use combinations of transgene complementation and live cell imaging assays to uncover an evolutionarily conserved and essential localization determinant in the DOCK-GEF named SPIKE1. The SPIKE1-DHR3 domain is sufficient for organelle association in vivo, and displays a complicated lipid binding selectivity for both phospholipid head groups and fatty acid chain saturation. SPIKE1-DHR3 is predicted to adopt a C2-domain structure and functions as part of tandem C2 array that enables reversible clustering at the cell apex. This work provides mechanistic insight into how DOCK GEFs sense compositional and biophysical membrane properties at the interface of two organelle systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen L Mallery
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Makoto Yanagisawa
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Youngwoo Lee
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Linda M Robles
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jose M Alonso
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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18
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Yu B, Wu Q, Li X, Zeng R, Min Q, Huang J. GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-like gene OsGLR3.4 is required for plant growth and systemic wound signaling in rice (Oryza sativa). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1238-1256. [PMID: 34767648 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the physiological roles of glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) in Arabidopsis; however, the functions of GLRs in rice remain largely unknown. Here, we show that knockout of OsGLR3.4 in rice leads to brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated growth defects and reduced BR sensitivity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transient transactivation assays indicated that OsGLR3.4 is the downstream target of OsBZR1. Further, agonist profile assays showed that multiple amino acids can trigger transient Ca2+ influx in an OsGLR3.4-dependent manner, indicating that OsGLR3.4 is a Ca2+ -permeable channel. Meanwhile, the study of internode cells demonstrated that OsGLR3.4-mediated Ca2+ flux is required for actin filament organization and vesicle trafficking. Following root injury, the triggering of both slow wave potentials (SWPs) in leaves and the jasmonic acid (JA) response are impaired in osglr3.4 mutants, indicating that OsGLR3.4 is required for root-to-shoot systemic wound signaling in rice. Brassinosteroid treatment enhanced SWPs and OsJAZ8 expression in root-wounded plants, suggesting that BR signaling synergistically regulates the OsGLR3.4-mediated systemic wound response. In summary, this article describes a mechanism of OsGLR3.4-mediated cell elongation and long-distance systemic wound signaling in plants and provides new insights into the contribution of GLRs to plant growth and responses to mechanical wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongfeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Min
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Junli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
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19
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Zuch DT, Doyle SM, Majda M, Smith RS, Robert S, Torii KU. Cell biology of the leaf epidermis: Fate specification, morphogenesis, and coordination. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:209-227. [PMID: 34623438 PMCID: PMC8774078 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As the outermost layer of plants, the epidermis serves as a critical interface between plants and the environment. During leaf development, the differentiation of specialized epidermal cell types, including stomatal guard cells, pavement cells, and trichomes, occurs simultaneously, each providing unique and pivotal functions for plant growth and survival. Decades of molecular-genetic and physiological studies have unraveled key players and hormone signaling specifying epidermal differentiation. However, most studies focus on only one cell type at a time, and how these distinct cell types coordinate as a unit is far from well-comprehended. Here we provide a review on the current knowledge of regulatory mechanisms underpinning the fate specification, differentiation, morphogenesis, and positioning of these specialized cell types. Emphasis is given to their shared developmental origins, fate flexibility, as well as cell cycle and hormonal controls. Furthermore, we discuss computational modeling approaches to integrate how mechanical properties of individual epidermal cell types and entire tissue/organ properties mutually influence each other. We hope to illuminate the underlying mechanisms coordinating the cell differentiation that ultimately generate a functional leaf epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mateusz Majda
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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20
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Sternberg H, Buriakovsky E, Bloch D, Gutman O, Henis YI, Yalovsky S. Formation of self-organizing functionally distinct Rho of plants domains involves a reduced mobile population. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2485-2508. [PMID: 34618086 PMCID: PMC8644358 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rho family proteins are central to the regulation of cell polarity in eukaryotes. Rho of Plants-Guanyl nucleotide Exchange Factor (ROPGEF) can form self-organizing polar domains following co-expression with an Rho of Plants (ROP) and an ROP GTPase-Activating Protein (ROPGAP). Localization of ROPs in these domains has not been demonstrated, and the mechanisms underlying domain formation and function are not well understood. Here we show that six different ROPs form self-organizing domains when co-expressed with ROPGEF3 and GAP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana or Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Domain formation was associated with ROP-ROPGEF3 association, reduced ROP mobility, as revealed by time-lapse imaging and Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching beam size analysis, and was independent of Rho GTP Dissociation Inhibitor mediated recycling. The domain formation depended on the ROPs' activation/inactivation cycles and interaction with anionic lipids via a C-terminal polybasic domain. Coexpression with the microtubule-associated protein ROP effector INTERACTOR OF CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE ROP 1 (ICR1) revealed differential function of the ROP domains in the ability to recruit ICR1. Taken together, the results reveal mechanisms underlying self-organizing ROP domain formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasana Sternberg
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ella Buriakovsky
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Daria Bloch
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Orit Gutman
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yoav I Henis
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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21
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Marconi M, Wabnik K. Shaping the Organ: A Biologist Guide to Quantitative Models of Plant Morphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:746183. [PMID: 34675952 PMCID: PMC8523991 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.746183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organ morphogenesis is the process of shape acquisition initiated with a small reservoir of undifferentiated cells. In plants, morphogenesis is a complex endeavor that comprises a large number of interacting elements, including mechanical stimuli, biochemical signaling, and genetic prerequisites. Because of the large body of data being produced by modern laboratories, solving this complexity requires the application of computational techniques and analyses. In the last two decades, computational models combined with wet-lab experiments have advanced our understanding of plant organ morphogenesis. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the most important achievements in the field of computational plant morphodynamics. We present a brief history from the earliest attempts to describe plant forms using algorithmic pattern generation to the evolution of quantitative cell-based models fueled by increasing computational power. We then provide an overview of the most common types of "digital plant" paradigms, and demonstrate how models benefit from diverse techniques used to describe cell growth mechanics. Finally, we highlight the development of computational frameworks designed to resolve organ shape complexity through integration of mechanical, biochemical, and genetic cues into a quantitative standardized and user-friendly environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
