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Vargas-Perez H, Minauro-Sanmiguel F, Ting-A-Kee R, Grieder TE, Méndez-Díaz M, Prospéro-García O, van der Kooy D. Rewarding Effects of the Hallucinogen 4-AcO-DMT Administration and Withdrawal in Rats: A Challenge to the Opponent-Process Theory. Neurosci Lett 2024; 820:137597. [PMID: 38110146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
According to the opponent-process theory of drug addiction, the intake of an addictive substance initiates two processes: a rapid primary process that results in the drug's rewarding effects, and a slower opponent process that leads to the aversive motivational state of drug aftereffects. This aversive state is integral in the desire, pursuit, and maintenance of drug use, potentially leading to dependence and addiction. However, current observational and experimental evidence suggests that the administration of a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors-type 2A (5-HT2A) agonist, while capable of inducing a positive mental state in humans, may not generate the behavioral patterns typically associated with drugs of abuse. In this study, we found that administering the 5-HT2A agonist 4-Acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine fumarate (4-AcO-DMT) did not result in place preference in male rats compared to control saline administration 24 h later, after the drug has been cleared from the organism. However, in a modified place preference test where only the acute motivational effects of the drug were evaluated (excluding withdrawal), 4-AcO-DMT was found to be rewarding. Furthermore, in another modified place preference test where only the motivational effects of drug withdrawal were evaluated (excluding the acute effects of drug administration), the 24-hour aftereffect of 5-HT2A agonist administration also resulted in a robust place preference. Therefore, while 4-AcO-DMT administration was able to induce place preference, its 24-hour aftereffect also produced a strong reward. In the counterbalanced test, this reward from the aftereffect effectively overshadowed its acute rewarding properties, which could potentially create a false impression that 4-AcO-DMT lacks motivational properties. This suggests that 5-HT2A agonist administration follows a different dynamic than that proposed by the opponent-process theory of motivation and implies that the administration of 5-HT2A agonists may lead to behavioral patterns less typical of drugs associated with addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Vargas-Perez
- The Nierika Intercultural Medicine Institute, Ocuilan, Estado de México, 52483, Mexico; Institute of Medical Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Postgrado En Ciencias Cognitivas, Universidad Autonoma Del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Minauro-Sanmiguel
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Ryan Ting-A-Kee
- Institute of Medical Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Taryn Elizabeth Grieder
- Department of Molecular Genetics, the Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Mónica Méndez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Oscar Prospéro-García
- Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Institute of Medical Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, the Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
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2
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Grieder TE, Yee M, Vargas-Perez H, Maal-Bared G, George S, Ting-A-Kee R, George O, van der Kooy D. Administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the ventral tegmental area produces a switch from a nicotine nondependent D1R-mediated motivational state to a nicotine dependent-like D2R-mediated motivational state. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:714-724. [PMID: 34963197 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in the transition from a nondependent motivational state to a drug-dependent and -withdrawn motivational state. Chronic nicotine can increase BDNF in the rodent brain and is associated with smoking severity in humans; however, it is unknown whether this increased BDNF is linked functionally to the switch from a nicotine-nondependent to a nicotine-dependent state. We used a place conditioning paradigm to measure the conditioned responses to nicotine, showing that a dose of acute nicotine that nondependent male mice find aversive is found rewarding in chronic nicotine-treated mice experiencing withdrawal. A single BDNF injection in the ventral tegmental area (in the absence of chronic nicotine treatment) caused mice to behave as if they were nicotine-dependent and in withdrawal, switching the neurobiological substrate mediating the conditioned motivational effects from dopamine D1 receptors to D2 receptors. Quantification of gene expression of BDNF and its receptor, tropomyosin-receptor-kinase B (TrkB), revealed an increase in TrkB mRNA but not BDNF mRNA in the VTA in nicotine-dependent and -withdrawn mice. These results suggest that BDNF signaling in the VTA is a critical neurobiological substrate for the transition to nicotine dependence. The modulation of BDNF signaling may be a promising new pharmacological avenue for the treatment of addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn E Grieder
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mandy Yee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hector Vargas-Perez
- The Nierika Intercultural Medicine Institute, Ocuilan, Estado de México, México
| | - Geith Maal-Bared
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan George
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Ting-A-Kee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Nguyen C, Mondoloni S, Le Borgne T, Centeno I, Come M, Jehl J, Solié C, Reynolds LM, Durand-de Cuttoli R, Tolu S, Valverde S, Didienne S, Hannesse B, Fiancette JF, Pons S, Maskos U, Deroche-Gamonet V, Dalkara D, Hardelin JP, Mourot A, Marti F, Faure P. Nicotine inhibits the VTA-to-amygdala dopamine pathway to promote anxiety. Neuron 2021; 109:2604-2615.e9. [PMID: 34242565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine stimulates dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to establish and maintain reinforcement. Nicotine also induces anxiety through an as yet unknown circuitry. We found that nicotine injection drives opposite functional responses of two distinct populations of VTA DA neurons with anatomically segregated projections: it activates neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens (NAc), whereas it inhibits neurons that project to the amygdala nuclei (Amg). We further show that nicotine mediates anxiety-like behavior by acting on β2-subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the VTA. Finally, using optogenetics, we bidirectionally manipulate the VTA-NAc and VTA-Amg pathways to dissociate their contributions to anxiety-like behavior. We show that inhibition of VTA-Amg DA neurons mediates anxiety-like behavior, while their activation prevents the anxiogenic effects of nicotine. These distinct subpopulations of VTA DA neurons with opposite responses to nicotine may differentially drive the anxiogenic and the reinforcing effects of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Nguyen
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sarah Mondoloni
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tinaïg Le Borgne
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ines Centeno
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maxime Come
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joachim Jehl
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Clément Solié
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lauren M Reynolds
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Stefania Tolu
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Valverde
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Steve Didienne
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bernadette Hannesse
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Fiancette
- Neurocentre Magendie, Inserm U1215, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphanie Pons
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Neurobiologie intégrative des systèmes cholinergiques, Département de neuroscience, 75724 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Uwe Maskos
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Neurobiologie intégrative des systèmes cholinergiques, Département de neuroscience, 75724 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Deroche-Gamonet
- Neurocentre Magendie, Inserm U1215, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hardelin
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Mourot
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabio Marti
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Faure
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de plasticité du cerveau UMR8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR8246 CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, 75005 Paris, France.
