1
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Hosseini SM, Borys B, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Neural stem cell therapies for spinal cord injury repair: an update on recent preclinical and clinical advances. Brain 2024; 147:766-793. [PMID: 37975820 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a leading cause of lifelong disabilities. Permanent sensory, motor and autonomic impairments after SCI are substantially attributed to degeneration of spinal cord neurons and axons, and disintegration of neural network. To date, minimal regenerative treatments are available for SCI with an unmet need for new therapies to reconstruct the damaged spinal cord neuron-glia network and restore connectivity with the supraspinal pathways. Multipotent neural precursor cells (NPCs) have a unique capacity to generate neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Due to this capacity, NPCs have been an attractive cell source for cellular therapies for SCI. Transplantation of NPCs has been extensively tested in preclinical models of SCI in the past two decades. These studies have identified opportunities and challenges associated with NPC therapies. While NPCs have the potential to promote neuroregeneration through various mechanisms, their low long-term survival and integration within the host injured spinal cord limit the functional benefits of NPC-based therapies for SCI. To address this challenge, combinatorial strategies have been developed to optimize the outcomes of NPC therapies by enriching SCI microenvironment through biomaterials, genetic and pharmacological therapies. In this review, we will provide an in-depth discussion on recent advances in preclinical NPC-based therapies for SCI. We will discuss modes of actions and mechanism by which engrafted NPCs contribute to the repair process and functional recovery. We will also provide an update on current clinical trials and new technologies that have facilitated preparation of medical-grade human NPCs suitable for transplantation in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Ben Borys
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
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2
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Blasco-Chamarro L, Fariñas I. Fine-tuned rest: unveiling the regulatory landscape of adult quiescent neural stem cells. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00298-1. [PMID: 37437796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell quiescence is an essential mechanism that allows cells to temporarily halt proliferation while preserving the potential to resume it at a later time. The molecular mechanisms underlying cell quiescence are complex and involve the regulation of various signaling pathways, transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. The importance of unveiling the mechanisms regulating the quiescent state is undeniable, as its long-term maintenance is key to sustain tissue homeostasis throughout life. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are maintained in the subependymal zone (SEZ) niche of adult mammalian brains mostly as long-lasting quiescent cells, owing to multiple intrinsic and extrinsic cues that actively regulate this state. Differently from other non-proliferative states, quiescence is a reversible and tightly regulated condition that can re-activate to support the formation of new neurons throughout adult lifespan. Decoding its regulatory mechanisms in homeostasis and unveiling how it is modulated in the context of the aged brain or during tumorigenesis, could bring us closer to the development of new potential strategies to intervene in adult neurogenesis with therapeutic purposes. Starting with a general conceptualization of the quiescent state in different stem cell niches, we here review what we have learned about NSC quiescence in the SEZ, encompassing the experimental strategies used for its study, to end up discussing the modulation of quiescence in the context of a physiology or pathological NSC dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Blasco-Chamarro
- Biomedical Research Network on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); Department of Cell Biology; Biotechnology and Biomedicine Institute (BioTecMed), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Biomedical Research Network on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); Department of Cell Biology; Biotechnology and Biomedicine Institute (BioTecMed), University of Valencia, Spain.
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3
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Sheng KY, Nakano T, Yamaguchi S. A region-dependent allele-biased expression of Dopa decarboxylase in mouse brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1078927. [PMID: 36568970 PMCID: PMC9768605 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1078927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic event in which genes are expressed only from either the paternal or maternal allele. Dopa decarboxylase (Ddc), is an imprinted gene that encodes an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of L-dopa to dopamine. Although Ddc has been reported to be paternally expressed in embryonic and neonatal hearts, its expression pattern in the brain has been controversial. To visualize Ddc-expressing neurons, we established a knock-in mouse carrying a humanized Kusabira orange 1 (hKO1) reporter cassette at the Ddc locus (Ddc-hKO1). The expression of Ddc-hKO1 was detected in all known Ddc-positive cells in the brains of embryonic, neonatal, adult, and aged mice. We further developed an efficient purification method for Ddc-hKO1-positive neurons using a cell sorter. RNA sequencing analysis confirmed the enrichment of dopaminergic, serotonergic and cholinergic neurons in Ddc-hKO1-positive cell population recovered using this method. A detailed analysis of Ddc-hKO1 paternally and maternally derived heterozygous mice combined with immunostaining revealed that Ddc was preferentially expressed from the maternal allele in ventral tegmented area (VTA), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), and retrorubral field (RRF); while it was expressed from both alleles in dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). These results indicate that Ddc exhibit an allele-specific expression pattern in different brain regions, presumably reflecting the diverse regulatory mechanisms of imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit-Yeng Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Nakano
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka, Japan,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinpei Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Stem Cells and Reprogramming Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan,*Correspondence: Shinpei Yamaguchi,
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4
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Dentate gyrus astrocytes exhibit layer-specific molecular, morphological and physiological features. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1626-1638. [PMID: 36443610 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal heterogeneity has been established as a pillar of higher central nervous system function, but glial heterogeneity and its implications for neural circuit function are poorly understood. Here we show that the adult mouse dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus is populated by molecularly distinct astrocyte subtypes that are associated with distinct DG layers. Astrocytes localized to different DG compartments also exhibit subtype-specific morphologies. Physiologically, astrocytes in upper DG layers form large syncytia, while those in lower DG compartments form smaller networks. Astrocyte subtypes differentially express glutamate transporters, which is associated with different amplitudes of glutamate transporter-mediated currents. Key molecular and morphological features of astrocyte diversity in the mice DG are conserved in humans. This adds another layer of complexity to our understanding of brain network composition and function, which will be crucial for further studies on astrocytes in health and disease.
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5
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TDP-43 condensates and lipid droplets regulate the reactivity of microglia and regeneration after traumatic brain injury. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1608-1625. [PMID: 36424432 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Decreasing the activation of pathology-activated microglia is crucial to prevent chronic inflammation and tissue scarring. In this study, we used a stab wound injury model in zebrafish and identified an injury-induced microglial state characterized by the accumulation of lipid droplets and TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43)+ condensates. Granulin-mediated clearance of both lipid droplets and TDP-43+ condensates was necessary and sufficient to promote the return of microglia back to the basal state and achieve scarless regeneration. Moreover, in postmortem cortical brain tissues from patients with traumatic brain injury, the extent of microglial activation correlated with the accumulation of lipid droplets and TDP-43+ condensates. Together, our results reveal a mechanism required for restoring microglia to a nonactivated state after injury, which has potential for new therapeutic applications in humans.