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22
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Majda M, Kozlova L, Banasiak A, Derba-Maceluch M, Iashchishyn IA, Morozova-Roche LA, Smith RS, Gorshkova T, Mellerowicz EJ. Elongation of wood fibers combines features of diffuse and tip growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:673-691. [PMID: 33993523 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Xylem fibers are highly elongated cells that are key constituents of wood, play major physiological roles in plants, comprise an important terrestrial carbon reservoir, and thus have enormous ecological and economic importance. As they develop, from fusiform initials, their bodies remain the same length while their tips elongate and intrude into intercellular spaces. To elucidate mechanisms of tip elongation, we studied the cell wall along the length of isolated, elongating aspen xylem fibers and used computer simulations to predict the forces driving the intercellular space formation required for their growth. We found pectin matrix epitopes (JIM5, LM7) concentrated at the tips where cellulose microfibrils have transverse orientation, and xyloglucan epitopes (CCRC-M89, CCRC-M58) in fiber bodies where microfibrils are disordered. These features are accompanied by changes in cell wall thickness, indicating that while the cell wall elongates strictly at the tips, it is deposited all over fibers. Computer modeling revealed that the intercellular space formation needed for intrusive growth may only require targeted release of cell adhesion, which allows turgor pressure in neighboring fiber cells to 'round' the cells creating spaces. These characteristics show that xylem fibers' elongation involves a distinct mechanism that combines features of both diffuse and tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Majda
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, Wrocław, 50-328, Poland
| | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Igor A Iashchishyn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | | | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
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23
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Xin Y, Pan W, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhang M, Chen X, Yang F, Li J, Wu J, Du Y, Zhang X. Transcriptome profiling reveals key genes in regulation of the tepal trichome development in Lilium pumilum D.C. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1889-1906. [PMID: 34259890 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A number of potential genes and pathways involved in tepal trichome development were identified in a natural lily mutant by transcriptome analysis and were confirmed with trichome and trichomeless species. Trichome is a specialized structure found on the surface of the plant with an important function in survival against abiotic and biotic stress. It is also an important economic trait in crop breeding. Extensive research has investigated the foliar trichome in model plants (Arabidopsis and tomato). However, the developmental mechanism of tepal trichome remains elusive. Lilium pumilum is an edible ornamental bulb and a good breeding parent possessing cold and salt-alkali resistance. Here, we found a natural mutant of Lilium pumilum grown on a highland whose tepals are covered by trichomes. Our data indicate that trichomes of the mutant are multicellular and branchless. Notably, stomata are also developed on the tepal of the mutant as well, suggesting there may be a correlation between trichome and stomata regulation. Furthermore, we isolated 27 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing the transcriptome profiling between the natural mutant and the wild type. These 27 genes belong to 4 groups: epidermal cell cycle and division, trichome morphogenesis, stress response, and transcription factors. Quantitative real-time PCR in Lilium pumilum (natural mutant and the wild type) and other lily species (Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii/trichome; Lilium davidii var. willmottiae/, trichomeless) confirmed the validation of RNA-seq data and identified several trichome-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Wenqiang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xuqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Fengping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jingru Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Xiuhai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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24
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Zang Y, Hu Y, Xu C, Wu S, Wang Y, Ning Z, Han Z, Si Z, Shen W, Zhang Y, Fang L, Zhang T. GhUBX controlling helical growth results in production of stronger cotton fiber. iScience 2021; 24:102930. [PMID: 34409276 PMCID: PMC8361218 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton fiber is an excellent model for studying plant cell elongation and cell wall biogenesis as well because they are highly polarized and use conserved polarized diffuse growth mechanism. Fiber strength is an important trait among cotton fiber qualities due to ongoing changes in spinning technology. However, the molecular mechanism of fiber strength forming is obscure. Through map-based cloning, we identified the fiber strength gene GhUBX. Increasing its expression, the fiber strength of the transgenic cotton was significantly enhanced compared to the receptor W0 and the helices number of the transgenic fiber was remarkably increased. Additionally, we proved that GhUBX regulates the fiber helical growth by degrading the GhSPL1 via the ubiquitin 26S–proteasome pathway. Taken together, we revealed the internal relationship between fiber helices and fiber stronger. It will be useful for improving the fiber quality in cotton breeding and illustrating the molecular mechanism for plant twisted growth. Isolation of the first fiber strength gene GhUBX using map-based cloning strategy Verification of the function of GhUBX experimentally in transgenic cotton Link helices to the cotton fiber strength, that more helices make fiber stronger An ubiquitin–proteasome system regulating the development of cotton fiber
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Chenyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Shenjie Wu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Yangkun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zegang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhanfeng Si
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Weijuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yayao Zhang
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - TianZhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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25
