1
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D’Alessandro S, Velay F, Lebrun R, Zafirov D, Mehrez M, Romand S, Saadouni R, Forzani C, Citerne S, Montané MH, Robaglia C, Menand B, Meyer C, Field B. Posttranslational regulation of photosynthetic activity via the TOR kinase in plants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj3268. [PMID: 38896607 PMCID: PMC11186500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the powerhouse of the plant cell, and their activity must be matched to plant growth to avoid photooxidative damage. We have identified a posttranslational mechanism linking the eukaryotic target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase that promotes growth and the guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) signaling pathway of prokaryotic origins that regulates chloroplast activity and photosynthesis in particular. We find that RelA SpoT homolog 3 (RSH3), a nuclear-encoded enzyme responsible for ppGpp biosynthesis, interacts directly with the TOR complex via a plant-specific amino-terminal region which is phosphorylated in a TOR-dependent manner. Down-regulating TOR activity causes a rapid increase in ppGpp synthesis in RSH3 overexpressors and reduces photosynthetic capacity in an RSH-dependent manner in wild-type plants. The TOR-RSH3 signaling axis therefore regulates the equilibrium between chloroplast activity and plant growth, setting a precedent for the regulation of organellar function by TOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano D’Alessandro
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
- Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Florent Velay
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Régine Lebrun
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Plate-forme Protéomique, Marseille Protéomique (MaP), IMM FR 3479, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Delyan Zafirov
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Marwa Mehrez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Shanna Romand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Rim Saadouni
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Plate-forme Protéomique, Marseille Protéomique (MaP), IMM FR 3479, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Céline Forzani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | | | | | - Benoît Menand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Christian Meyer
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Ben Field
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
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2
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Inazu M, Nemoto T, Omata Y, Suzuki S, Ono S, Kanno Y, Seo M, Oikawa A, Masuda S. Complete Loss of RelA and SpoT Homologs in Arabidopsis Reveals the Importance of the Plastidial Stringent Response in the Interplay between Chloroplast Metabolism and Plant Defense Response. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:631-643. [PMID: 37925598 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The highly phosphorylated nucleotide, guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), functions as a secondary messenger in bacteria and chloroplasts. The accumulation of ppGpp alters plastidial gene expression and metabolism, which are required for proper photosynthetic regulation and robust plant growth. However, because four plastid-localized ppGpp synthases/hydrolases function redundantly, the impact of the loss of ppGpp-dependent stringent response on plant physiology remains unclear. We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lacking all four ppGpp synthases/hydrolases and characterized its phenotype. The mutant showed over 20-fold less ppGpp levels than the wild type under normal growth conditions and exhibited leaf chlorosis and increased expression of defense-related genes as well as salicylic acid and jasmonate levels upon transition to nitrogen-starvation conditions. These results demonstrate that proper levels of ppGpp in plastids are required for controlling not only plastid metabolism but also phytohormone signaling, which is essential for plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Inazu
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Takanari Nemoto
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Yuto Omata
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Sae Suzuki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Sumire Ono
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Yuri Kanno
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
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3
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Asiminicesei DM, Fertu DI, Gavrilescu M. Impact of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment on the Metabolic Profile of Medicinal Plants and Their Therapeutic Potential. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:913. [PMID: 38592933 PMCID: PMC10976221 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The paper provides a comprehensive examination of heavy metal stress on medicinal plants, focusing on its impact on antioxidant capacity and biosynthetic pathways critical to their therapeutic potential. It explores the complex relationship between heavy metals and the physiological and biochemical responses of medicinal plants, highlighting how metal stress disrupts biosynthetic pathways, altering concentrations of secondary metabolites. This disruption may compromise the overall quality and efficacy of medicinal plants, requiring a holistic understanding of its cumulative impacts. Furthermore, the study discusses the potential of targeted genetic editing to enhance plant resilience against heavy metal stress by manipulating genes associated with antioxidant defenses. This approach represents a promising frontier in safeguarding medicinal plants in metal-contaminated environments. Additionally, the research investigates the role of phytohormone signaling in plant adaptive mechanisms to heavy metal stress, revealing its influence on biochemical and physiological responses, thereby adding complexity to plant adaptation. The study underscores the importance of innovative technologies and global cooperation in protecting medicinal plants' therapeutic potential and highlights the need for mitigation strategies to address heavy metal contamination effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana-Mihaela Asiminicesei
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Daniela Ionela Fertu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800002 Galati, Romania
| | - Maria Gavrilescu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania;
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Turkan S, Kulasek M, Zienkiewicz A, Mierek-Adamska A, Skrzypek E, Warchoł M, Szydłowska-Czerniak A, Bartoli J, Field B, Dąbrowska GB. Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) is a new player in Brassica napus L. seed development. Food Chem 2024; 436:137648. [PMID: 37852071 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed oil, constituting 12% of global vegetable oil production, is susceptible to quality degradation due to stress-induced incomplete seed degreening, fatty acid oxidation, or poor nutrient accumulation. We hypothesise that the hyperphosphorylated nucleotide alarmone ppGpp (guanosine tetraphosphate), acts as a pivotal regulator of these processes, given its established roles in nutrient management, degreening, and ROS regulation in leaves. Using qPCR, UHPLC-MS/MS, and biochemical methods, our study delves into the impact of ppGpp on seed nutritional value. We observed a positive correlation between ppGpp levels and desiccation, and a negative correlation with photosynthetic pigment levels. Trends in antioxidant activity suggest that ppGpp may negatively influence peroxidases, which are safeguarding against chlorophyll decomposition. Notably, despite increasing ppGpp levels, sugars, proteins and oils appear unaffected. This newfound role of ppGpp in seed development suggests it regulates the endogenous antioxidant system during degreening and desiccation, preserving nutritional quality. Further validation through mutant-based research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Turkan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Milena Kulasek
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Mierek-Adamska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Edyta Skrzypek
- Department of Biotechnology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marzena Warchoł
- Department of Biotechnology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Julia Bartoli
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, UMR7255, IMM FR 3479, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Ben Field
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Grażyna B Dąbrowska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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Oikawa A, Takeuchi K, Morita K, Horibe Y, Sasaki R, Murayama H. Effects of Climate Conditions before Harvest Date on Edamame Metabolome. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:87. [PMID: 38202395 PMCID: PMC10780805 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Edamame is a green soybean that is rich in nutrients. Boiled edamame has been traditionally used for food in the East Asia region. It was known among farmers that conditions, such as temperature and climate on the day of harvest, affect the quality of edamame. Large-scale farmers harvest edamame on multiple days in the same year; however, the quality of edamame varies from day to day due to variations in climate conditions. In this study, we harvested edamame over several days between 2013 and 2018, obtained the climate conditions on the harvest date, and performed metabolome analysis using capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry. To clarify the correlation between climate conditions before the harvest date and edamame components, comparative analyses of the obtained meteorological and metabolomic data were conducted. We found positive and negative correlations between the sunshine duration and average temperature, and the amounts of some edamame components. Furthermore, correlations were observed between the annual fluctuations in climate conditions and edamame components. Our findings suggest that the climate conditions before the date of harvesting are closely related to edamame quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Oikawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-machi 1-23, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan (H.M.)
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;
| | - Katsutaka Takeuchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-machi 1-23, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan (H.M.)
| | - Kei Morita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-machi 1-23, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan (H.M.)
| | - Yamato Horibe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-machi 1-23, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan (H.M.)
| | - Ryosuke Sasaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;
| | - Hideki Murayama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-machi 1-23, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan (H.M.)
