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Sherafat Y, Chen E, Lallai V, Bautista M, Fowler JP, Chen YC, Miwa J, Fowler CD. Differential Expression Patterns of Lynx Proteins and Involvement of Lynx1 in Prepulse Inhibition. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:703748. [PMID: 34803621 PMCID: PMC8595198 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.703748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative allosteric modulators, such as lynx1 and lynx2, directly interact with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The nAChRs are integral to cholinergic signaling in the brain and have been shown to mediate different aspects of cognitive function. Given the interaction between lynx proteins and these receptors, we examined whether these endogenous negative allosteric modulators are involved in cognitive behaviors associated with cholinergic function. We found both cell-specific and overlapping expression patterns of lynx1 and lynx2 mRNA in brain regions associated with cognition, learning, memory, and sensorimotor processing, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), cingulate cortex, septum, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, and pontine nuclei. Since lynx proteins are thought to play a role in conditioned associations and given the expression patterns across brain regions, we first assessed whether lynx knockout mice would differ in a cognitive flexibility task. We found no deficits in reversal learning in either the lynx1–/– or lynx2–/– knockout mice. Thereafter, sensorimotor gating was examined with the prepulse inhibition (PPI) assessment. Interestingly, we found that both male and female lynx1–/– mice exhibited a deficit in the PPI behavioral response. Given the comparable expression of lynx2 in regions involved in sensorimotor gating, we then examined whether removal of the lynx2 protein would lead to similar behavioral effects. Unexpectedly, we found that while male lynx2–/– mice exhibited a decrease in the baseline startle response, no differences were found in sensorimotor gating for either male or female lynx2–/– mice. Taken together, these studies provide insight into the expression patterns of lynx1 and lynx2 across multiple brain regions and illustrate the modulatory effects of the lynx1 protein in sensorimotor gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Sherafat
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Edison Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Valeria Lallai
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Malia Bautista
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - James P Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yen-Chu Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Julie Miwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Christie D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Sherafat Y, Bautista M, Fowler CD. Multidimensional Intersection of Nicotine, Gene Expression, and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:649129. [PMID: 33828466 PMCID: PMC8019722 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.649129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system plays a crucial role in nervous system function with important effects on developmental processes, cognition, attention, motivation, reward, learning, and memory. Nicotine, the reinforcing component of tobacco and e-cigarettes, directly acts on the cholinergic system by targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain. Activation of nAChRs leads to a multitude of immediate and long-lasting effects in specific cellular populations, thereby affecting the addictive properties of the drug. In addition to the direct actions of nicotine in binding to and opening nAChRs, the subsequent activation of circuits and downstream signaling cascades leads to a wide range of changes in gene expression, which can subsequently alter further behavioral expression. In this review, we provide an overview of the actions of nicotine that lead to changes in gene expression and further highlight evidence supporting how these changes can often be bidirectional, thereby inducing subsequent changes in behaviors associated with further drug intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Sherafat
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, Unites States
| | - Malia Bautista
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, Unites States
| | - Christie D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, Unites States
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α3* Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Habenula-Interpeduncular Nucleus Circuit Regulate Nicotine Intake. J Neurosci 2020; 41:1779-1787. [PMID: 33380469 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0127-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Allelic variation in CHRNA3, the gene encoding the α3 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit, increases vulnerability to tobacco dependence and smoking-related diseases, but little is known about the role for α3-containing (α3*) nAChRs in regulating the addiction-related behavioral or physiological actions of nicotine. α3* nAChRs are densely expressed by medial habenula (mHb) neurons, which project almost exclusively to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPn) and are known to regulate nicotine avoidance behaviors. We found that Chrna3tm1.1Hwrt hypomorphic mice, which express constitutively low levels of α3* nAChRs, self-administer greater quantities of nicotine (0.4 mg kg-1 per infusion) than their wild-type littermates. Microinfusion of a lentivirus vector to express a short-hairpin RNA into the mHb or IPn to knock-down Chrna3 transcripts markedly increased nicotine self-administration behavior in rats (0.01-0.18 mg kg-1 per infusion). Using whole-cell recordings, we found that the α3β4* nAChR-selective antagonist α-conotoxin AuIB almost completely abolished nicotine-evoked currents in mHb neurons. By contrast, the α3β2* nAChR-selective antagonist α-conotoxin MII only partially attenuated these currents. Finally, micro-infusion of α-conotoxin AuIB (10 μm) but not α-conotoxin MII (10 μm) into the IPn in rats increased nicotine self-administration behavior. Together, these data suggest that α3β4* nAChRs regulate the stimulatory effects of nicotine on the mHb-IPn circuit and thereby regulate nicotine avoidance behaviors. These findings provide mechanistic insights into how CHRNA3 risk alleles can increase the risk of tobacco dependence and smoking-related diseases in human smokers.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Allelic variation in CHRNA3, which encodes the α3 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit gene, increases risk of tobacco dependence but underlying mechanisms are unclear. We report that Chrna3 hypomorphic mice consume greater quantities of nicotine than wild-type mice and that knock-down of Chrna3 gene transcripts in the habenula or interpeduncular nucleus (IPn) increases nicotine intake in rats. α-Conotoxin AuIB, a potent antagonist of the α3β4 nAChR subtype, reduced the stimulatory effects of nicotine on habenular neurons, and its infusion into the IPn increased nicotine intake in rats. These data suggest that α3β4 nAChRs in the habenula-IPn circuit regulate the motivational properties of nicotine.