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Chin S, Kwon T, Khan BR, Sparks JA, Mallery EL, Szymanski DB, Blancaflor EB. Spatial and temporal localization of SPIRRIG and WAVE/SCAR reveal roles for these proteins in actin-mediated root hair development. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2131-2148. [PMID: 33881536 PMCID: PMC8364238 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are single-cell protrusions that enable roots to optimize nutrient and water acquisition. These structures attain their tubular shapes by confining growth to the cell apex, a process called tip growth. The actin cytoskeleton and endomembrane systems are essential for tip growth; however, little is known about how these cellular components coordinate their activities during this process. Here, we show that SPIRRIG (SPI), a beige and Chediak Higashi domain-containing protein involved in membrane trafficking, and BRK1 and SCAR2, subunits of the WAVE/SCAR (W/SC) actin nucleating promoting complex, display polarized localizations in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs during distinct developmental stages. SPI accumulates at the root hair apex via post-Golgi compartments and positively regulates tip growth by maintaining tip-focused vesicle secretion and filamentous-actin integrity. BRK1 and SCAR2 on the other hand, mark the root hair initiation domain to specify the position of root hair emergence. Consistent with the localization data, tip growth was reduced in spi and the position of root hair emergence was disrupted in brk1 and scar1234. BRK1 depletion coincided with SPI accumulation as root hairs transitioned from initiation to tip growth. Taken together, our work uncovers a role for SPI in facilitating actin-dependent root hair development in Arabidopsis through pathways that might intersect with W/SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chin
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Taegun Kwon
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Bibi Rafeiza Khan
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - J. Alan Sparks
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Eileen L. Mallery
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daniel B. Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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26
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Belteton SA, Li W, Yanagisawa M, Hatam FA, Quinn MI, Szymanski MK, Marley MW, Turner JA, Szymanski DB. Real-time conversion of tissue-scale mechanical forces into an interdigitated growth pattern. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:826-841. [PMID: 34112988 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The leaf epidermis is a dynamic biomechanical shell that integrates growth across spatial scales to influence organ morphology. Pavement cells, the fundamental unit of this tissue, morph irreversibly into highly lobed cells that drive planar leaf expansion. Here, we define how tissue-scale cell wall tensile forces and the microtubule-cellulose synthase systems dictate the patterns of interdigitated growth in real time. A morphologically potent subset of cortical microtubules span the periclinal and anticlinal cell faces to pattern cellulose fibres that generate a patch of anisotropic wall. The subsequent local polarized growth is mechanically coupled to the adjacent cell via a pectin-rich middle lamella, and this drives lobe formation. Finite element pavement cell models revealed cell wall tensile stress as an upstream patterning element that links cell- and tissue-scale biomechanical parameters to interdigitated growth. Cell lobing in leaves is evolutionarily conserved, occurs in multiple cell types and is associated with important agronomic traits. Our general mechanistic models of lobe formation provide a foundation to analyse the cellular basis of leaf morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Belteton
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Wenlong Li
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Faezeh A Hatam
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Madeline I Quinn
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Margaret K Szymanski
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Matthew W Marley
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Joseph A Turner
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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27
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Hua B, Chang J, Xu Z, Han X, Xu M, Yang M, Yang C, Ye Z, Wu S. HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN8 mediates jasmonate-triggered trichome elongation in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1063-1077. [PMID: 33474772 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones can adjust the physiology and development of plants to enhance their adaptation to biotic and abiotic challenges. Jasmonic acid (JA), one of the immunity hormones in plants, triggers genome-wide transcriptional changes in response to insect attack and wounding. Although JA is known to affect the development of trichomes, epidermal appendages that form a protective barrier against various stresses, it remains unclear how JA interacts with developmental programs that regulate trichome development. In this study, we show that JA affects trichome length in tomato by releasing the transcriptional repression mediated by Jasmonate ZIM (JAZ) proteins. We identified SlJAZ4, a negative regulator preferentially expressed in trichomes, as the critical component in JA signaling in tomato trichomes. We also identified a homeodomain-leucine zipper gene, SlHD8, as the downstream regulator of JA signaling that promotes trichome elongation. SlHD8 is also highly expressed in trichomes and physically interacts with SlJAZ4. Loss-of-function mutations in SlHD8 caused shorter trichomes, a phenotype that was only partially rescued by methyl jasmonate treatment. Our dual-luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR assays revealed that SlHD8 regulates trichome elongation by directly binding to the promoters of a set of cell-wall-loosening protein genes and activating their transcription. Together, our findings define SlHD8-SlJAZ4 as a key module mediating JA-induced trichome elongation in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hua
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhijing Xu
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaoqian Han
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mengyuan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Meina Yang
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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28
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Graham BP, Haigler CH. Microtubules exert early, partial, and variable control of cotton fiber diameter. PLANTA 2021; 253:47. [PMID: 33484350 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Variable cotton fiber diameter is set early in anisotropic elongation by cell-type-specific processes involving the temporal and spatial regulation of microtubules in the apical region. Cotton fibers are single cells that originate from the seed epidermis of Gossypium species. Then, they undergo extreme anisotropic elongation and limited diametric expansion. The details of cellular morphogenesis determine the quality traits that affect fiber uses and value, such as length, strength, and diameter. Lower and more consistent diameter would increase the competitiveness of cotton fiber with synthetic fiber, but we do not know how this trait is controlled. The complexity of the question is indicated by the existence of fibers in two major width classes in the major commercial species: broad and narrow fibers exist in commonly grown G. hirsutum, whereas G. barbadense produces only narrow fiber. To further understand how fiber diameter is controlled, we used ovule cultures, morphology measurements, and microtubule immunofluorescence to observe the effects of microtubule antagonists on fiber morphology, including shape and diameter within 80 µm of the apex. The treatments were applied at either one or two days post-anthesis during different stages of fiber morphogenesis. The results showed that inhibiting the presence and/or dynamic activity of microtubules caused larger diameter tips to form, with greater effects often observed with earlier treatment. The presence and geometry of a microtubule-depleted-zone below the apex were transiently correlated with the apical diameter of the narrow tip types. Similarly, the microtubule antagonists had somewhat different effects between tip types. Overall, the results demonstrate cell-type-specific mechanisms regulating fiber expansion within 80 µm of the apex, with variation in the impact of microtubules between tip types and over developmental time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Graham
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Candace H Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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29