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Hidese R, Ohbayashi R, Kato Y, Matsuda M, Tanaka K, Imamura S, Ashida H, Kondo A, Hasunuma T. ppGpp accumulation reduces the expression of the global nitrogen homeostasis-modulating NtcA regulon by affecting 2-oxoglutarate levels. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1285. [PMID: 38145988 PMCID: PMC10749895 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 accumulates alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) under stress conditions, such as darkness. A previous study observed that artificial ppGpp accumulation under photosynthetic conditions led to the downregulation of genes involved in the nitrogen assimilation system, which is activated by the global nitrogen regulator NtcA, suggesting that ppGpp regulates NtcA activity. However, the details of this mechanism have not been elucidated. Here, we investigate the metabolic responses associated with ppGpp accumulation by heterologous expression of the ppGpp synthetase RelQ. The pool size of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG), which activates NtcA, is significantly decreased upon ppGpp accumulation. De novo 13C-labeled CO2 assimilation into the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle and glycolytic intermediates continues irrespective of ppGpp accumulation, whereas the labeling of 2-OG is significantly decreased under ppGpp accumulation. The low 2-OG levels in the RelQ overexpression cells could be because of the inhibition of metabolic enzymes, including aconitase, which are responsible for 2-OG biosynthesis. We propose a metabolic rearrangement by ppGpp accumulation, which negatively regulates 2-OG levels to maintain carbon and nitrogen balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hidese
- Graduate School of Science, Innovation and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryudo Ohbayashi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kato
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Graduate School of Science, Innovation and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kan Tanaka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sousuke Imamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
- NTT Space Environment and Enegy Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, 3-9-11 Midori-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ashida
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-Ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Innovation and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Innovation and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
- Research Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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7
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Garstecka Z, Antoszewski M, Mierek-Adamska A, Krauklis D, Niedojadło K, Kaliska B, Hrynkiewicz K, Dąbrowska GB. Trichoderma viride Colonizes the Roots of Brassica napus L., Alters the Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes, and Increases the Yield of Canola under Field Conditions during Drought. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15349. [PMID: 37895028 PMCID: PMC10607854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present the results of the inoculation of canola seeds (Brassica napus L.) with Trichoderma viride strains that promote the growth of plants. Seven morphologically different strains of T. viride (TvI-VII) were shown to be capable of synthesizing auxins and exhibited cellulolytic and pectinolytic activities. To gain a deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying canola-T. viride interactions, we analyzed the canola stress genes metallothioneins (BnMT1-3) and stringent response genes (BnRSH1-3 and BnCRSH). We demonstrated the presence of cis-regulatory elements responsive to fungal elicitors in the promoter regions of B. napus MT and RSH genes and observed changes in the levels of the transcripts of the above-mentioned genes in response to root colonization by the tested fungal strains. Of the seven tested strains, under laboratory conditions, T. viride VII stimulated the formation of roots and the growth of canola seedlings to the greatest extent. An experiment conducted under field conditions during drought showed that the inoculation of canola seeds with a suspension of T. viride VII spores increased yield by 16.7%. There was also a positive effect of the fungus on the height and branching of the plants, the number of siliques, and the mass of a thousand seeds. We suggest that the T. viride strain TvVII can be used in modern sustainable agriculture as a bioinoculant and seed coating to protect B. napus from drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Garstecka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (Z.G.); (M.A.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Marcel Antoszewski
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (Z.G.); (M.A.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Agnieszka Mierek-Adamska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (Z.G.); (M.A.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Daniel Krauklis
- Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Słupia Wielka, Chrząstowo 8, 89-100 Nakło nad Notecią, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Niedojadło
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Beata Kaliska
- Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Słupia Wielka, Chrząstowo 8, 89-100 Nakło nad Notecią, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Grażyna B. Dąbrowska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (Z.G.); (M.A.); (A.M.-A.)
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8
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Qiu D, Lange E, Haas TM, Prucker I, Masuda S, Wang YL, Felix G, Schaaf G, Jessen HJ. Bacterial Pathogen Infection Triggers Magic Spot Nucleotide Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplasts through Specific RelA/SpoT Homologues. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37437195 PMCID: PMC10375528 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Magic spot nucleotides (p)ppGpp are important signaling molecules in bacteria and plants. In the latter, RelA-SpoT homologue (RSH) enzymes are responsible for (p)ppGpp turnover. Profiling of (p)ppGpp is more difficult in plants than in bacteria due to lower concentrations and more severe matrix effects. Here, we report that capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS) can be deployed to study (p)ppGpp abundance and identity in Arabidopsis thaliana. This goal is achieved by combining a titanium dioxide extraction protocol and pre-spiking with chemically synthesized stable isotope-labeled internal reference compounds. The high sensitivity and separation efficiency of CE-MS enables monitoring of changes in (p)ppGpp levels in A. thaliana upon infection with the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (PstDC3000). We observed a significant increase of ppGpp post infection that is also stimulated by the flagellin peptide flg22 only. This increase depends on functional flg22 receptor FLS2 and its interacting kinase BAK1 indicating that pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptor-mediated signaling controls ppGpp levels. Transcript analyses showed an upregulation of RSH2 upon flg22 treatment and both RSH2 and RSH3 after PstDC3000 infection. Arabidopsis mutants deficient in RSH2 and RSH3 activity display no ppGpp accumulation upon infection and flg22 treatment, supporting the involvement of these synthases in PAMP-triggered innate immune responses to pathogens within the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danye Qiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS─Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esther Lange
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas M Haas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Prucker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yan L Wang
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS─Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Turkan S, Mierek-Adamska A, Kulasek M, Konieczna WB, Dąbrowska GB. New seed coating containing Trichoderma viride with anti-pathogenic properties. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15392. [PMID: 37283892 PMCID: PMC10239620 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To ensure food security in the face of climate change and the growing world population, multi-pronged measures should be taken. One promising approach uses plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF), such as Trichoderma, to reduce the usage of agrochemicals and increase plant yield, stress tolerance, and nutritional value. However, large-scale applications of PGPF have been hampered by several constraints, and, consequently, usage on a large scale is still limited. Seed coating, a process that consists of covering seeds with low quantities of exogenous materials, is gaining attention as an efficient and feasible delivery system for PGPF. Methods We have designed a new seed coating composed of chitin, methylcellulose, and Trichoderma viride spores and assessed its effect on canola (Brassica napus L.) growth and development. For this purpose, we analyzed the antifungal activity of T. viride against common canola pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum, and Colletotrichum sp.). Moreover, the effect of seed coating on germination ratio and seedling growth was evaluated. To verify the effect of seed coating on plant metabolism, we determined superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and expression of the stress-related RSH (RelA/SpoT homologs). Results Our results showed that the T. viride strains used for seed coating significantly restricted the growth of all three pathogens, especially F. culmorum, for which the growth was inhibited by over 40%. Additionally, the new seed coating did not negatively affect the ability of the seeds to complete germination, increased seedling growth, and did not induce the plant stress response. To summarize, we have successfully developed a cost-effective and environmentally responsible seed coating, which will also be easy to exploit on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Turkan
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mierek-Adamska
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Milena Kulasek
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Wiktoria B. Konieczna
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Grażyna B. Dąbrowska
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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10
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Mehrez M, Romand S, Field B. New perspectives on the molecular mechanisms of stress signalling by the nucleotide guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), an emerging regulator of photosynthesis in plants and algae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1086-1099. [PMID: 36349398 PMCID: PMC10107265 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotides guanosine tetraphosphate and guanosine pentaphosphate (together (p)ppGpp) are found in a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms where they are associated with stress signalling. In this review, we will discuss recent research highlighting the role of (p)ppGpp signalling as a conserved regulator of photosynthetic activity in the chloroplasts of plants and algae, and the latest discoveries that open up new perspectives on the emerging roles of (p)ppGpp in acclimation to environmental stress. We explore how rapid advances in the study of (p)ppGpp signalling in prokaryotes are now revealing large gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of signalling by (p)ppGpp and related nucleotides in plants and algae. Filling in these gaps is likely to lead to the discovery of conserved as well as new plant- and algal-specific (p)ppGpp signalling mechanisms that will offer new insights into the taming of the chloroplast and the regulation of stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mehrez