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6
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Schneider J, Weigel J, Wittmann MT, Svehla P, Ehrt S, Zheng F, Elmzzahi T, Karpf J, Paniagua-Herranz L, Basak O, Ekici A, Reis A, Alzheimer C, Ortega de la O F, Liebscher S, Beckervordersandforth R. Astrogenesis in the murine dentate gyrus is a life-long and dynamic process. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110409. [PMID: 35451150 PMCID: PMC9156974 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are highly abundant in the mammalian brain, and their functions are of vital importance for all aspects of development, adaption, and aging of the central nervous system (CNS). Mounting evidence indicates the important contributions of astrocytes to a wide range of neuropathies. Still, our understanding of astrocyte development significantly lags behind that of other CNS cells. We here combine immunohistochemical approaches with genetic fate-mapping, behavioral paradigms, single-cell transcriptomics, and in vivo two-photon imaging, to comprehensively assess the generation and the proliferation of astrocytes in the dentate gyrus (DG) across the life span of a mouse. Astrogenesis in the DG is initiated by radial glia-like neural stem cells giving rise to locally dividing astrocytes that enlarge the astrocyte compartment in an outside-in-pattern. Also in the adult DG, the vast majority of astrogenesis is mediated through the proliferation of local astrocytes. Interestingly, locally dividing astrocytes were able to adapt their proliferation to environmental and behavioral stimuli revealing an unexpected plasticity. Our study establishes astrocytes as enduring plastic elements in DG circuits, implicating a vital contribution of astrocyte dynamics to hippocampal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Weigel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Wittmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pavel Svehla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Medical Faculty, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehrt
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Medical Faculty, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fang Zheng
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tarek Elmzzahi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology in Neurodegeneration, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julian Karpf
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucía Paniagua-Herranz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Spain
| | - Onur Basak
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arif Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andre Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Alzheimer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felipe Ortega de la O
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Spain
| | - Sabine Liebscher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Medical Faculty, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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7
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Schaberg E, Götz M, Faissner A. The extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-C modulates cell cycle progression and motility of adult neural stem/progenitor cells from the subependymal zone. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:244. [PMID: 35430697 PMCID: PMC9013340 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis has been described in two canonical regions of the adult central nervous system (CNS) of rodents, the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and the subependymal zone (SEZ) of the lateral ventricles. The stem cell niche of the SEZ provides a privileged environment composed of a specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) that comprises the glycoproteins tenascin-C (Tnc) and laminin-1 (LN1). In the present study, we investigated the function of these ECM glycoproteins in the adult stem cell niche. Adult neural stem/progenitor cells (aNSPCs) of the SEZ were prepared from wild type (Tnc+/+) and Tnc knockout (Tnc−/−) mice and analyzed using molecular and cell biological approaches. A delayed maturation of aNSPCs in Tnc−/− tissue was reflected by a reduced capacity to form neurospheres in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF). To examine a potential influence of the ECM on cell proliferation, aNSPCs of both genotypes were studied by cell tracking using digital video microscopy. aNSPCs were cultivated on three different substrates, namely, poly-d-lysine (PDL) and PDL replenished with either LN1 or Tnc for up to 6 days in vitro. On each of the three substrates aNSPCs displayed lineage trees that could be investigated with regard to cell cycle length. The latter appeared reduced in Tnc−/− aNSPCs on PDL and LN1 substrates, less so on Tnc that seemed to compensate the absence of the ECM compound to some extent. Close inspection of the lineage trees revealed a subpopulation of late dividing aNSPCslate that engaged into cycling after a notable delay. aNSPCslate exhibited a clearly different morphology, with a larger cell body and conspicuous processes. aNSPCslate reiterated the reduction in cell cycle length on all substrates tested, which was not rescued on Tnc substrates. When the migratory activity of aNSPC-derived progeny was determined, Tnc−/− neuroblasts displayed significantly longer migration tracks. This was traced to an increased rate of migration episodes compared to the wild-type cells that rested for longer time periods. We conclude that Tnc intervenes in the proliferation of aNSPCs and modulates the motility of neuroblasts in the niche of the SEZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Schaberg
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, LMU, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Biomedical Center, LMU, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Synergy, Excellence Cluster for Systems Neurology, BMC, LMU, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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8
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Ou Y, Che M, Peng J, Zhou M, Wu G, Gong H, Li K, Wang X, Niu P, Qi S, Feng Z. An Efficient Method for the Isolation and Cultivation of Hypothalamic Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells From Mouse Embryos. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:711138. [PMID: 35185481 PMCID: PMC8854184 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.711138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is the key region that regulates the neuroendocrine system as well as instinct behaviors, and hypothalamic dysfunction causes refractory clinical problems. Recent studies have indicated that neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) in the hypothalamus play a crucial role in hypothalamic function. However, specific hypothalamic NSPC culture methods have not been established, especially not detailed or efficient surgical procedures. The present study presented a convenient, detailed and efficient method for the isolation and cultivation of hypothalamic NSPCs from embryonic day 12.5 mice. The procedure includes embryo acquisition, brain microdissection to quickly obtain hypothalamic tissue and hypothalamic NSPC culture. Hypothalamic NSPCs can be quickly harvested and grow well in both neurosphere and adherent cultures through this method. Additionally, we confirmed the cell origin and evaluated the proliferation and differentiation properties of cultured cells. In conclusion, we present a convenient and practical method for the isolation and cultivation of hypothalamic NSPCs that can be used in extensive hypothalamic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengjie Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingfeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangsen Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haodong Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- First Medical Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingqin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peirong Niu
- First Medical Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Songtao Qi,
| | - Zhanpeng Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhanpeng Feng,
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9
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Sanchez-Gonzalez R, Koupourtidou C, Lepko T, Zambusi A, Novoselc KT, Durovic T, Aschenbroich S, Schwarz V, Breunig CT, Straka H, Huttner HB, Irmler M, Beckers J, Wurst W, Zwergal A, Schauer T, Straub T, Czopka T, Trümbach D, Götz M, Stricker SH, Ninkovic J. Innate Immune Pathways Promote Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Recruitment to the Injury Site in Adult Zebrafish Brain. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030520. [PMID: 35159329 PMCID: PMC8834209 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs) are at the front of the glial reaction to the traumatic brain injury. However, regulatory pathways steering the OPC reaction as well as the role of reactive OPCs remain largely unknown. Here, we compared a long-lasting, exacerbated reaction of OPCs to the adult zebrafish brain injury with a timely restricted OPC activation to identify the specific molecular mechanisms regulating OPC reactivity and their contribution to regeneration. We demonstrated that the influx of the cerebrospinal fluid into the brain parenchyma after injury simultaneously activates the toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2) and the chemokine receptor 3 (Cxcr3) innate immunity pathways, leading to increased OPC proliferation and thereby exacerbated glial reactivity. These pathways were critical for long-lasting OPC accumulation even after the ablation of microglia and infiltrating monocytes. Importantly, interference with the Tlr1/2 and Cxcr3 pathways after injury alleviated reactive gliosis, increased new neuron recruitment, and improved tissue restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Department Biology II, University of Munich, 80539 München, Germany;
| | - Christina Koupourtidou
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Graduate School Systemic Neurosciences, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Tjasa Lepko
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Graduate School Systemic Neurosciences, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Alessandro Zambusi
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Graduate School Systemic Neurosciences, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Klara Tereza Novoselc
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Graduate School Systemic Neurosciences, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Durovic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Graduate School Systemic Neurosciences, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Aschenbroich
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Graduate School Systemic Neurosciences, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Schwarz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Graduate School Systemic Neurosciences, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher T. Breunig
- Reprogramming and Regeneration, Biomedical Center (BMC), Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany; (C.T.B.); (S.H.S.)
- Epigenetic Engineering, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Hans Straka
- Department Biology II, University of Munich, 80539 München, Germany;
| | - Hagen B. Huttner
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (M.I.); (J.B.)
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (M.I.); (J.B.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (W.W.); (D.T.)
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology SYNERGY, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Chair of Developmental Genetics c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 80333 München, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Zwergal
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Tamas Schauer
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Bioinformatic Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany; (T.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Tobias Straub
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Bioinformatic Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany; (T.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Tim Czopka
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK;
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (W.W.); (D.T.)
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology SYNERGY, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Stefan H. Stricker
- Reprogramming and Regeneration, Biomedical Center (BMC), Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany; (C.T.B.); (S.H.S.)
- Epigenetic Engineering, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.S.-G.); (C.K.); (T.L.); (A.Z.); (K.T.N.); (T.D.); (S.A.); (V.S.); (M.G.)
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology SYNERGY, LMU, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
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10
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Ohlig S, Clavreul S, Thorwirth M, Simon-Ebert T, Bocchi R, Ulbricht S, Kannayian N, Rossner M, Sirko S, Smialowski P, Fischer-Sternjak J, Götz M. Molecular diversity of diencephalic astrocytes reveals adult astrogenesis regulated by Smad4. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107532. [PMID: 34549820 PMCID: PMC8561644 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate brain‐wide functions and also show region‐specific differences, but little is known about how general and region‐specific functions are aligned at the single‐cell level. To explore this, we isolated adult mouse diencephalic astrocytes by ACSA‐2‐mediated magnetic‐activated cell sorting (MACS). Single‐cell RNA‐seq revealed 7 gene expression clusters of astrocytes, with 4 forming a supercluster. Within the supercluster, cells differed by gene expression related to ion homeostasis or metabolism, with the former sharing gene expression with other regions and the latter being restricted to specific regions. All clusters showed expression of proliferation‐related genes, and proliferation of diencephalic astrocytes was confirmed by immunostaining. Clonal analysis demonstrated low level of astrogenesis in the adult diencephalon, but not in cerebral cortex grey matter. This led to the identification of Smad4 as a key regulator of diencephalic astrocyte in vivo proliferation and in vitro neurosphere formation. Thus, astrocytes show diverse gene expression states related to distinct functions with some subsets being more widespread while others are more regionally restricted. However, all share low‐level proliferation revealing the novel concept of adult astrogenesis in the diencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ohlig
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Stem Cell Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Solène Clavreul
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Stem Cell Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Manja Thorwirth
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Stem Cell Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tatiana Simon-Ebert
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Stem Cell Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Riccardo Bocchi
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Stem Cell Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Ulbricht
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Stem Cell Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nirmal Kannayian
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Rossner
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Swetlana Sirko
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Stem Cell Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pawel Smialowski
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Stem Cell Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Judith Fischer-Sternjak
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Stem Cell Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Stem Cell Research, Neuherberg, Germany.,SYNERGY, Excellence cluster of Systems Neurology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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11
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Kjell J, Fischer-Sternjak J, Thompson AJ, Friess C, Sticco MJ, Salinas F, Cox J, Martinelli DC, Ninkovic J, Franze K, Schiller HB, Götz M. Defining the Adult Neural Stem Cell Niche Proteome Identifies Key Regulators of Adult Neurogenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 26:277-293.e8. [PMID: 32032526 PMCID: PMC7005820 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian brain contains few niches for neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of generating new neurons, whereas other regions are primarily gliogenic. Here we leverage the spatial separation of the sub-ependymal zone NSC niche and the olfactory bulb, the region to which newly generated neurons from the sub-ependymal zone migrate and integrate, and present a comprehensive proteomic characterization of these regions in comparison to the cerebral cortex, which is not conducive to neurogenesis and integration of new neurons. We find differing compositions of regulatory extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the neurogenic niche. We further show that quiescent NSCs are the main source of their local ECM, including the multi-functional enzyme transglutaminase 2, which we show is crucial for neurogenesis. Atomic force microscopy corroborated indications from the proteomic analyses that neurogenic niches are significantly stiffer than non-neurogenic parenchyma. Together these findings provide a powerful resource for unraveling unique compositions of neurogenic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kjell
- Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Germany
| | - Judith Fischer-Sternjak
- Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Germany
| | - Amelia J Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Friess
- Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Matthew J Sticco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Favio Salinas
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - David C Martinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Germany; Division of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany; SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster Systems Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Herbert B Schiller
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Germany; SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster Systems Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany.