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Xie Q, Gao Y, Li J, Yang Q, Qu X, Li H, Zhang J, Wang T, Ye Z, Yang C. The HD-Zip IV transcription factor SlHDZIV8 controls multicellular trichome morphology by regulating the expression of Hairless-2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7132-7145. [PMID: 32930788 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized epidermal appendages that serve as excellent models to study cell morphogenesis. Although the molecular mechanism underlying trichome morphogenesis in Arabidopsis has been well characterized, most of the regulators essential for multicellular trichome morphology remain unknown in tomato. In this study, we determined that the recessive hairless-2 (hl-2) mutation in tomato causes severe distortion of all trichome types, along with increased stem fragility. Using map-based cloning, we found that the hl-2 phenotype was associated with a 100 bp insertion in the coding region of Nck-associated protein 1, a component of the SCAR/WAVE complex. Direct protein-protein interaction was detected between Hl-2 and Hl (SRA1, specifically Rac1-associated protein) using yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays, suggesting that these proteins may work together during trichome formation. In addition, knock-down of a HD-Zip IV transcription factor, HDZIPIV8, distorted trichomes similar to the hl-2 mutant. HDZIPIV8 regulates the expression of Hl-2 by binding to the L1-box in the Hl-2 promoter region, and is involved in organizing actin filaments. The brittleness of hl-2 stems was found to result from decreased cellulose content. Taken together, these findings suggest that the Hl-2 gene plays an important role in controlling multicellular trichome morphogenesis and mechanical properties of stems in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanna Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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30
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Liao P, Ray S, Boachon B, Lynch JH, Deshpande A, McAdam S, Morgan JA, Dudareva N. Cuticle thickness affects dynamics of volatile emission from petunia flowers. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 17:138-145. [PMID: 33077978 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00670-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is the final barrier for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to cross for release to the atmosphere, yet its role in the emission process is poorly understood. Here, using a combination of reverse-genetic and chemical approaches, we demonstrate that the cuticle imposes substantial resistance to VOC mass transfer, acting as a sink/concentrator for VOCs and hence protecting cells from the potentially toxic internal accumulation of these hydrophobic compounds. Reduction in cuticle thickness has differential effects on individual VOCs depending on their volatility, and leads to their internal cellular redistribution, a shift in mass transfer resistance sources and altered VOC synthesis. These results reveal that the cuticle is not simply a passive diffusion barrier for VOCs to cross, but plays the aforementioned complex roles in the emission process as an integral member of the overall VOC network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shaunak Ray
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Benoît Boachon
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,BVpam FRE 3727, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Joseph H Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Arnav Deshpande
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Scott McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - John A Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. .,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. .,Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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31
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Sampathkumar A. Mechanical feedback-loop regulation of morphogenesis in plants. Development 2020; 147:147/16/dev177964. [PMID: 32817056 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis is a highly controlled biological process that is crucial for organisms to develop cells and organs of a particular shape. Plants have the remarkable ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, despite being sessile organisms with their cells affixed to each other by their cell wall. It is therefore evident that morphogenesis in plants requires the existence of robust sensing machineries at different scales. In this Review, I provide an overview on how mechanical forces are generated, sensed and transduced in plant cells. I then focus on how such forces regulate growth and form of plant cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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32
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Bidhendi AJ, Altartouri B, Gosselin FP, Geitmann A. Mechanical Stress Initiates and Sustains the Morphogenesis of Wavy Leaf Epidermal Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1237-1250.e6. [PMID: 31365867 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pavement cells form wavy interlocking patterns in the leaf epidermis of many plants. We use computational mechanics to simulate the morphogenetic process based on microtubule organization and cell wall chemistry. Based on the in silico simulations and experimental evidence, we suggest that a multistep process underlies the morphogenesis of pavement cells. The in silico model predicts alternatingly located, feedback-augmented mechanical heterogeneity of the periclinal and anticlinal walls. It suggests that the emergence of waves is created by a stiffening of the emerging indented sides, an effect that matches cellulose and de-esterified pectin patterns in the cell wall. Further, conceptual evidence for mechanical buckling of the cell walls is provided, a mechanism that has the potential to initiate wavy patterns de novo and may precede chemical and geometrical symmetry breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir J Bidhendi
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Bara Altartouri
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Frédérick P Gosselin
- Laboratoire de Mécanique Multi-échelles, Département de Génie Mécanique, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada.
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33
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Tang K, Yang S, Feng X, Wu T, Leng J, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Yu H, Gao J, Ma J, Feng X. GmNAP1 is essential for trichome and leaf epidermal cell development in soybean. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:609-621. [PMID: 32415514 PMCID: PMC7385028 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Map-based cloning revealed that two novel soybean distorted trichome mutants were due to loss function of GmNAP1 gene, which affected the trichome morphology and pavement cell ploidy by regulating actin filament assembly. Trichomes increase both biotic and abiotic stress resistance in soybean. In this study, Gmdtm1-1 and Gmdtm1-2 mutants with shorter trichomes and bigger epidermal pavement cells were isolated from an ethyl methylsulfonate mutagenized population. Both of them had reduced plant height and smaller seeds. Map-based cloning and bulked segregant analysis identified that a G-A transition at the 3' boundary of the sixth intron of Glyma.20G019300 in the Gmdtm1-1 mutant and another G-A transition mutation at the 5' boundary of the fourteenth intron of Glyma.20G019300 in Gmdtm1-2; these mutations disrupted spliceosome recognition sites creating truncated proteins. Glyma.20G019300 encodes a Glycine max NCK-associated protein 1 homolog (GmNAP1) in soybean. Further analysis revealed that the GmNAP1 involved in actin filament assembling and genetic information processing pathways during trichome and pavement cell development. This study shows that GmNAP1 plays an important role in soybean growth and development and agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuanqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Suxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China.
