1
|
Zuo Y, Solingapuram Sai KK, Jazic A, Bansode AH, Rose JE, Mukhin AG. Comparison of brain nicotine accumulation from traditional combustible cigarettes and electronic cigarettes with different formulations. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:740-746. [PMID: 38225397 PMCID: PMC10876700 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Rapid brain accumulation is critical for the acute reinforcing effects of nicotine. Although nicotine formulation (free-base vs. protonated or salt) in electronic cigarette (E-cig) liquid affects user satisfaction, its impact on brain nicotine accumulation (BNA) from E-cig use has not been evaluated in comparison with traditional combustible cigarettes (C-cigs) using a within-subjects design. BNA was directly assessed with 29 adult dual users (13 females) of E-cigs and C-cigs, using [11C]nicotine and positron emission tomography (PET). Participants underwent two 15-min upper body (from chest to head) scanning sessions during which they inhaled a single puff of [11C]nicotine-labeled vapor from E-cigs with free-base nicotine or C-cig smoke in a randomized order. Seventeen of them also went through another session during which they inhaled from E-cigs with nicotine salt. A full-body scan was also conducted at each session to measure total absorbed dose of [11C]nicotine. Mean maximum nicotine concentration (Cmax) in brain following inhalation of free-base nicotine E-cig vapor was 19% and 15% lower relative to C-cig smoke and nicotine salt E-cig vapor (ps = 0.014 and 0.043, respectively). The Cmax values did not differ significantly between the C-cig and nicotine salt E-cig. Mean values of time to the maximum concentration (Tmax) were not significantly different between the two types of E-cig, but they were 64% and 40% longer than that for C-cig smoking (ps = 0.0005 and 0.004, respectively). Mean Cmax with C-cigs and free-base nicotine E-cigs were greater in females relative to males and correlated with T1/2 of lung nicotine clearance and participants' pack-years. These results suggest that while E-cigs with free-base nicotine formulation can deliver nicotine rapidly to the brain, those with nicotine salt formulation are capable of even more efficient brain nicotine delivery closely resembling combustible cigarettes. Therefore, nicotine formulation or pH in E-liquid should be considered in evaluation of E-cigs in terms of abuse liability and potential in substituting for combustible cigarettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Scholl of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Aeva Jazic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Scholl of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Avinash H Bansode
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Jed E Rose
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Scholl of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Alexey G Mukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Scholl of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Solingapuram Sai KK, Rose JE, Mukhin AG. Effect of Electronic Cigarette Liquid pH on Retention of 11C-Nicotine in a Respiratory Tract Model. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1406-1410. [PMID: 36905343 PMCID: PMC10256878 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Based on our preliminary 11C-nicotine positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies in humans, we speculated that greater deposition of nicotine in the respiratory tract from electronic cigarettes compared to combustible cigarettes could result from the alkaline pH of typical aerosol-producing electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids). To address this hypothesis, we assessed the effect of e-liquid pH on the retention of nicotine in vitro using 11C-nicotine, PET, and a human respiratory tract model of nicotine deposition. AIMS AND METHODS A single 2-second 35-mL puff was delivered to a human respiratory tract cast from a 2.8-Ohm cartomizer at 4.1 volts. Immediately after the puff, a 2-second 700-mL air wash-in volume was administered. E-liquids (glycerol and propylene glycol 50/50 vol/vol) containing 24 mg/mL nicotine were mixed with 11C-nicotine. Deposition (retention) of nicotine was assessed using a GE Discovery MI DR PET/CT scanner. Eight e-liquids with different pH values (range 5.3-9.6) were investigated. All experiments were performed at room temperature and at a relative humidity of 70%-80%. RESULTS Retention of nicotine in the respiratory tract cast was pH dependent and the pH-sensitive component of the retention was well described by a sigmoid curve. In total, 50% of the maximal pH-dependent effect was observed at pH 8.0, which is close to the pKa2 of nicotine. CONCLUSIONS The retention of nicotine in the respiratory tract conducting airways is dependent on the e-liquid pH. Lowering the e-liquid pH reduces retention of nicotine. Nonetheless, reduction of the pH below 7 has little effect, consistent with the pKa2 of protonated nicotine. IMPLICATIONS Similar to combustible cigarettes, the retention of nicotine in the human respiratory tract from consumption of electronic cigarettes may have some health consequences and affect nicotine dependence. Here we demonstrated that the retention of nicotine in the respiratory tract is dependent on the e-liquid pH, and lowering pH reduces retention of nicotine in conducting airways of the respiratory tract. Therefore, e-cigarettes with low pH values would result in reduced respiratory tract nicotine exposure and faster delivery of nicotine to the central nervous system (CNS). The latter can be associated with e-cigarette abuse liability and the effectiveness of e-cigarettes as substitutes for combustible cigarettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K Solingapuram Sai
- Department of Radiology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jed E Rose