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4
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Jia W, Wilar G, Kawahata I, Cheng A, Fukunaga K. Impaired Acquisition of Nicotine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 3 Null Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2030-2045. [PMID: 33411237 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine causes psychological dependence through its interactions with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. We previously demonstrated that fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3) colocalizes with dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) in the dorsal striatum, and FABP3 deficiency leads to impaired D2R function. Moreover, D2R null mice do not exhibit increased nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) following chronic nicotine administration. To investigate the role of FABP3 in nicotine-induced CPP, FABP3 knockout (FABP3-/-) mice were evaluated using a CPP apparatus following consecutive nicotine administration (0.5 mg/kg) for 14 days. Importantly, nicotine-induced CPP was suppressed in the conditioning, withdrawal, and relapse phases in FABP3-/- mice. To resolve the mechanisms underlying impaired nicotine-induced CPP in these mice, we assessed c-Fos expression and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in both dopamine D1 receptor (D1R)- and D2R-positive neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Notably, 64% of dopamine receptor-positive neurons in the mouse NAc expressed both D1R and D2R. Impaired nicotine-induced CPP was correlated with lack of responsiveness of both CaMKII and ERK phosphorylation. The number of D2R-positive neurons was increased in FABP3-/- mice, while the number of D1R-positive neurons and the responsiveness of c-Fos expression to nicotine were decreased. The aberrant c-Fos expression was closely correlated with CaMKII but not ERK phosphorylation levels in the NAc of FABP3-/- mice. Taken together, these results indicate that impaired D2R signaling due to lack of FABP3 may affect D1R and c-Fos signaling and underlie nicotine-induced CPP behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Gofarana Wilar
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, JL. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 20.5 Jatinangor, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Ichiro Kawahata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - An Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan. .,, Sendai, Japan.
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5
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Ponzoni L, Teh MT, Torres-Perez JV, Brennan CH, Braida D, Sala M. Increased Response to 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Reward and Altered Gene Expression in Zebrafish During Short- and Long-Term Nicotine Withdrawal. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1650-1663. [PMID: 33236326 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An interactive effect between nicotine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been reported but the mechanism underlying such interaction is not completely understood. This study used zebrafish to explore gene expression changes associated with altered sensitivity to the rewarding effects of MDMA following 2-week exposure to nicotine and 2-60 days of nicotine withdrawal. Reward responses to MDMA were assessed using a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm and gene expression was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR of mRNA from whole brain samples from drug-treated and control adult zebrafish. Zebrafish pre-exposed for 2 weeks to nicotine showed increased conditioned place preference in response to low-dose, 0.1 mg/kg, MDMA compared to un-exposed fish at 2, 7, 30 and 60 days withdrawal. Pre-exposure to nicotine for 2 weeks induced a significant increase of c-Fos and vasopressin receptor expression but a decrease of D3 dopaminergic and oxytocin receptor expression at 2 days of withdrawal. C-Fos mRNA increased also at 7, 30, 60 days of withdrawal. Nicotine pre-exposed zebrafish submitted to MDMA-induced CPP showed an increase in expression of p35 at day 2, α4 at day 30, vasopressin at day 7 and D3 dopaminergic receptor at day 7, 30 and 60. These gene alterations could account for the altered sensitivity to the rewarding effects of MDMA in nicotine pre-exposed fish, suggesting that zebrafish have an altered ability to modulate behaviour as a function of reward during nicotine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ponzoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, England, UK
| | - Jose V Torres-Perez
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Caroline H Brennan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Daniela Braida
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariaelvina Sala
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.