| | - Xingxing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiantian Leng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
| | - Huangkai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaohua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianzhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
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BIDHENDI A, CHEBLI Y, GEITMANN A. Fluorescence visualization of cellulose and pectin in the primary plant cell wall. J Microsc 2020; 278:164-181. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.J. BIDHENDI
- Department of Plant ScienceMcGill UniversityMacdonald Campus Ste‐Anne‐de‐Bellevue Québec Canada
| | - Y. CHEBLI
- Department of Plant ScienceMcGill UniversityMacdonald Campus Ste‐Anne‐de‐Bellevue Québec Canada
| | - A. GEITMANN
- Department of Plant ScienceMcGill UniversityMacdonald Campus Ste‐Anne‐de‐Bellevue Québec Canada
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35
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García-González J, Kebrlová Š, Semerák M, Lacek J, Kotannal Baby I, Petrášek J, Schwarzerová K. Arp2/3 Complex Is Required for Auxin-Driven Cell Expansion Through Regulation of Auxin Transporter Homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:486. [PMID: 32425966 PMCID: PMC7212389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex is an actin nucleator shown to be required throughout plant morphogenesis, contributing to processes such as cell expansion, tissue differentiation or cell wall assembly. A recent publication demonstrated that plants lacking functional Arp2/3 complex also present defects in auxin distribution and transport. This work shows that Arp2/3 complex subunits are predominantly expressed in the provasculature, although other plant tissues also show promoter activity (e.g., cotyledons, apical meristems, or root tip). Moreover, auxin can trigger subunit expression, indicating a role of this phytohormone in mediating the complex activity. Further investigation of the functional interaction between Arp2/3 complex and auxin signaling also reveals their cooperation in determining pavement cell shape, presumably through the role of Arp2/3 complex in the correct auxin carrier trafficking. Young seedlings of arpc5 mutants show increased auxin-triggered proteasomal degradation of DII-VENUS and altered PIN3 distribution, with higher levels of the protein in the vacuole. Closer observation of vacuolar morphology revealed the presence of a more fragmented vacuolar compartment when Arp2/3 function is abolished, hinting a generalized role of Arp2/3 complex in endomembrane function and protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Štépánka Kebrlová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Matěj Semerák
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Innu Kotannal Baby
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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36
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Arieti RS, Staiger CJ. Auxin-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements require AUX1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:441-459. [PMID: 31859367 PMCID: PMC7154765 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is required for cell expansion and implicated in cellular responses to the phytohormone auxin. However, the mechanisms that coordinate auxin signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling and cell expansion are poorly understood. Previous studies examined long-term actin cytoskeleton responses to auxin, but plants respond to auxin within minutes. Before this work, an extracellular auxin receptor - rather than the auxin transporter AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (AUX1) - was considered to precede auxin-induced cytoskeleton reorganization. In order to correlate actin array organization and dynamics with degree of cell expansion, quantitative imaging tools established baseline actin organization and illuminated individual filament behaviors in root epidermal cells under control conditions and after indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) application. We evaluated aux1 mutant actin organization responses to IAA and the membrane-permeable auxin 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA). Cell length predicted actin organization and dynamics in control roots; short-term IAA treatments stimulated denser and more parallel, longitudinal arrays by inducing filament unbundling within minutes. Although AUX1 is necessary for full actin rearrangements in response to auxin, cytoplasmic auxin (i.e. NAA) stimulated a lesser response. Actin filaments became more 'organized' after IAA stopped elongation, refuting the hypothesis that 'more organized' actin arrays universally correlate with rapid growth. Short-term actin cytoskeleton response to auxin requires AUX1 and/or cytoplasmic auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthie S. Arieti
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907‐2064USA
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program (PULSe)Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Christopher J. Staiger
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907‐2064USA
- Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
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37
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Cifrová P, Oulehlová D, Kollárová E, Martinek J, Rosero A, Žárský V, Schwarzerová K, Cvrčková F. Division of Labor Between Two Actin Nucleators-the Formin FH1 and the ARP2/3 Complex-in Arabidopsis Epidermal Cell Morphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:148. [PMID: 32194585 PMCID: PMC7061858 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ARP2/3 complex and formins are the only known plant actin nucleators. Besides their actin-related functions, both systems also modulate microtubule organization and dynamics. Loss of the main housekeeping Arabidopsis thaliana Class I membrane-targeted formin FH1 (At3g25500) is known to increase cotyledon pavement cell lobing, while mutations affecting ARP2/3 subunits exhibit an opposite effect. Here we examine the role of FH1 and the ARP2/3 complex subunit ARPC5 (At4g01710) in epidermal cell morphogenesis with focus on pavement cells and trichomes using a model system of single fh1 and arpc5, as well as double fh1 arpc5 mutants. While cotyledon pavement cell shape in double mutants mostly resembled single arpc5 mutants, analysis of true leaf epidermal morphology, as well as actin and microtubule organization and dynamics, revealed a more complex relationship between the two systems and similar, rather than antagonistic, effects on some parameters. Both fh1 and arpc5 mutations increased actin network density and increased cell shape complexity in pavement cells and trichomes of first true leaves, in contrast to cotyledons. Thus, while the two actin nucleation systems have complementary roles in some aspects of cell morphogenesis in cotyledon pavement cells, they may act in parallel in other cell types and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Cifrová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Denisa Oulehlová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eva Kollárová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Martinek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Amparo Rosero
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Fatima Cvrčková,
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38
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Grones P, Raggi S, Robert S. FORCE-ing the shape. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:1-6. [PMID: 31234034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a dynamic structure that mediates cell and organ morphogenesis and provides structural support to the whole plant body. The primary load bearing components of the cell wall are a cellulose-xyloglucan network embedded in a pectin matrix. Plant morphogenesis is regulated by a constant adjustment of the chemical structure and thus mechanical properties of the cell wall components. These modifications are modulated by a variety of different remodeling agents that precisely control cell wall mechanical properties. Here, we briefly review the major recent updates on cell wall mechanics during growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grones
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Raggi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden.