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Li N, Liu K, Dong S, Ou L, Li J, Lai M, Wang Y, Bao Y, Shi H, Wang X, Wang S. Identification of CHRNB4 as a Diagnostic/Prognostic Indicator and Therapeutic Target in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:571167. [PMID: 33304845 PMCID: PMC7701245 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.571167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors and there is a lack of biomarkers for ESCC diagnosis and prognosis. Family subunits of cholinergic nicotinic receptor genes (CHRNs) are involved in smoking behavior and tumor cell proliferation. Previous researches have shown similar molecular features and pathogenic mechanisms among ESCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). Using edgeR, three mutual differentially expressed genes of CHRNs were found to be significantly upregulated at the mRNA level in ESCC, LUSC, and HNSC compared to matched normal tissues. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that high expression of CHRNB4 was associated with unfavorable prognosis in ESCC and HNSC. The specific expression analysis revealed that CHRNB4 is highly expressed selectively in squamous cell carcinomas compared to adenocarcinoma. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to find that just the single gene CHRNB4 has enough independent prognostic ability, with the area under curve surpassing the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging-based model, the most commonly used model in clinical application in ESCC. In addition, an effective prognostic nomogram was established combining the TNM stage, gender of patients, and expression of CHRNB4 for ESCC patients, revealing an excellent prognostic ability when compared to the model of CHRNB4 alone or TNM. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis results suggested that the expression of CHRNB4 was associated with cancer-related pathways, such as the mTOR pathway. Cell Counting Kit-8, cloning formation assay, and western blot proved that CHRNB4 knockdown can inhibit the proliferation of ESCC cells via the Akt/mTOR and ERK1/2/mTOR pathways, which might facilitate the prolonged survival of patients. Furthermore, we conducted structure-based molecular docking, and potential modulators against CHRNB4 were screened from FDA approved drugs. These findings suggested that CHRNB4 specifically expressed in SCCs, and may serve as a promising biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis prediction, and it can even become a therapeutic target of ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaisheng Liu
- Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaowei Dong
- Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Ou
- Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jieling Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minshan Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yucheng Bao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huijie Shi
- Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoxiang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Icick R, Forget B, Cloëz-Tayarani I, Pons S, Maskos U, Besson M. Genetic susceptibility to nicotine addiction: Advances and shortcomings in our understanding of the CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster contribution. Neuropharmacology 2020; 177:108234. [PMID: 32738310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, robust human genetic findings have been instrumental in elucidating the heritable basis of nicotine addiction (NA). They highlight coding and synonymous polymorphisms in a cluster on chromosome 15, encompassing the CHRNA5, CHRNA3 and CHRNB4 genes, coding for three subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). They have inspired an important number of preclinical studies, and will hopefully lead to the definition of novel drug targets for treating NA. Here, we review these candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and their direct implication in human brain function and NA-related phenotypes. We continue with a description of preclinical work in transgenic rodents that has led to a mechanistic understanding of several of the genetic hits. We also highlight important issues with regards to CHRNA3 and CHRNB4 where we are still lacking a dissection of their role in NA, including even in preclinical models. We further emphasize the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived models for the analysis of synonymous and intronic variants on a human genomic background. Finally, we indicate potential avenues to further our understanding of the role of this human genetic variation. This article is part of the special issue on 'Contemporary Advances in Nicotine Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Icick
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France; Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis, Lariboisière, Fernand Widal, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75010, France; INSERM UMR-S1144, Paris, F-75006, France; FHU "NOR-SUD", Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75001, France
| | - Benoît Forget
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France; Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Isabelle Cloëz-Tayarani
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France; FHU "NOR-SUD", Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75001, France
| | - Stéphanie Pons
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France; FHU "NOR-SUD", Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75001, France
| | - Uwe Maskos
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France; FHU "NOR-SUD", Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75001, France
| | - Morgane Besson
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France; FHU "NOR-SUD", Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75001, France.