- Aix‐Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR726513009MarseilleFrance
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Tunis El Manar2092TunisTunisia
| | - Shanna Romand
- Aix‐Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR726513009MarseilleFrance
| | - Ben Field
- Aix‐Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR726513009MarseilleFrance
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11
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Mu H, Han F, Wang Q, Wang Y, Dai X, Zhu M. Recent functional insights into the magic role of (p)ppGpp in growth control. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:168-175. [PMID: 36544478 PMCID: PMC9747358 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid growth and survival are two key traits that enable bacterial cells to thrive in their natural habitat. The guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate [(p)ppGpp], also known as "magic spot", is a key second messenger inside bacterial cells as well as chloroplasts of plants and green algae. (p)ppGpp not only controls various stages of central dogma processes (replication, transcription, ribosome maturation and translation) and central metabolism but also regulates various physiological processes such as pathogenesis, persistence, motility and competence. Under extreme conditions such as nutrient starvation, (p)ppGpp-mediated stringent response is crucial for the survival of bacterial cells. This mini-review highlights some of the very recent progress on the key role of (p)ppGpp in bacterial growth control in light of cellular resource allocation and cell size regulation. We also briefly discuss some recent functional insights into the role of (p)ppGpp in plants and green algae from the angle of growth and development and further discuss several important open directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qian Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiongfeng Dai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Manlu Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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12
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Cheung MY, Li X, Ku YS, Chen Z, Lam HM. Co-crystalization reveals the interaction between AtYchF1 and ppGpp. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1061350. [PMID: 36533075 PMCID: PMC9748339 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1061350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AtYchF1 is an unconventional G-protein in Arabidopsis thaliana that exhibits relaxed nucleotide-binding specificity. The bindings between AtYchF1 and biomolecules including GTP, ATP, and 26S rRNA have been reported. In this study, we demonstrated the binding of AtYchF1 to ppGpp in addition to the above molecules. AtYchF1 is a cytosolic protein previously reported as a negative regulator of both biotic and abiotic stresses while the accumulation of ppGpp in the cytoplasm induces retarded plant growth and development. By co-crystallization, in vitro pull-down experiments, and hydrolytic biochemical assays, we demonstrated the binding and hydrolysis of ppGpp by AtYchF1. ppGpp inhibits the binding of AtYchF1 to ATP, GTP, and 26S rRNA. The ppGpp hydrolyzing activity of AtYchF1 failed to be activated by AtGAP1. The AtYchF1-ppGpp co-crystal structure suggests that ppGpp might prevent His136 from executing nucleotide hydrolysis. In addition, upon the binding of ppGpp, the conformation between the TGS and helical domains of AtYchF1 changes. Such structural changes probably influence the binding between AtYchF1 and other molecules such as 26S rRNA. Since YchF proteins are conserved among different kingdoms of life, the findings advance the knowledge on the role of AtYchF1 in regulating nucleotide signaling as well as hint at the possible involvement of YchF proteins in regulating ppGpp level in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yan Cheung
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yee-Shan Ku
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhongzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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13
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Antoszewski M, Mierek-Adamska A, Dąbrowska GB. The Importance of Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture-A Review. Metabolites 2022; 12:1100. [PMID: 36422239 PMCID: PMC9694901 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the face of climate change, progressive degradation of the environment, including agricultural land negatively affecting plant growth and development, endangers plant productivity. Seeking efficient and sustainable agricultural techniques to replace agricultural chemicals is one of the most important challenges nowadays. The use of plant growth-promoting microorganisms is among the most promising approaches; however, molecular mechanisms underneath plant-microbe interactions are still poorly understood. In this review, we summarized the knowledge on plant-microbe interactions, highlighting the role of microbial and plant proteins and metabolites in the formation of symbiotic relationships. This review covers rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbiomes, the role of root exudates in plant-microorganism interactions, the functioning of the plant's immune system during the plant-microorganism interactions. We also emphasized the possible role of the stringent response and the evolutionarily conserved mechanism during the established interaction between plants and microorganisms. As a case study, we discussed fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma. Our review aims to summarize the existing knowledge about plant-microorganism interactions and to highlight molecular pathways that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Mierek-Adamska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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14
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Harchouni S, England S, Vieu J, Romand S, Aouane A, Citerne S, Legeret B, Alric J, Li-Beisson Y, Menand B, Field B. Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) accumulation inhibits chloroplast gene expression and promotes super grana formation in the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:86-98. [PMID: 35715975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotides guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate (or (p)ppGpp) are implicated in the regulation of chloroplast function in plants. (p)ppGpp signalling is best understood in the model vascular plant Arabidopsis thaliana in which it acts to regulate plastid gene expression to influence photosynthesis, plant development and immunity. However, little information is known about the conservation or diversity of (p)ppGpp signalling in other land plants. We studied the function of ppGpp in the moss Physcomitrium (previously Physcomitrella) patens using an inducible system for triggering ppGpp accumulation. We used this approach to investigate the effects of ppGpp on chloroplast function, photosynthesis and growth. We demonstrate that ppGpp accumulation causes a dramatic drop in photosynthetic capacity by inhibiting chloroplast gene expression. This was accompanied by the unexpected reorganisation of the thylakoid system into super grana. Surprisingly, these changes did not affect gametophore growth, suggesting that bryophytes and vascular plants may have different tolerances to defects in photosynthesis. Our findings point to the existence of both highly conserved and more specific targets of (p)ppGpp signalling in the land plants that may reflect different growth strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seddik Harchouni
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Samantha England
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Vieu
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Shanna Romand
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Aicha Aouane
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille (IBDM), 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Bertrand Legeret
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, 13108, France
| | - Jean Alric
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, 13108, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, 13108, France
| | - Benoît Menand
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Field
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
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15
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Ito K, Ito D, Goto M, Suzuki S, Masuda S, Iba K, Kusumi K. Regulation of ppGpp Synthesis and Its Impact on Chloroplast Biogenesis during Early Leaf Development in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:919-931. [PMID: 35428891 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) is known as an alarmone that mediates bacterial stress responses. In plants, ppGpp is synthesized in chloroplasts from GTP and ATP and functions as a regulator of chloroplast gene expression to affect photosynthesis and plant growth. This observation indicates that ppGpp metabolism is closely related to chloroplast function, but the regulation of ppGpp and its role in chloroplast differentiation are not well understood. In rice, ppGpp directly inhibits plastidial guanylate kinase (GKpm), a key enzyme in GTP biosynthesis. GKpm is highly expressed during early leaf development in rice, and the GKpm-deficient mutant, virescent-2 (v2), develops chloroplast-deficient chlorotic leaves under low-temperature conditions. To examine the relationship between GTP synthesis and ppGpp homeostasis, we generated transgenic rice plants over-expressing RSH3, a protein known to act as a ppGpp synthase. When RSH3 was overexpressed in v2, the leaf chlorosis was more severe. Although the RSH3 overexpression in the wild type caused no visible effects, pulse amplitude modulation fluorometer measurements indicated that photosynthetic rates were reduced in this line. This finding implies that the regulation of ppGpp synthesis in rice is involved in the maintenance of the GTP pool required to regulate plastid gene expression during early chloroplast biogenesis. We further investigated changes in the expressions of RelA/SpoT Homolog (RSH) genes encoding ppGpp synthases and hydrolases during the same period. Comparing the expression of these genes with the cellular ppGpp content suggests that the basal ppGpp level is determined by the antagonistic action of multiple RSH enzymatic activities during early leaf development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ito
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Doshun Ito
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Mina Goto