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6
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Yamate Y, Orita K, Kobayashi H, Hiramoto K. Ameliorative effect of green odor against UVB-induced immunosuppression of contact hypersensitivity. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13848. [PMID: 32543744 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to the eye induces photoimmunosuppression. In here, we examined the effect of green odor against immunosuppression of contact hypersensitivity in the eye induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Systemic immunosuppression was induced in ICR mice sensitized with 0.5% oxazolone through the skin by a single exposure to UVB. Consecutive green odor treatment significantly counteracted UVB irradiation-induced immunosuppression of the contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response. The green odor treatment increased dopamine and β-endorphin levels in the brain and the plasma, respectively, and decreased the plasma corticosterone concentration in the oxazolone-sensitized mice after UVB irradiation to the eye, in contrast with that in acetone-treated mice (treatment negative control). Green odor prevented UVB irradiation-induced photoimmunosuppression of the CHS response by regulating the dopamine/β-endorphin/corticosterone pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Yamate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Kumi Orita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Keiichi Hiramoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
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7
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Yee M, Maal-Bared G, Ting-A-Kee R, Chwalek M, Mackay-Clackett I, Bergamini M, Grieder TE, van der Kooy D. Segregation of caffeine reward and aversion in the rat nucleus accumbens shell versus core. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3074-3086. [PMID: 32150654 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine, the most commonly consumed psychoactive drug in the world, is readily available in dietary sources, including soft drinks, chocolate, tea and coffee. However, little is known about the neural substrates that underlie caffeine's rewarding and aversive properties and what ultimately leads us to seek or avoid caffeine consumption. Using male Wistar rats in a place conditioning procedure, we show that systemic caffeine at a low intraperitoneal dose of 2 mg/kg (or 100 µM injected directly into the rostral, but not caudal, portion of the ventral tegmental area) produced conditioned place preferences. By contrast, high doses of systemic caffeine at 10 and 30 mg/kg produced conditioned place aversions. These aversions were not recapitulated by a caffeine analog restricted to the periphery. Both caffeine reward and aversion were blocked by systemic D1-like receptor antagonism using SCH23390, while systemic D2-like receptor antagonism with eticlopride had smaller effects on caffeine motivation. Most important, we demonstrated that pharmacological blockade of dopamine receptors using α-flupenthixol injected into the nucleus accumbens shell, but not core, blocked caffeine-conditioned place preferences. Conversely, α-flupenthixol injected into the nucleus accumbens core, but not shell, blocked caffeine-conditioned place aversions. Thus, our findings reveal two dopamine-dependent and functionally dissociable mechanisms for processing caffeine motivation, which are segregated between nucleus accumbens subregions. These data provide novel evidence for the roles of the nucleus accumbens subregions in mediating approach and avoidance behaviours for caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Yee
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Geith Maal-Bared
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Ting-A-Kee
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michal Chwalek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Michael Bergamini
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Taryn E Grieder
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Center for the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Palmisano AN, Astur RS. Nicotine Facilitation of Conditioned Place Preference to Food Reward in Humans. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:2156-2164. [PMID: 32720546 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1795682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine has recently been shown to enhance the motivational value of non-nicotine stimuli in nonhumans. To investigate whether nicotine also enhances reward in humans, we used a virtual translation of the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm to examine nicotine's reward-enhancing effects using a low-dose 2 mg nicotine lozenge targeted to a mild use population. Methods: Sixty-eight nicotine-using undergraduates were randomly assigned to receive either a 2 mg nicotine or placebo lozenge prior to conditioning. During each of six, three-minute conditioning sessions, participants were confined to one of two VR rooms. In one room, they received real chocolate M&Ms, whereas no M&Ms were administered in the other room. Following conditioning, a three-minute free-access test session occurred during which participants had unrestricted access to both rooms without reward. Results: Individuals who received nicotine demonstrated a CPP by spending significantly more time in the room previously paired with M&Ms compared to the unrewarded room (p = 0.04). Those who received placebo did not demonstrate a CPP (p > 0.05). Moreover, we observed no significant differences between treatment groups in terms of the amount of time spent in each virtual room. Conclusion: While nicotine seems to facilitate CPP expression for a virtual environment previously paired with chocolate food rewards, further characterization of the mechanism by which this occurs is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Palmisano
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robert S Astur
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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9
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β2* nAChRs on VTA dopamine and GABA neurons separately mediate nicotine aversion and reward. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25968-25973. [PMID: 31776253 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908724116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence shows that the neurotransmitter dopamine mediates the rewarding effects of nicotine and other drugs of abuse, while nondopaminergic neural substrates mediate the negative motivational effects. β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are necessary and sufficient for the experience of both nicotine reward and aversion in an intra-VTA (ventral tegmental area) self-administration paradigm. We selectively reexpressed β2* nAChRs in VTA dopamine or VTA γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neurons in β2-/- mice to double-dissociate the aversive and rewarding conditioned responses to nicotine in nondependent mice, revealing that β2* nAChRs on VTA dopamine neurons mediate nicotine's conditioned aversive effects, while β2* nAChRs on VTA GABA neurons mediate the conditioned rewarding effects in place-conditioning paradigms. These results stand in contrast to a purely dopaminergic reward theory, leading to a better understanding of the neurobiology of nicotine motivation and possibly to improved therapeutic treatments for smoking cessation.
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10
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Kallupi M, de Guglielmo G, Larrosa E, George O. Exposure to passive nicotine vapor in male adolescent rats produces a withdrawal-like state and facilitates nicotine self-administration during adulthood. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:1227-1234. [PMID: 31462388 PMCID: PMC7899081 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.08.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette use is particularly prevalent in adolescents, but the effects of secondhand exposure to nicotine vapor in adolescents on the propensity to develop nicotine dependence and increase nicotine self-administration in adulthood are poorly known. The present study explored the effects of nicotine vapor exposure on withdrawal-like states (hyperalgesia, spontaneous withdrawal signs, and locomotor activity) in adolescent rats and the vulnerability to acquire intravenous nicotine self-administration in adulthood. Adolescent (postnatal day 38) rats were exposed to intermittent nicotine vapor (14 h/day) for 7 consecutive days in a range of doses (0, 0.4, and 7 mg/m3). The rats were tested for somatic, emotional, and motivational withdrawal symptoms. When the animals reached adulthood, they were allowed to self-administer nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/0.1 ml) intravenously in operant chambers for 1 h/day for 12 consecutive days. Rats that were exposed to nicotine vapor presented moderate to severe signs of spontaneous withdrawal after the cessation of nicotine vapor. No effect on anxiety-like behavior was observed. Rats that were exposed to high levels of nicotine vapor in adolescence had lower pain thresholds and exhibited faster and higher acquisition of nicotine self-administration in adulthood. Chronic exposure to nicotine vapor in adolescent rats produced a withdrawal-like state and facilitated the acquisition of intravenous nicotine self-administration in adulthood. These results suggest that exposure of adolescents to nicotine vapor may confer higher risk of developing nicotine dependence when they become adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsida Kallupi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States.
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States
| | - Estefania Larrosa
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States.