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexey G Mukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oncken C, Litt MD, Thurlow S, Mead-Morse EL, Wang L, Hatsukami DK. Manipulation of Menthol and Nicotine Content in Cigarettes: Effects on Smoking Behavior and Toxicant Exposure in Women Menthol Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:665-673. [PMID: 36156108 PMCID: PMC10032200 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of smoking and other outcomes of assigning cigarettes with reduced nicotine and/or no menthol to female menthol smokers. AIMS AND METHODS Nontreatment-seeking female menthol smokers (N = 263) participated in a randomized controlled trial in which levels of menthol and nicotine in cigarettes were manipulated using experimental cigarettes. After a baseline period, participants were assigned to the following conditions for 6 weeks: (1) their own brand of cigarette (conventional nicotine with menthol), (2) a conventional nicotine cigarette with no menthol, (3) a cigarette with reduced nicotine (RNC) with menthol, or (4) a RNC cigarette and no menthol. Participants then returned to using their own brand and were followed for another 6 weeks. Outcomes included cigarettes smoked, biomarkers of exposure, and dependence measures. RESULTS Results indicated that, after an initial increase, rates of smoking of all three experimental cigarettes were at or below baseline rates of smoking of one's own brand. Levels of biomarkers also decreased during the experimental phase but rebounded somewhat after participants resumed smoking their own brand. There was evidence that the overall amount of smoking decreased similarly among women who switched to non-menthol and/or RNC cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that no detrimental effect will occur in nicotine or toxicant exposure levels with a ban on characterizing menthol and/or a product standard on nicotine content in cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS The implication of this work is that there would be no risk to women menthol smokers associated with regulations restricting nicotine and eliminating menthol in cigarettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Oncken
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Mark D Litt
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Sheila Thurlow
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Erin L Mead-Morse
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baiden P, Spoor SP, Nicholas JK, Brown FA, LaBrenz CA, Spadola C. Association between use of electronic vaping products and insufficient sleep among adolescents: Findings from the 2017 and 2019 YRBS. Sleep Med 2023; 101:19-27. [PMID: 36334497 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although studies have investigated the association between cigarette smoking and sleep outcomes among adolescents in the United States, few studies have examined the association between electronic vaping products (EVPs) use and insufficient sleep among adolescents. The objective of this study was to investigate the cross-sectional association between the use of EVPs and insufficient sleep among adolescents. METHODS Data were pooled from the 2017 and 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. An analytic sample of 28,135 adolescents (51.2% female) was analyzed using binary logistic regression. The dependent variable investigated was insufficient sleep, and the main independent variable was the use of EVPs. RESULTS Of the 28,135 adolescents, 22.6%, 19.2%, and 58.2% were current, former, and never users of EVPs, respectively. More than three in four adolescents (76.5%) did not obtain the recommended 8 h of sleep on an average school night. Controlling for demographic factors and other covariates, adolescents who currently used EVPs had 1.33 times higher odds of having insufficient sleep (AOR = 1.33, p < .001, 95% CI = 1.16-1.52), and adolescents who previously used EVPs had 1.29 times higher odds of having insufficient sleep (AOR = 1.29, p < .001, 95% CI = 1.15-1.44) when compared to adolescents who had never used EVPs. Adolescents were more likely to get insufficient sleep if they were older, non-Hispanic Black, had symptoms of depression, experienced suicidal ideation, engaged in excessive screen-time behaviors, or currently used alcohol. Physical activity had a protective effect on insufficient sleep. CONCLUSION This study found that EVPs use was associated with insufficient sleep among adolescents over and above demographic and other covariates. As EVP use increases among adolescents, it is important to consider the potential impact on multiple domains, including sleep. Future studies that employ longitudinal designs may offer additional insight into the mechanisms underlying the association between EVPs use and insufficient sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Baiden
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 211 S. Cooper St, Box 19129, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
| | - Samantha P Spoor
- University of Wyoming, Department of Psychology, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Julia K Nicholas
- University of Louisville, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Room 307 Life Sciences Building, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Fawn A Brown
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Psychology, 501 Nedderman Dr, Box 19528, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Catherine A LaBrenz
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 211 S. Cooper St, Box 19129, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Christine Spadola