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Sae Suzuki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Koh Iba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kensuke Kusumi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
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16
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Romand S, Abdelkefi H, Lecampion C, Belaroussi M, Dussenne M, Ksas B, Citerne S, Caius J, D'Alessandro S, Fakhfakh H, Caffarri S, Havaux M, Field B. A guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) mediated brake on photosynthesis is required for acclimation to nitrogen limitation in Arabidopsis. eLife 2022; 11:e75041. [PMID: 35156611 PMCID: PMC8887892 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine pentaphosphate and tetraphosphate (together referred to as ppGpp) are hyperphosphorylated nucleotides found in bacteria and the chloroplasts of plants and algae. In plants and algae artificial ppGpp accumulation can inhibit chloroplast gene expression, and influence photosynthesis, nutrient remobilization, growth, and immunity. However, it is so far unknown whether ppGpp is required for abiotic stress acclimation in plants. Here, we demonstrate that ppGpp biosynthesis is necessary for acclimation to nitrogen starvation in Arabidopsis. We show that ppGpp is required for remodeling the photosynthetic electron transport chain to downregulate photosynthetic activity and for protection against oxidative stress. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ppGpp is required for coupling chloroplastic and nuclear gene expression during nitrogen starvation. Altogether, our work indicates that ppGpp is a pivotal regulator of chloroplast activity for stress acclimation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Romand
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
| | - Hela Abdelkefi
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and BiotechnologyTunisTunisia
| | - Cécile Lecampion
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
| | | | - Melanie Dussenne
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
| | - Brigitte Ksas
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, SAVE TeamSaint-Paul-lez-DuranceFrance
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRAE Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Université Paris-SaclayVersaillesFrance
| | - Jose Caius
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2)OrsayFrance
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2)OrsayFrance
| | | | - Hatem Fakhfakh
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and BiotechnologyTunisTunisia
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of BizerteBizerteTunisia
| | - Stefano Caffarri
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
| | - Michel Havaux
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, SAVE TeamSaint-Paul-lez-DuranceFrance
| | - Ben Field
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
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17
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Li H, Nian J, Fang S, Guo M, Huang X, Zhang F, Wang Q, Zhang J, Bai J, Dong G, Xin P, Xie X, Chen F, Wang G, Wang Y, Qian Q, Zuo J, Chu J, Ma X. Regulation of nitrogen starvation responses by the alarmone (p)ppGpp in rice. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:469-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Goto M, Oikawa A, Masuda S. Metabolic changes contributing to large biomass production in the Arabidopsis ppGpp-accumulating mutant under nitrogen deficiency. PLANTA 2022; 255:48. [PMID: 35079894 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis ppGpp-overproducing mutant indicates a larger biomass than wild type by modulated amino-acid metabolism under nitrogen-limiting conditions. The regulatory nucleotide, guanosine 3', 5'-bis(pyrophosphate; ppGpp)-originally identified in Escherichia coli-controls gene expression and enzyme activities in the bacteria and plastids of plant cells. We recently reported that the ppGpp over-producing mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana had a larger shoot weight than wild type (WT), especially under nutrient-deficient conditions. However, the mechanisms behind the influence of ppGpp on plant growth and biomass remain elusive. To understand the impact of the ppGpp accumulation on plant growth, we characterized metabolic changes in the ppGpp-overproducing mutant upon transition from nitrogen-rich to nitrogen-limiting concentrations. We found that the fresh weight of the mutant was significantly larger than WT when the total nitrogen source (KNO3 and NH4NO3) concentration was below 0.9 mM. When the nitrogen content in the medium decreased, aromatic and branched-chain amino acids increased in WT due to accelerated protein degradation and/or attenuated protein synthesis. These amino-acid levels in the ppGpp over-accumulating mutant decreased upon nitrogen deficiency. The results suggest that the ppGpp-overaccumulation affects amino-acid and protein homeostasis and facilitates growth under nitrogen-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Goto
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, 997-8555, Japan
- Present Address: Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
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19
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In Silico Study of the RSH ( RelA/ SpoT Homologs) Gene Family and Expression Analysis in Response to PGPR Bacteria and Salinity in Brassica napus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910666. [PMID: 34639007 PMCID: PMC8509286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among several mechanisms involved in the plant stress response, synthesis of guanosine tetra and pentaphosphates (alarmones), homologous to the bacterial stringent response, is of crucial importance. Plant alarmones affect, among others, photosynthetic activity, metabolite accumulation, and nutrient remobilization, and thus regulate plant growth and development. The plant RSH (RelA/SpoT homolog) genes, that encode synthetases and/or hydrolases of alarmones, have been characterized in a limited number of plant species, e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Ipomoea nil. Here, we used dry-to-wet laboratory research approaches to characterize RSH family genes in the polyploid plant Brassica napus. There are 12 RSH genes in the genome of rapeseed that belong to four types of RSH genes: 6 RSH1, 2 RSH2, 3 RSH3, and 1 CRSH. BnRSH genes contain 13-24 introns in RSH1, 2-6 introns in RSH2, 1-6 introns in RSH3, and 2-3 introns in the CRSH genes. In the promoter regions of the RSH genes, we showed the presence of regulatory elements of the response to light, plant hormones, plant development, and abiotic and biotic stresses. The wet-lab analysis showed that expression of BnRSH genes is generally not significantly affected by salt stress, but that the presence of PGPR bacteria, mostly of Serratia sp., increased the expression of BnRSH significantly. The obtained results show that BnRSH genes are differently affected by biotic and abiotic factors, which indicates their different functions in plants.
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20
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Petrova O, Parfirova O, Gogolev Y, Gorshkov V. Stringent Response in Bacteria and Plants with Infection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1811-1817. [PMID: 34296953 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-20-0510-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stringent response (SR), a primary stress reaction in bacteria and plant chloroplasts, is a molecular switch that provides operational stress-induced reprogramming of transcription under conditions of abiotic and biotic stress. Because the infection is a stressful situation for both partners (the host plant and the pathogen), we analyzed the expression of bacterial and plastid SR-related genes during plant-microbial interaction. In the phytopathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium atrosepticum, SpoT-dependent SR was induced after contact with potato or tobacco plants. In plants, two different scenarios of molecular events developed under bacterial infection. Plastid SR was not induced in the host plant potato Solanum tuberosum, which co-evolved with the pathogen for a long time. In this case, the salicylic acid defense pathway was activated and plants were more resistant to bacterial infection. SR was activated in the tobacco Nicotiana tabacum (experimental host) along with activation of jasmonic acid-related genes, resulting in plant death. These results are important to more fully understand the evolutionary interactions between plants and symbionts/pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Parfirova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri Gogolev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russian Federation
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21
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Wei X, Mira A, Yu Q, Gmitter FG. The Mechanism of Citrus Host Defense Response Repression at Early Stages of Infection by Feeding of Diaphorina citri Transmitting Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:635153. [PMID: 34168662 PMCID: PMC8218908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.635153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating disease of citrus, presumably caused by "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CaLas). Although transcriptomic profiling of HLB-affected citrus plants has been studied extensively, the initial steps in pathogenesis have not been fully understood. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to compare very early transcriptional changes in the response of Valencia sweet orange (VAL) to CaLas after being fed by the vector, Diaphorina citri (Asian citrus psyllid, or ACP). The results suggest the existence of a delayed defense reaction against the infective vector in VAL, while the attack by the healthy vector prompted immediate and substantial transcriptomic changes that led to the rapid erection of active defenses. Moreover, in the presence of CaLas-infected psyllids, several downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified on the pathways, such as signaling, transcription factor, hormone, defense, and photosynthesis-related pathways at 1 day post-infestation (dpi). Surprisingly, a burst of DEGs (6,055) was detected at 5 dpi, including both upregulated and downregulated DEGs on the defense-related and secondary metabolic pathways, and severely downregulated DEGs on the photosynthesis-related pathways. Very interestingly, a significant number of those downregulated DEGs required ATP binding for the activation of phosphate as substrate; meanwhile, abundant highly upregulated DEGs were detected on the ATP biosynthetic and glycolytic pathways. These findings highlight the energy requirement of CaLas virulence processes. The emerging picture is that CaLas not only employs virulence strategies to subvert the host cell immunity, but the fast-replicating CaLas also actively rewires host cellular metabolic pathways to obtain the necessary energy and molecular building blocks to support virulence and the replication process. Taken together, the very early response of citrus to the CaLas, vectored by infective ACP, was evaluated for the first time, thus allowing the changes in gene expression relating to the primary mechanisms of susceptibility and host-pathogen interactions to be studied, and without the secondary effects caused by the development of complex whole plant symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wei
