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Hasanzadeh A, Ebadati A, Dastanpour L, Aref AR, Sahandi Zangabad P, Kalbasi A, Dai X, Mehta G, Ghasemi A, Fatahi Y, Joshi S, Hamblin MR, Karimi M. Applications of Innovation Technologies for Personalized Cancer Medicine: Stem Cells and Gene-Editing Tools. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1758-1779. [PMID: 38093832 PMCID: PMC10714436 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Personalized medicine is a new approach toward safer and even cheaper treatments with minimal side effects and toxicity. Planning a therapy based on individual properties causes an effective result in a patient's treatment, especially in a complex disease such as cancer. The benefits of personalized medicine include not only early diagnosis with high accuracy but also a more appropriate and effective therapeutic approach based on the unique clinical, genetic, and epigenetic features and biomarker profiles of a specific patient's disease. In order to achieve personalized cancer therapy, understanding cancer biology plays an important role. One of the crucial applications of personalized medicine that has gained consideration more recently due to its capability in developing disease therapy is related to the field of stem cells. We review various applications of pluripotent, somatic, and cancer stem cells in personalized medicine, including targeted cancer therapy, cancer modeling, diagnostics, and drug screening. CRISPR-Cas gene-editing technology is then discussed as a state-of-the-art biotechnological advance with substantial impacts on medical and therapeutic applications. As part of this section, the role of CRISPR-Cas genome editing in recent cancer studies is reviewed as a further example of personalized medicine application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Hasanzadeh
- Cellular
and Molecular Research Center, Iran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
- Department
of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
- Advances
Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
| | - Arefeh Ebadati
- Cellular
and Molecular Research Center, Iran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
- Department
of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
- Advances
Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
| | - Lida Dastanpour
- Cellular
and Molecular Research Center, Iran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
- Department
of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
- Advances
Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
| | - Amir R. Aref
- Department
of Medical Oncology and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Parham Sahandi Zangabad
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Alireza Kalbasi
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- School of
Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial
Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Geeta Mehta
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Rogel Cancer
Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Precision
Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Amir Ghasemi
- Department
of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif
University of Technology, Tehran 14588, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Nanotechnology
Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14166, Iran
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14166, Iran
- Universal
Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 14166, Iran
| | - Suhasini Joshi
- Chemical
Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research
Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University
of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- Radiation
Biology Research Center, Iran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular
and Molecular Research Center, Iran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
- Department
of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
- Oncopathology
Research Center, Iran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran
- Research
Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14166, Iran
- Applied
Biotechnology Research Centre, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14166, Iran
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Abdel Rahman DE, Fouad MA, Mohammed ER, El-Zoheiry HH, Abdelrasheed Allam H. Novel VEGFR-2 inhibitors as antiangiogenic and apoptotic agents via paracrine and autocrine cascades: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106678. [PMID: 37354661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Appertaining to its paracrine and autocrine signaling loops, VEGFR-2 succeeded in grabbing attention as one of the leading targets in cancer treatment. Based on the foregoing and our comprehensive studies regarding pharmacophoric features and activity of sorafenib, novel phenylpyridazinone based VEGFR-2 inhibitors 4, 6a-e, 7a,b, 9a,b, 12a-c, 13a,b, 14a,b, 15a,b, and 17a-d were optimized. An assortment of biological assays was conducted to assess the antiangiogenic and apoptotic activities of the synthesized derivatives. In vitro VEGFR-2 kinase assay verified the inhibitory activity of the synthesized derivatives with IC50 values from 49.1 to 418.0 nM relative to the reference drug sorafenib (IC50 = 81.8 nM). Antiproliferative activity against HUVECs revealed that compounds 2-{2-[2-(6-oxo-3-phenylpyridazin-1(6H)-yl)acetyl]hydrazineyl}-N-(p-tolyl)acetamide (12c) and 2-[(5-mercapto-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methyl]-6-phenylpyridazin-3(2H)-one (13a) possessed superior activity (IC50 values = 11.5 and 12.3 nM, respectively) in comparison to sorafenib (IC50 = 23.2 nM). For the purpose of appraising their antiproliferative effect, derivatives 12c and 13a were exposed to cell cycle analysis, apoptotic, cell invasion and migration assays in addition to determination of VEGFR-2 in protein level. Moreover, cytotoxicity as well as selectivity index against WI-38 cell line was measured to examine safety of derivatives 12c and 13a. After that, molecular docking study was executed on the top five compounds in the in vitro VEGFR-2 kinase assay 6d, 12c, 13a, 14a and 17c to get a deep perception on binding mode of the synthesized compounds and correlate the design strategy with biological results. Finally, physicochemical, pharmacokinetic properties, and drug-likeness studies were performed on the top five derivative in in vitro VEGFR-2 kinase assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa E Abdel Rahman