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 211 S. Cooper St, Box 19129, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zuo Y, Mukhin AG, Berg H, Morgan JD, Mintz A, Rose JE, Solingapuram Sai KK. Comparison of brain nicotine uptake from electronic cigarettes and combustible cigarettes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1939-1944. [PMID: 35962133 PMCID: PMC9485116 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brain accumulation rate and magnitude are critical for the acute reinforcing effects of nicotine. Despite electronic cigarettes' (E-cigs) appeal as substitutes for traditional combustible cigarettes (C-cigs), brain nicotine accumulation (BNA) from E-cigs has not been compared with that from C-cigs using a within-subjects design. BNA was directly assessed with 16 adult dual users (10 females) of E-cigs (e-liquid pH 9.4) and C-cigs, using 11C-nicotine and positron emission tomography (PET). Participants went through two 15-min head scanning sessions during which they inhaled a single puff of E-cig vapor or C-cig smoke containing 11C-nicotine in a randomized order. A full-body scan was also conducted at each session to measure total absorbed dose of 11C-nicotine. Mean maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under curve of BNA were 22.1% and 22.7% lower, respectively, following E-cig compared with C-cig inhalation. Meanwhile, T1/2 was 2.7 times longer following inhalation of E-cig vapor relative to C-cig smoke (all ps < 0.005). Whole-body imaging indicated greater nicotine retention in the respiratory tract from vapor versus smoke inhalation (p < 0.0001). Following vapor inhalation, nicotine retention in the respiratory tract was correlated with Cmax values of BNA (rs = -0.59, p < 0.02). Our results confirm that E-cigs with alkaline pH e-liquid can deliver nicotine rapidly to the brain, albeit less efficiently than C-cigs partly due to greater airway retention of nicotine. Since brain nicotine uptake mediates reinforcement, these results help elucidate actions of E-cigs in terms of abuse liability and effectiveness in substituting for combustible cigarettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Alexey G Mukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| | - Hannah Berg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Janiece D Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Jed E Rose
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bagdas D, Cam B, Gul Z, Scott MM, Tyndale RF, Buyukuysal RL, Damaj MI, Gurun MS. Impact of Menthol on Oral Nicotine Consumption in Female and Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:196-203. [PMID: 30753589 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the preferable flavors in oral nicotine delivery systems is menthol which masks the harshness of tobacco. However, possible interactions between oral menthol and nicotine on intake and preference remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine the impact of menthol on oral nicotine consumption. METHODS Adult Sprague Dawley female and male rats (n = 8 per group) were given a choice of water or drug solution by using two-bottle free choice paradigm for 2 weeks: vehicle (5% ethanol), nicotine (20 mg/L), menthol (1 g/L) and mentholated nicotine groups. At the end of the study, plasma nicotine levels were determined. RESULTS When rats were given a choice of nicotine or water, nicotine intake was similar between female and male rats. Menthol addition to nicotine solution significantly increased nicotine intake and preference in male but not female rats without a considerable effect on total fluid intake and body weight change in either sex. The average nicotine intake in male rats was 0.5 ± 0.05 and 1.4 ± 0.12 mg/kg/day for nicotine and menthol-nicotine combination (p < .05), respectively. The average nicotine intake in female rats was 0.6 ± 0.05 and 0.6 ± 0.03 mg/kg/day for nicotine and menthol-nicotine combination (p > .05), respectively. Plasma nicotine levels were not significantly different between the groups in either male (nicotine group: 20.8 ± 4.9, mentholated nicotine group: 31.9 ± 3.2 ng/mL) or female (nicotine group: 24.0 ± 3.3, mentholated nicotine group: 17.8 ± 2.9 ng/mL) rats (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS Menthol increases oral nicotine consumption in male, but not female, rats. IMPLICATIONS This study may provide data on the co-use of menthol and nicotine in smokeless tobacco, particularly oral dissolvable tobacco products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Bagdas
- The Center for the Study for Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Betul Cam
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zulfiye Gul
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Michael M Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - M Imad Damaj
- The Center for the Study for Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Mine Sibel Gurun
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Frost-Pineda K, Heck JD, Curtin GM. Measures of dependence in menthol and nonmenthol smokers - A comprehensive narrative review. J Addict Dis 2020; 38:122-142. [PMID: 32286199 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2020.1727286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. More than a decade ago, concerns were raised that menthol in cigarettes might enhance addiction to smoking. This article provides a comprehensive review of published studies examining cigarette dependence among menthol and nonmenthol smokers. The purpose of the review is to evaluate the scientific evidence to determine if menthol increases cigarette dependence. Materials and Methods. The published literature was searched in 2019 for studies that provide evidence on cigarette dependence among menthol compared to nonmenthol smokers. Included in this review are published studies that compare menthol and nonmenthol smokers based on widely accepted and validated measures of dependence, or other established predictors of dependence (age of smoking initiation [first cigarette]/age of progression [regular/daily smoking]) and indicators of dependence (smoking frequency, cigarettes smoked per day, time to first cigarette after waking, night waking to smoke, smoking duration). Results and Conclusion. Based on a review of the available studies, including those with adjusted results and large representative samples, reliable and consistent empirical evidence supports a conclusion that menthol smokers are not more dependent than nonmenthol smokers and thus menthol in cigarettes does not increase dependence.