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Amany Mira
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Qibin Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Fred G. Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
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22
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Avilan L, Lebrun R, Puppo C, Citerne S, Cuiné S, Li‐Beisson Y, Menand B, Field B, Gontero B. ppGpp influences protein protection, growth and photosynthesis in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1517-1532. [PMID: 33595847 PMCID: PMC8252717 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts retain elements of a bacterial stress response pathway that is mediated by the signalling nucleotides guanosine penta- and tetraphosphate ((p)ppGpp). In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis, ppGpp acts as a potent regulator of plastid gene expression and influences photosynthesis, plant growth and development. However, little is known about ppGpp metabolism or its evolution in other photosynthetic eukaryotes. Here, we studied the function of ppGpp in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum using transgenic lines containing an inducible system for ppGpp accumulation. We used these lines to investigate the effects of ppGpp on growth, photosynthesis, lipid metabolism and protein expression. We demonstrate that ppGpp accumulation reduces photosynthetic capacity and promotes a quiescent-like state with reduced proliferation and ageing. Strikingly, using nontargeted proteomics, we discovered that ppGpp accumulation also leads to the coordinated upregulation of a protein protection response in multiple cellular compartments. Our findings highlight the importance of ppGpp as a fundamental regulator of chloroplast function across different domains of life, and lead to new questions about the molecular mechanisms and roles of (p)ppGpp signalling in photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisana Avilan
- CNRSBIPUMR 7281IMM FR 3479Aix Marseille Univ31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
- Centre for Enzyme InnovationSchool of Biological SciencesInstitute of Biological and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthPO1 2DYUK
| | - Regine Lebrun
- Plate‐forme ProtéomiqueMarseille Protéomique (MaP)IMM FR 3479, 31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
| | - Carine Puppo
- CNRSBIPUMR 7281IMM FR 3479Aix Marseille Univ31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRAEAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersailles78000France
| | - Stephane Cuiné
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMCEA CadaracheAix‐Marseille UnivSaint‐Paul‐lez Durance13108France
| | - Yonghua Li‐Beisson
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMCEA CadaracheAix‐Marseille UnivSaint‐Paul‐lez Durance13108France
| | - Benoît Menand
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMAix‐Marseille UnivMarseille13009France
| | - Ben Field
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMAix‐Marseille UnivMarseille13009France
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- CNRSBIPUMR 7281IMM FR 3479Aix Marseille Univ31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
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23
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Ono S, Suzuki S, Ito D, Tagawa S, Shiina T, Masuda S. Plastidial (p)ppGpp Synthesis by the Ca2+-Dependent RelA-SpoT Homolog Regulates the Adaptation of Chloroplast Gene Expression to Darkness in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 61:2077-2086. [PMID: 33089303 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In bacteria, the hyper-phosphorylated nucleotide, guanosine 3',5'-bis(pyrophosphate) (ppGpp), functions as a secondary messenger under stringent conditions. ppGpp levels are controlled by two distinct enzymes, namely RelA and SpoT, in Escherichia coli. RelA-SpoT homologs (RSHs) are also conserved in plants where they function in the plastids. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana contains four RSHs: RSH1, RSH2, RSH3 and Ca2+-dependent RSH (CRSH). Genetic characterizations of RSH1, RSH2 and RSH3 were undertaken, which showed that the ppGpp-dependent plastidial stringent response significantly influences plant growth and stress acclimation. However, the physiological significance of CRSH-dependent ppGpp synthesis remains unclear, as no crsh-null mutant has been available. Here, to investigate the function of CRSH, a crsh-knockout mutant of Arabidopsis was constructed using a site-specific gene-editing technique, and its phenotype was characterized. A transient increase in ppGpp was observed for 30 min in the wild type (WT) after the light-to-dark transition, but this increase was not observed in the crsh mutant. Similar analyses were performed with the rsh2-rsh3 double and rsh1-rsh2-rsh3 triple mutants and showed that the transient increments of ppGpp in the mutants were higher than those in the WT. The increase in ppGpp in the WT and rsh2 rsh3 accompanied decrements in the mRNA levels of some plastidial genes transcribed by the plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase. These results indicate that the transient increase in ppGpp at night is due to CRSH-dependent ppGpp synthesis and that the ppGpp level is maintained by the hydrolytic activities of RSH1, RSH2 and RSH3 to accustom plastidial gene expression to darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Ono
- Graduate School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Sae Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Doshun Ito
- Graduate School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Shota Tagawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522 Japan
| | - Takashi Shiina
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522 Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Graduate School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
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24
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Ito D, Kawamura H, Oikawa A, Ihara Y, Shibata T, Nakamura N, Asano T, Kawabata SI, Suzuki T, Masuda S. ppGpp functions as an alarmone in metazoa. Commun Biol 2020; 3:671. [PMID: 33188280 PMCID: PMC7666150 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanosine 3′,5′-bis(pyrophosphate) (ppGpp) functions as a second messenger in bacteria to adjust their physiology in response to environmental changes. In recent years, the ppGpp-specific hydrolase, metazoan SpoT homolog-1 (Mesh1), was shown to have important roles for growth under nutrient deficiency in Drosophila melanogaster. Curiously, however, ppGpp has never been detected in animal cells, and therefore the physiological relevance of this molecule, if any, in metazoans has not been established. Here, we report the detection of ppGpp in Drosophila and human cells and demonstrate that ppGpp accumulation induces metabolic changes, cell death, and eventually lethality in Drosophila. Our results provide the evidence of the existence and function of the ppGpp-dependent stringent response in animals. Ito et al. succeed in detecting guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) in measurable levels in metazoan, specifically in Drosophila. They further demonstrate that the ppGpp-specific hydrolase, metazoan SpoT homolog-1 (Mesh1), is necessary, at least in certain conditions, to maintain low ppGpp levels, hence providing insights into the role of Mesh1 as a ppGpp hydrolase in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doshun Ito
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hinata Kawamura
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Yuta Ihara
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshio Shibata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tsunaki Asano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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25
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Jin H, Lao YM, Ying KZ, Zhou J, Cai ZH. Stringent Response Regulates Stress Resistance in Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:511801. [PMID: 33281752 PMCID: PMC7688982 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.511801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are serious environmental issues in global freshwater ecosystems. Nitrogen limitation is one of the most important strategies to control cyanobacterial blooms. However, recent researches showed that N limitation does not effectively control the bloom; oppositely, N limitation induces N-fixing cyanobacterial blooms. The mechanism underlying this ecological event is elusive. In this study, we found that N limitation enhances stress tolerance of Microcystis aeruginosa by triggering stringent response (SR), one of the most important bacterial adaptive responses to environmental stresses. Initiation of SR exerted protective effects on the cells against salt and oxidative stresses by promoting colony formation, maintaining membrane integrity, increasing photosynthetic performance, reducing ROS production, upregulating stress-related genes, etc. These protections possibly help M. aeruginosa maintain their population number during seasonal N limitation. As SR has been proven to be involved in nitrogen fixing under N limitation conditions, the potential role of SR in driving the shift and succession of cyanobacterial blooms was discussed. Our findings provide cellular evidence and possible mechanisms that reducing N input is ineffective for bloom control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jin
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Min Lao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Zhen Ying
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Hua Cai
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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26
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Trösch R, Willmund F. The conserved theme of ribosome hibernation: from bacteria to chloroplasts of plants. Biol Chem 2020; 400:879-893. [PMID: 30653464 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells are highly adaptive systems that respond and adapt to changing environmental conditions such as temperature fluctuations or altered nutrient availability. Such acclimation processes involve reprogramming of the cellular gene expression profile, tuning of protein synthesis, remodeling of metabolic pathways and morphological changes of the cell shape. Nutrient starvation can lead to limited energy supply and consequently, remodeling of protein synthesis is one of the key steps of regulation since the translation of the genetic code into functional polypeptides may consume up to 40% of a cell's energy during proliferation. In eukaryotic cells, downregulation of protein synthesis during stress is mainly mediated by modification of the translation initiation factors. Prokaryotic cells suppress protein synthesis by the active formation of dimeric so-called 'hibernating' 100S ribosome complexes. Such a transition involves a number of proteins which are found in various forms in prokaryotes but also in chloroplasts of plants. Here, we review the current understanding of these hibernation factors and elaborate conserved principles which are shared between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Trösch