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Fouad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, New Giza University, Newgiza, km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman R Mohammed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Haidy H El-Zoheiry
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Heba Abdelrasheed Allam
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Yalamarty SSK, Filipczak N, Li X, Subhan MA, Parveen F, Ataide JA, Rajmalani BA, Torchilin VP. Mechanisms of Resistance and Current Treatment Options for Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072116. [PMID: 37046777 PMCID: PMC10093719 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive form of brain cancer that is difficult to treat due to its resistance to both radiation and chemotherapy. This resistance is largely due to the unique biology of GBM cells, which can evade the effects of conventional treatments through mechanisms such as increased resistance to cell death and rapid regeneration of cancerous cells. Additionally, the blood–brain barrier makes it difficult for chemotherapy drugs to reach GBM cells, leading to reduced effectiveness. Despite these challenges, there are several treatment options available for GBM. The standard of care for newly diagnosed GBM patients involves surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Emerging treatments include immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors, and targeted therapies, such as bevacizumab, that attempt to attack specific vulnerabilities in GBM cells. Another promising approach is the use of tumor-treating fields, a type of electric field therapy that has been shown to slow the growth of GBM cells. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these and other innovative treatments for GBM, intending to improve with outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Siva Kishan Yalamarty
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine (CPBN), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nina Filipczak
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine (CPBN), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Md Abdus Subhan
- Department of Chemistry, ShahJalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Parveen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy Services, DHQ Hospital, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Janaína Artem Ataide
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine (CPBN), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Bharat Ashok Rajmalani
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine (CPBN), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vladimir P. Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine (CPBN), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Jiang S, Ren R, Gu Y, Jeet V, Liu P, Li S. Patient Preferences in Targeted Pharmacotherapy for Cancers: A Systematic Review of Discrete Choice Experiments. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2023; 41:43-57. [PMID: 36372823 PMCID: PMC9813042 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-022-01198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted pharmacotherapy has been increasingly applied in cancer treatment due to its breakthroughs. However, the unmet needs of cancer patients are still significant, highlighting the urgency to investigate patient preferences. It is unclear how patients deliberate their choices between different aspects of targeted therapy, including cost, efficacy, and adverse events. Since discrete choice experiments (DCEs) have been widely applied to patient preference elicitation, we reviewed DCEs on targeted therapy for different cancers. We also synthesized evidence on the factors influencing patients' choices and their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for survival when treated by targeted therapy. METHODS We searched databases, including PubMed, EMBASE and MEDLINE, up to August 16, 2022, supplemented by a reference screening. The attributes from the selected studies were categorized into three groups: outcomes, costs, and process. We also calculated the relative importance of attributes and WTP for survival whenever possible. The purpose, respondents, explanation, findings, significance (PREFS) checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the included DCE studies. RESULTS The review identified 34 eligible studies from 13 countries covering 14 cancers, such as breast, ovarian, kidney, prostate, and skin cancers. It also reveals a rising trend of DCEs on this topic, as most studies were published after 2018. We found that patients placed higher weights on the outcome (e.g., overall survival) and cost attributes than on process attributes. On average, patients were willing to pay $561 (95% confidence interval [CI]: $415-$758) and $716 (95% CI $524-$958) out-of-pocket for a 1-month increase in progression-free survival and overall survival, respectively. PREFS scores of the 34 studies ranged from 2 to 4, with a mean of 3.38 (SD: 0.65), suggesting a reasonable quality based on the checklist. However, most studies (n = 32, 94%) did not assess the impact of non-responses on the results. CONCLUSIONS This is the first systematic review focusing on patient preferences for targeted cancer therapy. We showcased novel approaches for evidence synthesis of DCE results, especially the attribute relative importance and WTP. The results may inform stakeholders about patient preferences toward targeted therapy and their WTP estimates. More studies with improved study design and quality are warranted to generate more robust evidence to assist decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ru Ren
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012, China
- Center for Health Preference Research, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 247# Beiyuan Street, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gu