Collapse
|
8
|
Solingapuram Sai KK, Zuo Y, Rose JE, Garg PK, Garg S, Nazih R, Mintz A, Mukhin AG. Rapid Brain Nicotine Uptake from Electronic Cigarettes. J Nucl Med 2019; 61:928-930. [PMID: 31676729 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.230748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to determine brain nicotine kinetics from use of the increasingly popular electronic cigarette (E-cig). Methods: In 17 E-cig users (9 men and 8 women), brain uptake of nicotine after inhalation from E-cigs was directly assessed using 11C-nicotine PET. The brain nicotine kinetics were compared with those from smoking combustible cigarettes (C-cigs). Results: A single puff of E-cig vapor caused the nicotine concentration in the brain to rise quickly (mean time to reach 50% of maximum brain nicotine concentration, 27 s), with a peak amplitude 25% higher in women than men, resembling previous observations with C-cigs. Nonetheless, the accumulation from E-cigs (24%) was less than that from C-cigs (32%) in both men and women. Conclusion: E-cigs can deliver nicotine to the brain with a rapidity similar to that of C-cigs. Therefore, to the extent that rapid brain uptake promotes smoking reward, E-cigs might maintain a degree of nicotine dependence and also serve as a noncombustible substitute for cigarettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yantao Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jed E Rose
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pradeep K Garg
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and
| | - Sudha Garg
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and
| | - Rachid Nazih
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and
| | - Alexey G Mukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mead EL, Duffy V, Oncken C, Litt MD. E-cigarette palatability in smokers as a function of flavorings, nicotine content and propylthiouracil (PROP) taster phenotype. Addict Behav 2019; 91:37-44. [PMID: 30470456 PMCID: PMC6358501 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The popularity of E-cigarettes is due in part to their flavorings. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on smokers' sensory perceptions and liking of various e-cigarette flavorings, and the degree to which those perceptions are influenced by nicotine level, sex, and PROP bitter taster phenotype. METHODS We recruited 132 non-treatment-seeking, daily cigarette smokers. In repeated trials in one laboratory session participants vaped the Joyetech eGo-C e-cigarette with each of the following flavorings (in random order): unflavored, tobacco, cherry, chocolate, and menthol. Participants vaped the e-juice first without nicotine and then with high nicotine (18 mg/ml), and provided sensory (bitterness/sourness, irritation, sweetness) and liking ratings. Perceived intensity of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) was used to classify the participants as non-tasters (n = 28), medium-tasters (n = 74), or supertasters (n = 28). Mixed-effects linear models and generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate ratings as a function of flavor interacting with nicotine content, sex and taster phenotype, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, menthol use, and nicotine dependence. RESULTS Regardless of nicotine level, cherry (β = 1.76, p < .001) and chocolate (β = 0.69, p < .001) were rated as sweeter, but were not better liked, than unflavored e-juice. Menthol elicited the highest liking rating, especially for women (β = 12.23, p < .05) and supertasters (β = 20.52, p < .05). Regardless of flavor, high nicotine was rated as more irritating (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.02-2.01) than the no-nicotine e-juice. Irritation (β = -13.65, p < .001), bitterness/sourness (β = -11.38, p < .001), and sweetness (β = 4.79, p < .001) were associated with liking. CONCLUSION Menthol may enhance e-cigarette palatability for some smokers, which may increase e-cigarette utility in smoking cessation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Mead
- Department of Medicine, MC3229, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Valerie Duffy
- Department of Allied Health Science, College of Agricultural, Health & Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Cheryl Oncken
- Department of Medicine, MC3229, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Mark D Litt
- Division of Behavioral Sciences and Community Health, MC3910, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thompson MF, Poirier GL, Dávila-García MI, Huang W, Tam K, Robidoux M, Dubuke ML, Shaffer SA, Colon-Perez L, Febo M, DiFranza JR, King JA. Menthol enhances nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization and in vivo functional connectivity in adolescence. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:332-343. [PMID: 28747086 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117719265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mentholated cigarettes capture a quarter of the US market, and are disproportionately smoked by adolescents. Menthol allosterically modulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function, but its effects on the brain and nicotine addiction are unclear. To determine if menthol is psychoactive, we assessed locomotor sensitization and brain functional connectivity. Adolescent male Sprague Dawley rats were administered nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) daily with or without menthol (0.05 mg/kg or 5.38 mg/kg) for nine days. Following each injection, distance traveled in an open field was recorded. One day after the sensitization experiment, functional connectivity was assessed in awake animals before and after drug administration using magnetic resonance imaging. Menthol (5.38 mg/kg) augmented nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization. Functional connectivity was compared in animals that had received nicotine with or without the 5.38 mg/kg dosage of menthol. Twenty-four hours into withdrawal after the last drug administration, increased functional connectivity was observed for ventral tegmental area and retrosplenial cortex with nicotine+menthol compared to nicotine-only exposure. Upon drug re-administration, the nicotine-only, but not the menthol groups, exhibited altered functional connectivity of the dorsal striatum with the amygdala. Menthol, when administered with nicotine, showed evidence of psychoactive properties by affecting brain activity and behavior compared to nicotine administration alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Thompson
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,2 Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Guillaume L Poirier
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Martha I Dávila-García
- 3 Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Tam
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Maxwell Robidoux
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michelle L Dubuke
- 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,5 Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,5 Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Luis Colon-Perez
- 6 Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- 6 Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph R DiFranza
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,7 Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jean A King
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,8 Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,9 Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Faulkner P, Petersen N, Ghahremani DG, Cox CM, Tyndale RF, Hellemann GS, London ED. Sex differences in tobacco withdrawal and responses to smoking reduced-nicotine cigarettes in young smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:193-202. [PMID: 29022071 PMCID: PMC6726112 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Policies that establish a standard for reduced nicotine content in cigarettes can decrease the prevalence of smoking in the USA. Cigarettes with nicotine yields as low as 0.05 mg produce substantial occupancy of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (26%), but women and men respond differently to these cigarettes. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to measure responses to smoking cigarettes that varied widely in nicotine yields, investigating whether sex differences in the effects on craving, withdrawal, and affect would be observed at even lower nicotine yields than previously studied, and in young smokers. METHODS Overnight abstinent young smokers (23 men, 23 women, mean age 22.18) provided self-reports of craving, withdrawal, and affect before and after smoking cigarettes with yields of 0.027, 0.110, 0.231, or 0.763 mg nicotine, and evaluated characteristics of each cigarette. RESULTS Compared to abstinent young men, abstinent young women reported greater negative affect, psychological withdrawal, and sedation, all of which were relieved equally by all cigarettes. Men but not women reported greater craving reduction, perceived nicotine content, and cigarette liking with increasing nicotine dose. CONCLUSIONS Men may experience less smoking-related relief of craving, and enjoy cigarettes less, if nicotine yields are reduced to very low levels. Conversely, women respond equally well to cigarettes with nicotine yields as low as 0.027 mg as to cigarettes with nicotine yields 28-fold higher (0.763 mg). These differences are relevant for policy regarding reduced nicotine in cigarettes and may influence the efficacy and acceptability of reduced-nicotine cigarettes as smoking cessation aids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Faulkner
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, USA
| | - Nicole Petersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, USA
| | - Dara G Ghahremani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, USA
| | - Chelsea M Cox
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gerhard S Hellemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, USA
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA.
