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Soto J, Linsley C, Song Y, Chen B, Fang J, Neyyan J, Davila R, Lee B, Wu B, Li S. Engineering Materials and Devices for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of COVID-19 and Infectious Diseases. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2455. [PMID: 37686965 PMCID: PMC10490511 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Following the global spread of COVID-19, scientists and engineers have adapted technologies and developed new tools to aid in the fight against COVID-19. This review discusses various approaches to engineering biomaterials, devices, and therapeutics, especially at micro and nano levels, for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, serving as a resource for scientists to identify specific tools that can be applicable for infectious-disease-related research, technology development, and treatment. From the design and production of equipment critical to first responders and patients using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to point-of-care devices for rapid diagnosis, these technologies and tools have been essential to address current global needs for the prevention and detection of diseases. Moreover, advancements in organ-on-a-chip platforms provide a valuable platform to not only study infections and disease development in humans but also allow for the screening of more effective therapeutics. In addition, vaccines, the repurposing of approved drugs, biomaterials, drug delivery, and cell therapy are promising approaches for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Following a comprehensive review of all these topics, we discuss unsolved problems and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Soto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chase Linsley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Binru Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jun Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Josephine Neyyan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Raul Davila
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brandon Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Coffi Dit Gleize K, Tran CTH, Waterhouse A, Bilek MMM, Wickham SFJ. Plasma Activation of Microplates Optimized for One-Step Reagent-Free Immobilization of DNA and Protein. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:343-356. [PMID: 36550613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Activated microplates are widely used in biological assays and cell culture to immobilize biomolecules, either through passive physical adsorption or covalent cross-linking. Covalent attachment gives greater stability in complex biological mixtures. However, current multistep chemical activation methods add complexity and cost, require specific functional groups, and can introduce cytotoxic chemicals that affect downstream cellular applications. Here, we show a method for one-step linker-free activation of microplates by energetic ions from plasma for covalent immobilization of DNA and protein. Two types of energetic ion plasma treatment were shown to be effective: plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) and plasma-activated coating (PAC). This is the first time that PIII and PAC have been reported in microwell plates with nonflat geometry. We confirm that the plasma treatment generates radical-activated surfaces at the bottom of wells despite potential shadowing from the walls. Comprehensive surface characterization studies were used to compare the PIII and PAC microplate surface composition, wettability, radical density, optical properties, stability, and biomolecule immobilization density. PAC plates were found to have more nitrogen and lower radical density and were more hydrophobic and more stable over 3 months than PIII plates. Optimal conditions were obtained for high-density DNA (PAC, 0 or 21% nitrogen, pH 3-4) and streptavidin (PAC, 21% nitrogen, pH 5-7) binding while retaining optical properties required for typical high-throughput biochemical microplate assays, such as low autofluorescence and high transparency. DNA hybridization and protein activity of immobilized molecules were confirmed. We show that PAC activation allows for high-density covalent immobilization of functional DNA and protein in a single step on both 96- and 384-well plates without specific linker chemistry. These microplates could be used in the future to bind other user-selected ligands in a wide range of applications, for example, for solid phase polymerase chain reaction and stem cell culture and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara T H Tran
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anna Waterhouse
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown 2042, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Marcela M M Bilek
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shelley F J Wickham
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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3
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In vitro proliferation and long-term preservation of functional primary rat hepatocytes in cell fibers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8813. [PMID: 35614100 PMCID: PMC9133069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes are essential cellular resources for drug screening and medical transplantation. While culture systems have already succeeded in reconstituting the biomimetic microenvironment of primary hepatocytes, acquiring additional capabilities to handle them easily as well as to expand them remains unmet needs. This paper describes a culture system for primary rat hepatocytes, based on cell fiber technology, that brings scalability and handleability. Cell fibers are cell-laden core–shell hydrogel microfibers; in the core regions, cells are embedded in extracellular matrix proteins, cultured three-dimensionally, and exposed to soluble growth factors in the culture medium via the hydrogel shells. By encapsulating primary rat hepatocytes within cell fibers, we first demonstrated their proliferation while maintaining their viability and their hepatic specific functions for up to thirty days of subsequent culture. We then demonstrated the efficiency of proliferating primary rat hepatocytes in cell fibers not only as cell-based sensors to detect drugs that damage hepatic functions and hepatocellular processes but also as transplants to improve the plasma albumin concentrations of congenital analbuminemia. Our culture system could therefore be included in innovative strategies and promising developments in applying primary hepatocytes to both pharmaceutical and medical fields.
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Silva MC, Nandi G, Haggarty SJ. Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Cortical Neurons to Advance Precision Medicine. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2429:143-174. [PMID: 35507160 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1979-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle in studying human central nervous system (CNS) diseases is inaccessibility to the affected tissue and cells. Even in limited cases where tissue is available through surgical interventions, differentiated neurons cannot be maintained for extended time frames, which is prohibitive for experimental repetition and scalability. Advances in methodologies for reprogramming human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and directed differentiation of human neurons in culture now allow access to physiological and disease relevant cell types. In particular, patient iPSC-derived neurons represent unique ex vivo neuronal networks that allow investigating disease genetic and molecular pathways in physiologically accurate cellular microenvironments, importantly recapitulating molecular and cellular phenotypic aspects of disease. Generation of functional neural cells from iPSCs relies on manipulation of culture formats in the presence of specific factors that promote the conversion of pluripotent stem cells into neurons. To this end, several experimental protocols have been developed. Direct differentiation of stem cells into post-mitotic neurons is usually associated with low throughput, low yield, and high technical variability. Instead, methods relying on expansion of the intermediate neural progenitor cells (NPCs) show incredible potential for posterior generation of suitable neuronal cultures for cellular and biochemical assays, as well as drug screening. NPCs are expandable, self-renewable multipotent cells that can differentiate into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and electrically active neurons. Here, we describe a protocol for generating iPSC-derived NPCs via formation of neural aggregates and selection of NPC precursor neural rosettes, followed by a simple and reproducible method for generating a mixed population of cortical-like neurons through growth factor withdrawal. Implementation of this protocol has the potential to advance the goals of precision medicine research for both neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Catarina Silva
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ghata Nandi
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Miniaturized droplet microarray platform enables maintenance of human induced pluripotent stem cell pluripotency. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100153. [PMID: 34765963 PMCID: PMC8569722 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for indefinite self-renewal warrants their application in disease modeling, drug discovery, toxicity assays and efficacy screening. However, their poor proliferation ability, inability to adhere to surfaces without Matrigel coating and tendency to spontaneously differentiate in vitro hinder the application of hiPSCs in these fields. Here we study the ability to culture hiPSCs inside 200 nL droplets on the droplet microarray (DMA) platform. We demonstrate that (1) hiPSCs can attach to the Matrigel (MG)-free surface of DMA and show good viability after 24 h culture; (2) hiPSC do not spontaneously differentiate when cultured on the MG-free surface of DMAs; (3) culturing of hiPSCs in 200 nL as compared to 2 mL culture leads to higher expression of the Nanog pluripotency marker. Overall, the results demonstrate the possibility to culture undifferentiated hiPSCs in 200 nL droplets on DMA, thereby opening the possibility for high-throughput screenings of hiPSCs with various factors without compromising the results through the involvement of animal-derived materials, such as Matrigel.