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6
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Shi XY, Wang G, Li T, Li Z, Leo P, Liu Z, Wu G, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Li D, Gao L, Yang L, Wang W, Liao J, Wang J, Zhou S, Wang H, Li X, Gao J, Zhang L, Shu X, Li D, Li Y, Chen C, Zhang X, Partida GC, Lundberg M, Reutens D, Bartlett P, Brown MA, Zou LP, Xu H. Identification of susceptibility variants to benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes (BECTS) in Chinese Han population. EBioMedicine 2020; 57:102840. [PMID: 32580138 PMCID: PMC7317238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign Childhood Epilepsy with Centro-temporal Spikes (BECTS) is the most common form of idiopathic epilepsy in children, accounting for up to 23% of pediatric epilepsy. The pathogenesis of BECTS is unknown, but it is thought that genetic factors play a role in susceptibility to the disease. METHODS To investigate the role of common genetic variants in BECTS pathogenesis, a 2-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed in 1,800 Chinese Han BECTS patients, and 7,090 healthy controls. Genetic findings were used in a Mendelian Randomization study in the UK Biobank dataset to investigate the potential role of smoking in BECTS. FINDINGS Definitive evidence of a role for common-variant heritability was demonstrated, with heritability of BECTS of >10% observed even with conservative disease prevalence assumptions. Although no individual locus achieved genome-wide significance, twelve loci achieved suggestive evidence of association (5 × 10-8<P<10-5). Using combined genetic and brain tissue gene expression data analyzed by Summary-data-based Mendelian Randomization (SMR), causative association of BECTS was demonstrated with SNP rs1948 and the CHRNA5 t3603436 transcript (Peqtl = 2·10 × 10-12, Psmr = 7·9 × 10-5). This finding indicates rs1948 is significantly associated with BECTS through effects on expression of CHRNA5 in brain tissue. The identification of novel loci suggests involvements of KALRN and the CHRNA5-A3-B4 cluster in BECTS. Using a generalized SMR approach we demonstrate that maternal smoking around birth is significantly associated with increased risk of BECTS (odds ratio = 3·90, P = 0·0099). INTERPRETATION This study shows that BECTS risk is at least partially heritable and due to common genetic variants. Additionally, we demonstrate that BECTS risk is substantially increased by maternal smoking around birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yu Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian district, Beijing, China
| | - Geng Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixiu Li
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul Leo
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zhisheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gefei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongmin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tian Jin Children's hospital, 238 Longyan road, Beichen district, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Neurology, Tian Jin Children's hospital, 238 Longyan road, Beichen district, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, 7 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, 7 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Harbin Children's Hospital, 57 YouYi Road, DaoLi District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jianxiang Liao
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019 Yitian Road Futian, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1678 Dongfang Road, New Pudong district, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuizhen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, 9 Jinsui Road, Tianhe district, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jingyun Gao
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hebei Tangshan City maternal and child health care hospital,14 South Jianhe Road, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Linyi People's Hospital, 130 Yizhou Road, Lanshan, Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, 92 Zhongnan Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunhong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, 56 South Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuju Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xingtai People's Hospital,16 Hongxing Street, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
| | - Gabriel Cuellar Partida
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mischa Lundberg
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Reutens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Perry Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, England United Kingdom.