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11
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Kallupi M, George O. Nicotine Vapor Method to Induce Nicotine Dependence in Rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 80:8.41.1-8.41.10. [PMID: 28678400 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, the main addictive component of tobacco, induces potentiation of brain stimulation reward, increases locomotor activity, and induces conditioned place preference. Nicotine cessation produces a withdrawal syndrome that can be relieved by nicotine replacement therapy. In the last decade, the market for electronic cigarettes has flourished, especially among adolescents. The nicotine vaporizer or electronic nicotine delivery system is a battery-operated device that allows the user to simulate the experience of tobacco smoking without inhaling smoke. The device is designed to be an alternative to conventional cigarettes that emits vaporized nicotine inhaled by the user. This report describes a procedure to vaporize nicotine in the air to produce blood nicotine levels in rodents that are clinically relevant to those that are observed in humans and produce dependence. We also describe how to construct the apparatus to deliver nicotine vapor in a stable, reliable, and consistent manner, as well as how to analyze air for nicotine content. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsida Kallupi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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12
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Grieder TE, George O, Yee M, Bergamini MA, Chwalek M, Maal-Bared G, Vargas-Perez H, van der Kooy D. Deletion of α5 nicotine receptor subunits abolishes nicotinic aversive motivational effects in a manner that phenocopies dopamine receptor antagonism. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:1673-1681. [PMID: 28498560 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine addiction is a worldwide epidemic that claims millions of lives each year. Genetic deletion of α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits has been associated with increased nicotine intake, however, it remains unclear whether acute nicotine is less aversive or more rewarding, and whether mice lacking the α5 nAChR subunit can experience withdrawal from chronic nicotine. We used place conditioning and conditioned taste avoidance paradigms to examine the effect of α5 subunit-containing nAChR deletion (α5 -/-) on conditioned approach and avoidance behaviour in nondependent and nicotine-dependent and -withdrawn mice, and compared these motivational effects with those elicited after dopamine receptor antagonism. We show that nondependent α5 -/- mice find low, non-motivational doses of nicotine rewarding, and do not show an aversive conditioned response or taste avoidance to higher aversive doses of nicotine. Furthermore, nicotine-dependent α5 -/- mice do not show a conditioned aversive motivational response to withdrawal from chronic nicotine, although they continue to exhibit a somatic withdrawal syndrome. These effects phenocopy those observed after dopamine receptor antagonism, but are not additive, suggesting that α5 nAChR subunits act in the same pathway as dopamine and are critical for the experience of nicotine's aversive, but not rewarding motivational effects in both a nondependent and nicotine-dependent and -withdrawn motivational state. Genetic deletion of α5 nAChR subunits leads to a behavioural phenotype that exactly matches that observed after antagonizing dopamine receptors, thus we suggest that modulation of nicotinic receptors containing α5 subunits may modify dopaminergic signalling, suggesting novel therapeutic treatments for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn E Grieder
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1110-160 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Center for the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mandy Yee
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1110-160 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Michael A Bergamini
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1110-160 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Michal Chwalek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Geith Maal-Bared
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1110-160 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Hector Vargas-Perez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1110-160 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Vargas-Perez H, Grieder TE, Ting-A-Kee R, Maal-Bared G, Chwalek M, van der Kooy D. A single administration of the hallucinogen, 4-acetoxy-dimethyltryptamine, prevents the shift to a drug-dependent state and the expression of withdrawal aversions in rodents. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:1410-1417. [PMID: 28378435 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite several studies suggesting the therapeutic use of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors type 2A (5-HT2A ) agonists in the treatment of substance use disorders, the neurobiological basis accounting for such effects are still unknown. It has been observed that chronic exposure to drugs of abuse produces molecular and cellular adaptations in ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons, mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These BDNF-induced adaptations in the VTA are associated with the establishment of aversive withdrawal motivation that leads to a drug-dependent state. Growing evidence suggests that 5-HT2A receptor signaling can regulate the expression of BDNF in the brain. In this study, we observed that a single systemic or intra-VTA administration of a 5-HT2A agonist in rats and mice blocks both the aversive conditioned response to drug withdrawal and the mechanism responsible for switching from a drug-naive to a drug-dependent motivational system. Our results suggest that 5-HT2A agonists could be used as therapeutic agents to reverse a drug dependent state, as well as inhibiting the aversive effects produced by drug withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Vargas-Perez
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1130-160 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.,The Nierika Intercultural Medicine Institute, Ocuilan, Estado de México, México.,Postgrado en Ciencias Cognitivas, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Taryn E Grieder
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1130-160 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ryan Ting-A-Kee
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1130-160 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Geith Maal-Bared
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1130-160 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Michal Chwalek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1130-160 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Tolu S, Marti F, Morel C, Perrier C, Torquet N, Pons S, de Beaurepaire R, Faure P. Nicotine enhances alcohol intake and dopaminergic responses through β2* and β4* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45116. [PMID: 28332590 PMCID: PMC5362818 DOI: 10.1038/srep45116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol and nicotine are the most widely co-abused drugs. Both modify the activity of dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and lead to an increase in DA release in the Nucleus Accumbens, thereby affecting the reward system. Evidences support the hypothesis that distinct nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), the molecular target of acetylcholine (ACh) and exogenous nicotine, are also in addition implicated in the response to alcohol. The precise molecular and neuronal substrates of this interaction are however not well understood. Here we used in vivo electrophysiology in the VTA to characterise acute and chronic interactions between nicotine and alcohol. Simultaneous injections of the two drugs enhanced their responses on VTA DA neuron firing and chronic exposure to nicotine increased alcohol-induced DA responses and alcohol intake. Then, we assessed the role of β4 * nAChRs, but not β2 * nAChRs, in mediating acute responses to alcohol using nAChR subtypes knockout mice (β2-/- and β4-/- mice). Finally, we showed that nicotine-induced modifications of alcohol responses were absent in β2-/- and β4-/- mice, suggesting that nicotine triggers β2* and β4 * nAChR-dependent neuroadaptations that subsequently modify the responses to alcohol and thus indicating these receptors as key mediators in the complex interactions between these two drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Tolu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Fabio Marti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Carole Morel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Carole Perrier
- Groupe Hospitalier Paul Guiraud, BP 20065, F-94806, Villejuif, France
| | - Nicolas Torquet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Pons
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, Département de Neuroscience, F-75724, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3571, F-75724, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Faure
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005, Paris, France
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15