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6
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Lewis PL, Wells JM. Engineering-inspired approaches to study β-cell function and diabetes. Stem Cells 2021; 39:522-535. [PMID: 33497522 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to mitigate the pathologies from diabetes range from simply administering insulin to prescribing complex drug/biologic regimens combined with lifestyle changes. There is a substantial effort to better understand β-cell physiology during diabetes pathogenesis as a means to develop improved therapies. The convergence of multiple fields ranging from developmental biology to microfluidic engineering has led to the development of new experimental systems to better study complex aspects of diabetes and β-cell biology. Here we discuss the available insulin-secreting cell types used in research, ranging from primary human β-cells, to cell lines, to pluripotent stem cell-derived β-like cells. Each of these sources possess inherent strengths and weaknesses pertinent to specific applications, especially in the context of engineered platforms. We then outline how insulin-expressing cells have been used in engineered platforms and how recent advances allow for better mimicry of in vivo conditions. Chief among these conditions are β-cell interactions with other endocrine organs. This facet is beginning to be thoroughly addressed by the organ-on-a-chip community, but holds enormous potential in the development of novel diabetes therapeutics. Furthermore, high throughput strategies focused on studying β-cell biology, improving β-cell differentiation, or proliferation have led to enormous contributions in the field and will no doubt be instrumental in bringing new diabetes therapeutics to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Lewis
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Liu G, David BT, Trawczynski M, Fessler RG. Advances in Pluripotent Stem Cells: History, Mechanisms, Technologies, and Applications. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:3-32. [PMID: 31760627 PMCID: PMC6987053 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, and particularly in the last decade, significant developmental milestones have driven basic, translational, and clinical advances in the field of stem cell and regenerative medicine. In this article, we provide a systemic overview of the major recent discoveries in this exciting and rapidly developing field. We begin by discussing experimental advances in the generation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), next moving to the maintenance of stem cells in different culture types, and finishing with a discussion of three-dimensional (3D) cell technology and future stem cell applications. Specifically, we highlight the following crucial domains: 1) sources of pluripotent cells; 2) next-generation in vivo direct reprogramming technology; 3) cell types derived from PSCs and the influence of genetic memory; 4) induction of pluripotency with genomic modifications; 5) construction of vectors with reprogramming factor combinations; 6) enhancing pluripotency with small molecules and genetic signaling pathways; 7) induction of cell reprogramming by RNA signaling; 8) induction and enhancement of pluripotency with chemicals; 9) maintenance of pluripotency and genomic stability in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); 10) feeder-free and xenon-free culture environments; 11) biomaterial applications in stem cell biology; 12) three-dimensional (3D) cell technology; 13) 3D bioprinting; 14) downstream stem cell applications; and 15) current ethical issues in stem cell and regenerative medicine. This review, encompassing the fundamental concepts of regenerative medicine, is intended to provide a comprehensive portrait of important progress in stem cell research and development. Innovative technologies and real-world applications are emphasized for readers interested in the exciting, promising, and challenging field of stem cells and those seeking guidance in planning future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gele Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Brian T David
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Matthew Trawczynski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Richard G Fessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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8
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Muckom R, Bao X, Tran E, Chen E, Murugappan A, Dordick JS, Clark DS, Schaffer DV. High-throughput 3D screening for differentiation of hPSC-derived cell therapy candidates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1457. [PMID: 32821815 PMCID: PMC7413735 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of several cell therapy candidates in the clinic is an encouraging sign for human diseases/disorders that currently have no effective treatment; however, scalable production of these cell therapies has become a bottleneck. To overcome this barrier, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture strategies have been considered for enhanced cell production. Here, we demonstrate a high-throughput 3D culture platform used to systematically screen 1200 culture conditions with varying doses, durations, dynamics, and combinations of signaling cues to derive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and midbrain dopaminergic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Statistical models of the robust dataset reveal previously unidentified patterns about cell competence to Wnt, retinoic acid, and sonic hedgehog signals, and their interactions, which may offer insights into the combinatorial roles these signals play in human central nervous system development. These insights can be harnessed to optimize production of hPSC-derived cell replacement therapies for a range of neurological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Muckom
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eric Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Evelyn Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Abirami Murugappan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Douglas S. Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (D.S.C.); (D.V.S.)
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (D.S.C.); (D.V.S.)
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9
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Silva MC, Haggarty SJ. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived models and drug screening in CNS precision medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1471:18-56. [PMID: 30875083 PMCID: PMC8193821 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective therapeutics for neurological disorders has historically been challenging partly because of lack of accurate model systems in which to investigate disease etiology and test new therapeutics at the preclinical stage. Human stem cells, particularly patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) upon differentiation, have the ability to recapitulate aspects of disease pathophysiology and are increasingly recognized as robust scalable systems for drug discovery. We review advances in deriving cellular models of human central nervous system (CNS) disorders using iPSCs along with strategies for investigating disease-relevant phenotypes, translatable biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Given their potential to identify novel therapeutic targets and leads, we focus on phenotype-based, small-molecule screens employing human stem cell-derived models. Integrated efforts to assemble patient iPSC-derived cell models with deeply annotated clinicopathological data, along with molecular and drug-response signatures, may aid in the stratification of patients, diagnostics, and clinical trial success, shifting translational science and precision medicine approaches. A number of remaining challenges, including the optimization of cost-effective, large-scale culture of iPSC-derived cell types, incorporation of aging into neuronal models, as well as robustness and automation of phenotypic assays to support quantitative drug efficacy, toxicity, and metabolism testing workflows, are covered. Continued advancement of the field is expected to help fully humanize the process of CNS drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Catarina Silva
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
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10
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Fantuzzo JA, Robles DA, Mirabella VR, Hart RP, Pang ZP, Zahn JD. Development of a high-throughput arrayed neural circuitry platform using human induced neurons for drug screening applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1140-1152. [PMID: 32064487 PMCID: PMC7339603 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01179j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Proper brain function relies on the precise arrangement and flow of information between diverse neural subtypes. Developing improved human cell-based models which faithfully mimic biologically relevant connectivity patterns may improve drug screening efforts given the limited success of animal models to predict safety and efficacy of therapeutics in human clinical trials. To address this need, we have developed experimental models of defined neural circuitries through the compartmentalization of neuronal cell subtypes in a 96 well plate-based platform where each microwell is divided into two compartments connected by microchannels allowing high-throughput screening (HTS) of small molecules. We demonstrate that we can generate subtype-specific excitatory and inhibitory induced neuronal cells (iNs) from human stem cell lines and that these neurons form robust functional circuits with defined connectivity. Through the use of the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6f, we monitor calcium ion transients generated during neuronal firing between and within compartments. We further demonstrate functionality of the circuit by perturbing network activity through the addition of glutamate receptor blockers using automated liquid handling. Lastly, we show that we can stimulate network activity in defined neuronal subtypes through the expression of the designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) hM3Dq and application of the ligand clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). Our results demonstrate the formation of functional neural circuits in a high-throughput platform that is compatible with compound screening, representing an important step towards developing new screening platforms for studying and ultimately treating psychiatric brain disorders that arise from disordered neural circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Fantuzzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Denise A Robles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Vincent R Mirabella
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 675 Hoes Lane West, Research Tower, Third Floor, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA and Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, MEB Third, PO Box 19, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 675 Hoes Lane West, Research Tower, Third Floor, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA and Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, MEB Third, PO Box 19, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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11
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Sridharan B, Hubbs C, Llamosas N, Kilinc M, Singhera FU, Willems E, Piper DR, Scampavia L, Rumbaugh G, Spicer TP. A Simple Procedure for Creating Scalable Phenotypic Screening Assays in Human Neurons. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9000. [PMID: 31227747 PMCID: PMC6588600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons created from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide the capability of identifying biological mechanisms that underlie brain disorders. IPSC-derived human neurons, or iNs, hold promise for advancing precision medicine through drug screening, though it remains unclear to what extent iNs can support early-stage drug discovery efforts in industrial-scale screening centers. Despite several reported approaches to generate iNs from iPSCs, each suffer from technological limitations that challenge their scalability and reproducibility, both requirements for successful screening assays. We addressed these challenges by initially removing the roadblocks related to scaling of iNs for high throughput screening (HTS)-ready assays. We accomplished this by simplifying the production and plating of iNs and adapting them to a freezer-ready format. We then tested the performance of freezer-ready iNs in an HTS-amenable phenotypic assay that measured neurite outgrowth. This assay successfully identified small molecule inhibitors of neurite outgrowth. Importantly, we provide evidence that this scalable iN-based assay was both robust and highly reproducible across different laboratories. These streamlined approaches are compatible with any iPSC line that can produce iNs. Thus, our findings indicate that current methods for producing iPSCs are appropriate for large-scale drug-discovery campaigns (i.e. >10e5 compounds) that read out simple neuronal phenotypes. However, due to the inherent limitations of currently available iN differentiation protocols, technological advances are required to achieve similar scalability for screens that require more complex phenotypes related to neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- BanuPriya Sridharan
- The Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Christopher Hubbs
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Nerea Llamosas
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Murat Kilinc
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Fakhar U Singhera
- The Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Erik Willems
- Cell Biology, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
| | - David R Piper
- Cell Biology, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
| | - Louis Scampavia
- The Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- The Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA.
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA.
| | - Timothy P Spicer
- The Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA.