| | - Li-Ping Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian district, Beijing, China; Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
| | - Huji Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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7
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Kaufman J, Montalvo-Ortiz JL, Holbrook H, O’Loughlin K, Orr C, Kearney C, Yang BZ, Wang T, Zhao H, Althoff R, Garavan H, Gelernter J, Hudziak J. Adverse Childhood Experiences, Epigenetic Measures, and Obesity in Youth. J Pediatr 2018; 202:150-156.e3. [PMID: 30177354 PMCID: PMC6513669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if measures of adverse childhood experiences and DNA methylation relate to indices of obesity in youth. STUDY DESIGN Participants were derived from a cohort of 321 8 to 15-year-old children recruited for an investigation examining risk and resilience and psychiatric outcomes in maltreated children. Assessments of obesity were collected as an add-on for a subset of 234 participants (56% female; 52% maltreated). Illumina arrays were used to examine whole genome epigenetic predictors of obesity in saliva DNA. For analytic purposes, the cohort analyzed in the first batch comprised the discovery sample (n = 160), and the cohort analyzed in the second batch the replication sample (n = 74). RESULTS After controlling for race, sex, age, cell heterogeneity, 3 principal components, and whole genome testing, 10 methylation sites were found to interact with adverse childhood experiences to predict cross-sectional measures of body mass index, and an additional 6 sites were found to exert a main effect in predicting body mass index (P < 5.0 × 10-7, all comparisons). Eight of the methylation sites were in genes previously associated with obesity risk (eg, PCK2, CxCl10, BCAT1, HID1, PRDM16, MADD, PXDN, GALE), with several of the findings from the discovery data set replicated in the second cohort. CONCLUSIONS This study lays the groundwork for future longitudinal studies to elucidate these mechanisms further and identify novel interventions to alleviate the health burdens associated with early adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Kaufman
- Center for Child and Family Traumatic Stress, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
| | | | - Hannah Holbrook
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Kerry O’Loughlin
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Catherine Orr
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Catherine Kearney
- Center for Child and Family Traumatic Stress, Kennedy Krieger Institute
| | - Bao-Zhu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Robert Althoff
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Veterans Administration, West Haven, CT
| | - James Hudziak
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
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8
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Schote AB, A. L. Sayk C, Pabst K, Meier JK, Frings C, Meyer J. Sex, ADHD symptoms, and CHRNA5
genotype influence reaction time but not response inhibition. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:215-224. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B. Schote
- Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics; Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier; Trier Germany
| | - Clara A. L. Sayk
- Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics; Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier; Trier Germany
| | - Kathrin Pabst
- Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics; Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier; Trier Germany
| | - Jacqueline K. Meier
- Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics; Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier; Trier Germany
| | - Christian Frings
- Department of Cognitive Psychology; University of Trier; Trier Germany
| | - Jobst Meyer
- Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics; Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier; Trier Germany
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9
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Rajesh D, Azeem Mohiyuddin SM, Balakrishna S, Kutty AVM. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene polymorphism is not associated with tobacco-related oral squamous cell carcinoma. Indian J Cancer 2018; 55:399-403. [PMID: 30829278 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_325_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is implicated in carcinogenesis indirectly through increasing nicotine dependence and directly through its impact on cell-cycle regulation. Functional polymorphism in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha-5 subunit gene (CHRNA5 c.1192G>A; rs16969968) is associated with nicotine dependence and risk of lung cancer. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of CHRNA5 c.1192G>A polymorphism with the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). SETTINGS AND DESIGN This was a rural teaching hospital-based case-control study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 histopathologically confirmed cases of OSCC patients and 100 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals were genotyped for CHRNA5 c.1192G>A polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Allele and genotype frequencies among case and control groups were compared by Chi-squared test (Fisher's exact). RESULTS The frequency of CHRNA5 c.1192A allele was 22% in OSCC patients and 26% in control individuals. The difference in the distribution of alleles and genotypes between case and control groups was not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CHRNA5 c.1192G>A polymorphism is not associated with the risk of developing OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Rajesh
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - S M Azeem Mohiyuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharath Balakrishna
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - A V Moideen Kutty
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India
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Schuch JB, Polina ER, Rovaris DL, Kappel DB, Mota NR, Cupertino RB, Silva KL, Guimarães-da-Silva PO, Karam RG, Salgado CAI, White MJ, Rohde LA, Grevet EH, Bau CHD. Pleiotropic effects of Chr15q25 nicotinic gene cluster and the relationship between smoking, cognition and ADHD. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 80:73-78. [PMID: 27302872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster (Chr15q25) have been robustly associated with nicotine dependence, including genome-wide studies, as well as with cognitive and neuropsychological measures. In addition, cognitive processes can be influenced by nicotine use through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Here, we evaluated the effect of polymorphisms in CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster and their interaction with tobacco smoking status on cognition in patients with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Eight SNPs from the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster were evaluated on a clinical sample of 403 adults with ADHD. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). Analyses of covariance were used to assess the influence of single markers and their interaction with smoking status in the Vocabulary and Block Design subtests of WAIS-R. Correction for multiple comparisons was applied. Lifetime smoking was associated to Vocabulary subtest. The TT genotypes of CHRNA5 SNPs rs588765 and rs514743 showed a trend towards association with, respectively, higher and lower scores on the Vocabulary subtest. There was a significant interaction between intergenic SNP rs8023462 and smoking on Vocabulary scores. Our results are consistent with an influence of variants in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster on cognitive measures. The overall scenario suggests a pleiotropic role of Chr15q25 nicotinic gene cluster with complex influences in ADHD, tobacco smoking and cognitive performance, characteristics that can be partially interdependent and may share underlying genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline B Schuch