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12
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Gengatharan A, Malvaut S, Marymonchyk A, Ghareghani M, Snapyan M, Fischer-Sternjak J, Ninkovic J, Götz M, Saghatelyan A. Adult neural stem cell activation in mice is regulated by the day/night cycle and intracellular calcium dynamics. Cell 2021; 184:709-722.e13. [PMID: 33482084 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult brain transit from the quiescent state to proliferation to produce new neurons. The mechanisms regulating this transition in freely behaving animals are, however, poorly understood. We customized in vivo imaging protocols to follow NSCs for several days up to months, observing their activation kinetics in freely behaving mice. Strikingly, NSC division is more frequent during daylight and is inhibited by darkness-induced melatonin signaling. The inhibition of melatonin receptors affected intracellular Ca2+ dynamics and promoted NSC activation. We further discovered a Ca2+ signature of quiescent versus activated NSCs and showed that several microenvironmental signals converge on intracellular Ca2+ pathways to regulate NSC quiescence and activation. In vivo NSC-specific optogenetic modulation of Ca2+ fluxes to mimic quiescent-state-like Ca2+ dynamics in freely behaving mice blocked NSC activation and maintained their quiescence, pointing to the regulatory mechanisms mediating NSC activation in freely behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gengatharan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sarah Malvaut
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Alina Marymonchyk
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Majid Ghareghani
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marina Snapyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Judith Fischer-Sternjak
- Division of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Division of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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13
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Nam HS, Capecchi MR. Lrig1 expression prospectively identifies stem cells in the ventricular-subventricular zone that are neurogenic throughout adult life. Neural Dev 2020; 15:3. [PMID: 32183906 PMCID: PMC7077007 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-00139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (Lrig1) regulates stem cell quiescence. As a marker, it identifies stem cells in multiple organs of the mouse. We had detected Lrig1 expression in cultured Id1high neural stem cells obtained from the lateral walls lining the lateral ventricles of the adult mouse brain. Thus, we investigated whether Lrig1 expression also identifies stem cells in that region in vivo. METHODS Publicly available single cell RNA sequencing datasets were analyzed with Seurat and Monocle. The Lrig1+ cells were lineage traced in vivo with a novel non-disruptive co-translational Lrig1T2A-iCreERT2 reporter mouse line. RESULTS Analysis of single cell RNA sequencing datasets suggested Lrig1 was highly expressed in the most primitive stem cells of the neurogenic lineage in the lateral wall of the adult mouse brain. In support of their neurogenic stem cell identity, cell cycle entry was only observed in two morphologically distinguishable Lrig1+ cells that could also be induced into activation by Ara-C infusion. The Lrig1+ neurogenic stem cells were observed throughout the lateral wall. Neuroblasts and neurons were lineage traced from Lrig1+ neurogenic stem cells at 1 year after labeling. CONCLUSIONS We identified Lrig1 as a marker of long-term neurogenic stem cells in the lateral wall of the mouse brain. Lrig1 expression revealed two morphotypes of the Lrig1+ cells that function as long-term neurogenic stem cells. The spatial distribution of the Lrig1+ neurogenic stem cells suggested all subtypes of the adult neurogenic stem cells were labeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Song Nam
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5331, USA.
| | - Mario R Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5331, USA
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14
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Zambusi A, Pelin Burhan Ö, Di Giaimo R, Schmid B, Ninkovic J. Granulins Regulate Aging Kinetics in the Adult Zebrafish Telencephalon. Cells 2020; 9:E350. [PMID: 32028681 PMCID: PMC7072227 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulins (GRN) are secreted factors that promote neuronal survival and regulate inflammation in various pathological conditions. However, their roles in physiological conditions in the brain remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we analysed the telencephalon in Grn-deficient zebrafish and identified morphological and transcriptional changes in microglial cells, indicative of a pro-inflammatory phenotype in the absence of any insult. Unexpectedly, activated mutant microglia shared part of their transcriptional signature with aged human microglia. Furthermore, transcriptome profiles of the entire telencephali isolated from young Grn-deficient animals showed remarkable similarities with the profiles of the telencephali isolated from aged wildtype animals. Additionally, 50% of differentially regulated genes during aging were regulated in the telencephalon of young Grn-deficient animals compared to their wildtype littermates. Importantly, the telencephalon transcriptome in young Grn-deficent animals changed only mildly with aging, further suggesting premature aging of Grn-deficient brain. Indeed, Grn loss led to decreased neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis, and to shortening of telomeres at young ages, to an extent comparable to that observed during aging. Altogether, our data demonstrate a role of Grn in regulating aging kinetics in the zebrafish telencephalon, thus providing a valuable tool for the development of new therapeutic approaches to treat age-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Zambusi
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Özge Pelin Burhan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 München, Germany; (Ö.P.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Rossella Di Giaimo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy;
| | - Bettina Schmid
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 München, Germany; (Ö.P.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany
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15
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Single-Cell Transcriptomics Characterizes Cell Types in the Subventricular Zone and Uncovers Molecular Defects Impairing Adult Neurogenesis. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2457-2469.e8. [PMID: 30485812 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) contribute to plasticity and repair of the adult brain. Niches harboring NSCs regulate stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. We used comprehensive and untargeted single-cell RNA profiling to generate a molecular cell atlas of the largest germinal region of the adult mouse brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ). We characterized >20 neural and non-neural cell types and gained insights into the dynamics of neurogenesis by predicting future cell states based on computational analysis of RNA kinetics. Furthermore, we applied our single-cell approach to document decreased numbers of NSCs, reduced proliferation activity of progenitors, and perturbations in Wnt and BMP signaling pathways in mice lacking LRP2, an endocytic receptor required for SVZ maintenance. Our data provide a valuable resource to study adult neurogenesis and a proof of principle for the power of single-cell RNA sequencing to elucidate neural cell-type-specific alterations in loss-of-function models.
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16
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Di Giaimo R, Durovic T, Barquin P, Kociaj A, Lepko T, Aschenbroich S, Breunig CT, Irmler M, Cernilogar FM, Schotta G, Barbosa JS, Trümbach D, Baumgart EV, Neuner AM, Beckers J, Wurst W, Stricker SH, Ninkovic J. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway Defines the Time Frame for Restorative Neurogenesis. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3241-3251.e5. [PMID: 30566853 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have a high capacity to replace lost neurons after brain injury. New neurons involved in repair are generated by a specific set of glial cells, known as ependymoglial cells. We analyze changes in the transcriptome of ependymoglial cells and their progeny after injury to infer the molecular pathways governing restorative neurogenesis. We identify the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as a regulator of ependymoglia differentiation toward post-mitotic neurons. In vivo imaging shows that high AhR signaling promotes the direct conversion of a specific subset of ependymoglia into post-mitotic neurons, while low AhR signaling promotes ependymoglial proliferation. Interestingly, we observe the inactivation of AhR signaling shortly after injury followed by a return to the basal levels 7 days post injury. Interference with timely AhR regulation after injury leads to aberrant restorative neurogenesis. Taken together, we identify AhR signaling as a crucial regulator of restorative neurogenesis timing in the zebrafish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Di Giaimo
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Tamara Durovic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Biomedical Center of LMU, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Pablo Barquin
- Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anita Kociaj
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Biomedical Center of LMU, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Tjasa Lepko
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Biomedical Center of LMU, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Sven Aschenbroich
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Biomedical Center of LMU, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Christopher T Breunig
- MCN Junior Research Group, Munich Center for Neurosciences, 82152 Munich, Germany; Epigenetic Engineering, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Filippo M Cernilogar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schotta
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany; Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM), 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Joana S Barbosa
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Andrea M Neuner
- MCN Junior Research Group, Munich Center for Neurosciences, 82152 Munich, Germany; Epigenetic Engineering, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Chair of Experimental Genetics, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology SYNERGY, 82152 Planegg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 82152 Planegg, Germany; Chair of Developmental Genetics, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefan H Stricker
- MCN Junior Research Group, Munich Center for Neurosciences, 82152 Munich, Germany; Epigenetic Engineering, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department for Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biomedical Center of LMU, 82152 Planegg, Munich, Germany.