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Mechanistic Analysis of Physicochemical Cues in Promoting Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113459. [PMID: 30400347 PMCID: PMC6275035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that a porous membrane of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) enables significant augmentation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) proliferation and differentiation. The interaction between hPSCs and the PET surface induces β-catenin-mediated wingless/integrated (Wnt) signaling, leading to upregulation of the expression of adhesion molecules in hPSCs. In this study, we sought to unveil mechanisms underlying the role of the PET membrane in hPSC self-renewal and metabolism. We discovered that physicochemical cues of the PET membrane considerably alter hPSC metabolism by increasing the cell yield and suppressing the generation of toxic byproduct, indicating an effective cell self-renewal and a less apoptotic culture environment in the membrane culture system. Furthermore, we discovered that a caspase-8 medicated apoptotic pathway plays a profound role in obstructing hPSCs grown on a traditional tissue culture plate (TCP). Treating hPSCs seeded on a TCP surface with a caspase-8 inhibitor significantly suppressed cellular apoptotic pathway and improved cell proliferation and metabolism. Our experimental results provided valuable insights into signal pathways influencing hPSC self-renewal during routine maintenance and expansion, which would shed light on large-scale preparation of hPSCs for clinical applications.
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13
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Modeling Complex Neurological Diseases with Stem Cells: A Study of Bipolar Disorder. Results Probl Cell Differ 2018. [PMID: 30209664 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93485-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BPD) is unknown. Using human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to unravel pathological mechanisms in polygenic diseases is challenging, with few successful studies to date. However, hiPSCs from BPD patients responsive to lithium have offered unique opportunities to discern lithium's mechanism of action and hence gain insight into BPD pathology. By profiling the proteomics of BPD-hiPSC-derived neurons, we found that lithium alters the phosphorylation state of collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2). The "set point" for the ratio of pCRMP2:CRMP2 is elevated uniquely in hiPSC-derived neurons from lithium responsive (Li-R) BPD patients, but not other psychiatric and neurological disorders. Utilizing neurons differentiated from human patient stem cells as an in vitro platform, we were able to elucidate the mechanism driving the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of lithium-responsive BPD, heretofore unknown. Importantly, the findings in culture were validated in human postmortem material as well as in animal models of BPD behavior. These data suggest that the "lithium response pathway" in BPD governs CRMP2's phosphorylation, which regulates cytoskeletal organization, particularly in dendritic spines, leading to modulated neural networks that may underlie Li-R BPD pathogenesis. This chapter reviews the methodology of leveraging a functional agent, lithium, to identify unknown pathophysiological pathways with hiPSCs and how to translate this disease modeling approach to other neurological disorders.
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14
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Assou S, Bouckenheimer J, De Vos J. Concise Review: Assessing the Genome Integrity of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: What Quality Control Metrics? Stem Cells 2018; 36:814-821. [PMID: 29441649 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the potential to differentiate virtually into any cell type in unlimited quantities. Therefore, they are ideal for in vitro tissue modeling or to produce cells for clinical use. Importantly, and differently from immortalized and cancer cell lines, the hiPSC genome scrupulously reproduces that of the cell from which they were derived. However, hiPSCs can develop genetic abnormalities during reprogramming or prolonged cell culture, such as aneuploidies or oncogenic mutations (e.g., in TP53). Therefore, hiPSC genome integrity must be routinely monitored because serious genome alterations would greatly compromise their usefulness or safety of use. Here, we reviewed hiPSC genome quality control monitoring methods and laboratory practice. Indeed, due to their frequency and functional consequences, recurrent genetic defects found in cultured hiPSCs are inacceptable and their appearance should be monitored by routine screening. Hence, for research purposes, we propose that the genome of hiPSC lines should be systematically screened at derivation, at least by karyotyping, and then regularly (every 12 weeks) during experiments, for instance with polymerase chain reaction-based techniques. For some specific applications, such as research on aging, cell cycle, apoptosis or cancer, other tests (e.g., TP53 mutation detection) should also be included. For clinical use, in addition to karyotyping, we advise exome sequencing. Stem Cells 2018;36:814-821.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Assou
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - John De Vos
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CHU Montpellier, Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Hospital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France
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15
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Li Q, Lin H, Du Q, Liu K, Wang O, Evans C, Christian H, Zhang C, Lei Y. Scalable and physiologically relevant microenvironments for human pluripotent stem cell expansion and differentiation. Biofabrication 2018; 10:025006. [PMID: 29319535 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aaa6b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are required in large numbers for various biomedical applications. However, the scalable and cost-effective culturing of high quality hPSCs and their derivatives remains very challenging. Here, we report a novel and physiologically relevant 3D culture system (called the AlgTube cell culture system) for hPSC expansion and differentiation. With this system, cells are processed into and cultured in microscale alginate hydrogel tubes that are suspended in the cell culture medium in a culture vessel. The hydrogel tubes protect cells from hydrodynamic stresses in the culture vessel and limit the cell mass smaller than 400 μm in diameter to ensure efficient mass transport, creating cell-friendly microenvironments for growing cells. This system is simple, scalable, highly efficient, defined and compatible with the current good manufacturing practices. Under optimized culture conditions, the AlgTubes enabled long-term culture of hPSCs (>10 passages, >50 days) with high cell viability, high growth rate (1000-fold expansion over 10 days per passage), high purity (>95% Oct4+) and high yield (5.0 × 108 cells ml-1), all of which offer considerable advantages compared to current approaches. Moreover, the AlgTubes enabled directed differentiation of hPSCs into various tissue cells. This system can be readily scaled to support research from basic biological study to clinical development and the future industry-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America. Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
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16
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Lu YC, Fu DJ, An D, Chiu A, Schwartz R, Nikitin AY, Ma M. Scalable Production and Cryostorage of Organoids Using Core-Shell Decoupled Hydrogel Capsules. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 1:1700165. [PMID: 29607405 PMCID: PMC5870136 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organoids, organ-mimicking multicellular structures derived from pluripotent stem cells or organ progenitors, have recently emerged as an important system for both studies of stem cell biology and development of potential therapeutics; however, a large-scale culture of organoids and cryopreservation for whole organoids, a prerequisite for their industrial and clinical applications, has remained a challenge. Current organoid culture systems relying on embedding the stem or progenitor cells in bulk extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels (e.g., Matrigel™) have limited surface area for mass transfer and are not suitable for large-scale productions. Here, we demonstrate a capsule-based, scalable organoid production and cryopreservation platform. The capsules have a core-shell structure where the core consists of Matrigel™ that supports the growth of organoids, and the alginate shell form robust spherical capsules, enabling suspension culture in stirred bioreactors. Compared with conventional, bulk ECM hydrogels, the capsules, which could be produced continuously by a two-fluidic electrostatic co-spraying method, provided better mass transfer through both diffusion and convection. The core-shell structure of the capsules also leads to better cell recovery after cryopreservation of organoids probably through prevention of intracellular ice formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Lu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Dah-Jiun Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Duo An
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alan Chiu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Robert Schwartz
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 445 E 69th St, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Minglin Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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17
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Huang G, Li F, Zhao X, Ma Y, Li Y, Lin M, Jin G, Lu TJ, Genin GM, Xu F. Functional and Biomimetic Materials for Engineering of the Three-Dimensional Cell Microenvironment. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12764-12850. [PMID: 28991456 PMCID: PMC6494624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell microenvironment has emerged as a key determinant of cell behavior and function in development, physiology, and pathophysiology. The extracellular matrix (ECM) within the cell microenvironment serves not only as a structural foundation for cells but also as a source of three-dimensional (3D) biochemical and biophysical cues that trigger and regulate cell behaviors. Increasing evidence suggests that the 3D character of the microenvironment is required for development of many critical cell responses observed in vivo, fueling a surge in the development of functional and biomimetic materials for engineering the 3D cell microenvironment. Progress in the design of such materials has improved control of cell behaviors in 3D and advanced the fields of tissue regeneration, in vitro tissue models, large-scale cell differentiation, immunotherapy, and gene therapy. However, the field is still in its infancy, and discoveries about the nature of cell-microenvironment interactions continue to overturn much early progress in the field. Key challenges continue to be dissecting the roles of chemistry, structure, mechanics, and electrophysiology in the cell microenvironment, and understanding and harnessing the roles of periodicity and drift in these factors. This review encapsulates where recent advances appear to leave the ever-shifting state of the art, and it highlights areas in which substantial potential and uncertainty remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyou Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical
Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufei Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Min Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Guorui Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials
and Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Guy M. Genin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering &
Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, MO,
USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for
Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130,
MO, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
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18
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Cell fiber-based three-dimensional culture system for highly efficient expansion of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2850. [PMID: 28588295 PMCID: PMC5460280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells are a potentially powerful cellular resource for application in regenerative medicine. Because such applications require large numbers of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cells, a scalable culture system of human pluripotent stem cell needs to be developed. Several suspension culture systems for human pluripotent stem cell expansion exist; however, it is difficult to control the thickness of cell aggregations in these systems, leading to increased cell death likely caused by limited diffusion of gases and nutrients into the aggregations. Here, we describe a scalable culture system using the cell fiber technology for the expansion of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The cells were encapsulated and cultured within the core region of core-shell hydrogel microfibers, resulting in the formation of rod-shaped or fiber-shaped cell aggregations with sustained thickness and high viability. By encapsulating the cells with type I collagen, we demonstrated a long-term culture of the cells by serial passaging at a high expansion rate (14-fold in four days) while retaining its pluripotency. Therefore, our culture system could be used for large-scale expansion of human pluripotent stem cells for use in regenerative medicine.