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Evelise R Polina
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego L Rovaris
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Djenifer B Kappel
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nina R Mota
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata B Cupertino
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Katiane L Silva
- Adult ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael G Karam
- Adult ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos A I Salgado
- Adult ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Melanie J White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luis A Rohde
- Adult ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eugenio H Grevet
- Adult ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Claiton H D Bau
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Adult ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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11
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Kimbrel NA, Garrett ME, Dennis MF, Liu Y, Patanam I, Ashley-Koc AE, Hauser MA, Beckham JC. Effect of genetic variation in the nicotinic receptor genes on risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:326-31. [PMID: 26184988 PMCID: PMC4697753 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the association between genetic variation in the nicotinic receptor gene family (CHRNA2, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNA7, CHRNA9, CHRNA10, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4) and the occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Clinical interviews were used to diagnose PTSD in 925 non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and 743 non-Hispanic White (NHW) participants. Trauma history and smoking status were assessed with self-report. No significant main effects or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) * smoking interactions were observed among NHB participants; however, among NHW participants, a novel association between rs12898919 in the cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha-5 (CHRNA5) gene and PTSD was observed. No other significant main effects or SNP * smoking interactions were identified among NHW participants. While preliminary, these findings provide continued support for the hypothesis that the CHRNA5 gene is associated with increased risk for PTSD. Limitations of the present study include cross-sectional design, relatively small sample sizes for genetic research, use of self-report to assess smoking status, and use of different methods to diagnose PTSD. Additional research in other samples of trauma-exposed participants is needed to identify the specific functional variant(s) responsible for the association observed between CHRNA5 and PTSD risk in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to: Dr. Nathan A. Kimbrel, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC, 27705. Phone: (919) 286-0411, ext. 6759.
| | - Melanie E. Garrett
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michelle F. Dennis
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ilyas Patanam
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Allison E. Ashley-Koc
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Featherstone RE, Siegel SJ. The Role of Nicotine in Schizophrenia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 124:23-78. [PMID: 26472525 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with by severe disruptions in thought, cognition, emotion, and behavior. Patients show a marked increase in rates of smoking and nicotine dependence relative to nonaffected individuals, a finding commonly ascribed to the potential ameliorative effects of nicotine on symptom severity and cognitive impairment. Indeed, many studies have demonstrated improvement in patients following the administration of nicotine. Such findings have led to an increased emphasis on the development of therapeutic agents to target the nicotinic system as well as increasing the impetus to understand the genetic basis for nicotinic dysfunction in schizophrenia. The goal of this review article is to provide a critical summary of evidence for the role of the nicotinic system in schizophrenia. The first part will review the role of nicotine in normalization of primary dysfunctions and endophenotypical changes found in schizophrenia. The second part will provide a summary of genetic evidence linking polymorphisms in nicotinic receptor genes to smoking and schizophrenia. The third part will summarize attempts to treat schizophrenia using agents specifically targeting nicotinic and nicotinic receptor subtypes. Although currently available antipsychotic treatments are generally able to manage some aspects of schizophrenia (e.g., positive symptoms) they fail to address several other critically effected aspects of the disease. As such, the search for novel mechanisms to treat this disease is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Featherstone
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Steven J Siegel
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Eicher JD, Stein CM, Deng F, Ciesla AA, Powers NR, Boada R, Smith SD, Pennington BF, Iyengar SK, Lewis BA, Gruen JR. The DYX2 locus and neurochemical signaling genes contribute to speech sound disorder and related neurocognitive domains. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:377-85. [PMID: 25778907 PMCID: PMC4492462 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A major milestone of child development is the acquisition and use of speech and language. Communication disorders, including speech sound disorder (SSD), can impair a child's academic, social and behavioral development. Speech sound disorder is a complex, polygenic trait with a substantial genetic component. However, specific genes that contribute to SSD remain largely unknown. To identify associated genes, we assessed the association of the DYX2 dyslexia risk locus and markers in neurochemical signaling genes (e.g., nicotinic and dopaminergic) with SSD and related endophenotypes. We first performed separate primary associations in two independent samples - Cleveland SSD (210 affected and 257 unaffected individuals in 127 families) and Denver SSD (113 affected individuals and 106 unaffected individuals in 85 families) - and then combined results by meta-analysis. DYX2 markers, specifically those in the 3' untranslated region of DCDC2 (P = 1.43 × 10(-4) ), showed the strongest associations with phonological awareness. We also observed suggestive associations of dopaminergic-related genes ANKK1 (P = 1.02 × 10(-2) ) and DRD2 (P = 9.22 × 10(-3) ) and nicotinic-related genes CHRNA3 (P = 2.51 × 10(-3) ) and BDNF (P = 8.14 × 10(-3) ) with case-control status and articulation. Our results further implicate variation in putative regulatory regions in the DYX2 locus, particularly in DCDC2, influencing language and cognitive traits. The results also support previous studies implicating variation in dopaminergic and nicotinic neural signaling influencing human communication and cognitive development. Our findings expand the literature showing genetic factors (e.g., DYX2) contributing to multiple related, yet distinct neurocognitive domains (e.g., dyslexia, language impairment, and SSD). How these factors interactively yield different neurocognitive and language-related outcomes remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Eicher
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Molas S, Gener T, Güell J, Martín M, Ballesteros-Yáñez I, Sanchez-Vives MV, Dierssen M. Hippocampal changes produced by overexpression of the human CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster may underlie cognitive deficits rescued by nicotine in transgenic mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:147. [PMID: 25384568 PMCID: PMC4236452 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Addiction involves long-lasting maladaptive changes including development of disruptive drug-stimuli associations. Nicotine-induced neuroplasticity underlies the development of tobacco addiction but also, in regions such as the hippocampus, the ability of this drug to enhance cognitive capabilities. Here, we propose that the genetic locus of susceptibility to nicotine addiction, the CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster, encoding the α5, α3 and β4 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), may influence nicotine-induced neuroadaptations. We have used transgenic mice overexpressing the human cluster (TgCHRNA5/A3/B4) to investigate hippocampal structure and function in genetically susceptible individuals. TgCHRNA5/A3/B4 mice presented a marked reduction in the dendrite complexity of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons along with an increased dendritic spine density. In addition, TgCHRNA5/A3/B4 exhibited increased VGLUT1/VGAT ratio in the CA1 region, suggesting an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance. These hippocampal alterations were accompanied by a significant impairment in short-term novelty recognition memory. Interestingly, chronic infusion of nicotine (3.25 mg/kg/d for 7 d) was able to rescue the reduced dendritic complexity, the excitatory/inhibitory imbalance and the cognitive impairment in TgCHRNA5/A3/B4. Our results suggest that chronic nicotine treatment may represent a compensatory strategy in individuals with altered expression of the CHRNA5/A3/B4 region.
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Ji X, Zhang W, Gui J, Fan X, Zhang W, Li Y, An G, Zhu D, Hu Q. Role of a genetic variant on the 15q25.1 lung cancer susceptibility locus in smoking-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109036. [PMID: 25329654 PMCID: PMC4203692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 15q25.1 lung cancer susceptibility locus, containing CHRNA5, could modify lung cancer susceptibility and multiple smoking related phenotypes. However, no studies have investigated the association between CHRNA5 rs3841324, which has been proven to have the highest association with CHRNA5 mRNA expression, and the risk of other smoking-associated cancers, except lung cancer. In the current study we examined the association between rs3841324 and susceptibility to smoking-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods In this case-control study we genotyped the CHRNA5 rs3841324 polymorphism with 400 NPC cases and 491 healthy controls who were Han Chinese and frequency-matched by age (±5 years), gender, and alcohol consumption. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results We found that individuals with CHRNA5 rs3841324 combined variant genotypes (ins/del+del/del) had a >1.5-fold elevated risk for NPC than those with the ins/ins genotype (adjusted OR = 1.52; 95% CI, 1.16–2.00), especially among ever smokers (adjusted OR = 2.07; 95% CI, 1.23–3.48). The combined variant genotypes acted jointly with cigarette smoking to contribute to a 4.35-fold increased NPC risk (adjusted OR = 4.35; 95% CI, 2.57–7.38). There was a dose-response relationship between deletion alleles and NPC susceptibility (trend test, P = 0.011). Conclusions Our results suggest that genetic variants on the 15q25.1 lung cancer susceptibility locus may influence susceptibility to NPC, particularly for smoking-associated NPC. Such work may be helpful to facilitate an understanding of the etiology of smoking-associated cancers and improve prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Ji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Gui
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Xia Fan
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Yafang Li
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Guangyu An
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dakai Zhu
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Nicotinic receptor gene variants interact with attention deficient hyperactive disorder symptoms to predict smoking trajectories from early adolescence to adulthood. Addict Behav 2013; 38:2683-9. [PMID: 23899432 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CHRNB3 (rs13280604) and CHRNA6 (rs892413) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) genes and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in predicting smoking patterns from early adolescence to adulthood. METHOD A longitudinal cohort of 1137 unrelated youths from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health provided responses to four surveys from Waves I to IV, and a genetic sample in Wave III. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify smoking patterns and to assess the effects of the two SNPs and ADHD symptoms on cigarette use over time. RESULTS There were significant main effects of ADHD symptoms and CHRNA6 variants in predicting the number of cigarettes smoked and the pattern of use over time, respectively. There were no main effects of the CHRNB3 variants. However, a significant CHRNB3 variant×ADHD symptom interaction was observed, such that individuals with elevated ADHD symptoms and a particular CHRNB3 variant were at increased risk of cigarette use over time. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that a SNP in a nicotinic receptor gene may interact with ADHD symptoms to link with increased cigarette use across adolescence and young adulthood. Unique associations between specific variants and patterns of ADHD symptoms were identified which may be useful for targeting prevention efforts to individuals at greatest risk for cigarette smoking.