- The Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pogun S, Yararbas G, Nesil T, Kanit L. Sex differences in nicotine preference. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:148-162. [PMID: 27870459 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is the major cause of preventable deaths worldwide, and although there is a decline in overall smoking prevalence in developed countries, the decline in women is less pronounced than in men. Women become dependent faster and experience greater difficulties in quitting. Similar trends have been observed in animal models of nicotine/tobacco addiction. Individual differences in vulnerability to drug abuse are also observed in nicotine/tobacco addiction and point to the importance of sex differences. This Review, summarizes findings from three experimental approaches used to depict nicotine preference in animal models, intravenous and oral nicotine self-administration and nicotine-induced conditioned place preference. Nicotine preference is considered to be reflected in the animal's motivation to administer the drug (intravenously or orally) or to prefer an environment paired with the presence of the drug (conditioned place preference). These approaches all point to the importance of sex and age of the subjects; the preference of females and adolescents appear to be more pronounced than that of males and adults, respectively. A closer look at these factors will help us understand the mechanisms that underlie nicotine addiction and develop strategies to cope. Ignoring sex differences and reaching conclusions based only on studies using male subjects has resulted in erroneous generalizations in the past. Sex differences in nicotine preference have been clearly documented, and awareness on this aspect of nicotine dependence will significantly impact our success in translational research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakire Pogun
- Center for Brain Research, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gorkem Yararbas
- Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tanseli Nesil
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Lutfiye Kanit
- Center for Brain Research, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.,Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mukherjee J, Lao PJ, Betthauser TJ, Samra GK, Pan ML, Patel IH, Liang C, Metherate R, Christian BT. Human brain imaging of nicotinic acetylcholine α4β2* receptors using [ 18 F]Nifene: Selectivity, functional activity, toxicity, aging effects, gender effects, and extrathalamic pathways. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:80-95. [PMID: 28875553 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors (nAChR's) have been implicated in several brain disorders, including addiction, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Here we report in vitro selectivity and functional properties, toxicity in rats, in vivo evaluation in humans, and comparison across species of [18 F]Nifene, a fast acting PET imaging agent for α4β2* nAChRs. Nifene had subnanomolar affinities for hα2β2 (0.34 nM), hα3β2 (0.80 nM) and hα4β2 (0.83 nM) nAChR but weaker (27-219 nM) for hβ4 nAChR subtypes and 169 nM for hα7 nAChR. In functional assays, Nifene (100 μM) exhibited 14% agonist and >50% antagonist characteristics. In 14-day acute toxicity in rats, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) were estimated to exceed 40 μg/kg/day (278 μg/m2 /day). In human PET studies, [18 F]Nifene (185 MBq; <0.10 μg) was well tolerated with no adverse effects. Distribution volume ratios (DVR) of [18 F]Nifene in white matter thalamic radiations were ∼1.6 (anterior) and ∼1.5 (superior longitudinal fasciculus). Habenula known to contain α3β2 nAChR exhibited low levels of [18 F]Nifene binding while the red nucleus with α2β2 nAChR had DVR ∼1.6-1.7. Females had higher [18 F]Nifene binding in all brain regions, with thalamus showing >15% than males. No significant aging effect was observed in [18 F]Nifene binding over 5 decades. In all species (mice, rats, monkeys, and humans) thalamus showed highest [18 F]Nifene binding with reference region ratios >2 compared to extrathalamic regions. Our findings suggest that [18 F]Nifene PET may be used to study α4β2* nAChRs in various CNS disorders and for translational research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jogeshwar Mukherjee
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Patrick J Lao
- Department of Medical Physics and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Tobey J Betthauser
- Department of Medical Physics and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gurleen K Samra
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Min-Liang Pan
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Ishani H Patel
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California
| | | | - Raju Metherate
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Bradley T Christian
- Department of Medical Physics and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mead EL, Johnson SL, Siddiqui J, Butler J, Kirchner T, Feldman RH. Beyond blunts: Reasons for cigarette and cigar use among African American young adult dual users. ADDICTION RESEARCH & THEORY 2017; 26:349-360. [PMID: 30344466 PMCID: PMC6191202 DOI: 10.1080/16066359.2017.1366456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African American young adults are at high risk for dual use of cigarettes and cigars. Limited work has explored and characterized the reasons for use in this population and their relative importance for initiation and current smoking of these products. METHOD Reasons for cigarette and cigar use were systematically explored and categorized using a mixed methods participatory approach called concept mapping. A series of in-person group sessions were held with 30 African American young adult (ages 18-29) current smokers of both cigarettes and cigars in Prince George's County, MD and Washington, DC. Participants brainstormed, sorted, rated, and interpreted their reasons for initiation and past 30-day use of cigarettes and cigars. A cluster map was generated using multi-dimensional scaling, and t-tests were used to explore differences in ratings by background characteristics. RESULTS Participants generated 64 reasons for smoking cigarettes and cigars, and categorized these reasons into six groups: emotions, urges, access, product characteristics, lifestyle, and outside pressure. Emotions and urges were the most important motivations for initiation and current smoking of both products. Product characteristics were significantly more important for cigar initiation and smoking than for cigarettes, and outside pressure was more important for current smoking of cigars than cigarettes. Ratings differed by gender, socioeconomic status, and smoking characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette and cigar smoking have several overlapping motivations, but key differences were also found, most notably for product characteristics. The FDA's regulation of cigars and cigarettes should focus on addressing key characteristics appealing to young adults to curb dual use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Mead