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics of Eukaryotes, University of Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Felix Willmund
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics of Eukaryotes, University of Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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27
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Harada K, Arizono T, Sato R, Trinh MDL, Hashimoto A, Kono M, Tsujii M, Uozumi N, Takaichi S, Masuda S. DAY-LENGTH-DEPENDENT DELAYED-GREENING1, the Arabidopsis Homolog of the Cyanobacterial H+-Extrusion Protein, Is Essential for Chloroplast pH Regulation and Optimization of Non-Photochemical Quenching. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2660-2671. [PMID: 31665522 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis, which supports almost all life activities on earth. Because the intensity and quality of sunlight can change dramatically throughout the day, various regulatory mechanisms help plants adjust their photosynthetic output accordingly, including the regulation of light energy accumulation to prevent the generation of damaging reactive oxygen species. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is a regulatory mechanism that dissipates excess light energy, but how it is regulated is not fully elucidated. In this study, we report a new NPQ-regulatory protein named Day-Length-dependent Delayed-Greening1 (DLDG1). The Arabidopsis DLDG1 associates with the chloroplast envelope membrane, and the dldg1 mutant had a large NPQ value compared with wild type. The mutant also had a pale-green phenotype in developing leaves but only under continuous light; this phenotype was not observed when dldg1 was cultured in the dark for ≥8 h/d. DLDG1 is a homolog of the plasma membrane-localizing cyanobacterial proton-extrusion-protein A that is required for light-induced H+ extrusion and also shows similarity in its amino-acid sequence to that of Ycf10 encoded in the plastid genome. Arabidopsis DLDG1 enhances the growth-retardation phenotype of the Escherichia coli K+/H+ antiporter mutant, and the everted membrane vesicles of the E. coli expressing DLDG1 show the K+/H+ antiport activity. Our findings suggest that DLDG1 functionally interacts with Ycf10 to control H+ homeostasis in chloroplasts, which is important for the light-acclimation response, by optimizing the extent of NPQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Harada
- School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Takatoshi Arizono
- School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Mai Duy Luu Trinh
- School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Akira Hashimoto
- School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Masaru Kono
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masaru Tsujii
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Uozumi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
- Center for Biological Resources & Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
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28
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Harada K, Arizono T, Sato R, Trinh MDL, Hashimoto A, Kono M, Tsujii M, Uozumi N, Takaichi S, Masuda S. DAY-LENGTH-DEPENDENT DELAYED-GREENING1, the Arabidopsis Homolog of the Cyanobacterial H+-Extrusion Protein, Is Essential for Chloroplast pH Regulation and Optimization of Non-Photochemical Quenching. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2660-2671. [PMID: 31665522 DOI: 10.1101/731653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis, which supports almost all life activities on earth. Because the intensity and quality of sunlight can change dramatically throughout the day, various regulatory mechanisms help plants adjust their photosynthetic output accordingly, including the regulation of light energy accumulation to prevent the generation of damaging reactive oxygen species. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is a regulatory mechanism that dissipates excess light energy, but how it is regulated is not fully elucidated. In this study, we report a new NPQ-regulatory protein named Day-Length-dependent Delayed-Greening1 (DLDG1). The Arabidopsis DLDG1 associates with the chloroplast envelope membrane, and the dldg1 mutant had a large NPQ value compared with wild type. The mutant also had a pale-green phenotype in developing leaves but only under continuous light; this phenotype was not observed when dldg1 was cultured in the dark for ≥8 h/d. DLDG1 is a homolog of the plasma membrane-localizing cyanobacterial proton-extrusion-protein A that is required for light-induced H+ extrusion and also shows similarity in its amino-acid sequence to that of Ycf10 encoded in the plastid genome. Arabidopsis DLDG1 enhances the growth-retardation phenotype of the Escherichia coli K+/H+ antiporter mutant, and the everted membrane vesicles of the E. coli expressing DLDG1 show the K+/H+ antiport activity. Our findings suggest that DLDG1 functionally interacts with Ycf10 to control H+ homeostasis in chloroplasts, which is important for the light-acclimation response, by optimizing the extent of NPQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Harada
- School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Takatoshi Arizono
- School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Mai Duy Luu Trinh
- School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Akira Hashimoto
- School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Masaru Kono
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masaru Tsujii
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Uozumi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- School of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
- Center for Biological Resources & Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
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29
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RSH enzyme diversity for (p)ppGpp metabolism in Phaeodactylum tricornutum and other diatoms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17682. [PMID: 31776430 PMCID: PMC6881373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotides guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate (together known as (p)ppGpp or magic spot) are produced in plant plastids from GDP/GTP and ATP by RelA-SpoT homologue (RSH) enzymes. In the model plant Arabidopsis (p)ppGpp regulates chloroplast transcription and translation to affect growth, and is also implicated in acclimation to stress. However, little is known about (p)ppGpp metabolism or its evolution in other photosynthetic eukaryotes. Here we studied (p)ppGpp metabolism in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. We identified three expressed RSH genes in the P. tricornutum genome, and determined the enzymatic activity of the corresponding enzymes by heterologous expression in bacteria. We showed that two P. tricornutum RSH are (p)ppGpp synthetases, despite substitution of a residue within the active site believed critical for activity, and that the third RSH is a bifunctional (p)ppGpp synthetase and hydrolase, the first of its kind demonstrated in a photosynthetic eukaryote. A broad phylogenetic analysis then showed that diatom RSH belong to novel algal RSH clades. Together our work significantly expands the horizons of (p)ppGpp signalling in the photosynthetic eukaryotes by demonstrating an unexpected functional, structural and evolutionary diversity in RSH enzymes from organisms with plastids derived from red algae.
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30
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Prusińska JM, Boniecka J, Dąbrowska GB, Goc A. Identification and characterization of the Ipomoea nil RelA/SpoT Homologs (InRSHs) and potential directions of their transcriptional regulation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 284:161-176. [PMID: 31084869 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the stringent response has been known for more than half a century and has been well studied in bacteria, only the research of the past 19 years revealed that the homologous mechanism is conserved in plants. The plant RelA/SpoT Homolog (RSH) genes have been identified and characterized in a limited number of plant species, whereas products of their catalytic activities, (p)ppGpp (alarmones), have been shown to accumulate mainly in chloroplasts. Here, we identified full-length sequences of the Ipomoea nil RSH genes (InRSH1, InRSH2 and InCRSH), determined their copy number in the I. nil genome as well as the structural conservancy between InRSHs and their Arabidopsis and rice orthologs. We showed that InRSHs are differentially expressed in I. nil organ tissues and that only InRSH2 is upregulated in response to salt, osmotic and drought stress. Our results of the E. coli relA/spoT mutant complementation test suggest that InRSH1 is likely a (p)ppGpp hydrolase, InCRSH - synthetase and InRSH2 shows both activities. Finally, we referred our results to the recently published I. nil genomic and proteomic data and uncovered the complexity of the I. nil RSH family as well as potential ways of the InRSH transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna M Prusińska
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Department of Genetics, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Justyna Boniecka
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Department of Genetics, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Grażyna B Dąbrowska
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Department of Genetics, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Goc
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Department of Genetics, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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31
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ppGpp Controls Global Gene Expression in Light and in Darkness in S. elongatus. Cell Rep 2018; 21:3155-3165. [PMID: 29241543 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial and plant stringent response involves production of the signaling molecules guanosine tetraphosphate and guanosine pentaphosphate ((p)ppGpp), leading to global reorganization of gene expression. The function of the stringent response has been well characterized in stress conditions, but its regulatory role during unstressed growth is less studied. Here, we demonstrate that (p)ppGpp-deficient strains of S. elongatus have globally deregulated biosynthetic capacity, with increased transcription rate, translation rate, and cell size in unstressed conditions in light and impaired viability in darkness. Synthetic restoration of basal guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) levels is sufficient to recover transcriptional balance and appropriate cell size in light and to rescue viability in light/dark conditions, but it is insufficient to enable efficient dark-induced transcriptional shutdown. Our work underscores the importance of basal ppGpp signaling for regulation of cyanobacterial physiology in the absence of stress and for viability in energy-limiting conditions, highlighting that basal (p)ppGpp level is essential in cyanobacteria in the environmental light/dark cycle.