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School & Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Varinder Jeet
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School & Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ping Liu
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012, China
- Center for Health Preference Research, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Shunping Li
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, 250012, China
- Center for Health Preference Research, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
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Ye H, Liu Y, Wu K, Luo H, Cui L. AMPK activation overcomes anti-EGFR antibody resistance induced by KRAS mutation in colorectal cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:115. [PMID: 32703218 PMCID: PMC7376720 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies (both acquired and intrinsic), owing to the amplification or mutation of the KRAS oncogene. However, the mechanism underlying this resistance is incompletely understood. Methods DLD1 cells with WT (+/−) or KRAS G13D mutant allele were treated with different concentrations of Cetuximab (Cet) or panitumumab (Pab) to study the mechanism underlying the KRAS mutation-induced resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies. The function of AMPK in KRAS mutation-induced resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies in CRC cells, and the regulatory role of Bcl-2 family proteins in DLD1 cells with WT or mutated KRAS upon AMPK activation were investigated. In addition, xenograft tumor models with the nude mouse using DLD1 cells with WT or mutated KRAS were established to examine the effects of AMPK activation on KRAS mutation-mediated anti-EGFR antibody resistance. Results Higher levels of AMPK activity in CRC cells with wild-type KRAS treated with anti-EGFR antibody resulted in apoptosis induction. In contrast, CRC cells with mutated KRAS showed lower AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and decreased sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of anti-EGFR antibody. CRC cells with mutated KRAS showed high levels of glycolysis and produced an excessive amount of ATP, which suppressed AMPK activation. The knockdown of AMPK expression in CRC cells with WT KRAS produced similar effects to those observed in cells with mutated KRAS and decreased their sensitivity to cetuximab. On the contrary, the activation of AMPK by metformin (Met) or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) could overcome the KRAS-induced resistance to the anti-EGFR antibody in vivo and in vitro. The activation of AMPK resulted in the inhibition of myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) translation through the suppression of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Conclusion The results established herein indicate that targeting AMPK is a potentially promising and effective CRC treatment strategy. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ye
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, China. .,Institute of Marine Biomedical Research, Guangdong Medical University, No.2 Wenming East Road, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, China. .,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Marine Biomedical Research, Guangdong Medical University, No.2 Wenming East Road, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kefeng Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Marine Biomedical Research, Guangdong Medical University, No.2 Wenming East Road, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Marine Biomedical Research, Guangdong Medical University, No.2 Wenming East Road, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liao Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Marine Biomedical Research, Guangdong Medical University, No.2 Wenming East Road, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, China
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Goto T. Patient-Derived Tumor Xenograft Models: Toward the Establishment of Precision Cancer Medicine. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030064. [PMID: 32708458 PMCID: PMC7565668 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) describe models involving the implantation of patient-derived tumor tissue into immunodeficient mice. Compared with conventional preclinical models involving the implantation of cancer cell lines into mice, PDXs can be characterized by the preservation of tumor heterogeneity, and the tumor microenvironment (including stroma/vasculature) more closely resembles that in patients. Consequently, the use of PDX models has improved the predictability of clinical therapeutic responses to 80% or greater, compared with approximately 5% for existing models. In the future, molecular biological analyses, omics analyses, and other experiments will be conducted using recently prepared PDX models under the strong expectation that the analysis of cancer pathophysiology, stem cells, and novel treatment targets and biomarkers will be improved, thereby promoting drug development. This review outlines the methods for preparing PDX models, advances in cancer research using PDX mice, and perspectives for the establishment of precision cancer medicine within the framework of personalized cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Goto
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Disease Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu, Yamanashi 4008506, Japan
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Quemener AM, Bachelot L, Forestier A, Donnou-Fournet E, Gilot D, Galibert MD. The powerful world of antisense oligonucleotides: From bench to bedside. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 11:e1594. [PMID: 32233021 PMCID: PMC9285911 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) represent a new and highly promising class of drugs for personalized medicine. In the last decade, major chemical developments and improvements of the backbone structure of ASOs have transformed them into true approved and commercialized drugs. ASOs target both DNA and RNA, including pre‐mRNA, mRNA, and ncRDA, based on sequence complementary. They are designed to be specific for each identified molecular and genetic alteration to restore a normal, physiological situation. Thus, the characterization of the underpinning mechanisms and alterations that sustain pathology is critical for accurate ASO‐design. ASOs can be used to cure both rare and common diseases, such as orphan genetic alterations and cancer. Through pioneering examples, this review shows the versatility of the mechanisms of action that provide ASOs with the potential capacity to achieve custom treatment, revolutionizing personalized medicine. This article is categorized under:RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Small Molecule–RNA Interactions