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, US, Tel: (860) 679-2456,
| | - Sarah Lindstrom Johnson
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, PO Box 873701, Tempe, AZ 85287, US. Tel: (480) 965-9975,
| | - Junaed Siddiqui
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 4200 Valley Drive, College Park, MD 20742, US,
| | - James Butler
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Maryland Center for Healthy Equity, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 4200 Valley Drive, College Park, MD 20742, US, Tel: (301) 405-0757,
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, 41 E. 11st Street, New York, NY 10003, US, Tel: (646) 997-0548,
| | - Robert H Feldman
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 4200 Valley Drive, College Park, MD 20742, US,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jao NC, Veluz-Wilkins AK, Smith MJ, Carroll AJ, Blazekovic S, Leone FT, Tyndale RF, Schnoll RA, Hitsman B. Does menthol cigarette use moderate the effect of nicotine metabolism on short-term smoking cessation? Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2017; 25:216-222. [PMID: 28493744 PMCID: PMC5454571 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) has been shown to predict response to the transdermal nicotine patch, such that faster nicotine metabolism is associated with a lower abstinence rate. Menthol cigarette use, versus nonmenthol cigarette use, slows nicotine metabolism and therefore may attenuate the effect of NMR on smoking abstinence. In this study, we evaluated whether cigarette type (menthol vs. nonmenthol) modified the association between NMR and short-term abstinence. This was a secondary analysis examining treatment in the first 8 weeks of 21 mg/day nicotine patch therapy in a completed clinical trial (n = 474). Menthol cigarette use was based on self-report. NMR was defined dichotomously (0 = fast, 1 = slow) to distinguish between fast (≥0.47) versus slow NMR. Using logistic regression analysis, we tested whether cigarette type moderated the association between NMR and bioverified 7-day point prevalence abstinence at Week 8. Covariates include nicotine dependence, age, race, and gender. Three hundred two participants reported smoking menthol cigarettes, of which 234 (77%) were classified as slow NMR. Among the 172 nonmenthol smokers, 136 were classified as slow NMR (79%). Contrary to our expectations, the NMR ×Cigarette Type interaction effect on abstinence was not significant (odds ratio [OR] = 0.91, p = .86). Excluding the interaction variable, fast NMR was associated with decreased likelihood of abstinence (OR = 0.55, p = .03), but menthol cigarette use was not (OR = 1.15, p = .56). Further exploration of risk factors among menthol cigarette smokers, especially among racially diverse and light smokers, could clarify the association between menthol cigarette use and poorer smoking outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C. Jao
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Watson CV, Richter P, de Castro BR, Sosnoff C, Potts J, Clark P, McCraw J, Yan X, Chambers D, Watson C. Smoking Behavior and Exposure: Results of a Menthol Cigarette Cross-over Study. Am J Health Behav 2017; 41:309-319. [PMID: 28376975 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.41.3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to improve understanding of the differences in use behavior and exposure when smoking menthol and non-menthol cigarettes using a 2-part cross-over design. METHODS Adult daily smokers were assigned randomly to alternate between 2 weeks of exclusively smoking a menthol test cigarette or a non-menthol test cigarette. Urine and saliva were collected for biomarker measurements; carbon monoxide (CO) was measured, and participants smoked test cigarettes through a CreSS® smoking topography device during 3 clinic visits. Participants turned in their cigarette butts from the test periods for determination of mouth level nicotine and completed subjective questionnaires related to the test cigarettes. RESULTS Regardless of cigarette preference, participants had higher salivary cotinine when smoking the non-menthol test cigarette, but there were no significant differences detected in urine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol between the 2 test cigarettes. Mouth level nicotine, puff volume, and puff duration were significantly higher when smoking the menthol brand. Both menthol and non-menthol smokers reported significantly lower enjoyment and satisfaction scores for test cigarettes compared with their brand of choice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that mentholation has an effect on measures of smoking behavior and that mouth level nicotine is a useful indicator of between-brand smoke exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joan McCraw