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19
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Tronser T, Popova AA, Levkin PA. Miniaturized platform for high-throughput screening of stem cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 46:141-149. [PMID: 28388486 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades stem cells have gained great interest in clinical research, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, due to their ability of self-renewal and potential to differentiate into the various cell types of the organism. The long-term maintenance of these unique properties and the control of stem cell differentiation in vitro, however, remains challenging, thus limiting their applicability in these fields. High-throughput screening (HTS) of stem cells is widely used by the researchers in order to gain more insight in the underlying mechanisms of stem cell fate as well as identifying compounds and factors maintaining stemness. However, limited availability and expandability of stem cells restricts the use of microtiter plates for HTS of stem cells emitting the urge for miniaturized platforms. This review highlights recent advances in the development of miniaturized platforms for HTS of stem cells and presents novel designs of miniaturized HTS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Tronser
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anna A Popova
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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20
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21
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Chal J, Al Tanoury Z, Hestin M, Gobert B, Aivio S, Hick A, Cherrier T, Nesmith AP, Parker KK, Pourquié O. Generation of human muscle fibers and satellite-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1833-50. [PMID: 27583644 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progress toward finding a cure for muscle diseases has been slow because of the absence of relevant cellular models and the lack of a reliable source of muscle progenitors for biomedical investigation. Here we report an optimized serum-free differentiation protocol to efficiently produce striated, millimeter-long muscle fibers together with satellite-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in vitro. By mimicking key signaling events leading to muscle formation in the embryo, in particular the dual modulation of Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway signaling, this directed differentiation protocol avoids the requirement for genetic modifications or cell sorting. Robust myogenesis can be achieved in vitro within 1 month by personnel experienced in hPSC culture. The differentiating culture can be subcultured to produce large amounts of myogenic progenitors amenable to numerous downstream applications. Beyond the study of myogenesis, this differentiation method offers an attractive platform for the development of relevant in vitro models of muscle dystrophies and drug screening strategies, as well as providing a source of cells for tissue engineering and cell therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Chal
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ziad Al Tanoury
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Marie Hestin
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bénédicte Gobert
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Suvi Aivio
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aurore Hick
- Anagenesis Biotechnologies, Parc d'innovation, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Thomas Cherrier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Alexander P Nesmith
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin K Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaireet Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Zagoura D, Canovas-Jorda D, Pistollato F, Bremer-Hoffmann S, Bal-Price A. Evaluation of the rotenone-induced activation of the Nrf2 pathway in a neuronal model derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Neurochem Int 2016; 106:62-73. [PMID: 27615060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are considered as a powerful tool for drug and chemical screening and development of new in vitro testing strategies in the field of toxicology, including neurotoxicity evaluation. These cells are able to expand and efficiently differentiate into different types of neuronal and glial cells as well as peripheral neurons. These human cells-based neuronal models serve as test systems for mechanistic studies on different pathways involved in neurotoxicity. One of the well-known mechanisms that are activated by chemically-induced oxidative stress is the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Therefore, in the current study, we evaluated whether Nrf2 signaling machinery is expressed in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)-derived mixed neuronal/glial culture and if so whether it becomes activated by rotenone-induced oxidative stress mediated by complex I inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Rotenone was found to induce the activation of Nrf2 signaling particularly at the highest tested concentration (100 nM), as shown by Nrf2 nuclear translocation and the up-regulation of the Nrf2-downstream antioxidant enzymes, NQO1 and SRXN1. Interestingly, exposure to rotenone also increased the number of astroglial cells in which Nrf2 activation may play an important role in neuroprotection. Moreover, rotenone caused cell death of dopaminergic neurons since a decreased percentage of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH+) cells was observed. The obtained results suggest that hiPSC-derived mixed neuronal/glial culture could be a valuable in vitro human model for the establishment of neuronal specific assays in order to link Nrf2 pathway activation (biomarker of oxidative stress) with additional neuronal specific readouts that could be applied to in vitro neurotoxicity evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Zagoura
- Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - David Canovas-Jorda
- Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Francesca Pistollato
- Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Susanne Bremer-Hoffmann
- Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Anna Bal-Price
- Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
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23
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Microfabric Vessels for Embryoid Body Formation and Rapid Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31063. [PMID: 27507707 PMCID: PMC4978968 DOI: 10.1038/srep31063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Various scalable three-dimensional culture systems for regenerative medicine using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been developed to date. However, stable production of hiPSCs with homogeneous qualities still remains a challenge. Here, we describe a novel and simple embryoid body (EB) formation system using unique microfabricated culture vessels. Furthermore, this culture system is useful for high throughput EB formation and rapid generation of differentiated cells such as neural stem cells (NSCs) from hiPSCs. The period of NSC differentiation was significantly shortened under high EB density culture conditions. Simultaneous mass production of a pure population of NSCs was possible within 4 days. These results indicate that the novel culture system might not only become a unique tool to obtain new insights into developmental biology based on human stem cells, but also provide an important tractable platform for efficient and stable production of NSCs for clinical applications.
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24
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Teng L, Lei HM, Sun F, An SM, Tang YB, Meng S, Wang CH, Shen Y, Chen HZ, Zhu L. Autocrine glutamatergic transmission for the regulation of embryonal carcinoma stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:49552-49564. [PMID: 27322683 PMCID: PMC5226528 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate behaves as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system and recently demonstrates intercellular signaling activities in periphery cancer cells. How the glutamatergic transmission is organized and operated in cancer stem cells remains undefined. We have identified a glutamatergic transmission circuit in embryonal carcinoma stem cells. The circuit is organized and operated in an autocrine mechanism and suppresses the cell proliferation and motility. Biological analyses determined a repertoire of glutamatergic transmission components, glutaminase, vesicular glutamate transporter, glutamate NMDA receptor, and cell membrane excitatory amino-acid transporter, for glutamate biosynthesis, package for secretion, reaction, and reuptake in mouse and human embryonal carcinoma stem cells. The glutamatergic components were also identified in mouse transplanted teratocarcinoma and in human primary teratocarcinoma tissues. Released glutamate acting as the signal was directly quantified by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Genetic and pharmacological abolishment of the endogenously released glutamate-induced tonic activation of the NMDA receptors increased the cell proliferation and motility. The finding suggests that embryonal carcinoma stem cells can be actively regulated by establishing a glutamatergic autocrine/paracrine niche via releasing and responding to the transmitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Teng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Basic Medicine Faculty of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Present address: Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Hubei 443003, China
| | - Hui-Min Lei
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Basic Medicine Faculty of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Basic Medicine Faculty of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shi-Min An
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Basic Medicine Faculty of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ya-Bin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Basic Medicine Faculty of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shuang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Basic Medicine Faculty of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Cong-Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Basic Medicine Faculty of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Basic Medicine Faculty of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Basic Medicine Faculty of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Basic Medicine Faculty of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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25
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Abstract
Image-based screening is used to measure a variety of phenotypes in cells and whole organisms. Combined with perturbations such as RNA interference, small molecules, and mutations, such screens are a powerful method for gaining systematic insights into biological processes. Screens have been applied to study diverse processes, such as protein-localization changes, cancer cell vulnerabilities, and complex organismal phenotypes. Recently, advances in imaging and image-analysis methodologies have accelerated large-scale perturbation screens. Here, we describe the state of the art for image-based screening experiments and delineate experimental approaches and image-analysis approaches as well as discussing challenges and future directions, including leveraging CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Boutros
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Florian Heigwer
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Laufer