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs M Quemener
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290, ARC Foundation Labellized Team, Rennes, France
| | - Laura Bachelot
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290, ARC Foundation Labellized Team, Rennes, France
| | - Anne Forestier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290, ARC Foundation Labellized Team, Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Donnou-Fournet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290, ARC Foundation Labellized Team, Rennes, France
| | - David Gilot
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290, ARC Foundation Labellized Team, Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Galibert
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290, ARC Foundation Labellized Team, Rennes, France.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Genomic, CHU Rennes, Hospital-University of Rennes, Rennes, France
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Zimmerman L, Zelichov O, Aizenmann A, Barbash Z, Vidne M, Tarcic G. A Novel System for Functional Determination of Variants of Uncertain Significance using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4192. [PMID: 32144301 PMCID: PMC7060242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Many drugs are developed for commonly occurring, well studied cancer drivers such as vemurafenib for BRAF V600E and erlotinib for EGFR exon 19 mutations. However, most tumors also harbor mutations which have an uncertain role in disease formation, commonly called Variants of Uncertain Significance (VUS), which are not studied or characterized and could play a significant role in drug resistance and relapse. Therefore, the determination of the functional significance of VUS and their response to Molecularly Targeted Agents (MTA) is essential for developing new drugs and predicting response of patients. Here we present a multi-scale deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) architecture combined with an in-vitro functional assay to investigate the functional role of VUS and their response to MTA's. Our method achieved high accuracy and precision on a hold-out set of examples (0.98 mean AUC for all tested genes) and was used to predict the oncogenicity of 195 VUS in 6 genes. 63 (32%) of the assayed VUS's were classified as pathway activating, many of them to a similar extent as known driver mutations. Finally, we show that responses of various mutations to FDA approved MTAs are accurately predicted by our platform in a dose dependent manner. Taken together this novel system can uncover the treatable mutational landscape of a drug and be a useful tool in drug development.
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Pourakbari R, Mousavishenas MH, Kamrani A, Dolati S, Abbaszadeh H, Zamani M, Yaghoubi Y, Hashemzadeh S, Ahmadi M, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Mehdizadeh A, Yousefi M. Identification of genes and miRNAs associated with angiogenesis, metastasis, and apoptosis in colorectal cancer. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Boichard A, Richard SB, Kurzrock R. The Crossroads of Precision Medicine and Therapeutic Decision-Making: Use of an Analytical Computational Platform to Predict Response to Cancer Treatments. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010166. [PMID: 31936627 PMCID: PMC7017109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is a medical challenge that has been historically resistant to treatments. One area of leverage in cancer care is the development of molecularly-driven combination therapies, offering the possibility to overcome resistance. The selection of optimized treatments based on the complex molecular features of a patient’s tumor may be rendered easier by using a computer-assisted program. We used the PreciGENE® platform that uses multi-pathway molecular analysis to identify personalized therapeutic options. These options are ranked using a predictive score reflecting the degree to which a therapy or combination of therapies matches the patient’s biomarker profile. We searched PubMed from February 2010 to June 2017 for all patients described as exceptional responders who also had molecular data available. Altogether, 70 patients with cancer who had received 202 different treatment lines and who had responded (stable disease ≥12 months/partial or complete remission) to ≥1 regimen were curated. We demonstrate that an algorithm reflecting the degree to which patients were matched to the drugs administered correctly ranked the response to the regimens with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 77%. The difference in matching score between successful and unsuccessful treatment lines was significant (median, 65% versus 0%, p-value <0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Boichard
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