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Field B. Green magic: regulation of the chloroplast stress response by (p)ppGpp in plants and algae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2797-2807. [PMID: 29281108 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The hyperphosphorylated nucleotides guanosine pentaphosphate and tetraphosphate [together referred to as (p)ppGpp, or 'magic spot'] orchestrate a signalling cascade in bacteria that controls growth under optimal conditions and in response to environmental stress. (p)ppGpp is also found in the chloroplasts of plants and algae where it has also been shown to accumulate in response to abiotic stress. Recent studies suggest that (p)ppGpp is a potent inhibitor of chloroplast gene expression in vivo, and is a significant regulator of chloroplast function that can influence both the growth and the development of plants. However, little is currently known about how (p)ppGpp is wired into eukaryotic signalling pathways, or how it may act to enhance fitness when plants or algae are exposed to environmental stress. This review discusses our current understanding of (p)ppGpp metabolism and its extent in plants and algae, and how (p)ppGpp signalling may be an important factor that is capable of influencing growth and stress acclimation in this major group of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Field
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, France
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Imamura S, Nomura Y, Takemura T, Pancha I, Taki K, Toguchi K, Tozawa Y, Tanaka K. The checkpoint kinase TOR (target of rapamycin) regulates expression of a nuclear-encoded chloroplast RelA-SpoT homolog (RSH) and modulates chloroplast ribosomal RNA synthesis in a unicellular red alga. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:327-339. [PMID: 29441718 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are plant organelles that carry out oxygenic photosynthesis. Chloroplast biogenesis depends upon chloroplast ribosomes and their translational activity. However, regulation of chloroplast ribosome biogenesis remains an important unanswered question. In this study, we found that inhibition of target of rapamycin (TOR), a general eukaryotic checkpoint kinase, results in a decline in chloroplast ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription in the unicellular red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Upon TOR inhibition, transcriptomics and other analyses revealed increased expression of a nuclear-encoded chloroplast RelA-SpoT homolog (RSH) gene (CmRSH4b), which encodes a homolog of the guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) synthetases that modulate rRNA synthesis in bacteria. Using an Escherichia coli mutant lacking ppGpp, CmRSH4b was demonstrated to have ppGpp synthetase activity. Expression analysis of a green fluorescent protein-fused protein indicated that CmRSH4b localizes to the chloroplast, and overexpression of the CmRSH4b gene resulted in a decrease of chloroplast rRNA synthesis concomitant with growth inhibition and reduction of chloroplast size. Biochemical analyses using C. merolae cell lysates or purified recombinant proteins revealed that ppGpp inhibits bacteria-type RNA polymerase-dependent chloroplast rRNA synthesis as well as a chloroplast guanylate kinase. These results suggest that CmRSH4b-dependent ppGpp synthesis in chloroplasts is an important regulator of chloroplast rRNA transcription. Nuclear and mitochondrial rRNA transcription were both reduced by TOR inhibition, suggesting that the biogeneses of the three independent ribosome systems are interconnected by TOR in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sousuke Imamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuhta Nomura
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tokiaki Takemura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Imran Pancha
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Keiko Taki
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuki Toguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Tozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kan Tanaka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
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Honoki R, Ono S, Oikawa A, Saito K, Masuda S. Significance of accumulation of the alarmone (p)ppGpp in chloroplasts for controlling photosynthesis and metabolite balance during nitrogen starvation in Arabidopsis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 135:299-308. [PMID: 28536785 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory nucleotides, guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) and guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp), were originally identified in Escherichia coli, and control a large set of gene expression and enzyme activities. The (p)ppGpp-dependent control of cell activities is referred to as the stringent response. A growing number of (p)ppGpp synthase/hydrolase homologs have been identified in plants, which are localized in plastids in Arabidopsis thaliana. We recently reported that the Arabidopsis mutant overproducing ppGpp in plastids showed dwarf chloroplasts, and transcript levels in the mutant plastids were significantly suppressed. Furthermore, the mutant showed more robust growth than the wild type (WT), especially under nutrient-deficient conditions, although the mechanisms are unclear. To better understand the impact of the ppGpp accumulation on plant responses to nutrient deficiency, photosynthetic activities and metabolic changes in the ppGpp-overproducing mutant were characterized here. Upon transition to the nitrogen-deficient conditions, the mutant showed reduction of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) contents, and effective and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II compared with WT. The mutant also showed more obvious changes in key metabolite levels including some amino acid contents than WT; similar metabolic change is known to be critical for plants to maintain carbon-nitrogen balance in their cells. These results suggest that artificially overproducing ppGpp modulates the organelle functions that play an important role in controlling photosynthetic performance and metabolite balance during nitrogen starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Honoki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Sumire Ono
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, 997-8555, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Center for Biological Resources & Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
- Earth-life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan.
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Abdelkefi H, Sugliani M, Ke H, Harchouni S, Soubigou‐Taconnat L, Citerne S, Mouille G, Fakhfakh H, Robaglia C, Field B. Guanosine tetraphosphate modulates salicylic acid signalling and the resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Turnip mosaic virus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:634-646. [PMID: 28220595 PMCID: PMC6638062 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts can act as key players in the perception and acclimatization of plants to incoming environmental signals. A growing body of evidence indicates that chloroplasts play a critical role in plant immunity. Chloroplast function can be regulated by the nucleotides guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate [(p)ppGpp]. In plants, (p)ppGpp levels increase in response to abiotic stress and to plant hormones which are involved in abiotic and biotic stress signalling. In this study, we analysed the transcriptome of Arabidopsis plants that over-accumulate (p)ppGpp, and unexpectedly found a decrease in the levels of a broad range of transcripts for plant defence and immunity. To determine whether (p)ppGpp is involved in the modulation of plant immunity, we analysed the susceptibility of plants with different levels of (p)ppGpp to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) carrying a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter. We found that (p)ppGpp accumulation was associated with increased susceptibility to TuMV and reduced levels of the defence hormone salicylic acid (SA). In contrast, plants with lower (p)ppGpp levels showed reduced susceptibility to TuMV, and this was associated with the precocious up-regulation of defence-related genes and increased SA content. We have therefore demonstrated a new link between (p)ppGpp metabolism and plant immunity in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Abdelkefi
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Elmanar TunisTunisia
- CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, UMR 7265, Biologie Végétal et Microbiologie Environnemental, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix‐MarseilleAix Marseille UniversitéMarseille13009France
| | - Matteo Sugliani
- CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, UMR 7265, Biologie Végétal et Microbiologie Environnemental, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix‐MarseilleAix Marseille UniversitéMarseille13009France
| | - Hang Ke
- CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, UMR 7265, Biologie Végétal et Microbiologie Environnemental, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix‐MarseilleAix Marseille UniversitéMarseille13009France
| | - Seddik Harchouni
- CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, UMR 7265, Biologie Végétal et Microbiologie Environnemental, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix‐MarseilleAix Marseille UniversitéMarseille13009France
| | - Ludivine Soubigou‐Taconnat
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAUniversité Paris‐Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris‐Saclay, Bâtiment 630Orsay91405France
- Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris‐CitéInstitute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay IPS2, Bâtiment 630Orsay91405France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean‐Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRSUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersailles78000France
| | - Gregory Mouille
- Institut Jean‐Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRSUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersailles78000France
| | - Hatem Fakhfakh
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Elmanar TunisTunisia
| | - Christophe Robaglia
- CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, UMR 7265, Biologie Végétal et Microbiologie Environnemental, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix‐MarseilleAix Marseille UniversitéMarseille13009France
| | - Ben Field
- CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, UMR 7265, Biologie Végétal et Microbiologie Environnemental, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix‐MarseilleAix Marseille UniversitéMarseille13009France