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17
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Lepko T, Pusch M, Müller T, Schulte D, Ehses J, Kiebler M, Hasler J, Huttner HB, Vandenbroucke RE, Vandendriessche C, Modic M, Martin‐Villalba A, Zhao S, LLorens‐Bobadilla E, Schneider A, Fischer A, Breunig CT, Stricker SH, Götz M, Ninkovic J. Choroid plexus-derived miR-204 regulates the number of quiescent neural stem cells in the adult brain. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100481. [PMID: 31304985 PMCID: PMC6717894 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of adult neural stem cell (NSC) number is critical for lifelong neurogenesis. Here, we identified a post-transcriptional control mechanism, centered around the microRNA 204 (miR-204), to control the maintenance of quiescent (q)NSCs. miR-204 regulates a spectrum of transcripts involved in cell cycle regulation, neuronal migration, and differentiation in qNSCs. Importantly, inhibition of miR-204 function reduced the number of qNSCs in the subependymal zone (SEZ) by inducing pre-mature activation and differentiation of NSCs without changing their neurogenic potential. Strikingly, we identified the choroid plexus of the mouse lateral ventricle as the major source of miR-204 that is released into the cerebrospinal fluid to control number of NSCs within the SEZ. Taken together, our results describe a novel mechanism to maintain adult somatic stem cells by a niche-specific miRNA repressing activation and differentiation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjasa Lepko
- Institute of Stem Cell ResearchHelmholtz Center MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Graduate School of Systemic NeurosciencesLudwig‐Maximilians UniversitaetPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
- Physiological GenomicsBiomedical CenterMedical FacultyLudwig‐Maximilians UniversitaetPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
| | - Melanie Pusch
- Institute of Stem Cell ResearchHelmholtz Center MunichNeuherbergGermany
| | - Tamara Müller
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute)University HospitalGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Dorothea Schulte
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute)University HospitalGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Janina Ehses
- Department for Cell Biology and AnatomyBiomedical CenterLudwig‐Maximilians UniversitaetPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
| | - Michael Kiebler
- Department for Cell Biology and AnatomyBiomedical CenterLudwig‐Maximilians UniversitaetPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
| | - Julia Hasler
- Institute of Stem Cell ResearchHelmholtz Center MunichNeuherbergGermany
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIBGhentBelgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Ghent Gut Inflammation Group (GGIG)Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Charysse Vandendriessche
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIBGhentBelgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Ghent Gut Inflammation Group (GGIG)Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Miha Modic
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- Department for Neuromuscular DiseasesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | | | - Sheng Zhao
- Molecular NeurobiologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Anja Schneider
- Translational Dementia Research GroupGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) BonnBonnGermany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric PsychiatryUniversity Clinic BonnBonnGermany
| | - Andre Fischer
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems MedicineGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Christopher T Breunig
- MCN Junior Research GroupMunich Center for NeurosciencesBioMedical CenterLudwig‐Maximilians UniversitaetPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
- Epigenetic EngineeringHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Stefan H Stricker
- MCN Junior Research GroupMunich Center for NeurosciencesBioMedical CenterLudwig‐Maximilians UniversitaetPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
- Epigenetic EngineeringHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute of Stem Cell ResearchHelmholtz Center MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Physiological GenomicsBiomedical CenterMedical FacultyLudwig‐Maximilians UniversitaetPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute of Stem Cell ResearchHelmholtz Center MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Physiological GenomicsBiomedical CenterMedical FacultyLudwig‐Maximilians UniversitaetPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
- Department for Cell Biology and AnatomyBiomedical CenterLudwig‐Maximilians UniversitaetPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
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18
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Mehmood S, Bilal M, Manzoor R, Iqbal H. Deciphering the adult brain development complexity by single-cell transcriptome analysis—a review. MATERIALS TODAY CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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19
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Di Giaimo R, Aschenbroich S, Ninkovic J. Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting-Based Isolation and Characterization of Neural Stem Cells from the Adult Zebrafish Telencephalon. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1938:49-66. [PMID: 30617972 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9068-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammalian brain, including humans, has rather limited addition of new neurons and poor regenerative capacity. In contrast, neural stem cells (NSC) with glial identity and neurogenesis are highly abundant throughout the adult zebrafish brain. Importantly, the activation of NSC and production of new neurons in response to injuries lead to the brain regeneration in zebrafish brain. Therefore, understanding of the molecular pathways regulating NSC behavior in response to injury is crucial in order to set the basis for experimental modification of these pathways in glial cells after injury in the mammalian brain and to elicit neuronal regeneration. Here, we describe the procedure that we successfully used to prospectively isolate NSCs from adult zebrafish telencephalon, extract RNA, and prepare cDNA libraries for next generation sequencing (NGS) and full transcriptome analysis as the first step toward understanding regulatory mechanisms leading to restorative neurogenesis in zebrafish. Moreover, we describe an alternative approach to analyze antigenic properties of NSC in the adult zebrafish brain using intracellular fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). We employ this method to analyze the number of proliferating NSCs positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the prospectively isolated population of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Di Giaimo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy.
| | - Sven Aschenbroich
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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20
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Bottai D, Adami R, Ghidoni R. The crosstalk between glycosphingolipids and neural stem cells. J Neurochem 2018; 148:698-711. [PMID: 30269334 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Until a few years ago, the majority of cell functions were envisioned as the result of protein and DNA activity. The cell membranes were considered as a mere structure of support and/or separation. In the last years, the function of cell membranes has, however, received more attention and their components of lipid nature have also been depicted as important cell mediators and the membrane organization was described as an important determinant for membrane-anchored proteins activity. In particular, because of their high diversity, glycosphingolipids offer a wide possibility of regulation. Specifically, the role of glycosphingolipids, in the fine-tuning of neuron activity, has recently received deep attention. For their pivotal role in vertebrate and mammals neural development, neural stem cells regulation is of main interest especially concerning their further functions in neurological pathology progression and treatment. Glycosphingolipids expression present a developmental regulation. In this view, glycosphingolipids can hold an important role in neural stem cells features because of their heterogeneity and their consequent capacity for eclectic interaction with other cell components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bottai
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Adami
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ghidoni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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21
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Petrik D, Myoga MH, Grade S, Gerkau NJ, Pusch M, Rose CR, Grothe B, Götz M. Epithelial Sodium Channel Regulates Adult Neural Stem Cell Proliferation in a Flow-Dependent Manner. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 22:865-878.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Ectopic neurogenesis induced by prenatal antiepileptic drug exposure augments seizure susceptibility in adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4270-4275. [PMID: 29610328 PMCID: PMC5910824 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716479115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical studies suggest that environmental insults, such as valproic acid (VPA) exposure, in utero can have adverse effects on brain function of the offspring in later life, although the underlying mechanisms of these impairments remain poorly understood. By focusing on the property of neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) residing in the adult hippocampus, we identified the mechanism of increased seizure sensitivity in prenatally VPA-exposed adult mice. Furthermore, we found that voluntary exercise can overcome the adverse effects through normalizing VPA-induced transcriptome alterations in NS/PCs. We believe that our study provides insights for further understanding and developing treatment strategies for neurological disorders induced by prenatal environmental insults. Epilepsy is a neurological disorder often associated with seizure that affects ∼0.7% of pregnant women. During pregnancy, most epileptic patients are prescribed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) such as valproic acid (VPA) to control seizure activity. Here, we show that prenatal exposure to VPA in mice increases seizure susceptibility in adult offspring through mislocalization of newborn neurons in the hippocampus. We confirmed that neurons newly generated from neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) are integrated into the granular cell layer in the adult hippocampus; however, prenatal VPA treatment altered the expression in NS/PCs of genes associated with cell migration, including CXC motif chemokine receptor 4 (Cxcr4), consequently increasing the ectopic localization of newborn neurons in the hilus. We also found that voluntary exercise in a running wheel suppressed this ectopic neurogenesis and countered the enhanced seizure susceptibility caused by prenatal VPA exposure, probably by normalizing the VPA-disrupted expression of multiple genes including Cxcr4 in adult NS/PCs. Replenishing Cxcr4 expression alone in NS/PCs was sufficient to overcome the aberrant migration of newborn neurons and increased seizure susceptibility in VPA-exposed mice. Thus, prenatal exposure to an AED, VPA, has a long-term effect on the behavior of NS/PCs in offspring, but this effect can be counteracted by a simple physical activity. Our findings offer a step to developing strategies for managing detrimental effects in offspring exposed to VPA in utero.