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Rashid M, Vishwakarma RK, Deeb AM, Hussein MA, Aziz MA. Molecular classification of colorectal cancer using the gene expression profile of tumor samples. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1005-1016. [PMID: 31091989 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219850788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular classifications of colorectal cancer are benefitting cancer research by providing insights into subtype-specific disease prognosis and improved therapeutic interventions. Different conventional DNA markers, such as microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, chromosomal instability, and BRAF and KRAS mutations, have been used to classify colorectal cancer patients but have not yet shown promising prognostic values. Here, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we show a classification of colorectal cancer tumors from Saudi Arabian patients based on the gene expression profile. An existing method of colorectal cancer subtyping has been applied to the gene expression profile of tumors from Saudi colorectal cancer patients. A survival analysis was done on the predicted colorectal cancer subtypes. In silico functional analyses were conducted on the gene signature used for the subtype prediction. The predicted subtypes showed a distinct but statistically insignificant overall survival distribution (log-rank test, P = 0.069). A comparison of the predicted subtypes in Saudi colorectal cancer patients with that of French patients showed significant dissimilarity in the two populations (Chi-square test, P = 0.0091). Functional analyses of the gene signatures used for subtyping suggest their association with “cancer” and “gastrointestinal diseases.” Most of the signature genes were found differentially expressed in colorectal cancer tumors compared to adjacent normal tissues. This classification framework might facilitate the treatment of colorectal cancer patients. Impact statement Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease and subtyping could be useful in implementing precision medicine approach. In this report, we identified molecular subtypes in relatively less studied CRC patients from Saudi Arabia using the prediction model developed on the French population. The predicted subtypes showed distinct overall survival among the six subtypes. Chi-square results exhibited the dissimilarity between French and Saudi colorectal cancer patient population in terms of subtype distribution ( P value = 0.0091). Gene signature (57 genes) used for subtyping was found to be functionally relevant as evident from the pathway analyses. These genes were found to be associated with gastrointestinal disease and cancer. Genes used for subtyping were found to be differentially expressed in Saudi colorectal cancer patient samples when compared with their own normal tissue. Taken together, this study supports a classification method for CRC patients by using patient samples from a different geographical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoon Rashid
- 1 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.,2 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.,3 Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesh K Vishwakarma
- 1 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.,2 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.,3 Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad M Deeb
- 2 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.,3 Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.,4 King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Research Office, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Hussein
- 1 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.,2 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.,3 Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Aziz
- 2 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.,3 Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.,5 King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Colorectal Cancer Research Program, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Wu L, Garrido-Maestu A, Guerreiro JRL, Carvalho S, Abalde-Cela S, Prado M, Diéguez L. Amplification-free SERS analysis of DNA mutation in cancer cells with single-base sensitivity. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:7781-7789. [PMID: 30951061 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00501c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and sensitive identification of DNA mutations in tumor cells is critical to the diagnosis, prognosis and personalized therapy of cancer. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods are limited by the complicated amplification process. Herein, an amplification-free surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) approach which directly detects point mutations in cancer cells has been proposed. A highly sensitive and uniform SERS substrate was fabricated using gold@silver core-shell nanorods, achieving an enhancement factor of 1.85 × 106. By combining the SERS-active nanosubstrate with molecular beacon probes, the limit of detection reached as low as 50 fM. To enable parallel analysis and automated operation, the SERS sensor was integrated into a microfluidic chip. This novel chip-based assay was able to differentiate between mutated and wild-type KRAS genes among a variety of other nucleic acids from cancer cells in 40 min. Owing to the simple operation and fast analysis, the SERS-based DNA assay chip could potentially provide insights into clinical cancer theranostics in an easy and inexpensive manner at the point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
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13
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Knickelbein K, Tong J, Chen D, Wang YJ, Misale S, Bardelli A, Yu J, Zhang L. Restoring PUMA induction overcomes KRAS-mediated resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:4599-4610. [PMID: 29755130 PMCID: PMC6195818 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR antibody therapy, frequently mediated by a mutant or amplified KRAS oncogene, is a significant challenge in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the mechanism of KRAS-mediated therapeutic resistance is not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that clinically used anti-EGFR antibodies, including cetuximab and panitumumab, induce killing of sensitive CRC cells through p73-dependent transcriptional activation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein PUMA. PUMA induction and p73 activation are abrogated in CRC cells with acquired resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies due to KRAS alterations. Inhibition of aurora kinases preferentially kills mutant KRAS CRC cells and overcomes KRAS-mediated resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies in vitro and in vivo by restoring PUMA induction. Our results suggest that PUMA plays a critical role in meditating the sensitivity of CRC cells to anti-EGFR antibodies, and that restoration of PUMA-mediated apoptosis is a promising approach to improve the efficacy of EGFR-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Knickelbein