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Blondel S, Egesipe AL, Picardi P, Jaskowiak AL, Notarnicola M, Ragot J, Tournois J, Le Corf A, Brinon B, Poydenot P, Georges P, Navarro C, Pitrez PR, Ferreira L, Bollot G, Bauvais C, Laustriat D, Mejat A, De Sandre-Giovannoli A, Levy N, Bifulco M, Peschanski M, Nissan X. Drug screening on Hutchinson Gilford progeria pluripotent stem cells reveals aminopyrimidines as new modulators of farnesylation. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2105. [PMID: 26890144 PMCID: PMC5399184 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a dramatic appearance of premature aging. HGPS is due to a single-base substitution in exon 11 of the LMNA gene (c.1824C>T) leading to the production of a toxic form of the prelamin A protein called progerin. Because farnesylation process had been shown to control progerin toxicity, in this study we have developed a screening method permitting to identify new pharmacological inhibitors of farnesylation. For this, we have used the unique potential of pluripotent stem cells to have access to an unlimited and relevant biological resource and test 21,608 small molecules. This study identified several compounds, called monoaminopyrimidines, which target two key enzymes of the farnesylation process, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and farnesyl transferase, and rescue in vitro phenotypes associated with HGPS. Our results opens up new therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of HGPS by identifying a new family of protein farnesylation inhibitors, and which may also be applicable to cancers and diseases associated with mutations that involve farnesylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Blondel
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France.,UEVE, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France
| | - A-L Egesipe
- CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France
| | - P Picardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Allende, Baronissi Salerno 84081, Italy
| | - A-L Jaskowiak
- CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France
| | - M Notarnicola
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases "S. de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy
| | - J Ragot
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France.,UEVE, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France
| | - J Tournois
- CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France
| | - A Le Corf
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France.,UEVE, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France
| | - B Brinon
- CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France
| | - P Poydenot
- CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France
| | - P Georges
- CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France
| | - C Navarro
- Aix Marseille Université, UMR S 910: Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, France.,INSERM, UMR S 910: Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - P R Pitrez
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marques de Pombal, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - L Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marques de Pombal, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - G Bollot
- SYNSIGHT, a/s IncubAlliance 86 rue de Paris Orsay 91400, France
| | - C Bauvais
- SYNSIGHT, a/s IncubAlliance 86 rue de Paris Orsay 91400, France
| | - D Laustriat
- CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France
| | - A Mejat
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, UMR 5239 CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - A De Sandre-Giovannoli
- Aix Marseille Université, UMR S 910: Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, France.,INSERM, UMR S 910: Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - N Levy
- Aix Marseille Université, UMR S 910: Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, France.,INSERM, UMR S 910: Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - M Bifulco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Allende, Baronissi Salerno 84081, Italy
| | - M Peschanski
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France.,UEVE, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France.,CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France
| | - X Nissan
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France.,UEVE, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France.,CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, Evry Cedex 91030, France
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27
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Rodgers K, Papinska A, Mordwinkin N. Regulatory aspects of small molecule drugs for heart regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:245-52. [PMID: 26150343 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Even though recent discoveries prove the existence of cardiac progenitor cells, internal regenerative capacity of the heart is minimal. As cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of deaths in the United States, a number of approaches are being used to develop treatments for heart repair and regeneration. Small molecule drugs are of particular interest as they are suited for oral administration and can be chemically synthesized. However, the regulatory process for the development of new treatment modalities is protracted, complex and expensive. One of the hurdles to development of appropriate therapies is the need for predictive preclinical models. The use of patient-derived cardiomyocytes from iPSC cells represents a novel tool for this purpose. Among other concepts for induction of heart regeneration, the most advanced is the combination of DPP-IV inhibitors with stem cell mobilizers. This review will focus on regulatory aspects as well as preclinical hurdles of development of new treatments for heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Rodgers
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacoeconomics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| | - Anna Papinska
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacoeconomics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Nicholas Mordwinkin
- Miltenyi Biotec, Inc., 2303 Lindbergh Street, Auburn, CA 95602, United States
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28
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Wang L, Xiang M, Liu Y, Sun N, Lu M, Shi Y, Wang X, Meng D, Chen S, Qin J. Human induced pluripotent stem cells derived endothelial cells mimicking vascular inflammatory response under flow. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:014106. [PMID: 26858818 PMCID: PMC4714980 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) have great potential in vascular diseases research and regenerative medicine. Autologous human ECs are difficult to acquire in sufficient numbers in vitro, and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer unique opportunity to generate ECs for these purposes. In this work, we present a new and efficient method to simply differentiate human iPSCs into functional ECs, which can respond to physiological level of flow and inflammatory stimulation on a fabricated microdevice. The endothelial-like cells were differentiated from human iPSCs within only one week, according to the inducing development principle. The expression of endothelial progenitor and endothelial marker genes (GATA2, RUNX1, CD34, and CD31) increased on the second and fourth days after the initial inducing process. The differentiated ECs exhibited strong expression of cells-specific markers (CD31 and von Willebrand factor antibody), similar to that present in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In addition, the hiPSC derived ECs were able to form tubular structure and respond to vascular-like flow generated on a microdevice. Furthermore, the human induced pluripotent stem cell-endothelial cells (hiPSC-ECs) pretreated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were susceptible to adhesion to human monocyte line U937 under flow condition, indicating the feasibility of this hiPSCs derived microsystem for mimicking the inflammatory response of endothelial cells under physiological and pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meng Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Shi
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Meng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifeng Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
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29
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Human cardiomyocyte generation from pluripotent stem cells: A state-of-art. Life Sci 2015; 145:98-113. [PMID: 26682938 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human heart is considered a non-regenerative organ. Worldwide, cardiovascular diseases continue to be the leading cause of death. Despite advances in cardiac treatment, myocardial repair remains severely limited by the lack of an appropriate source of viable cardiomyocytes (CMs) to replace damaged tissue. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can efficiently be differentiated into functional CMs necessary for cell replacement therapy and other potential applications. The number of protocols that derive CMs from hPSCs has increased exponentially over the past decade following observation of the first human beating CMs. A number of highly efficient, chemical based protocols have been developed to generate human CMs (hCMs) in small-scale and large-scale suspension systems. To reduce the heterogeneity of hPSC-derived CMs, the differentiation protocols were modulated to exclusively generate atrial-, ventricular-, and nodal-like CM subtypes. Recently, remarkable advances have been achieved in hCM generation including chemical-based cardiac differentiation, cardiac subtype specification, large-scale suspension culture differentiation, and development of chemically defined culture conditions. These hCMs could be useful particularly in the context of in vitro disease modeling, pharmaceutical screening and in cellular replacement therapies once the safety issues are overcome. Herein we review recent progress in the in vitro generation of CMs and cardiac subtypes from hPSCs and discuss their potential applications and current limitations.
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30
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Adrenergic DNA damage of embryonic pluripotent cells via β2 receptor signalling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15950. [PMID: 26516061 PMCID: PMC4626766 DOI: 10.1038/srep15950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic pluripotent cells are sensitive to genotoxicity though they need more stringent genome integrity to avoid compromising multiple cell lineages and subsequent generations. However it remains unknown whether the cells are susceptible to adrenergic stress which can induce somatic cell genome lesion. We have revealed that adrenergic stress mediators cause DNA damage of the cells through the β2 adrenergic receptor/adenylate cyclase/cAMP/PKA signalling pathway involving an induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. The adrenergic stress agonists adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline caused DNA damage and apoptosis of embryonic stem (ES) cells and embryonal carcinoma stem cells. The effects were mimicked by β2 receptor-coupled signalling molecules and abrogated by selective blockade of β2 receptors and inhibition of the receptor signalling pathway. RNA interference targeting β2 receptors of ES cells conferred the cells the ability to resist the DNA damage and apoptosis. In addition, adrenergic stimulation caused a consistent accumulation of ROS in the cells and the effect was abrogated by β2 receptor blockade; quenching of ROS reversed the induced DNA damage. This finding will improve the understanding of the stem cell regulatory physiology/pathophysiology in an adrenergic receptor subtype signalling mechanism.