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23
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Leme Silva AG, Nagai MH, Malnic B. Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting of Olfactory Sensory Neuron Subpopulations. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1820:69-76. [PMID: 29884938 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8609-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mouse olfactory epithelium is composed of a heterogeneous population of olfactory sensory neurons, where each neuron expresses one single type of odorant receptor gene, out of a repertoire of ~1000 different genes. Fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a powerful technique, which can be used to isolate a cellular subpopulation from a heterogeneous tissue. The sorted neurons can then be used in gene expression studies, or analyzed for the presence of different DNA epigenetic modification marks. Here we describe a method to separate a subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons expressing the odorant receptor Olfr17. In this method, the main olfactory epithelium from transgenic Olfr17-IRES-GFP mice is dissociated into single cells, followed by separation of the GFP positive cells by FACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur G Leme Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra H Nagai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bettina Malnic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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24
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Alamudi SH, Chang YT. Advances in the design of cell-permeable fluorescent probes for applications in live cell imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13641-13653. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the design strategy of cell-permeable small fluorescent probes are discussed. Their applications in imaging specific cell types and intracellular bioanalytes, as well as the cellular environment in live conditions, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Husen Alamudi
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore
- Singapore
- Department of Chemistry
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25
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Gao Y, Layritz C, Legutko B, Eichmann TO, Laperrousaz E, Moullé VS, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Magnan C, Luquet S, Woods SC, Eckel RH, Yi CX, Garcia-Caceres C, Tschöp MH. Disruption of Lipid Uptake in Astroglia Exacerbates Diet-Induced Obesity. Diabetes 2017; 66:2555-2563. [PMID: 28710138 PMCID: PMC6463752 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal circuits in the brain help to control feeding behavior and systemic metabolism in response to afferent nutrient and hormonal signals. Although astrocytes have historically been assumed to have little relevance for such neuroendocrine control, we investigated whether lipid uptake via lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in astrocytes is required to centrally regulate energy homeostasis. Ex vivo studies with hypothalamus-derived astrocytes showed that LPL expression is upregulated by oleic acid, whereas it is decreased in response to palmitic acid or triglycerides. Likewise, astrocytic LPL deletion reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets in those glial cells. Consecutive in vivo studies showed that postnatal ablation of LPL in glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing astrocytes induced exaggerated body weight gain and glucose intolerance in mice exposed to a high-fat diet. Intriguingly, astrocytic LPL deficiency also triggered increased ceramide content in the hypothalamus, which may contribute to hypothalamic insulin resistance. We conclude that hypothalamic LPL functions in astrocytes to ensure appropriately balanced nutrient sensing, ceramide distribution, body weight regulation, and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Gao
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Clarita Layritz
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Beata Legutko
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elise Laperrousaz
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Valentine S Moullé
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Celine Cruciani-Guglielmacci
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, CO
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Garcia-Caceres
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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26
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Taouki I, Tasiudi E, Lalioti ME, Kyrousi C, Skavatsou E, Kaplani K, Lygerou Z, Kouvelas ED, Mitsacos A, Giompres P, Taraviras S. Geminin Participates in Differentiation Decisions of Adult Neural Stem Cells Transplanted in the Hemiparkinsonian Mouse Brain. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1214-1222. [PMID: 28557659 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells have been considered as a source of stem cells that can be used for cell replacement therapies in neurodegenerative diseases, as they can be isolated and expanded in vitro and can be used for autologous grafting. However, due to low percentages of survival and varying patterns of differentiation, strategies that will enhance the efficacy of transplantation are under scrutiny. In this article, we have examined whether alterations in Geminin's expression, a protein that coordinates the balance between self-renewal and differentiation, can improve the properties of stem cells transplanted in 6-OHDA hemiparkinsonian mouse model. Our results indicate that, in the absence of Geminin, grafted cells differentiating into dopaminergic neurons were decreased, while an increased number of oligodendrocytes were detected. The number of proliferating multipotent cells was not modified by the absence of Geminin. These findings encourage research related to the impact of Geminin on transplantations for neurodegenerative disorders, as an important molecule in influencing differentiation decisions of the cells composing the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Taouki
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Eve Tasiudi
- 2 Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Lalioti
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Skavatsou
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kaplani
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- 3 Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Elias D Kouvelas
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Adamantia Mitsacos
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Giompres
- 2 Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
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27
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Dulken BW, Leeman DS, Boutet SC, Hebestreit K, Brunet A. Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Defines Heterogeneity and Transcriptional Dynamics in the Adult Neural Stem Cell Lineage. Cell Rep 2017; 18:777-790. [PMID: 28099854 PMCID: PMC5269583 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian brain serve as a reservoir for the generation of new neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize adult NSC populations and examine the molecular identities and heterogeneity of in vivo NSC populations. We find that cells in the NSC lineage exist on a continuum through the processes of activation and differentiation. Interestingly, rare intermediate states with distinct molecular profiles can be identified and experimentally validated, and our analysis identifies putative surface markers and key intracellular regulators for these subpopulations of NSCs. Finally, using the power of single-cell profiling, we conduct a meta-analysis to compare in vivo NSCs and in vitro cultures, distinct fluorescence-activated cell sorting strategies, and different neurogenic niches. These data provide a resource for the field and contribute to an integrative understanding of the adult NSC lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben W Dulken
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dena S Leeman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Katja Hebestreit
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging at Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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28
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Daynac M, Morizur L, Chicheportiche A, Mouthon MA, Boussin FD. Age-related neurogenesis decline in the subventricular zone is associated with specific cell cycle regulation changes in activated neural stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21505. [PMID: 26893147 PMCID: PMC4759590 DOI: 10.1038/srep21505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although neural stem cells (NSCs) sustain continuous neurogenesis throughout the adult lifespan of mammals, they progressively exhibit proliferation defects that contribute to a sharp reduction in subventricular neurogenesis during aging. However, little is known regarding the early age-related events in neurogenic niches. Using a fluorescence-activated cell sorting technique that allows for the prospective purification of the main neurogenic populations from the subventricular zone (SVZ), we demonstrated an early decline in adult neurogenesis with a dramatic loss of progenitor cells in 4 month-old young adult mice. Whereas the activated and quiescent NSC pools remained stable up to 12 months, the proliferative status of activated NSCs was already altered by 6 months, with an overall extension of the cell cycle resulting from a specific lengthening of G1. Whole genome analysis of activated NSCs from 2- and 6-month-old mice further revealed distinct transcriptomic and molecular signatures, as well as a modulation of the TGFβ signalling pathway. Our microarray study constitutes a cogent identification of new molecular players and signalling pathways regulating adult neurogenesis and its early modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Daynac
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,INSERM, UMR967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris Sud, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Lise Morizur
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,INSERM, UMR967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris Sud, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Alexandra Chicheportiche
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,INSERM, UMR967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris Sud, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marc-André Mouthon
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,INSERM, UMR967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris Sud, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - François D Boussin
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,INSERM, UMR967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris Sud, UMR 967, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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29
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Immunophenotype of mouse cerebral hemispheres-derived neural precursor cells. Neurosci Lett 2016; 611:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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Dickkopf 3 Promotes the Differentiation of a Rostrolateral Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuronal Subset In Vivo and from Pluripotent Stem Cells In Vitro in the Mouse. J Neurosci 2015; 35:13385-401. [PMID: 26424886 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1722-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Wingless-related MMTV integration site 1 (WNT1)/β-catenin signaling plays a crucial role in the generation of mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons, including the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) subpopulation that preferentially degenerates in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the precise functions of WNT1/β-catenin signaling in this context remain unknown. Stem cell-based regenerative (transplantation) therapies for PD have not been implemented widely in the clinical context, among other reasons because of the heterogeneity and incomplete differentiation of the transplanted cells. This might result in tumor formation and poor integration of the transplanted cells into the dopaminergic circuitry of the brain. Dickkopf 3 (DKK3) is a secreted glycoprotein implicated in the modulation of WNT/β-catenin signaling. Using mutant mice, primary ventral midbrain cells, and pluripotent stem cells, we show that DKK3 is necessary and sufficient for the correct differentiation of a rostrolateral mdDA neuron subset. Dkk3 transcription in the murine ventral midbrain coincides with the onset of mdDA neurogenesis and is required for the activation and/or maintenance of LMX1A (LIM homeobox transcription factor 1α) and PITX3 (paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 3) expression in the corresponding mdDA precursor subset, without affecting the proliferation or specification of their progenitors. Notably, the treatment of differentiating pluripotent stem cells with recombinant DKK3 and WNT1 proteins also increases the proportion of mdDA neurons with molecular SNc DA cell characteristics in these cultures. The specific effects of DKK3 on the differentiation of rostrolateral mdDA neurons in the murine ventral midbrain, together with its known prosurvival and anti-tumorigenic properties, make it a good candidate for the improvement of regenerative and neuroprotective strategies in the treatment of PD. Significance statement: We show here that Dickkopf 3 (DKK3), a secreted modulator of WNT (Wingless-related MMTV integration site)/β-catenin signaling, is both necessary and sufficient for the proper differentiation and survival of a rostrolateral (parabrachial pigmented nucleus and dorsomedial substantia nigra pars compacta) mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neuron subset, using Dkk3 mutant mice and murine primary ventral midbrain and pluripotent stem cells. The progressive loss of these dopamine-producing mesodiencephalic neurons is a hallmark of human Parkinson's disease, which can up to now not be halted by clinical treatments of this disease. Thus, the soluble DKK3 protein might be a promising new agent for the improvement of current protocols for the directed differentiation of pluripotent and multipotent stem cells into mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neurons and for the promotion of their survival in situ.