- UMPC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jingshan Tong
- UMPC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Dongshi Chen
- UMPC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yi-Jun Wang
- UMPC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sandra Misale
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), 10060, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo (TO), 10060, Italy
| | - Jian Yu
- UMPC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- UMPC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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14
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Russo M, Lamba S, Lorenzato A, Sogari A, Corti G, Rospo G, Mussolin B, Montone M, Lazzari L, Arena S, Oddo D, Linnebacher M, Sartore-Bianchi A, Pietrantonio F, Siena S, Di Nicolantonio F, Bardelli A. Reliance upon ancestral mutations is maintained in colorectal cancers that heterogeneously evolve during targeted therapies. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2287. [PMID: 29895949 PMCID: PMC5997733 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts at eradicating metastatic cancers with targeted therapies are limited by the emergence of resistant subclones bearing heterogeneous (epi)genetic changes. We used colorectal cancer (CRC) to test the hypothesis that interfering with an ancestral oncogenic event shared by all the malignant cells (such as WNT pathway alterations) could override heterogeneous mechanisms of acquired drug resistance. Here, we report that in CRC-resistant cell populations, phylogenetic analysis uncovers a complex subclonal architecture, indicating parallel evolution of multiple independent cellular lineages. Functional and pharmacological modulation of WNT signalling induces cell death in CRC preclinical models from patients that relapsed during the treatment, regardless of the drug type or resistance mechanisms. Concomitant blockade of WNT and MAPK signalling restrains the emergence of drug-resistant clones. Reliance upon the WNT-APC pathway is preserved throughout the branched genomic drift associated with emergence of treatment relapse, thus offering the possibility of a common therapeutic strategy to overcome secondary drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Russo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.
| | - Simona Lamba
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lorenzato
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Sogari
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Corti
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rospo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Monica Montone
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Lazzari
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Sabrina Arena
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Oddo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Department of General Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, D-18057, Germany
| | - Andrea Sartore-Bianchi
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, 20162, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Filippo Pietrantonio
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20122, Italy.,Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumouri, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Salvatore Siena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, 20162, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Federica Di Nicolantonio
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy. .,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.
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15
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Liu S, Li S, Hai J, Wang X, Chen T, Quinn MM, Gao P, Zhang Y, Ji H, Cross DAE, Wong KK. Targeting HER2 Aberrations in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Osimertinib. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:2594-2604. [PMID: 29298799 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:HER2 (or ERBB2) aberrations, including both amplification and mutations, have been classified as oncogenic drivers that contribute to 2% to 6% of lung adenocarcinomas. HER2 amplification is also an important mechanism for acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). However, due to limited preclinical studies and clinical trials, currently there is still no available standard of care for lung cancer patients with HER2 aberrations. To fulfill the clinical need for targeting HER2 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we performed a comprehensive preclinical study to evaluate the efficacy of a third-generation TKI, osimertinib (AZD9291).Experimental Design: Three genetically modified mouse models (GEMM) mimicking individual HER2 alterations in NSCLC were generated, and osimertinib was tested for its efficacy against these HER2 aberrations in vivoResults: Osimertinib treatment showed robust efficacy in HER2wt overexpression and EGFR del19/HER2 models, but not in HER2 exon 20 insertion tumors. Interestingly, we further identified that combined treatment with osimertinib and the BET inhibitor JQ1 significantly increased the response rate in HER2-mutant NSCLC, whereas JQ1 single treatment did not show efficacy.Conclusions: Overall, our data indicated robust antitumor efficacy of osimertinib against multiple HER2 aberrations in lung cancer, either as a single agent or in combination with JQ1. Our study provides a strong rationale for future clinical trials using osimertinib either alone or in combination with epigenetic drugs to target aberrant HER2 in patients with NSCLC. Clin Cancer Res; 24(11); 2594-604. ©2018 AACRSee related commentary by Cappuzzo and Landi, p. 2470.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Josephine Hai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaoen Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ting Chen
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Max M Quinn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Darren A E Cross
- AstraZeneca Oncology Innovative Medicines, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.