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Variants in the 15q25 gene cluster are associated with risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2013. [PMID: 23196875 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e32835bd5f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of tobacco smoking are significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia compared with the general population. The underlying mechanism for this comorbidity is unclear. One hypothesis is that there are common genetic factors that predispose to both nicotine dependence (ND) and schizophrenia. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the association of the 15q25 gene cluster, the most significant candidate region to date implicated in ND and smoking behavior, with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. METHODS Five variants in the 15q25 gene cluster (rs951266, rs16969968, rs1051730, rs8040868, and rs17477223) were selected to test for association with schizophrenia diagnosis, bipolar disorder diagnosis, and the presence of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Effects of the variants on 15q25 gene expression were analyzed using publically available postmortem brain expression data. RESULTS A meta-analysis revealed four markers associated with risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (rs951266, rs16969968, rs8040868, and rs17477223), and with the presence of negative symptoms of schizophrenia (rs951266, rs1051730, rs8040868, and rs17477223). The associations were in the same direction as that found for ND. Gene expression analysis indicated an association between genotypes of the rs1051730 variant and CHRNA5 expression in brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and with the rs16969968 and rs17477223 variants in brain. CONCLUSION Variants in the 15q25 gene cluster are associated with risk for schizophrenia/bipolar illness, negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and influence CHRNA5 expression in the brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These results are consistent with the notion that there are genetic mechanisms common to schizophrenia, ND, and bipolar disorder.
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Wardle MC, de Wit H, Penton-Voak I, Lewis G, Munafò MR. Lack of association between COMT and working memory in a population-based cohort of healthy young adults. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1253-63. [PMID: 23337869 PMCID: PMC3656369 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Val158Met polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene is an important regulator of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, an area critical to working memory. Working memory deficits are present in several psychiatric disorders, and there is wide variation in working memory capacity in the normal population. Association studies of COMT and working memory in healthy volunteers have yielded inconsistent results, possibly because of small sample sizes. Here we examine COMT in relation to N-Back working memory task performance in a large population-based cohort of young adults. We predicted individuals with one or two copies of the Met allele would perform better, and that this relationship would be more evident in males than females. Participants (N=1857-2659) tested at 18 years of age, were enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We used multiple regression to examine effects of sex and COMT genotype on N-Back hits, false positives, discriminability (d'), and reaction time while controlling for important covariates. COMT genotype did not predict hits or d'. There was a nominally significant interaction between COMT and sex on false positives, but this was not in the predicted direction, and was not significant after controlling for covariates. COMT genotype was not related to working memory in this large population-based cohort. It is possible COMT is not meaningfully associated with working memory in healthy young adults, or that COMT effects are detectable only in assessments reflecting neural processes underlying cognition, such as fMRI, rather than in behavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Wardle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago,IL 60637, USA.