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Xizheng Yan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zuo Y, Garg PK, Nazih R, Garg S, Rose JE, Murugesan T, Mukhin AG. A programmable smoke delivery device for PET imaging with cigarettes containing 11C-nicotine. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 283:55-61. [PMID: 28347784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION PET imaging with 11C-nicotine-loaded cigarettes is a valuable tool to directly assess fast nicotine kinetics and its neuropharmacological role in tobacco dependence. To eliminate variations among puffs inhaled by subjects, this work aimed to develop a programmable smoke delivery device (SDD) to produce highly reproducible and adjustable puffs of cigarette smoke for PET experiments. NEW METHOD The SDD was built around a programmable syringe pump as a smoking machine to draw a puff of smoke from a 11C-nicotine-loaded cigarette and make it available for a subject to take the smoke into the mouth and then inhale it during PET data acquisition. Brain nicotine time activity curves and total body absorbed 11C-nicotine doses (TAD) were measured in smokers who inhaled a single puff of smoke via the SDD from a 11C-nicotine-loaded cigarette. RESULTS Nearly identical brain nicotine kinetics were observed between participants who inhaled a puff of smoke through the SDD and those who inhaled directly from a cigarette. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This new device minimizes puff variations that exist with earlier smoke delivery apparatuses which could introduce confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS The SDD is effective in delivering 11C-nicotine from the study cigarettes. Despite a 2-s increase in aging of smoke delivered through the SDD versus smoke taken directly from a cigarette, the difference in brain nicotine kinetics after 11C-nicotine delivery with and without use of the SDD is negligible. This refined device may be useful for future research on the deposition and pharmacokinetics of nicotine inhaled with tobacco smoke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 201, Mail code 2701, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Pradeep K Garg
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Rachid Nazih
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Sudha Garg
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jed E Rose
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 201, Mail code 2701, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Thangaraju Murugesan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 201, Mail code 2701, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Alexey G Mukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 201, Mail code 2701, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sex Differences in Midbrain Dopamine D2-Type Receptor Availability and Association with Nicotine Dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2913-2919. [PMID: 27329684 PMCID: PMC5061883 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Women differ from men in smoking-related behaviors, among them a greater difficulty in quitting smoking. Unlike female smokers, male smokers have lower striatal dopamine D2-type receptor availability (binding potential, BPND) than nonsmokers and exhibit greater smoking-induced striatal dopamine release. Because dopamine D2-type autoreceptors in the midbrain influence striatal dopamine release, a function that has been linked to addiction, we tested for sex differences in midbrain dopamine D2-type receptor BPND and in relationships between midbrain BPND, nicotine dependence and striatal dopamine D2-type receptor BPND. Positron emission tomography was used with [18F]fallypride to measure BPND in a midbrain region, encompassing the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, in 18 daily smokers (7 women, 11 men) and 19 nonsmokers (10 women, 9 men). A significant sex-by-group interaction reflected greater midbrain BPND in female but not male smokers than in corresponding nonsmokers (F1, 32=5.089, p=0.03). Midbrain BPND was positively correlated with BPND in the caudate nucleus and putamen in nonsmokers and female smokers but not in male smokers and with nicotine dependence in female but not in male smokers. Striatal BPND was correlated negatively with nicotine dependence and smoking exposure. These findings extend observations on dopamine D2-type receptors in smokers and suggest a sex difference in how midbrain dopamine D2-type autoreceptors influence nicotine dependence.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jeon DW, Shim JC, Kong BG, Moon JJ, Seo YS, Kim SJ, Oh MK, Jung DU. Adjunctive varenicline treatment for smoking reduction in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:206-211. [PMID: 27543252 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Smoking is more common among patients with schizophrenia than it is in the general population. Varenicline, a partial and full agonist at the α4β2 and α7 nicotine acetylcholine receptors, respectively, has been shown to be an effective anti-smoking treatment. This study examined the effects of varenicline treatment on smoking reduction in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS Sixty smokers with schizophrenia were recruited and randomized to receive either varenicline or placebo. Smoking behavior was assessed with the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (mNWS), Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urge (QSU-brief), and Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ). Exhaled carbon monoxide was also measured to assess smoking dependency and status. Data were analyzed with the two-tailed Student's t-test, χ(2) test, and repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS During the 8-week study, there was a significant time×group interaction, which showed that smoking decreased over time in the varenicline group. Expired CO levels also decreased in the varenicline group, showing a significant time effect, group effect, and time×group interaction. Total mCEQ scores decreased in the varenicline group, demonstrating a significant time×group interaction. Among the five domains of the mCEQ, the smoking satisfaction, psychological reward, and enjoyment of respiratory tract sensation domains showed significant time×group interactions in the varenicline group. The QSU-brief and mNWS demonstrated a significant time effect, but not significant time×group interactions. Adjunctive varenicline treatment with antipsychotics was generally well-tolerated and safe. CONCLUSIONS Varenicline showed significant efficacy in reducing smoking in people with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo-Cheol Shim
- Shim Joo Cheol Psychiatry Clinic, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo-Geum Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Joon Moon