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Hall FS, Der-Avakian A, Gould TJ, Markou A, Shoaib M, Young JW. Negative affective states and cognitive impairments in nicotine dependence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:168-85. [PMID: 26054790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Smokers have substantial individual differences in quit success in response to current treatments for nicotine dependence. This observation may suggest that different underlying motivations for continued tobacco use across individuals and nicotine cessation may require different treatments in different individuals. Although most animal models of nicotine dependence emphasize the positive reinforcing effects of nicotine as the major motivational force behind nicotine use, smokers generally report that other consequences of nicotine use, including the ability of nicotine to alleviate negative affective states or cognitive impairments, as reasons for continued smoking. These states could result from nicotine withdrawal, but also may be associated with premorbid differences in affective and/or cognitive function. Effects of nicotine on cognition and affect may alleviate these impairments regardless of their premorbid or postmorbid origin (e.g., before or after the development of nicotine dependence). The ability of nicotine to alleviate these symptoms would thus negatively reinforce behavior, and thus maintain subsequent nicotine use, contributing to the initiation of smoking, the progression to dependence and relapse during quit attempts. The human and animal studies reviewed here support the idea that self-medication for pre-morbid and withdrawal-induced impairments may be more important factors in nicotine addiction and relapse than has been previously appreciated in preclinical research into nicotine dependence. Given the diverse beneficial effects of nicotine under these conditions, individuals might smoke for quite different reasons. This review suggests that inter-individual differences in the diverse effects of nicotine associated with self-medication and negative reinforcement are an important consideration in studies attempting to understand the causes of nicotine addiction, as well as in the development of effective, individualized nicotine cessation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Andre Der-Avakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohammed Shoaib
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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16
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Hall BJ, Slade S, Allenby C, Kutlu MG, Levin ED. Neuro-anatomic mapping of dopamine D1 receptor involvement in nicotine self-administration in rats. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:689-95. [PMID: 25797492 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic signaling has long been known to be a critical factor in nicotine addiction, as well as other drugs of abuse. Dopaminergic projections from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex have been well established to be critical to the reinforcing effects of these drugs. However, other projections of dopamine neurons are likely to have significant roles in this process. Also, the relative contributions of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in drug addiction and its treatment remain to be fully understood. In this study, we examined the effects of blocking D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcS), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and parietal association cortex (PtA) on nicotine self-administration in rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fitted with jugular catheters and allowed to self-administer nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion) on an FR1 schedule. Rats were fitted with bilateral infusion cannulae to allow infusion of D1 or D2 antagonists (SCH-23390 or haloperidol) into each targeted brain area. Acute local infusions of SCH-23390 (1-4 μg/side) into the AcS and PtA significantly reduced nicotine self-administration by up to 75%. SCH-23390 infusion into the ACC was less effective with only suggestive non-significant reductions of nicotine self-administration. Acute, local infusions of haloperidol (0.5-2 μg/side) in any of the brain regions targeted did not have significant effects on nicotine self-administration. These results demonstrate a more significant role for D1 receptor mechanisms in the process of nicotine reinforcement and help provide a more detailed neuroanatomic map of nicotine dependence in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Hall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA
| | - Susan Slade
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA
| | - Cheyenne Allenby
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA
| | - Munir G Kutlu
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA.
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17
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Grieder TE, Herman MA, Contet C, Tan LA, Vargas-Perez H, Cohen A, Chwalek M, Maal-Bared G, Freiling J, Schlosburg JE, Clarke L, Crawford E, Koebel P, Repunte-Canonigo V, Sanna PP, Tapper AR, Roberto M, Kieffer BL, Sawchenko PE, Koob GF, van der Kooy D, George O. VTA CRF neurons mediate the aversive effects of nicotine withdrawal and promote intake escalation. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:1751-8. [PMID: 25402857 PMCID: PMC4241147 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are well known for mediating the positive reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. Here we identify in rodents and humans a population of VTA dopaminergic neurons expressing corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). We provide further evidence in rodents that chronic nicotine exposure upregulates Crh mRNA (encoding CRF) in dopaminergic neurons of the posterior VTA, activates local CRF1 receptors and blocks nicotine-induced activation of transient GABAergic input to dopaminergic neurons. Local downregulation of Crh mRNA and specific pharmacological blockade of CRF1 receptors in the VTA reversed the effect of nicotine on GABAergic input to dopaminergic neurons, prevented the aversive effects of nicotine withdrawal and limited the escalation of nicotine intake. These results link the brain reward and stress systems in the same brain region to signaling of the negative motivational effects of nicotine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn E Grieder
- Institute of Medical Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa A Herman
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Candice Contet
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Laura A Tan
- The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hector Vargas-Perez
- Institute of Medical Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ami Cohen
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michal Chwalek
- Institute of Medical Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geith Maal-Bared
- Institute of Medical Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Freiling
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joel E Schlosburg
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Laura Clarke
- Institute of Medical Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Crawford
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pascale Koebel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS / INSERM / Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Vez Repunte-Canonigo
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pietro P Sanna
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew R Tapper
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- 1] Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS / INSERM / Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France. [2] Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Institute of Medical Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier George
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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18
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Oleson EB, Cachope R, Fitoussi A, Cheer JF. Tales from the dark side: do neuromodulators of drug withdrawal require changes in endocannabinoid tone? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 52:17-23. [PMID: 23911441 PMCID: PMC3874071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and interoceptive cues are theorized to serve as 'signals' that motivate drug seeking and effects that may be augmented in the withdrawn state. Phasic dopamine release events are observed in the nucleus accumbens in response to such motivational salient stimuli and are thought to be necessary for drug-associated cues to trigger craving. We recently demonstrated how dopamine neurons encode stimuli conditioned to a negative event, as might occur during conditioned withdrawal, and stimuli predicting the avoidance of negative events, as might occur as an addict seeks out drugs to prevent withdrawal. In this review we first discuss how the subsecond dopamine release events might process conditioned withdrawal and drug seeking driven by negative reinforcement processes within the context of our dopamine data obtained during conditioned avoidance procedures. We next describe how the endocannabinoid system modulates phasic dopamine release events and how it might be harnessed to treat negative affective states in addiction. Specifically, we have demonstrated that endocannabinoids in the ventral tegmentum sculpt cue-induced accumbal surges in dopamine release and, therefore, may also be mobilized during drug withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik B. Oleson