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31
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Ye J, Ge J, Zhang X, Cheng L, Zhang Z, He S, Wang Y, Lin H, Yang W, Liu J, Zhao Y, Deng H. Pluripotent stem cells induced from mouse neural stem cells and small intestinal epithelial cells by small molecule compounds. Cell Res 2015; 26:34-45. [PMID: 26704449 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported a chemical approach to generate pluripotent stem cells from mouse fibroblasts. However, whether chemically induced pluripotent stem cells (CiPSCs) can be derived from other cell types remains to be demonstrated. Here, using lineage tracing, we first verify the generation of CiPSCs from fibroblasts. Next, we demonstrate that neural stem cells (NSCs) from the ectoderm and small intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) from the endoderm can be chemically reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. CiPSCs derived from NSCs and IECs resemble mouse embryonic stem cells in proliferation rate, global gene expression profile, epigenetic status, self-renewal and differentiation capacity, and germline transmission competency. Interestingly, the pluripotency gene Sall4 is expressed at the initial stage in the chemical reprogramming process from different cell types, and the same core small molecules are required for the reprogramming, suggesting conservation in the molecular mechanism underlying chemical reprogramming from these diverse cell types. Our analysis also shows that the use of these small molecules should be fine-tuned to meet the requirement of reprogramming from different cell types. Together, these findings demonstrate that full chemical reprogramming approach can be applied in cells of different tissue origins and suggest that chemical reprogramming is a promising strategy with the potential to be extended to more initial types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Ye
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Ge
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengyuan Zhang
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shan He
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weifeng Yang
- BeijingVitalstar Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junfang Liu
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongkui Deng
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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32
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Platel JC, Bordey A. The multifaceted subventricular zone astrocyte: From a metabolic and pro-neurogenic role to acting as a neural stem cell. Neuroscience 2015; 323:20-8. [PMID: 26546469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A few decades ago it was discovered that two regions of the adult brain retain the ability to generate new neurons. These regions include the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) located at the border of the lateral ventricle. In the V-SVZ, it was discovered that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) share many features of mature astrocytes and are often referred as V-SVZ astrocytes. We will first describe the markers, the morphology, and the neurophysiological characteristics of the mouse V-SVZ astrocytes. We will then discuss the fact that V-SVZ astrocytes constitute a mixed population with respect to their neurogenic properties, e.g., quiescent versus activated state, neurogenic fate, and transcription factors expression. Finally, we will describe two functions of V-SVZ astrocytes, their metabolic coupling to blood vessels and their neurogenic-supportive role consisting of providing guidance and survival cues to migrating newborn neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Platel
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, IBDM, UMR7288, Marseille, France.
| | - A Bordey
- Department of Neurosurgery and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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33
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Jones KM, Sarić N, Russell JP, Andoniadou CL, Scambler PJ, Basson MA. CHD7 maintains neural stem cell quiescence and prevents premature stem cell depletion in the adult hippocampus. Stem Cells 2015; 33:196-210. [PMID: 25183173 PMCID: PMC5952591 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) in the hippocampus produce new neurons throughout adult life. NSCs are maintained in a state of reversible quiescence and the failure to maintain the quiescent state can result in the premature depletion of the stem cell pool. The epigenetic mechanisms that maintain this quiescent state have not been identified. Using an inducible knockout mouse model, we show that the chromatin remodeling factor chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 7 (CHD7) is essential for maintaining NSC quiescence. CHD7 inactivation in adult NSCs results in a loss of stem cell quiescence in the hippocampus, a transient increase in cell divisions, followed by a significant decline in neurogenesis. This loss of NSC quiescence is associated with the premature loss of NSCs in middle-aged mice. We find that CHD7 represses the transcription of several positive regulators of cell cycle progression and is required for full induction of the Notch target gene Hes5 in quiescent NSCs. These findings directly link CHD7 to pathways involved in NSC quiescence and identify the first chromatin-remodeling factor with a role in NSC quiescence and maintenance. As CHD7 haplo-insufficiency is associated with a range of cognitive disabilities in CHARGE syndrome, our observations may have implications for understanding the basis of these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran M Jones
- King's College London, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Guy's Hospital Tower Wing, London, UK
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34
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Daynac M, Morizur L, Kortulewski T, Gauthier LR, Ruat M, Mouthon MA, Boussin FD. Cell Sorting of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells from the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone and Live-imaging of their Cell Cycle Dynamics. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 26436641 PMCID: PMC4692602 DOI: 10.3791/53247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. They successively generate transit amplifying cells (TACs) and neuroblasts that differentiate into neurons once they integrate the olfactory bulbs. Emerging fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) techniques have allowed the isolation of NSCs as well as their progeny and have started to shed light on gene regulatory networks in adult neurogenic niches. We report here a cell sorting technique that allows to follow and distinguish the cell cycle dynamics of the above-mentioned cell populations from the adult SVZ with a LeX/EGFR/CD24 triple staining. Isolated cells are then plated as adherent cells to explore in details their cell cycle progression by time-lapse video microscopy. To this end, we use transgenic Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) mice in which cells are red-fluorescent during G1 phase due to a G1 specific red-Cdt1 reporter. This method has recently revealed that proliferating NSCs progressively lengthen their G1 phase during aging, leading to neurogenesis impairment. This method is easily transposable to other systems and could be of great interest for the study of the cell cycle dynamics of brain cells in the context of brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Daynac
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967; INSERM, UMR 967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967; CNRS, Université Paris Sud, UMR 9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, Molecules Circuits Department;
| | - Lise Morizur
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967; INSERM, UMR 967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967;
| | - Thierry Kortulewski
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967; INSERM, UMR 967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967
| | - Laurent R Gauthier
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967; INSERM, UMR 967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967
| | - Martial Ruat
- CNRS, Université Paris Sud, UMR 9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, Molecules Circuits Department
| | - Marc-André Mouthon
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967; INSERM, UMR 967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967;
| | - François D Boussin
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967; INSERM, UMR 967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967;
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35
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Luo Y, Coskun V, Liang A, Yu J, Cheng L, Ge W, Shi Z, Zhang K, Li C, Cui Y, Lin H, Luo D, Wang J, Lin C, Dai Z, Zhu H, Zhang J, Liu J, Liu H, deVellis J, Horvath S, Sun YE, Li S. Single-cell transcriptome analyses reveal signals to activate dormant neural stem cells. Cell 2015; 161:1175-1186. [PMID: 26000486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of tissue-specific stem cells and the complexity of their surrounding environment have made molecular characterization of these cells particularly challenging. Through single-cell transcriptome and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we uncovered molecular properties of CD133(+)/GFAP(-) ependymal (E) cells in the adult mouse forebrain neurogenic zone. Surprisingly, prominent hub genes of the gene network unique to ependymal CD133(+)/GFAP(-) quiescent cells were enriched for immune-responsive genes, as well as genes encoding receptors for angiogenic factors. Administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activated CD133(+) ependymal neural stem cells (NSCs), lining not only the lateral but also the fourth ventricles and, together with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), elicited subsequent neural lineage differentiation and migration. This study revealed the existence of dormant ependymal NSCs throughout the ventricular surface of the CNS, as well as signals abundant after injury for their activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Luo
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Volkan Coskun
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aibing Liang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Juehua Yu
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Weihong Ge
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhanping Shi
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Kunshan Zhang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Chun Li
- Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yaru Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Haijun Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Dandan Luo
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Junbang Wang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Connie Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zachary Dai
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- Tianjing Hospital, Tianjin Academy of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Hailiang Liu
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Jean deVellis
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yi Eve Sun
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Siguang Li
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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36