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Boniecka J, Prusińska J, Dąbrowska GB, Goc A. Within and beyond the stringent response-RSH and (p)ppGpp in plants. PLANTA 2017; 246:817-842. [PMID: 28948393 PMCID: PMC5633626 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant RSH proteins are able to synthetize and/or hydrolyze unusual nucleotides called (p)ppGpp or alarmones. These molecules regulate nuclear and chloroplast transcription, chloroplast translation and plant development and stress response. Homologs of bacterial RelA/SpoT proteins, designated RSH, and products of their activity, (p)ppGpp-guanosine tetra-and pentaphosphates, have been found in algae and higher plants. (p)ppGpp were first identified in bacteria as the effectors of the stringent response, a mechanism that orchestrates pleiotropic adaptations to nutritional deprivation and various stress conditions. (p)ppGpp accumulation in bacteria decreases transcription-with exception to genes that help to withstand or overcome current stressful situations, which are upregulated-and translation as well as DNA replication and eventually reduces metabolism and growth but promotes adaptive responses. In plants, RSH are nuclei-encoded and function in chloroplasts, where alarmones are produced and decrease transcription, translation, hormone, lipid and metabolites accumulation and affect photosynthetic efficiency and eventually plant growth and development. During senescence, alarmones coordinate nutrient remobilization and relocation from vegetative tissues into seeds. Despite the high conservancy of RSH protein domains among bacteria and plants as well as the bacterial origin of plant chloroplasts, in plants, unlike in bacteria, (p)ppGpp promote chloroplast DNA replication and division. Next, (p)ppGpp may also perform their functions in cytoplasm, where they would promote plant growth inhibition. Furthermore, (p)ppGpp accumulation also affects nuclear gene expression, i.a., decreases the level of Arabidopsis defense gene transcripts, and promotes plants susceptibility towards Turnip mosaic virus. In this review, we summarize recent findings that show the importance of RSH and (p)ppGpp in plant growth and development, and open an area of research aiming to understand the function of plant RSH in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Boniecka
- Department of Genetics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Justyna Prusińska
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Grażyna B Dąbrowska
- Department of Genetics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Anna Goc
- Department of Genetics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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Sato R, Kono M, Harada K, Ohta H, Takaichi S, Masuda S. FLUCTUATING-LIGHT-ACCLIMATION PROTEIN1, Conserved in Oxygenic Phototrophs, Regulates H+ Homeostasis and Non-Photochemical Quenching in Chloroplasts. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1622-1630. [PMID: 29016945 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants have mechanisms allowing them to acclimate to intense light conditions, which involves the dissipation of excess light energy. These mechanisms allow plants to perform photosynthesis efficiently and, therefore, must be accurately and precisely controlled. However, how plants dissipate excess light energy has yet to be fully elucidated. Herein we report the identification of a gene, which we named Fluctuating-Light-Acclimation Protein1 (FLAP1), that is conserved in oxygenic phototrophs. We show that Arabidopsis FLAP1 is associated with chloroplast thylakoid and envelope membranes and that the flap1 mutant shows delayed non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) relaxation during induction of photosynthesis at moderate light intensity. Under fluctuating light conditions, NPQ levels in the flap1 mutant were higher than those in the wild type during the high light period, and the mutant exhibited a pale-green phenotype. These findings suggest that FLAP1 is involved in NPQ control, which is important for an acclimation response to fluctuating light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Masaru Kono
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kyohei Harada
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Masuda
- Center for Biological Resources & Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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38
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Ito D, Ihara Y, Nishihara H, Masuda S. Phylogenetic analysis of proteins involved in the stringent response in plant cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:625-634. [PMID: 28303404 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0922-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide (p)ppGpp is a second messenger that controls the stringent response in bacteria. The stringent response modifies expression of a large number of genes and metabolic processes and allows bacteria to survive under fluctuating environmental conditions. Recent genome sequencing analyses have revealed that genes responsible for the stringent response are also found in plants. These include (p)ppGpp synthases and hydrolases, RelA/SpoT homologs (RSHs), and the pppGpp-specific phosphatase GppA/Ppx. However, phylogenetic relationship between enzymes involved in bacterial and plant stringent responses is as yet generally unclear. Here, we investigated the origin and evolution of genes involved in the stringent response in plants. Phylogenetic analysis and primary structures of RSH homologs from different plant phyla (including Embryophyta, Charophyta, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta) indicate that RSH gene families were introduced into plant cells by at least two independent lateral gene transfers from the bacterial Deinococcus-Thermus phylum and an unidentified bacterial phylum; alternatively, they were introduced into a proto-plant cell by a lateral gene transfer from the endosymbiotic cyanobacterium followed by gene loss of an ancestral RSH gene in the cyanobacterial linage. Phylogenetic analysis of gppA/ppx families indicated that plant gppA/ppx homologs form an individual cluster in the phylogenetic tree, and show a sister relationship with some bacterial gppA/ppx homologs. Although RSHs contain a plastidial transit peptide at the N terminus, GppA/Ppx homologs do not, suggesting that plant GppA/Ppx homologs function in the cytosol. These results reveal that a proto-plant cell obtained genes for the stringent response by lateral gene transfer events from different bacterial phyla and have utilized them to control metabolism in plastids and the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doshun Ito
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Ihara
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nishihara
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan.
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The stringent response regulates adaptation to darkness in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4867-76. [PMID: 27486247 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524915113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus relies upon photosynthesis to drive metabolism and growth. During darkness, Synechococcus stops growing, derives energy from its glycogen stores, and greatly decreases rates of macromolecular synthesis via unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that the stringent response, a stress response pathway whose genes are conserved across bacteria and plant plastids, contributes to this dark adaptation. Levels of the stringent response alarmone guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) rise after a shift from light to dark, indicating that darkness triggers the same response in cyanobacteria as starvation in heterotrophic bacteria. High levels of ppGpp are sufficient to stop growth and dramatically alter many aspects of cellular physiology, including levels of photosynthetic pigments and polyphosphate, DNA content, and the rate of translation. Cells unable to synthesize ppGpp display pronounced growth defects after exposure to darkness. The stringent response regulates expression of a number of genes in Synechococcus, including ribosomal hibernation promoting factor (hpf), which causes ribosomes to dimerize in the dark and may contribute to decreased translation. Although the metabolism of Synechococcus differentiates it from other model bacterial systems, the logic of the stringent response remains remarkably conserved, while at the same time having adapted to the unique stresses of the photosynthetic lifestyle.
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40
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Ihara Y, Masuda S. Cytosolic ppGpp accumulation induces retarded plant growth and development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1132966. [PMID: 26825398 PMCID: PMC4883912 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1132966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In bacteria a second messenger, guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp), synthesized upon nutrient starvation, controls many gene expressions and enzyme activities, which is necessary for growth under changeable environments. Recent studies have shown that ppGpp synthase and hydrolase are also conserved in eukaryotes, although their functions are not well understood. We recently showed that ppGpp-overaccumulation in Arabidopsis chloroplasts results in robust growth under nutrient-limited conditions, demonstrating that the bacterial-like stringent response at least functions in plastids. To test if ppGpp also functions in the cytosol, we constructed the transgenic Arabidopsis expressing Bacillus subtilis ppGpp synthase gene yjbM. Upon induction of the gene, the mutant synthesizes ∼10-20-fold higher levels of ppGpp, and its fresh weight was reduced to ˜80% that of the wild type. These results indicate that cytosolic ppGpp negatively regulates plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ihara
- Graduate School of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Center for Biological Resources & Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- Earth-life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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41
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López-Juez E. Chloroplast biology: Cost-benefit analysis. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15191. [PMID: 27251723 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique López-Juez
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
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