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. Baltimore MD 21201,University of Colorado Denver, P.O. Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217
| | - Roger Cachope
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. Baltimore MD 21201
| | - Aurelie Fitoussi
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. Baltimore MD 21201
| | - Joseph F. Cheer
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. Baltimore MD 21201
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19
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Vargas-Perez H, Bahi A, Bufalino MR, Ting-A-Kee R, Maal-Bared G, Lam J, Fahmy A, Clarke L, Blanchard JK, Larsen BR, Steffensen S, Dreyer JL, van der Kooy D. BDNF signaling in the VTA links the drug-dependent state to drug withdrawal aversions. J Neurosci 2014; 34:7899-909. [PMID: 24899712 PMCID: PMC4099491 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3776-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug administration to avoid unpleasant drug withdrawal symptoms has been hypothesized to be a crucial factor that leads to compulsive drug-taking behavior. However, the neural relationship between the aversive motivational state produced by drug withdrawal and the development of the drug-dependent state still remains elusive. It has been observed that chronic exposure to drugs of abuse increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons. In particular, BDNF expression is dramatically increased during drug withdrawal, which would suggest a direct connection between the aversive state of withdrawal and BDNF-induced neuronal plasticity. Using lentivirus-mediated gene transfer to locally knock down the expression of the BDNF receptor tropomyosin-receptor-kinase type B in rats and mice, we observed that chronic opiate administration activates BDNF-related neuronal plasticity in the VTA that is necessary for both the establishment of an opiate-dependent state and aversive withdrawal motivation. Our findings highlight the importance of a bivalent, plastic mechanism that drives the negative reinforcement underlying addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Vargas-Perez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Neurobiology Research Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E1 Canada,
| | - Amine Bahi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Alabama Ain, 17666 United Arab Emirates
| | - Mary Rose Bufalino
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E1 Canada
| | - Ryan Ting-A-Kee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Neurobiology Research Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E1 Canada
| | - Geith Maal-Bared
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Neurobiology Research Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E1 Canada
| | - Jenny Lam
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Neurobiology Research Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E1 Canada
| | - Ahmed Fahmy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Neurobiology Research Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E1 Canada
| | - Laura Clarke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Neurobiology Research Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E1 Canada
| | - Jennifer K Blanchard
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, and
| | - Brett R Larsen
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, and
| | - Scott Steffensen
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, and
| | - Jean-Luc Dreyer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Neurobiology Research Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E1 Canada, Department of Medical Biophysics, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E1 Canada
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20
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Cohen A, George O. Animal models of nicotine exposure: relevance to second-hand smoking, electronic cigarette use, and compulsive smoking. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:41. [PMID: 23761766 PMCID: PMC3671664 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Much evidence indicates that individuals use tobacco primarily to experience the psychopharmacological properties of nicotine and that a large proportion of smokers eventually become dependent on nicotine. In humans, nicotine acutely produces positive reinforcing effects, including mild euphoria, whereas a nicotine abstinence syndrome with both somatic and affective components is observed after chronic nicotine exposure. Animal models of nicotine self-administration and chronic exposure to nicotine have been critical in unveiling the neurobiological substrates that mediate the acute reinforcing effects of nicotine and emergence of a withdrawal syndrome during abstinence. However, important aspects of the transition from nicotine abuse to nicotine dependence, such as the emergence of increased motivation and compulsive nicotine intake following repeated exposure to the drug, have only recently begun to be modeled in animals. Thus, the neurobiological mechanisms that are involved in these important aspects of nicotine addiction remain largely unknown. In this review, we describe the different animal models available to date and discuss recent advances in animal models of nicotine exposure and nicotine dependence. This review demonstrates that novel animal models of nicotine vapor exposure and escalation of nicotine intake provide a unique opportunity to investigate the neurobiological effects of second-hand nicotine exposure, electronic cigarette use, and the mechanisms that underlie the transition from nicotine use to compulsive nicotine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Cohen
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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21
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Ting-A-Kee R, Mercuriano LE, Vargas-Perez H, George SR, van der Kooy D. Dopamine D1 receptors are not critical for opiate reward but can mediate opiate memory retrieval in a state-dependent manner. Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:174-177. [PMID: 23538064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although D1 receptor knockout mice demonstrate normal morphine place preferences, antagonism of basolateral amygdala (BLA) D1 receptors only during drug-naive rat conditioning has been reported to inhibit the expression of a morphine place preference. One possible explanation for this result is state-dependent learning. That is, the omission of the intra-BLA infusion cue during testing - which acts as a potent discriminative stimulus - may have prevented the recall of a morphine-environment association and therefore, the consequent expression of a morphine place preference. To examine this possibility, we tested whether intra-BLA infusion of the D1-receptor antagonist SCH23390 during both training and testing might reveal a morphine place preference. Our results suggest that in previously drug-naive animals, D1 receptor antagonism during testing restores the opiate conditioned place preference that is normally absent when D1 receptors are blocked only during training, suggesting that BLA D1 receptors can mediate state-dependent memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ting-A-Kee
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Laura E Mercuriano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Neurobiology Research Group, University of Toronto, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Hector Vargas-Perez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Neurobiology Research Group, University of Toronto, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Susan R George
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 2S1
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Neurobiology Research Group, University of Toronto, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
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22
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Ting-A-Kee R, Vargas-Perez H, Bufalino MR, Bahi A, Dreyer JL, Tyndale RF, van der Kooy D. Infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor into the ventral tegmental area switches the substrates mediating ethanol motivation. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 37:996-1003. [PMID: 23279128 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has shown that infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) promotes a switch in the mechanisms mediating morphine motivation, from a dopamine-independent to a dopamine-dependent pathway. Here we showed that a single infusion of intra-VTA BDNF also promoted a switch in the mechanisms mediating ethanol motivation, from a dopamine-dependent to a dopamine-independent pathway (exactly opposite to that seen with morphine). We suggest that intra-VTA BDNF, via its actions on TrkB receptors, precipitates a switch similar to that which occurs naturally when mice transit from a drug-naive, non-deprived state to a drug-deprived state. The opposite switching of the mechanisms underlying morphine and ethanol motivation by BDNF in previously non-deprived animals is consistent with their proposed actions on VTA GABAA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ting-A-Kee
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.