- Department of Psychiatry, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Soo Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Sharing and Happiness Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Kyung Oh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Un Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Garg PK, Lokitz SJ, Nazih R, Garg S. Biodistribution and Radiation Dosimetry of 11C-Nicotine from Whole-Body PET Imaging in Humans. J Nucl Med 2016; 58:473-478. [PMID: 27660145 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.180059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the in vivo distribution of 11C-nicotine and the absorbed radiation dose from whole-body 11C-nicotine PET imaging of 11 healthy (5 male and 6 female) subjects. Methods: After an initial CT attenuation scan, 11C-nicotine was administered via intravenous injection. A dynamic PET scan was acquired for 90 s with the brain in the field of view, followed by a series of 13 whole-body PET scans acquired over a 90-min period. Regions of interest were drawn over organs visible in the reconstructed PET images. Time-activity curves were generated, and the residence times were calculated. The absorbed radiation dose for the whole body was calculated by entering the residence time in OLINDA/EXM 1.0 software to model the equivalent organ dose and the effective dose for a 70-kg man. Results: The mean residence times for 11C-nicotine in the liver, red marrow, brain, and lungs were 0.048 ± 0.010, 0.031 ± 0.005, 0.021 ± 0.004, and 0.020 ± 0.005 h, respectively. The mean effective dose for 11C-nicotine was 5.44 ± 0.67 μSv/MBq. The organs receiving the highest absorbed dose from the 11C-nicotine injection were the urinary bladder wall (14.68 ± 8.70 μSv/MBq), kidneys (9.56 ± 2.46 μSv/MBq), liver (8.94 ± 1.67 μSv/MBq), and spleen (9.49 ± 3.89 μSv/MBq). The renal and hepatobiliary systems were the major clearance and excretion routes for radioactivity. Conclusion: The estimated radiation dose from 11C-nicotine administration is relatively modest and would allow for multiple PET examinations on the same subject.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Garg
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, North Carolina; and Biomedical Research Foundation, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Stephen J Lokitz
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, North Carolina; and Biomedical Research Foundation, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Rachid Nazih
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, North Carolina; and Biomedical Research Foundation, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Sudha Garg
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, North Carolina; and Biomedical Research Foundation, Shreveport, Louisiana
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
van de Nobelen S, Kienhuis AS, Talhout R. An Inventory of Methods for the Assessment of Additive Increased Addictiveness of Tobacco Products. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1546-55. [PMID: 26817491 PMCID: PMC4902882 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarettes and other forms of tobacco contain the addictive drug nicotine. Other components, either naturally occurring in tobacco or additives that are intentionally added during the manufacturing process, may add to the addictiveness of tobacco products. As such, these components can make cigarette smokers more easily and heavily dependent.Efforts to regulate tobacco product dependence are emerging globally. Additives that increase tobacco dependence will be prohibited under the new European Tobacco Product Directive. OBJECTIVE This article provides guidelines and recommendations for developing a regulatory strategy for assessment of increase in tobacco dependence due to additives. Relevant scientific literature is summarized and criteria and experimental studies that can define increased dependence of tobacco products are described. CONCLUSIONS Natural tobacco smoke is a very complex matrix of components, therefore analysis of the contribution of an additive or a combination of additives to the level of dependence on this product is challenging. We propose to combine different type of studies analyzing overall tobacco product dependence potential and the functioning of additives in relation to nicotine. By using a combination of techniques, changes associated with nicotine dependence such as behavioral, physiological, and neurochemical alterations can be examined to provide sufficient information.Research needs and knowledge gaps will be discussed and recommendations will be made to translate current knowledge into legislation. As such, this article aids in implementation of the Tobacco Product Directive, as well as help enable regulators and researchers worldwide to develop standards to reduce dependence on tobacco products. IMPLICATIONS This article provides an overall view on how to assess tobacco product constituents for their potential contribution to use and dependence. It provides guidelines that help enable regulators worldwide to develop standards to reduce dependence on tobacco products and guide researches to set research priorities on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne van de Nobelen
- Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anne S Kienhuis
- Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wiers CE, Cabrera E, Skarda E, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. PET imaging for addiction medicine: From neural mechanisms to clinical considerations. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 224:175-201. [PMID: 26822359 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) has been shown to be an effective imaging technique to study neurometabolic and neurochemical processes involved in addiction. That is, PET has been used to research neurobiological differences in substance abusers versus healthy controls and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of abused drugs. Over the past years, the research scope has shifted to investigating neurobiological effects of abstinence and treatment, and their predictive power for relapse and other clinical outcomes. This chapter provides an overview of PET methodology, recent human PET studies on drug addiction and their implications for clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Cabrera
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily Skarda
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|