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31
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Fonoudi H, Ansari H, Abbasalizadeh S, Larijani MR, Kiani S, Hashemizadeh S, Zarchi AS, Bosman A, Blue GM, Pahlavan S, Perry M, Orr Y, Mayorchak Y, Vandenberg J, Talkhabi M, Winlaw DS, Harvey RP, Aghdami N, Baharvand H. A Universal and Robust Integrated Platform for the Scalable Production of Human Cardiomyocytes From Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1482-94. [PMID: 26511653 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent advances in the generation of cardiomyocytes (CMs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), in conjunction with the promising outcomes from preclinical and clinical studies, have raised new hopes for cardiac cell therapy. We report the development of a scalable, robust, and integrated differentiation platform for large-scale production of hPSC-CM aggregates in a stirred suspension bioreactor as a single-unit operation. Precise modulation of the differentiation process by small molecule activation of WNT signaling, followed by inactivation of transforming growth factor-β and WNT signaling and activation of sonic hedgehog signaling in hPSCs as size-controlled aggregates led to the generation of approximately 100% beating CM spheroids containing virtually pure (∼90%) CMs in 10 days. Moreover, the developed differentiation strategy was universal, as demonstrated by testing multiple hPSC lines (5 human embryonic stem cell and 4 human inducible PSC lines) without cell sorting or selection. The produced hPSC-CMs successfully expressed canonical lineage-specific markers and showed high functionality, as demonstrated by microelectrode array and electrophysiology tests. This robust and universal platform could become a valuable tool for the mass production of functional hPSC-CMs as a prerequisite for realizing their promising potential for therapeutic and industrial applications, including drug discovery and toxicity assays. SIGNIFICANCE Recent advances in the generation of cardiomyocytes (CMs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and the development of novel cell therapy strategies using hPSC-CMs (e.g., cardiac patches) in conjunction with promising preclinical and clinical studies, have raised new hopes for patients with end-stage cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. In this study, a simplified, scalable, robust, and integrated differentiation platform was developed to generate clinical grade hPSC-CMs as cell aggregates under chemically defined culture conditions. This approach resulted in approximately 100% beating CM spheroids with virtually pure (∼90%) functional cardiomyocytes in 10 days from multiple hPSC lines. This universal and robust bioprocessing platform can provide sufficient numbers of hPSC-CMs for companies developing regenerative medicine technologies to rescue, replace, and help repair damaged heart tissues and for pharmaceutical companies developing advanced biologics and drugs for regeneration of lost heart tissue using high-throughput technologies. It is believed that this technology can expedite clinical progress in these areas to achieve a meaningful impact on improving clinical outcomes, cost of care, and quality of life for those patients disabled and experiencing heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hananeh Fonoudi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hassan Ansari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Abbasalizadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Rezaei Larijani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Hashemizadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sharifi Zarchi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexis Bosman
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gillian M Blue
- Kids Heart Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia The Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sara Pahlavan
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matthew Perry
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yishay Orr
- Kids Heart Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia The Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yaroslav Mayorchak
- The Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jamie Vandenberg
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mahmood Talkhabi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - David S Winlaw
- Kids Heart Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia The Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
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32
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Haston KM, Finkbeiner S. Clinical Trials in a Dish: The Potential of Pluripotent Stem Cells to Develop Therapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 56:489-510. [PMID: 26514199 PMCID: PMC4868344 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a leading cause of death. No disease-modifying therapies are available, and preclinical animal model data have routinely failed to translate into success for therapeutics. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) biology holds great promise for human in vitro disease modeling because these cells can give rise to any cell in the human brain and display phenotypes specific to neurodegenerative diseases previously identified in postmortem and clinical samples. Here, we explore the potential and caveats of iPSC technology as a platform for drug development and screening, and the future potential to use large cohorts of disease-bearing iPSCs to perform clinical trials in a dish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Haston
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158;
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158;
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and the Hellman Family Foundation Program in Alzheimer's Disease Research, San Francisco, California 94158
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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33
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Sun F, Yang XJ, Lv HY, Tang YB, An SM, Ding XP, Li WB, Teng L, Shen Y, Chen HZ, Zhu L. β2-Adrenoreceptor-Mediated Proliferation Inhibition of Embryonic Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2640-6. [PMID: 25639860 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Adrenoreceptors (ARs) are widely expressed and play essential roles throughout the body. Different subtype adrenoceptors elicit distinct effects on cell proliferation, but knowledge remains scarce about the subtype-specific effects of β2-ARs on the proliferation of embryonic pluripotent stem (PS) cells that represent different characteristics of proliferation and cell cycle regulation with the somatic cells. Herein, we identified a β2-AR/AC/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in embryonic PS cells and found that the pathway stimulation inhibited proliferation and cell cycle progression involving modulating the stem cell growth and cycle regulatory machinery. Embryonic stem (ES) cells and embryonal carcinoma stem (ECS) cells expressed functional β-ARs coupled to AC/cAMP/PKA signaling. Agonistic activation of β-ARs led to embryonic PS cell cycle arrest and proliferation inhibition. Pharmacological and genetic analyzes using receptor subtype blocking and RNA interference approaches revealed that this effect selectively depended on β2-AR signaling involving the regulation of AKT, ERK, Rb, and Cyclin E molecules. Better understanding of the effects of β2-ARs on embryonic PS cell proliferation and cycle progression may provide new insights into stem cell biology and afford the opportunity for exploiting more selective ligands targeting the receptor subtype for the modulation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Jie Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Yu Lv
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Bin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Min An
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Ping Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Teng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
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34
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Nestor MW, Phillips AW, Artimovich E, Nestor JE, Hussman JP, Blatt GJ. Human Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Emerging Technologies. Autism Res 2015; 9:513-35. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Nestor
- The Hussman Institute for Autism; 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301 Baltimore Maryland 21201
| | - Andre W. Phillips
- The Hussman Institute for Autism; 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301 Baltimore Maryland 21201
| | - Elena Artimovich
- The Hussman Institute for Autism; 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301 Baltimore Maryland 21201
| | - Jonathan E. Nestor
- The Hussman Institute for Autism; 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301 Baltimore Maryland 21201
| | - John P. Hussman
- The Hussman Institute for Autism; 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301 Baltimore Maryland 21201
| | - Gene J. Blatt
- The Hussman Institute for Autism; 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301 Baltimore Maryland 21201
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35
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Lahm H, Doppler S, Dreßen M, Werner A, Adamczyk K, Schrambke D, Brade T, Laugwitz KL, Deutsch MA, Schiemann M, Lange R, Moretti A, Krane M. Live fluorescent RNA-based detection of pluripotency gene expression in embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells of different species. Stem Cells 2015; 33:392-402. [PMID: 25335772 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has successfully been achieved in many species. However, the identification of truly reprogrammed iPS cells still remains laborious and the detection of pluripotency markers requires fixation of cells in most cases. Here, we report an approach with nanoparticles carrying Cy3-labeled sense oligonucleotide reporter strands coupled to gold-particles. These molecules are directly added to cultured cells without any manipulation and gene expression is evaluated microscopically after overnight incubation. To simultaneously detect gene expression in different species, probe sequences were chosen according to interspecies homology. With a common target-specific probe we could successfully demonstrate expression of the GAPDH house-keeping gene in somatic cells and expression of the pluripotency markers NANOG and GDF3 in embryonic stem cells and iPS cells of murine, human, and porcine origin. The population of target gene positive cells could be purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. After lentiviral transduction of murine tail-tip fibroblasts Nanog-specific probes identified truly reprogrammed murine iPS cells in situ during development based on their Cy3-fluorescence. The intensity of Nanog-specific fluorescence correlated positively with an increased capacity of individual clones to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers. Our approach offers a universal tool to detect intracellular gene expression directly in live cells of any desired origin without the need for manipulation, thus allowing conservation of the genetic background of the target cell. Furthermore, it represents an easy, scalable method for efficient screening of pluripotency which is highly desirable during high-throughput cell reprogramming and after genomic editing of pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Lahm
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Munich Heart Alliance
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36
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Sikorski DJ, Caron NJ, VanInsberghe M, Zahn H, Eaves CJ, Piret JM, Hansen CL. Clonal analysis of individual human embryonic stem cell differentiation patterns in microfluidic cultures. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1546-54. [PMID: 26059045 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in the clonal outputs of individual human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) confounds analysis of their properties in studies of bulk populations and how to manipulate them for clinical applications. To circumvent this problem we developed a microfluidic device that supports the robust generation of colonies derived from single ESCs. This microfluidic system contains 160 individually addressable chambers equipped for perfusion culture of individual hESCs that could be shown to match the growth rates, marker expression and colony morphologies obtained in conventional cultures. Use of this microfluidic device to analyze the clonal growth kinetics of multiple individual hESCs induced to differentiation revealed variable shifts in the growth rate, area per cell and expression of OCT4 in the progeny of individual hESCs. Interestingly, low OCT4 expression, a slower growth rate and low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios were found to be correlated responses. This study demonstrates how microfluidic systems can be used to enable large scale live-cell imaging of isolated hESCs exposed to changing culture conditions, to examine how different aspects of their variable responses are correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darek J Sikorski
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicolas J Caron
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael VanInsberghe
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hans Zahn
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James M Piret
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carl L Hansen
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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37