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39
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Zhang T, Tang H, Vavylonis D, Cosgrove DJ. Disentangling loosening from softening: insights into primary cell wall structure. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:1101-1117. [PMID: 31469935 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
How cell wall elasticity, plasticity, and time-dependent extension (creep) relate to one another, to plant cell wall structure and to cell growth remain unsettled topics. To examine these issues without the complexities of living tissues, we treated cell-free strips of onion epidermal walls with various enzymes and other agents to assess which polysaccharides bear mechanical forces in-plane and out-of-plane of the cell wall. This information is critical for integrating concepts of wall structure, wall material properties, tissue mechanics and mechanisms of cell growth. With atomic force microscopy we also monitored real-time changes in the wall surface during treatments. Driselase, a potent cocktail of wall-degrading enzymes, removed cellulose microfibrils in superficial lamellae sequentially, layer-by-layer, and softened the wall (reduced its mechanical stiffness), yet did not induce wall loosening (creep). In contrast Cel12A, a bifunctional xyloglucanase/cellulase, induced creep with only subtle changes in wall appearance. Both Driselase and Cel12A increased the tensile compliance, but differently for elastic and plastic components. Homogalacturonan solubilization by pectate lyase and calcium chelation greatly increased the indentation compliance without changing tensile compliances. Acidic buffer induced rapid cell wall creep via endogenous α-expansins, with negligible effects on wall compliances. We conclude that these various wall properties are not tightly coupled and therefore reflect distinctive aspects of wall structure. Cross-lamellate networks of cellulose microfibrils influenced creep and tensile stiffness whereas homogalacturonan influenced indentation mechanics. This information is crucial for constructing realistic molecular models that define how wall mechanics and growth depend on primary cell wall structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Haosu Tang
- Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18015, USA
| | - Dimitrios Vavylonis
- Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18015, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
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40
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Zhou Y, Dobritsa AA. Formation of aperture sites on the pollen surface as a model for development of distinct cellular domains. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 288:110222. [PMID: 31521218 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pollen grains are covered by the complex extracellular structure, called exine, which in most species is deposited on the pollen surface non-uniformly. Certain surface areas receive fewer exine deposits and develop into regions whose structure and morphology differ significantly from the rest of pollen wall. These regions are known as pollen apertures. Across species, pollen apertures can vary in their numbers, positions, and morphology, generating highly diverse patterns. The process of aperture formation involves establishment of cell polarity, formation of distinct plasma membrane domains, and deposition of extracellular materials at precise positions. Thus, pollen apertures present an excellent model for studying the development of cellular domains and formation of patterns at the single-cell level. Until very recently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the specification and formation of aperture sites were completely unknown. Here, we review recent advances in understanding of the molecular processes involved in pollen aperture formation, focusing on the molecular players identified through genetic approaches in the model plant Arabidopsis. We discuss a potential working model that describes the process of aperture formation, including specification of domains, creation of their defining features, and protection of these regions from exine deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Anna A Dobritsa
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States.
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Chang J, Xu Z, Li M, Yang M, Qin H, Yang J, Wu S. Spatiotemporal cytoskeleton organizations determine morphogenesis of multicellular trichomes in tomato. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008438. [PMID: 31584936 PMCID: PMC6812842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant trichomes originate from epidermal cell, forming protective structure from abiotic and biotic stresses. Different from the unicellular trichome in Arabidopsis, tomato trichomes are multicellular structure and can be classified into seven different types based on cell number, shape and the presence of glandular cells. Despite the importance of tomato trichomes in insect resistance, our understanding of the tomato trichome morphogenesis remains elusive. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed morphological traits of trichomes in tomato and further performed live imaging of cytoskeletons in stably transformed lines with actin and microtubule markers. At different developmental stages, two types of cytoskeletons exhibited distinct patterns in different trichome cells, ranging from transverse, spiral to longitudinal. This gradual transition of actin filament angle from basal to top cells could correlate with the spatial expansion mode in different cells. Further genetic screen for aberrant trichome morphology led to the discovery of a number of independent mutations in SCAR/WAVE and ARP2/3 complex, which resulted in actin bundling and distorted trichomes. Disruption of microtubules caused isotropic expansion while abolished actin filaments entirely inhibited axial extension of trichomes, indicating that microtubules and actin filaments may control distinct aspects of trichome cell expansion. Our results shed light on the roles of cytoskeletons in the formation of multicellular structure of tomato trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chang
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhijing Xu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meina Yang
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Qin
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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42
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Bidhendi AJ, Geitmann A. Methods to quantify primary plant cell wall mechanics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3615-3648. [PMID: 31301141 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The primary plant cell wall is a dynamically regulated composite material of multiple biopolymers that forms a scaffold enclosing the plant cells. The mechanochemical make-up of this polymer network regulates growth, morphogenesis, and stability at the cell and tissue scales. To understand the dynamics of cell wall mechanics, and how it correlates with cellular activities, several experimental frameworks have been deployed in recent years to quantify the mechanical properties of plant cells and tissues. Here we critically review the application of biomechanical tool sets pertinent to plant cell mechanics and outline some of their findings, relevance, and limitations. We also discuss methods that are less explored but hold great potential for the field, including multiscale in silico mechanical modeling that will enable a unified understanding of the mechanical behavior across the scales. Our overview reveals significant differences between the results of different mechanical testing techniques on plant material. Specifically, indentation techniques seem to consistently report lower values compared with tensile tests. Such differences may in part be due to inherent differences among the technical approaches and consequently the wall properties that they measure, and partly due to differences between experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir J Bidhendi