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Kotani M, Sato Y, Ueno A, Ito T, Itoh K, Imada M. A Novel Monoclonal Antibody Against Neuroepithelial and Ependymal Cells and Characteristics of Its Positive Cells in Neurospheres. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:11-26. [PMID: 26012782 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There are still few useful cell membrane surface antigens suitable for identification and isolation of neural stem cells (NSCs). We generated a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated as mAb against immature neural cell antigens (INCA mAb), which reacted with the areas around a lateral ventricle of a fetal cerebrum. INCA mAb specifically reacted with neuroepithelial cells in fetal cerebrums and ependymal cells in adult cerebrums. The recognition molecules were O-linked 40 and 42 kDa glycoproteins on the cell membrane surface (gp40 INCA and gp42 INCA). Based on expression pattern analysis of the recognition molecules in developing cerebrums, it was concluded that gp42 INCA was a stage-specific antigen expressed on undifferentiated neuroepithelial cells, while gp40 INCA was a cell lineage-specific antigen expressed at the stages of differentiation from neuroepithelial cells to ependymal cells. A flow cytometric analysis showed that fetal and young adult neurospheres were divided into INCA mAb(-) CD133 polyclonal antibody (pAb)(-), INCA mAb(+) CD133 pAb(-), and INCA mAb(+) CD133 pAb(+) cell populations based on the reactivity against INCA mAb and CD133 pAb. The proportion of cells having the neurosphere formation capability in the INCA mAb(+) CD133 pAb(+) cell population was significantly larger than that of undivided neurospheres. Neurospheres formed by clonal expansion of INCA mAb(+) CD133 pAb(+) cells gave rise to neurons and glial cells. INCA mAb will be a useful immunological probe in the study of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Kotani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Health Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan
| | - Akemichi Ueno
- Department of Health Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan
| | - Toshinori Ito
- Department of English Language Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan
| | - Kouichi Itoh
- Laboratory for Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Neurology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
| | - Masato Imada
- Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
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37
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Götz M, Sirko S, Beckers J, Irmler M. Reactive astrocytes as neural stem or progenitor cells: In vivo lineage, In vitro potential, and Genome-wide expression analysis. Glia 2015; 63:1452-68. [PMID: 25965557 PMCID: PMC5029574 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we review the stem cell hallmarks of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) during development and in some niches of the adult mammalian brain to then compare these with reactive astrocytes acquiring stem cell hallmarks after traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Notably, even endogenous NSCs including the earliest NSCs, the neuroepithelial cells, generate in most cases only a single type of progeny and self‐renew only for a rather short time in vivo. In vitro, however, especially cells cultured under neurosphere conditions reveal a larger potential and long‐term self‐renewal under the influence of growth factors. This is rather well comparable to reactive astrocytes in the traumatic or ischemic brain some of which acquire neurosphere‐forming capacity including multipotency and long‐term self‐renewal in vitro, while they remain within their astrocyte lineage in vivo. Both reactive astrocytes and endogenous NSCs exhibit stem cell hallmarks largely in vitro, but their lineage differs in vivo. Both populations generate largely a single cell type in vivo, but endogenous NSCs generate neurons and reactive astrocytes remain in the astrocyte lineage. However, at some early postnatal stages or in some brain regions reactive astrocytes can be released from this fate restriction, demonstrating that they can also enact neurogenesis. Thus, reactive astrocytes and NSCs share many characteristic hallmarks, but also exhibit key differences. This conclusion is further substantiated by genome‐wide expression analysis comparing NSCs at different stages with astrocytes from the intact and injured brain parenchyma. GLIA 2015;63:1452–1468
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.,SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systemic Neurology, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Swetlana Sirko
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
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38
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Wylot B, Konarzewska K, Bugajski L, Piwocka K, Zawadzka M. Isolation of vascular endothelial cells from intact and injured murine brain cortex-technical issues and pitfalls in FACS analysis of the nervous tissue. Cytometry A 2015; 87:908-20. [PMID: 25892199 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CNS endothelial cells (CNS-ECs), one of the main non-neural CNS cell populations, play a vital role in physiology, pathology, and regeneration of the nervous system. Therefore, there is an urgent need to enhance our knowledge on their biology to elucidate mechanisms responsible for the blood brain barrier function in normal and pathological conditions, interaction between brain endothelium and neural stem cells in the neurogenic niche, the paracrine processes in the brain and spinal cord, etc. Here, we described a novel, simple, and efficient protocol for isolation of endothelial, vessel-forming cells from the murine CNS, which is based on Sca-1 expression. Using this newly described protocol we were able to detect and sort viable, highly pure CNS-ECs with minimal contamination by cells of non-endothelial origin. This method will increase the availability of CNS-ECs for in vitro research. Moreover, we compared phenotype of CNS-ECs isolated from neonatal mice and adult intact and injured brain looking for the cells of endothelial precursor characteristic, such as those found in the bone marrow and circulating in the bloodstream after organ injuries. We have found that neonatal brain capillaries contain proportion of endothelial precursor cells (Sca-1(+) , CD45(-) , c-Kit(+) ). Such precursors were also found in adult brain cortex, both in intact and injured brain. Finally, we discuss several crucial technical issues concerning CNS tissue preparation for flow cytometry analysis and cell sorting as well as nonspecific antibody binding caused by inflammatory microglia/macrophages which should be avoided in order to reliable isolation of pure CNS cells for downstream procedures including cell transplantation-based translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Wylot
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Konarzewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bugajski
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piwocka
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zawadzka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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39
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Xu X, Ng SM, Hassouna E, Warrington A, Oh SH, Rodriguez M. Human-derived natural antibodies: biomarkers and potential therapeutics. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2015; 10:25-39. [PMID: 25678860 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system generates antibodies and antigen-specific T-cells as basic elements of the immune networks that differentiate self from non-self in a finely tuned manner. The antigen-specific nature of immune responses ensures that normal immune activation contains non-self when tolerating self. Here we review the B-1 subset of lymphocytes which produce self-reactive antibodies. By analyzing the IgM class of natural antibodies that recognize antigens from the nervous system, we emphasize that natural antibodies are biomarkers of how the immune system monitors the host. The immune response activated against self can be detrimental when triggered in an autoimmune genetic background. In contrast, tuning immune activity with natural antibodies is a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sher May Ng
- School of Clinical Medicine, University Of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Eamonn Hassouna
- Department of General Medicine, Charles University Hradec Kralove Faculty, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arthur Warrington
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Laboratory of Nanostructures & Biosensing, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA ; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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40
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van Strien ME, Sluijs JA, Reynolds BA, Steindler DA, Aronica E, Hol EM. Isolation of neural progenitor cells from the human adult subventricular zone based on expression of the cell surface marker CD271. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:470-80. [PMID: 24604282 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) hold promise for future therapy for neurodegenerative disorders, because the stimulation of adult neurogenesis could potentially restore the function of degenerating neurons and glia. To obtain more knowledge on these NPCs, we developed a method to specifically isolate NPCs from postmortem adult human brains based on the expression of the specific human adult neural stem/progenitor cell marker glial fibrillary acidic protein δ (GFAPδ). An extensive immunophenotyping analysis for cell surface markers resulted in the observation that CD271 was limited to the SVZ-derived GFAPδ-positive cells. CD271(+) cells developed into neurospheres and could be differentiated into astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. We are the first to show that a pure population of NPCs can be isolated from the adult human SVZ, which is highly instrumental for developing future therapies based on stimulating endogenous SVZ neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E van Strien
- Department of Astrocyte Biology and Neurodegeneration, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Department of Neuropathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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41
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Proliferation and cilia dynamics in neural stem cells prospectively isolated from the SEZ. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3803. [PMID: 24448162 PMCID: PMC3898048 DOI: 10.1038/srep03803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) generate new neurons in vivo and in vitro throughout adulthood and therefore are physiologically and clinically relevant. Unveiling the mechanisms regulating the lineage progression from NSCs to newborn neurons is critical for the transition from basic research to clinical application. However, the direct analysis of NSCs and their progeny is still elusive due to the problematic identification of the cells. We here describe the isolation of highly purified genetically unaltered NSCs and transit-amplifying precursors (TAPs) from the adult subependymal zone (SEZ). Using this approach we show that a primary cilium and high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at the cell membrane characterize quiescent and cycling NSCs, respectively. However, we also observed non-ciliated quiescent NSCs and NSCs progressing into the cell cycle without up-regulating EGFR expression. Thus, the existence of NSCs displaying distinct molecular and structural conformations provides more flexibility to the regulation of quiescence and cell cycle progression.