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Zayats T, Yang BZ, Xie P, Poling J, Farrer LA, Gelernter J. A complex interplay between personality domains, marital status and a variant in CHRNA5 on the risks of cocaine, nicotine dependences and cocaine-induced paranoia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e49368. [PMID: 23308091 PMCID: PMC3538653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Personality correlates highly with both cocaine and nicotine dependencies (CD, ND), and their co-morbid psychopathologies. However, little is known about the nature of these relationships. This study examined if environment (marriage) or genetics (a single SNP, CHRNA5*rs16969968) would moderate the correlation of personality with CD, ND and cocaine-induced paranoia (CIP) in African and European Americans (AAs, EAs). Methods 1432 EAs and 1513 AAs were examined using logistic regression. Personality was assessed by NEO-PI-R, while CD, ND and CIP were diagnosed according to DSM-IV. ND and CD were examined as binary traits and for the analysis of CIP, subjects were divided into 3 groups: (A) Controls with no CIP; (B) CD cases without CIP; and (C) CD cases with CIP. Multiple testing was Bonferroni-corrected. Results For CD and ND in the EA population, marital status proved to be a significant moderator in their relationship with openness only (OR = 1.90, 95%CI = 1.36–2.64, p = 1.54e-04 and OR = 2.12, 95%CI = 1.52–2.90, p = 4.65e-06 respectively). For CIP, marriage was observed to moderate its correlation with openness and neuroticism (OR = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.18–1.63, p = 7.64e-04 and OR = 1.26, 95%CI = 1.12–1.42, p = 1.27e-03 respectively). The correlations moderated by rs16969968 were those of conscientiousness and CD (OR = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.23–2.12, p = 8.94e-04) as well as CIP (OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.11–1.32, p = 4.93e-04 when comparing group A versus group C). No significant interactions were observed in AA population. The Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold was set to be 1.67e-03. Conclusion The role of personality in CD and CIP may be interceded by both environment and genetics, while in ND by environment only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Zayats
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Bao-Zhu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Pingxing Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - James Poling
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- VACT Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Departments of Medicine, Neurology, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Genomics, Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- VACT Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Departments of Neurobiology and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gold AB, Lerman C. Pharmacogenetics of smoking cessation: role of nicotine target and metabolism genes. Hum Genet 2012; 131:10.1007/s00439-012-1143-9. [PMID: 22290489 PMCID: PMC3864572 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many smokers attempt to quit smoking but few are successful in the long term. The heritability of nicotine addiction and smoking relapse have been documented, and research is focused on identifying specific genetic influences on the ability to quit smoking and response to specific medications. Research in genetically modified cell lines and mice has identified nicotine acetylcholine receptor subtypes that mediate the pharmacological and behavioral effects of nicotine sensitivity and withdrawal. Human genetic association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding nicotine acetylcholine receptor subunits and nicotine metabolizing enzymes that influence smoking cessation phenotypes. There is initial promising evidence for a role in smoking cessation for SNPs in the β2 and α5/α3/β4 nAChR subunit genes; however, effects are small and not consistently replicated. There are reproducible and clinically significant associations of genotypic and phenotypic measures of CYP2A6 enzyme activity and nicotine metabolic rate with smoking cessation as well as response to nicotine replacement therapies and bupropion. Prospective clinical trials to identify associations of genetic variants and gene-gene interactions on smoking cessation are needed to generate the evidence base for both medication development and targeted therapy approaches based on genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. Gold
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Mitchell SH, Wilson VB. Differences in delay discounting between smokers and nonsmokers remain when both rewards are delayed. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:549-62. [PMID: 21983917 PMCID: PMC3677053 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE When offered a choice between a small monetary reward available immediately (SmallNow) versus a larger reward available after a delay (LargeLater), smokers select the SmallNow alternative more than nonsmokers. That is, smokers discount the value of the LargeLater reward more than nonsmokers. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether this group difference was due to smokers overweighting the value of rewards available immediately compared with nonsmokers, we examined whether the group difference was also seen when both alternatives were delayed, i.e., when choosing between a SmallSoon reward and a LargeLater reward. METHODS In Experiment 1, smokers and nonsmokers completed a task including SmallNow versus LargeLater choices and SmallSoon versus LargeLater choices. In Experiment 2, smokers and nonsmokers completed the same task but with hypothetical choices. RESULTS Analyses using hyperbolic and double exponential (β-δ) models replicate prior findings that smokers discount the LargeLater reward more than nonsmokers when the smaller reward is available immediately. The smoker-nonsmoker difference was also seen when the smaller reward was slightly delayed, though this effect was primarily driven by heightened discounting in male smokers. However, for potentially real rewards only, this smoker-nonsmoker difference was significantly reduced when the smaller reward was delayed. CONCLUSIONS The smoker-nonsmoker difference in discounting is not confined to situations involving immediate rewards. Differences associated with potentially real versus hypothetical rewards and gender underscore the complexity of the smoking-delay discounting relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne H. Mitchell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Vanessa B. Wilson
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University
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Miwa JM, Freedman R, Lester HA. Neural systems governed by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: emerging hypotheses. Neuron 2011; 70:20-33. [PMID: 21482353 PMCID: PMC4418790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain participate in diverse functions: reward, learning and memory, mood, sensory processing, pain, and neuroprotection. Nicotinic systems also have well-known roles in drug abuse. Here, we review recent insights into nicotinic function, linking exogenous and endogenous manipulations of nAChRs to alterations in synapses, circuits, and behavior. We also discuss how these contemporary advances can motivate attempts to exploit nicotinic systems therapeutically in Parkinson's disease, cognitive decline, epilepsy, and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Miwa
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver VA, 13001 F-546, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Henry A. Lester
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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