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23
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Tejeda HA, Natividad LA, Orfila JE, Torres OV, O’Dell LE. Dysregulation of kappa-opioid receptor systems by chronic nicotine modulate the nicotine withdrawal syndrome in an age-dependent manner. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 224:289-301. [PMID: 22659976 PMCID: PMC3482308 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mechanisms that mediate age differences during nicotine withdrawal are unclear. OBJECTIVE This study compared kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) activation in naïve and nicotine-treated adolescent and adult rats using behavioral and neurochemical approaches to study withdrawal. METHODS The behavioral models used to assess withdrawal included conditioned place and elevated plus maze procedures. Deficits in dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) were examined using microdialysis procedures. Lastly, the effects of KOR stimulation and blockade on physical signs produced upon removal of nicotine were examined in adults. RESULTS Nicotine-treated adults displayed a robust aversion to an environment paired with a KOR agonist versus naïve adults. Neither of the adolescent groups displayed a place aversion. KOR activation produced an increase in anxiety-like behavior that was highest in nicotine-treated adults versus all other groups. KOR activation produced a decrease in NAcc dopamine that was largest in nicotine-treated adults versus all other groups. Lastly, KOR activation facilitated physical signs of withdrawal upon removal of nicotine and KOR blockade reduced this effect. CONCLUSION Chronic nicotine enhanced the affective, anxiogenic, and neurochemical effects produced by KOR activation in adult rats. Our data suggest that chronic nicotine elicits an increase in KOR function, and this may contribute to nicotine withdrawal since KOR activation facilitated and KOR blockade prevented withdrawal signs upon removal of nicotine. Given that chronic nicotine facilitated the neurochemical effects of KOR agonists in adults but not in adolescents, it is suggested that KOR regulation of mesolimbic dopamine may contribute to age differences in nicotine withdrawal.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/administration & dosage
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Aging
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Male
- Naltrexone/administration & dosage
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Nicotine/pharmacology
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/drug therapy
- Tobacco Use Disorder/drug therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Tejeda
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Luis A. Natividad
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968
| | - James E. Orfila
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968
| | - Oscar V. Torres
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968
| | - Laura E. O’Dell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968
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24
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Voisey J, Swagell CD, Hughes IP, van Daal A, Noble EP, Lawford BR, Young RM, Morris CP. A DRD2 and ANKK1 haplotype is associated with nicotine dependence. Psychiatry Res 2012; 196:285-9. [PMID: 22382052 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To test the importance of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) region in nicotine dependence, 150 smokers and 228 controls were genotyped for the DRD2 C957T, -141delC and ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphisms (rs6277, rs1799732 and rs1800497, respectively). The -141delC SNP did not show any association but both the C957T and TaqIA SNPs showed association at the allele, genotype, haplotype and combined genotype levels. The 957C/TaqI A1 haplotype was more than 3.5 times as likely to be associated with nicotine dependence compared with the 957T/TaqI A1 haplotype (P=0.003). Analysis of the combined genotypes of both SNPs revealed that individuals who were homozygous for the 957C-allele (CC) and had either one or two copies of the TaqI A1-allele were 3.3 times as likely to have nicotine dependence compared to all other genotype combinations (P=0.0003) and that these genotypes accounted for approximately 13% of the susceptibility to nicotine addiction in our population. Our findings suggest that the DRD2 C957T polymorphism and the ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism are key contributors to the genetic susceptibility to nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Voisey
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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25
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George O, Le Moal M, Koob GF. Allostasis and addiction: role of the dopamine and corticotropin-releasing factor systems. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:58-64. [PMID: 22108506 PMCID: PMC3288230 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Allostasis, originally conceptualized to explain persistent morbidity of arousal and autonomic function, is defined as the process of achieving stability through physiological or behavioral change. Two types of biological processes have been proposed to describe the mechanisms underlying allostasis in drug addiction, a within-system adaptation and a between-system adaptation. In the within-system process, the drug elicits an opposing, neutralizing reaction within the same system in which the drug elicits its primary and unconditioned reinforcing actions, while in the between-system process, different neurobiological systems that the one initially activated by the drug are recruited. In this review, we will focus our interest on alterations in the dopaminergic and corticotropin releasing factor systems as within-system and between-system neuroadaptations respectively, that underlie the opponent process to drugs of abuse. We hypothesize that repeated compromised activity in the dopaminergic system and sustained activation of the CRF-CRF1R system with withdrawal episodes may lead to an allostatic load contributing significantly to the transition to drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier George
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Novak
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences,Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA.