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Manganelli G, Masullo U, Filosa S. HTS/HCS to screen molecules able to maintain embryonic stem cell self-renewal or to induce differentiation: overview of protocols. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 10:802-19. [PMID: 25007774 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells, combining self-renewal ability with wide range tissue-specific cell differentiation, represent one of the most powerful model systems in basic research, drug discovery and biomedical applications. In the field of drug development, ES cells are instrumental in high-throughput/content screening (HTS/HCS) for the evaluation of large compound libraries to test biological activity and toxic properties. Since it is a high priority to test new compounds in vitro, before starting animal and human treatments, there is an increasing demand for new in vitro models that can be used in HTS/HCS to facilitate drug development. In order to achieve this objective, several methods for ES cell self-renewal or differentiation have been evaluated to assess their compatibility with HTS/HCS. This review describes protocols used to screen molecules able to maintain self-renewal or to induce differentiation in ectodermal, mesodermal, endodermal, and their derivative cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesia Manganelli
- Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse , UOS Napoli -CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy,
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38
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Wiley LA, Burnight ER, Songstad AE, Drack AV, Mullins RF, Stone EM, Tucker BA. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for the study and treatment of retinal degenerative diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 44:15-35. [PMID: 25448922 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vision is the sense that we use to navigate the world around us. Thus it is not surprising that blindness is one of people's most feared maladies. Heritable diseases of the retina, such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, are the leading cause of blindness in the developed world, collectively affecting as many as one-third of all people over the age of 75, to some degree. For decades, scientists have dreamed of preventing vision loss or of restoring the vision of patients affected with retinal degeneration through drug therapy, gene augmentation or a cell-based transplantation approach. In this review we will discuss the use of the induced pluripotent stem cell technology to model and develop various treatment modalities for the treatment of inherited retinal degenerative disease. We will focus on the use of iPSCs for interrogation of disease pathophysiology, analysis of drug and gene therapeutics and as a source of autologous cells for cell transplantation and replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Wiley
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Erin R Burnight
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Allison E Songstad
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Arlene V Drack
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Edwin M Stone
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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39
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Oliveira MB, Ribeiro MP, Miguel SP, Neto AI, Coutinho P, Correia IJ, Mano JF. In vivo high-content evaluation of three-dimensional scaffolds biocompatibility. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:851-64. [PMID: 24568682 PMCID: PMC4229707 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While developing tissue engineering strategies, inflammatory response caused by biomaterials is an unavoidable aspect to be taken into consideration, as it may be an early limiting step of tissue regeneration approaches. We demonstrate the application of flat and flexible films exhibiting patterned high-contrast wettability regions as implantable platforms for the high-content in vivo study of inflammatory response caused by biomaterials. Screening biomaterials by using high-throughput platforms is a powerful method to detect hit spots with promising properties and to exclude uninteresting conditions for targeted applications. High-content analysis of biomaterials has been mostly restricted to in vitro tests where crucial information is lost, as in vivo environment is highly complex. Conventional biomaterials implantation requires the use of high numbers of animals, leading to ethical questions and costly experimentation. Inflammatory response of biomaterials has also been highly neglected in high-throughput studies. We designed an array of 36 combinations of biomaterials based on an initial library of four polysaccharides. Biomaterials were dispensed onto biomimetic superhydrophobic platforms with wettable regions and processed as freeze-dried three-dimensional scaffolds with a high control of the array configuration. These chips were afterward implanted subcutaneously in Wistar rats. Lymphocyte recruitment and activated macrophages were studied on-chip, by performing immunocytochemistry in the miniaturized biomaterials after 24 h and 7 days of implantation. Histological cuts of the surrounding tissue of the implants were also analyzed. Localized and independent inflammatory responses were detected. The integration of these data with control data proved that these chips are robust platforms for the rapid screening of early-stage in vivo biomaterials' response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B. Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Taipas, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maximiano P. Ribeiro
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- UDI-IPG—Research Unit for Inland Development, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Sónia P. Miguel
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Neto
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Taipas, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paula Coutinho
- UDI-IPG—Research Unit for Inland Development, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Ilídio J. Correia
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Taipas, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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40
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Viswanathan P, Gaskell T, Moens N, Culley OJ, Hansen D, Gervasio MKR, Yeap YJ, Danovi D. Human pluripotent stem cells on artificial microenvironments: a high content perspective. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:150. [PMID: 25071572 PMCID: PMC4078252 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-renewing stem cell populations are increasingly considered as resources for cell therapy and tools for drug discovery. Human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells in particular offer a virtually unlimited reservoir of homogeneous cells and can be differentiated toward diverse lineages. Many diseases show impairment in self-renewal or differentiation, abnormal lineage choice or other aberrant cell behavior in response to chemical or physical cues. To investigate these responses, there is a growing interest in the development of specific assays using hPS cells, artificial microenvironments and high content analysis. Several hurdles need to be overcome that can be grouped into three areas: (i) availability of robust, homogeneous, and consistent cell populations as a starting point; (ii) appropriate understanding and use of chemical and physical microenvironments; (iii) development of assays that dissect the complexity of cell populations in tissues while mirroring specific aspects of their behavior. Here we review recent progress in the culture of hPS cells and we detail the importance of the environment surrounding the cells with a focus on synthetic material and suitable high content analysis approaches. The technologies described, if properly combined, have the potential to create a paradigm shift in the way diseases are modeled and drug discovery is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyalakshmi Viswanathan
- HipSci Cell Phenotyping, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
| | | | - Nathalie Moens
- HipSci Cell Phenotyping, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Oliver J. Culley
- HipSci Cell Phenotyping, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Darrick Hansen
- HipSci Cell Phenotyping, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Mia K. R. Gervasio
- HipSci Cell Phenotyping, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Yee J. Yeap
- HipSci Cell Phenotyping, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Davide Danovi
- HipSci Cell Phenotyping, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
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41
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Ross CA, Akimov SS. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells: potential for neurodegenerative diseases. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:R17-26. [PMID: 24824217 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell biology of human neurodegenerative diseases has been difficult to study till recently. The development of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models has greatly enhanced our ability to model disease in human cells. Methods have recently been improved, including increasing reprogramming efficiency, introducing non-viral and non-integrating methods of cell reprogramming, and using novel gene editing techniques for generating genetically corrected lines from patient-derived iPSCs, or for generating mutations in control cell lines. In this review, we highlight accomplishments made using iPSC models to study neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Fronto-Temporal Dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Spinomuscular Atrophy and other polyglutamine diseases. We review disease-related phenotypes shown in patient-derived iPSCs differentiated to relevant neural subtypes, often with stressors or cell "aging", to enhance disease-specific phenotypes. We also discuss prospects for the future of using of iPSC models of neurodegenerative disorders, including screening and testing of therapeutic compounds, and possibly of cell transplantation in regenerative medicine. The new iPSC models have the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of pathogenesis and to facilitate the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, USA
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42
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Lei Y, Jeong D, Xiao J, Schaffer DV. Developing Defined and Scalable 3D Culture Systems for Culturing Human Pluripotent Stem Cells at High Densities. Cell Mol Bioeng 2014; 7:172-183. [PMID: 25419247 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-014-0333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) - including embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) - are very promising candidates for cell therapies, tissue engineering, high throughput pharmacology screens, and toxicity testing. These applications require large numbers of high quality cells; however, scalable production of human pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives at a high density and under well-defined conditions has been a challenge. We recently reported a simple, efficient, fully defined, scalable, and good manufacturing practice (GMP) compatible 3D culture system based on a thermoreversible hydrogel for hPSC expansion and differentiation. Here, we describe additional design rationale and characterization of this system. For instance, we have determined that culturing hPSCs as a suspension in a liquid medium can exhibit lower volumetric yields due to cell agglomeration and possible shear force-induced cell loss. By contrast, using hydrogels as 3D scaffolds for culturing hPSCs reduces aggregation and may insulate from shear forces. Additionally, hydrogel-based 3D culture systems can support efficient hPSC expansion and differentiation at a high density if compatible with hPSC biology. Finally, there are considerable opportunities for future development to further enhance hydrogel-based 3D culture systems for producing hPSCs and their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA ; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA ; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Daeun Jeong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Jifang Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA ; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA ; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
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43
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Campbell JJ, Hume RD, Watson CJ. Engineering Mammary Gland in Vitro Models for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1971-81. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500121c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Campbell
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles
Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
| | - Robert D. Hume
- Department
of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP. U.K
| | - Christine J. Watson
- Department
of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP. U.K
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44
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McGivern JV, Ebert AD. Exploiting pluripotent stem cell technology for drug discovery, screening, safety, and toxicology assessments. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:170-8. [PMID: 24309014 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order for the pharmaceutical industry to maintain a constant flow of novel drugs and therapeutics into the clinic, compounds must be thoroughly validated for safety and efficacy in multiple biological and biochemical systems. Pluripotent stem cells, because of their ability to develop into any cell type in the body and recapitulate human disease, may be an important cellular system to add to the drug development repertoire. This review will discuss some of the benefits of using pluripotent stem cells for drug discovery and safety studies as well as some of the recent applications of stem cells in drug screening studies. We will also address some of the hurdles that need to be overcome in order to make stem cell-based approaches an efficient and effective tool in the quest to produce clinically successful drug compounds.