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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43
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Huang L, Chen L, Wang L, Yang Y, Rao Y, Ren D, Dai L, Gao Y, Zou W, Lu X, Zhang G, Zhu L, Hu J, Chen G, Shen L, Dong G, Gao Z, Guo L, Qian Q, Zeng D. A Nck-associated protein 1-like protein affects drought sensitivity by its involvement in leaf epidermal development and stomatal closure in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:884-897. [PMID: 30771248 PMCID: PMC6849750 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit is a major environmental threat affecting crop yields worldwide. In this study, a drought stress-sensitive mutant drought sensitive 8 (ds8) was identified in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The DS8 gene was cloned using a map-based approach. Further analysis revealed that DS8 encoded a Nck-associated protein 1 (NAP1)-like protein, a component of the SCAR/WAVE complex, which played a vital role in actin filament nucleation activity. The mutant exhibited changes in leaf cuticle development. Functional analysis revealed that the mutation of DS8 increased stomatal density and impaired stomatal closure activity. The distorted actin filaments in the mutant led to a defect in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated stomatal closure and increased ABA accumulation. All these resulted in excessive water loss in ds8 leaves. Notably, antisense transgenic lines also exhibited increased drought sensitivity, along with impaired stomatal closure and elevated ABA levels. These findings suggest that DS8 affects drought sensitivity by influencing actin filament activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Yaolong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Yuchun Rao
- College of Chemistry and Life SciencesZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua321004China
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Liping Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Weiwei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Xueli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Lan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
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44
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Sampathkumar A, Peaucelle A, Fujita M, Schuster C, Persson S, Wasteneys GO, Meyerowitz EM. Primary wall cellulose synthase regulates shoot apical meristem mechanics and growth. Development 2019; 146:dev.179036. [PMID: 31076488 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
How organisms attain their specific shapes and modify their growth patterns in response to environmental and chemical signals has been the subject of many investigations. Plant cells are at high turgor pressure and are surrounded by a rigid yet flexible cell wall, which is the primary determinant of plant growth and morphogenesis. Cellulose microfibrils, synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase complexes, are major tension-bearing components of the cell wall that mediate directional growth. Despite advances in understanding the genetic and biophysical regulation of morphogenesis, direct studies of cellulose biosynthesis and its impact on morphogenesis of different cell and tissue types are largely lacking. In this study, we took advantage of mutants of three primary cellulose synthase (CESA) genes that are involved in primary wall cellulose synthesis. Using field emission scanning electron microscopy, live cell imaging and biophysical measurements, we aimed to understand how the primary wall CESA complex acts during shoot apical meristem development. Our results indicate that cellulose biosynthesis impacts the mechanics and growth of the shoot apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexis Peaucelle
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Miki Fujita
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey O Wasteneys
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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45
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Yu Y, Wu S, Nowak J, Wang G, Han L, Feng Z, Mendrinna A, Ma Y, Wang H, Zhang X, Tian J, Dong L, Nikoloski Z, Persson S, Kong Z. Live-cell imaging of the cytoskeleton in elongating cotton fibres. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:498-504. [PMID: 31040442 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fibres consist of single cells that grow in a highly polarized manner, assumed to be controlled by the cytoskeleton1-3. However, how the cytoskeletal organization and dynamics underpin fibre development remains unexplored. Moreover, it is unclear whether cotton fibres expand via tip growth or diffuse growth2-4. We generated stable transgenic cotton plants expressing fluorescent markers of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Live-cell imaging revealed that elongating cotton fibres assemble a cortical filamentous actin network that extends along the cell axis to finally form actin strands with closed loops in the tapered fibre tip. Analyses of F-actin network properties indicate that cotton fibres have a unique actin organization that blends features of both diffuse and tip growth modes. Interestingly, typical actin organization and endosomal vesicle aggregation found in tip-growing cell apices were not observed in fibre tips. Instead, endomembrane compartments were evenly distributed along the elongating fibre cells and moved bi-directionally along the fibre shank to the fibre tip. Moreover, plus-end tracked microtubules transversely encircled elongating fibre shanks, reminiscent of diffusely growing cells. Collectively, our findings indicate that cotton fibres elongate via a unique tip-biased diffuse growth mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shenjie Wu
- Cotton Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yucheng, China
| | - Jacqueline Nowak
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guangda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Libo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhidi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Amelie Mendrinna
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yinping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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46
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Kierzkowski D, Routier-Kierzkowska AL. Cellular basis of growth in plants: geometry matters. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 47:56-63. [PMID: 30308452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The growth of individual cells underlies the development of biological forms. In plants, cells are interconnected by rigid walls, fixing their position with respect to one another and generating mechanical feedbacks between cells. Current research is shedding new light on how plant growth is controlled by physical inputs at the level of individual cells and growing tissues. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of the cellular basis of growth from a biomechanical perspective. We describe the role of the cell wall and turgor pressure in growth and highlight the often-overlooked role of cell geometry in this process. It is becoming apparent that a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches is required to answer new emerging questions in the biomechanics of plant morphogenesis. We summarise how this multidisciplinary approach brings us closer to a unified understanding of the generation of biological forms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kierzkowski
- Plant Science Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal H1X 2B2, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Lise Routier-Kierzkowska
- Plant Science Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal H1X 2B2, QC, Canada.