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27
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Hall FS, Markou A, Levin ED, Uhl GR. Mouse models for studying genetic influences on factors determining smoking cessation success in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1248:39-70. [PMID: 22304675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Humans differ in their ability to quit using addictive substances, including nicotine, the major psychoactive ingredient in tobacco. For tobacco smoking, a substantial body of evidence, largely derived from twin studies, indicates that approximately half of these individual differences in ability to quit are heritable genetic influences that likely overlap with those for other addictive substances. Both twin and molecular genetic studies support overlapping influences on nicotine addiction vulnerability and smoking cessation success, although there is little formal analysis of the twin data that support this important point. None of the current datasets provides clarity concerning which heritable factors might provide robust dimensions around which individuals differ in ability to quit smoking. One approach to this problem is to test mice with genetic variations in genes that contain human variants that alter quit success. This review considers which features of quit success should be included in a comprehensive approach to elucidate the genetics of quit success, and how those features may be modeled in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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28
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Sesia T, Grace AA. Shifting pharmacology of nicotine use and withdrawal: breaking the cycle of drug abuse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:2697-8. [PMID: 22308503 PMCID: PMC3286968 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200179109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Sesia
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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29
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Phasic D1 and tonic D2 dopamine receptor signaling double dissociate the motivational effects of acute nicotine and chronic nicotine withdrawal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:3101-6. [PMID: 22308372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114422109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the main psychoactive ingredient of tobacco smoke, induces negative motivational symptoms during withdrawal that contribute to relapse in dependent individuals. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying how the brain signals nicotine withdrawal remain poorly understood. Using electrophysiological, genetic, pharmacological, and behavioral methods, we demonstrate that tonic but not phasic activity is reduced during nicotine withdrawal in ventral tegmental area dopamine (DA) neurons, and that this pattern of signaling acts through DA D2 and adenosine A2A, but not DA D1, receptors. Selective blockade of phasic DA activity prevents the expression of conditioned place aversions to a single injection of nicotine in nondependent mice, but not to withdrawal from chronic nicotine in dependent mice, suggesting a shift from phasic to tonic dopaminergic mediation of the conditioned motivational response in nicotine dependent and withdrawn animals. Either increasing or decreasing activity at D2 or A2A receptors prevents the aversive motivational response to withdrawal from chronic nicotine, but not to acute nicotine. Modification of D1 receptor activity prevents the aversive response to acute nicotine, but not to nicotine withdrawal. This double dissociation demonstrates that the specific pattern of tonic DA activity at D2 receptors is a key mechanism in signaling the motivational effects experienced during nicotine withdrawal, and may represent a unique target for therapeutic treatments for nicotine addiction.
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30
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Pietras T, Witusik A, Panek M, Szemraj J, Górski P. Anxiety, depression and methods of stress coping in patients with nicotine dependence syndrome. Med Sci Monit 2011; 17:CR272-6. [PMID: 21525809 PMCID: PMC3539593 DOI: 10.12659/msm.881767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotinism is the most common addiction in Poland. Nicotine dependence is the cause of numerous behavioral diseases, including ischemic heart disease, neoplasms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A question arises whether a tendency to anxiety and depressive reactions, as well as the strategies of coping with stressful situations, is involved in the clinical presentation of this addiction. MATERIAL/METHODS The study was conducted in a group of 88 nicotine addicts without serious systemic comorbidities and in 84 healthy subjects. All the participants were assessed with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). RESULTS The mean intensity of anxiety as a trait and anxiety as a state, as well as its level, were found to differ between the groups (Sten 6.28±1.52 and 4.86±1.05, p=0,0000 for the trait, and 6.09±1.25 and 4.92±1.29, p=0.0000, for the state, respectively). Similarly, depression was demonstrated to be more intensive in nicotine addicts than in healthy subjects (12.76 points ±4.77 vs. 10.76±4.83, p=0.007). Among the 5 scales assessed by CISS, smokers demonstrated higher prevalence of emotion-oriented coping than controls (standard 9 6.27±1.70 in smokers vs. 5.67±1.57, p=0.019) and involvement in distracting activities (5.84±1.48 vs. 5.28±1.46, p=0.014). CONCLUSIONS The obtained results indicate that anxiety and depression, as well as differences in coping with stress situations, distinguish nicotine addicts from non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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31
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George O, Grieder TE, Cole M, Koob GF. Exposure to chronic intermittent nicotine vapor induces nicotine dependence. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 96:104-7. [PMID: 20420848 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of drug exposure are important tools for the study of the neurobiological mechanisms of nicotine dependence and as preclinical models for medication development. There are few non-invasive animal models of nicotine exposure and currently there is no known animal model of second-hand exposure to nicotine. We hypothesized that chronic administration of nicotine vapors would produce blood levels of nicotine in rodents that are clinically relevant to those observed in human smoking and that rodents exposed to nicotine vapors would develop dependence to nicotine. We developed a system that vaporizes nicotine in the air in a stable, reliable and consistent manner. Intermittent exposure to nicotine vapor (0.2mg/m(3)) for 8 or 14h per day for 7days produced a concentration of nicotine in the blood of 22ng/mL. Sixteen hours after removal from nicotine vapors, rats showed significant somatic withdrawal signs precipitated by mecamylamine (1.5mg/kg). These results provide a new rodent model of nicotine dependence using vapor administration that produces consistent levels of nicotine in the blood that are relevant for both heavy smoking and second-hand smoking, using a non-invasive technique that mimics the intermittent aspect and route of administration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier George
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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