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42
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Kerever A, Mercier F, Nonaka R, de Vega S, Oda Y, Zalc B, Okada Y, Hattori N, Yamada Y, Arikawa-Hirasawa E. Perlecan is required for FGF-2 signaling in the neural stem cell niche. Stem Cell Res 2013; 12:492-505. [PMID: 24434631 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult subventricular zone (neurogenic niche), neural stem cells double-positive for two markers of subsets of neural stem cells in the adult central nervous system, glial fibrillary acidic protein and CD133, lie in proximity to fractones and to blood vessel basement membranes, which contain the heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan. Here, we demonstrate that perlecan deficiency reduces the number of both GFAP/CD133-positive neural stem cells in the subventricular zone and new neurons integrating into the olfactory bulb. We also show that FGF-2 treatment induces the expression of cyclin D2 through the activation of the Akt and Erk1/2 pathways and promotes neurosphere formation in vitro. However, in the absence of perlecan, FGF-2 fails to promote neurosphere formation. These results suggest that perlecan is a component of the neurogenic niche that regulates FGF-2 signaling and acts by promoting neural stem cell self-renewal and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Kerever
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Frederic Mercier
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Risa Nonaka
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susana de Vega
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Oda
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bernard Zalc
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (CRICM), UMRS 975, Paris, 75013 France; Inserm, U 975, Paris, 75013 France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, 75013 France
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Physiology and Kanrinmaru project, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamada
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Leong C, Zhai D, Kim B, Yun SW, Chang YT. Neural stem cell isolation from the whole mouse brain using the novel FABP7-binding fluorescent dye, CDr3. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1314-22. [PMID: 24090932 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods for the isolation of live neural stem cells from the brain are limited due to the lack of well-defined cell surface markers and tools to detect intracellular markers. To date most methods depend on the labeling of extracellular markers using antibodies, with intracellular markers remaining inaccessible in live cells. Using a novel intracellular protein FABP7 (Fatty Acid Binding Protein-7) selective fluorescent chemical probe CDr3, we have successfully isolated high FABP7 expressing cells from the embryonic and adult mouse brains. These cells are capable of forming neurospheres in culture, express neural stem cell marker genes and differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Characterization of cells sorted with Aldefluor or antibodies against CD133 or SSEA-1 showed that the cells isolated by CDr3 exhibit a phenotype distinct from the cells sorted with conventional methods. FABP7 labeling with CDr3 represents a novel method for rapid isolation of neural stem cells based on the expression of a single intracellular marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Leong
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Republic of Singapore
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Adorno M, Sikandar S, Mitra SS, Kuo A, Nicolis Di Robilant B, Haro-Acosta V, Ouadah Y, Quarta M, Rodriguez J, Qian D, Reddy VM, Cheshier S, Garner CC, Clarke MF. Usp16 contributes to somatic stem-cell defects in Down's syndrome. Nature 2013; 501:380-4. [PMID: 24025767 PMCID: PMC3816928 DOI: 10.1038/nature12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) results from full or partial trisomy of chromosome 21. However, the consequences of the underlying gene-dosage imbalance on adult tissues remain poorly understood. Here we show that in Ts65Dn mice, trisomic for 132 genes homologous to HSA21, triplication of Usp16 reduces self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells and expansion of mammary epithelial cells, neural progenitors, and fibroblasts. Moreover, Usp16 is associated with decreased ubiquitination of Cdkn2a and accelerated senescence in Ts65Dn fibroblasts. Usp16 can remove ubiquitin from H2AK119, a critical mark for the maintenance of multiple somatic tissues. Downregulation of Usp16, either by mutation of a single normal USP16 allele or by shRNAs, largely rescues all these defects. Furthermore, in human tissues overexpression of USP16 reduces the expansion of normal fibroblasts and post-natal neural progenitors while downregulation of USP16 partially rescues the proliferation defects of DS fibroblasts. Taken together, these results suggest that USP16 plays an important role in antagonizing the self-renewal and/or senescence pathways in Down syndrome and could serve as an attractive target to ameliorate some of the associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Adorno
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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45
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Transplantation reveals regional differences in oligodendrocyte differentiation in the adult brain. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1370-2. [PMID: 23995069 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To examine the role of gray and white matter niches for oligodendrocyte differentiation, we used homo- and heterotopic transplantations into the adult mouse cerebral cortex. White matter-derived cells differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes in both niches with equal efficiency, whereas gray matter-derived cells did not. Thus, white matter promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation, and cells from this niche differentiate more easily, even in the less supportive gray matter environment.
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Vukovic J, Bedin AS, Bartlett PF, Osborne GW. A Novel Fluorescent Reporter CDy1 Enriches for Neural Stem Cells Derived from the Murine Brain. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2341-5. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vukovic
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anne-Sophie Bedin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Perry F. Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W. Osborne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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The BAF complex interacts with Pax6 in adult neural progenitors to establish a neurogenic cross-regulatory transcriptional network. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 13:403-18. [PMID: 23933087 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous transcriptional regulators of neurogenesis have been identified in the developing and adult brain, but how neurogenic fate is programmed at the epigenetic level remains poorly defined. Here, we report that the transcription factor Pax6 directly interacts with the Brg1-containing BAF complex in adult neural progenitors. Deletion of either Brg1 or Pax6 in the subependymal zone (SEZ) causes the progeny of adult neural stem cells to convert to the ependymal lineage within the SEZ while migrating neuroblasts convert to different glial lineages en route to or in the olfactory bulb (OB). Genome-wide analyses reveal that the majority of genes downregulated in the Brg1 null SEZ and OB contain Pax6 binding sites and are also downregulated in Pax6 null SEZ and OB. Downstream of the Pax6-BAF complex, we find that Sox11, Nfib, and Pou3f4 form a transcriptional cross-regulatory network that drives neurogenesis and can convert postnatal glia into neurons. Taken together, elements of our work identify a tripartite effector network activated by Pax6-BAF that programs neuronal fate.
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Spatial distribution of prominin-1 (CD133)-positive cells within germinative zones of the vertebrate brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63457. [PMID: 23723983 PMCID: PMC3664558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, embryonic neural progenitors as well as adult neural stem cells can be prospectively isolated based on the cell surface expression of prominin-1 (CD133), a plasma membrane glycoprotein. In contrast, characterization of neural progenitors in non-mammalian vertebrates endowed with significant constitutive neurogenesis and inherent self-repair ability is hampered by the lack of suitable cell surface markers. Here, we have investigated whether prominin-1-orthologues of the major non-mammalian vertebrate model organisms show any degree of conservation as for their association with neurogenic geminative zones within the central nervous system (CNS) as they do in mammals or associated with activated neural progenitors during provoked neurogenesis in the regenerating CNS. METHODS We have recently identified prominin-1 orthologues from zebrafish, axolotl and chicken. The spatial distribution of prominin-1-positive cells--in comparison to those of mice--was mapped in the intact brain in these organisms by non-radioactive in situ hybridization combined with detection of proliferating neural progenitors, marked either by proliferating cell nuclear antigen or 5-bromo-deoxyuridine. Furthermore, distribution of prominin-1 transcripts was investigated in the regenerating spinal cord of injured axolotl. RESULTS Remarkably, a conserved association of prominin-1 with germinative zones of the CNS was uncovered as manifested in a significant co-localization with cell proliferation markers during normal constitutive neurogenesis in all species investigated. Moreover, an enhanced expression of prominin-1 became evident associated with provoked, compensatory neurogenesis during the epimorphic regeneration of the axolotl spinal cord. Interestingly, significant prominin-1-expressing cell populations were also detected at distinct extraventricular (parenchymal) locations in the CNS of all vertebrate species being suggestive of further, non-neurogenic neural function(s). CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Collectively, our work provides the first data set describing a comparative analysis of prominin-1-positive progenitor cells across species establishing a framework for further functional characterization in the context of regeneration.
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Ortega F, Gascón S, Masserdotti G, Deshpande A, Simon C, Fischer J, Dimou L, Chichung Lie D, Schroeder T, Berninger B. Oligodendrogliogenic and neurogenic adult subependymal zone neural stem cells constitute distinct lineages and exhibit differential responsiveness to Wnt signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:602-13. [PMID: 23644466 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The adult mouse subependymal zone (SEZ) harbours adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) that give rise to neuronal and oligodendroglial progeny. However it is not known whether the same aNSC can give rise to neuronal and oligodendroglial progeny or whether these distinct progenies constitute entirely separate lineages. Continuous live imaging and single-cell tracking of aNSCs and their progeny isolated from the mouse SEZ revealed that aNSCs exclusively generate oligodendroglia or neurons, but never both within a single lineage. Moreover, activation of canonical Wnt signalling selectively stimulated proliferation within the oligodendrogliogenic lineage, resulting in a massive increase in oligodendrogliogenesis without changing lineage choice or proliferation within neurogenic clones. In vivo activation or inhibition of canonical Wnt signalling respectively increased or decreased the number of Olig2 and PDGFR- α positive cells, suggesting that this pathway contributes to the fine tuning of oligodendrogliogenesis in the adult SEZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ortega
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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50
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Topographical analysis of the subependymal zone neurogenic niche. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38647. [PMID: 22745673 PMCID: PMC3379980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging model for the adult subependymal zone (SEZ) cell population indicates that neuronal diversity is not generated from a uniform pool of stem cells but rather from diverse and spatially confined stem cell populations. Hence, when analysing SEZ proliferation, the topography along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes must be taken into account. However, to date, no studies have assessed SEZ proliferation according to topographical specificities and, additionally, SEZ studies in animal models of neurological/psychiatric disorders often fail to clearly specify the SEZ coordinates. This may render difficult the comparison between studies and yield contradictory results. More so, by focusing in a single spatial dimension of the SEZ, relevant findings might pass unnoticed. In this study we characterized the neural stem cell/progenitor population and its proliferation rates throughout the rat SEZ anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes. We found that SEZ proliferation decreases along the anterior-posterior axis and that proliferative rates vary considerably according to the position in the dorsal-ventral axis. These were associated with relevant gradients in the neuroblasts and in the neural stem cell populations throughout the dorsal-ventral axis. In addition, we observed spatially dependent differences in BrdU/Ki67 ratios that suggest a high variability in the proliferation rate and cell cycle length throughout the SEZ; in accordance, estimation of the cell cycle length of the neuroblasts revealed shorter cell cycles at the dorsolateral SEZ. These findings highlight the need to establish standardized procedures of SEZ analysis. Herein we propose an anatomical division of the SEZ that should be considered in future studies addressing proliferation in this neural stem cell niche.
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