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47
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Zhang X, Han L, Wang Q, Zhang C, Yu Y, Tian J, Kong Z. The host actin cytoskeleton channels rhizobia release and facilitates symbiosome accommodation during nodulation in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1049-1059. [PMID: 30156704 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the actin cytoskeleton plays a central role in regulating intracellular transport and trafficking in the endomembrane system. Work in legumes suggested that during nodulation, the actin cytoskeleton coordinates numerous cellular processes in the development of nitrogen-fixing nodules. However, we lacked live-cell visualizations demonstrating dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton during infection droplet release and symbiosome development. Here, we generated transgenic Medicago truncatula lines stably expressing the fluorescent actin marker ABD2-GFP, and utilized live-cell imaging to reveal the architecture and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton during nodule development. Live-cell observations showed that different zones in nitrogen-fixing nodules exhibit distinct actin architectures and infected cells display five characteristic actin architectures during nodule development. Live-cell imaging combined with three-dimensional reconstruction demonstrated that dense filamentous-actin (F-actin) arrays channel the elongation of infection threads and the release of infection droplets, an F-actin network encircles freshly-released rhizobia, and short F-actin fragments and actin dots around radially distributed symbiosomes. Our findings suggest an important role of the actin cytoskeleton in infection droplet release, symbiosome development and maturation, and provide significant insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying nodule development and nitrogen fixation during legume-rhizobia interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Libo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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48
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Rabillé H, Billoud B, Tesson B, Le Panse S, Rolland É, Charrier B. The brown algal mode of tip growth: Keeping stress under control. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e2005258. [PMID: 30640903 PMCID: PMC6347293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tip growth has been studied in pollen tubes, root hairs, and fungal and oomycete hyphae and is the most widely distributed unidirectional growth process on the planet. It ensures spatial colonization, nutrient predation, fertilization, and symbiosis with growth speeds of up to 800 μm h-1. Although turgor-driven growth is intuitively conceivable, a closer examination of the physical processes at work in tip growth raises a paradox: growth occurs where biophysical forces are low, because of the increase in curvature in the tip. All tip-growing cells studied so far rely on the modulation of cell wall extensibility via the polarized excretion of cell wall-loosening compounds at the tip. Here, we used a series of quantitative measurements at the cellular level and a biophysical simulation approach to show that the brown alga Ectocarpus has an original tip-growth mechanism. In this alga, the establishment of a steep gradient in cell wall thickness can compensate for the variation in tip curvature, thereby modulating wall stress within the tip cell. Bootstrap analyses support the robustness of the process, and experiments with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) confirmed the active vesicle trafficking in the shanks of the apical cell, as inferred from the model. In response to auxin, biophysical measurements change in agreement with the model. Although we cannot strictly exclude the involvement of a gradient in mechanical properties in Ectocarpus morphogenesis, the viscoplastic model of cell wall mechanics strongly suggests that brown algae have evolved an alternative strategy of tip growth. This strategy is largely based on the control of cell wall thickness rather than fluctuations in cell wall mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Rabillé
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Morphogenesis of Macro Algae, UMR8227, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | - Bernard Billoud
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Morphogenesis of Macro Algae, UMR8227, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | - Benoit Tesson
- SCRIPPS Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sophie Le Panse
- MerImage platform, FR2424, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | - Élodie Rolland
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Morphogenesis of Macro Algae, UMR8227, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | - Bénédicte Charrier
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Morphogenesis of Macro Algae, UMR8227, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
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49
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Li J, Kim T, Szymanski DB. Multi-scale regulation of cell branching: Modeling morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 451:40-52. [PMID: 30529250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are driven by extended phases of irreversible cell expansion generating cells that increase in volume from 10- to 100-fold. Some specialized cell types define cortical sites that reinitiate polarized growth and generate branched cell morphology. This structural specialization of individual cells has a major importance for plant adaptation to diverse environments and practical importance in agricultural contexts. The patterns of cell shape are defined by highly integrated cytoskeletal and cell wall systems. Microtubules and actin filaments locally define the material properties of a tough outer cell wall to generate complex shapes. Forward genetics, powerful live cell imaging experiments, and computational modeling have provided insights into understanding of mechanisms of cell shape control. In particular, finite element modeling of the cell wall provides a new way to discover which cell wall heterogeneities generate complex cell shapes, and how cell shape and cell wall stress can feedback on the cytoskeleton to maintain growth patterns. This review focuses on cytoskeleton-dependent cell wall patterning during cell branching, and how combinations of multi-scale imaging experiments and computational modeling are being used to unravel systems-level control of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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50
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Eng RC, Sampathkumar A. Getting into shape: the mechanics behind plant morphogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:25-31. [PMID: 30036706 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The process of shape change in cells and tissues inevitably involves the modification of structural elements, therefore it is necessary to integrate mechanics with biochemistry to develop a full understanding of morphogenesis. Here, we discuss recent findings on the role of biomechanics and biochemical processes in plant cell growth and development. In particular, we focus on how the plant cytoskeleton components, which are known to regulate morphogenesis, are influenced by biomechanical stress. We also discuss new insights into the role that pectin plays in biomechanics and morphogenesis. Using the jigsaw-shaped pavement cells of the leaf as a case study, we review new findings on the biomechanics behind the morphogenesis of these intricately-shaped cell types. Finally, we summarize important quantitative techniques that has allowed for the testing and the generation of hypotheses that link biomechanics to morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Christopher Eng
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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