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45
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Meng X, Leslie P, Zhang Y, Dong J. Stem cells in a three-dimensional scaffold environment. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:80. [PMID: 24570851 PMCID: PMC3931863 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells have emerged as important players in the generation and maintenance of many tissues. However, the accurate in vitro simulation of the native stem cell niche remains difficult due at least in part to the lack of a comprehensive definition of the critical factors of the stem cell niche based on in vivo models. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems have allowed the development of useful models for investigating stem cell physiology particularly with respect to their ability to sense and generate mechanical force in response to their surrounding environment. We review the use of 3D culture systems for stem cell culture and discuss the relationship between stem cells and 3D growth matrices including the roles of the extracellular matrix, scaffolds, soluble factors, cell-cell interactions and shear stress effects within this environment. We also discuss the potential for novel methods that mimic the native stem cell niche in vitro as well as the current associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Meng
- Hospital & Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China ; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512 USA ; Hospital & Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Patrick Leslie
- Hospital & Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China ; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512 USA ; Hospital & Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Hospital & Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China ; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512 USA ; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512 USA
| | - Jiahong Dong
- Hospital & Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
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46
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Engle SJ, Vincent F. Small molecule screening in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived terminal cell types. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4562-70. [PMID: 24362033 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r113.529156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A need for better clinical outcomes has heightened interest in the use of physiologically relevant human cells in the drug discovery process. Patient-specific human induced pluripotent stem cells may offer a relevant, robust, scalable, and cost-effective model of human disease physiology. Small molecule high throughput screening in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells with the intent of identifying novel therapeutic compounds is starting to influence the drug discovery process; however, the use of these cells presents many high throughput screening development challenges. This technology has the potential to transform the way drug discovery is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Engle
- From Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism-New Chemical Entities, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
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47
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A fully defined and scalable 3D culture system for human pluripotent stem cell expansion and differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E5039-48. [PMID: 24248365 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309408110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, are promising for numerous biomedical applications, such as cell replacement therapies, tissue and whole-organ engineering, and high-throughput pharmacology and toxicology screening. Each of these applications requires large numbers of cells of high quality; however, the scalable expansion and differentiation of hPSCs, especially for clinical utilization, remains a challenge. We report a simple, defined, efficient, scalable, and good manufacturing practice-compatible 3D culture system for hPSC expansion and differentiation. It employs a thermoresponsive hydrogel that combines easy manipulation and completely defined conditions, free of any human- or animal-derived factors, and entailing only recombinant protein factors. Under an optimized protocol, the 3D system enables long-term, serial expansion of multiple hPSCs lines with a high expansion rate (~20-fold per 5-d passage, for a 10(72)-fold expansion over 280 d), yield (~2.0 × 10(7) cells per mL of hydrogel), and purity (~95% Oct4+), even with single-cell inoculation, all of which offer considerable advantages relative to current approaches. Moreover, the system enabled 3D directed differentiation of hPSCs into multiple lineages, including dopaminergic neuron progenitors with a yield of ~8 × 10(7) dopaminergic progenitors per mL of hydrogel and ~80-fold expansion by the end of a 15-d derivation. This versatile system may be useful at numerous scales, from basic biological investigation to clinical development.
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48
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Bard J, Wall MD, Lazari O, Arjomand J, Munoz-Sanjuan I. Advances in huntington disease drug discovery: novel approaches to model disease phenotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:191-204. [PMID: 24196395 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113510320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Huntington disease is a monogenic, autosomal dominant, progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a trinucleotide CAG repeat expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene; age of onset of clinical symptoms inversely correlates with expanded CAG repeat length. HD leads to extensive degeneration of the basal ganglia, hypothalamic nuclei, and selected cortical areas, and a wide range of molecular mechanisms have been implicated in disease pathology in animal or cellular models expressing mutated HTT (mHTT) proteins, either full-length or amino-terminal fragments. However, HD cellular models that recapitulate the slow progression of the disease have not been available due to the toxicity of overexpressed exogenous mHTT or to limitations with using primary cells for long-term studies. Most investigations of the effects of mHTT relied on cytotoxicity or aggregation end points in heterologous systems or in primary embryonic neuroglial cultures derived from HD mouse models. More innovative approaches are currently under active investigation, including screening using electrophysiological endpoints, as well as the recent use of primary blood mononuclear cells and of human embryonic stem cells derived from a variety of HD research participants. Here we describe how these cellular systems are being used to investigate HD biology as well as to identify mechanisms with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bard
- 1CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Princeton, NJ, and Los Angeles, CA, USA
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49
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Wang Y, Chou BK, Dowey S, He C, Gerecht S, Cheng L. Scalable expansion of human induced pluripotent stem cells in the defined xeno-free E8 medium under adherent and suspension culture conditions. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1103-16. [PMID: 23973800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale production of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by robust and economic methods has been one of the major challenges for translational realization of hiPSC technology. Here we demonstrate a scalable culture system for hiPSC expansion using the E8 chemically defined and xeno-free medium under either adherent or suspension conditions. To optimize suspension conditions guided by a computational simulation, we developed a method to efficiently expand hiPSCs as undifferentiated aggregates in spinner flasks. Serial passaging of two different hiPSC lines in the spinner flasks using the E8 medium preserved their normal karyotype and expression of undifferentiated state markers of TRA-1-60, SSEA4, OCT4, and NANOG. The hiPSCs cultured in spinner flasks for more than 10 passages not only could be remained pluripotent as indicated by in vitro and in vivo assays, but also could be efficiently induced toward mesodermal and hematopoietic differentiation. Furthermore, we established a xeno-free protocol of single-cell cryopreservation and recovery for the scalable production of hiPSCs in spinner flasks. This system is the first to enable an efficient scale-up bioprocess in completely xeno-free condition for the expansion and cryopreservation of hiPSCs with the quantity and quality compliant for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Stem Cell Program, Institute of Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Edward D. Miller Research Building, Room 747, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Boissart C, Poulet A, Georges P, Darville H, Julita E, Delorme R, Bourgeron T, Peschanski M, Benchoua A. Differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells of cortical neurons of the superficial layers amenable to psychiatric disease modeling and high-throughput drug screening. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e294. [PMID: 23962924 PMCID: PMC3756296 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical neurons of the superficial layers (II-IV) represent a pivotal neuronal population involved in the higher cognitive functions of the human and are particularly affected by psychiatric diseases with developmental manifestations such as schizophrenia and autism. Differentiation protocols of human pluripotent stem cells (PSC) into cortical neurons have been achieved, opening the way to in vitro modeling of neuropsychiatric diseases. However, these protocols commonly result in the asynchronous production of neurons typical for the different layers of the cortex within an extended period of culture, thus precluding the analysis of specific subtypes of neurons in a standardized manner. Addressing this issue, we have successfully captured a stable population of self-renewing late cortical progenitors (LCPs) that synchronously and massively differentiate into glutamatergic cortical neurons of the upper layers. The short time course of differentiation into neurons of these progenitors has made them amenable to high-throughput assays. This has allowed us to analyze the capability of LCPs at differentiating into post mitotic neurons as well as extending and branching neurites in response to a collection of selected bioactive molecules. LCPs and cortical neurons of the upper layers were successfully produced from patient-derived-induced PSC, indicating that this system enables functional studies of individual-specific cortical neurons ex vivo for disease modeling and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boissart
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, France
| | - A Poulet
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, France
| | - P Georges
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, France
| | - H Darville
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, France
| | - E Julita
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, France
| | - R Delorme
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France
| | - T Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,CNRS URA 2182 ‘Genes, synapses and cognition', Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,University Denis Diderot Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - M Peschanski
- INSERM/UEVE UMR 861 I-STEM AFM, Evry Cedex, France
| | - A Benchoua
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, France,Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, 5 rue Henri Desbrueres, Genopole campus 1, Evry Cedex 91030, France. E-mail:
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