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16
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Schork NJ, Nazor K. Integrated Genomic Medicine: A Paradigm for Rare Diseases and Beyond. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2017; 97:81-113. [PMID: 28838357 PMCID: PMC6383766 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Individualized medicine, or the tailoring of therapeutic interventions to a patient's unique genetic, biochemical, physiological, exposure and behavioral profile, has been enhanced, if not enabled, by modern biomedical technologies such as high-throughput DNA sequencing platforms, induced pluripotent stem cell assays, biomarker discovery protocols, imaging modalities, and wireless monitoring devices. Despite successes in the isolated use of these technologies, however, it is arguable that their combined and integrated use in focused studies of individual patients is the best way to not only tailor interventions for those patients, but also shed light on treatment strategies for patients with similar conditions. This is particularly true for individuals with rare diseases since, by definition, they will require study without recourse to other individuals, or at least without recourse to many other individuals. Such integration and focus will require new biomedical scientific paradigms and infrastructure, including the creation of databases harboring study results, the formation of dedicated multidisciplinary research teams and new training programs. We consider the motivation and potential for such integration, point out areas in need of improvement, and argue for greater emphasis on improving patient health via technological innovations, not merely improving the technologies themselves. We also argue that the paradigm described can, in theory, be extended to the study of individuals with more common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Schork
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 North Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, , 858-794-4054
| | - Kristopher Nazor
- MYi Diagnostics and Discovery, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, , 858-458-9305
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17
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Abstract
Targeted cancer nanotherapeutics offers numerous opportunities for the selective uptake of toxic chemotherapies within tumors and cancer cells. The unique properties of nanoparticles, such as their small size, large surface-to-volume ratios, and the ability to achieve multivalency of targeting ligands on their surface, provide superior advantages for nanoparticle-based drug delivery to a variety of cancers. This review highlights various key concepts in the design of targeted nanotherapeutics for cancer therapy, and discusses physicochemical parameters affecting nanoparticle targeting, along with recent developments for cancer-targeted nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Kaplinsky
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nazila Kamaly
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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18
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Raymond SL, Stortz JA, Mira JC, Larson SD, Wynn JL, Moldawer LL. Immunological Defects in Neonatal Sepsis and Potential Therapeutic Approaches. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:14. [PMID: 28224121 PMCID: PMC5293815 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in critical care medicine, neonatal sepsis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with the greatest risk affecting very low birth weight, preterm neonates. The presentation of neonatal sepsis varies markedly from its presentation in adults, and there is no clear consensus definition of neonatal sepsis. Previous work has demonstrated that when neonates become septic, death can occur rapidly over a matter of hours or days and is generally associated with inflammation, organ injury, and respiratory failure. Studies of the transcriptomic response by neonates to infection and sepsis have led to unique insights into the early proinflammatory and host protective responses to sepsis. Paradoxically, this early inflammatory response in neonates, although lethal, is clearly less robust relative to children and adults. Similarly, the expression of genes involved in host protective immunity, particularly neutrophil function, is also markedly deficient. As a result, neonates have both a diminished inflammatory and protective immune response to infection which may explain their increased risk to infection, and their reduced ability to clear infections. Such studies imply that novel approaches unique to the neonate will be required for the development of both diagnostics and therapeutics in this high at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Raymond
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Julie A Stortz
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Juan C Mira
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Shawn D Larson
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - James L Wynn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL , USA
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19
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Aboukameel A, Muqbil I, Senapedis W, Baloglu E, Landesman Y, Shacham S, Kauffman M, Philip PA, Mohammad RM, Azmi AS. Novel p21-Activated Kinase 4 (PAK4) Allosteric Modulators Overcome Drug Resistance and Stemness in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:76-87. [PMID: 28062705 PMCID: PMC5221563 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is a key downstream effector of the Rho family GTPases and is found to be overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells but not in normal human pancreatic ductal epithelia (HPDE). Gene copy number amplification studies in PDAC patient cohorts confirmed PAK4 amplification making it an attractive therapeutic target in PDAC. We investigated the antitumor activity of novel PAK4 allosteric modulators (PAM) on a panel of PDAC cell lines and chemotherapy-resistant flow-sorted PDAC cancer stem cells (CSC). The toxicity and efficacy of PAMs were evaluated in multiple subcutaneous mouse models of PDAC. PAMs (KPT-7523, KPT-7189, KPT-8752, KPT-9307, and KPT-9274) show antiproliferative activity in vitro against different PDAC cell lines while sparing normal HPDE. Cell growth inhibition was concurrent with apoptosis induction and suppression of colony formation in PDAC. PAMs inhibited proliferation and antiapoptotic signals downstream of PAK4. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed disruption of PAK4 complexes containing vimentin. PAMs disrupted CSC spheroid formation through suppression of PAK4. Moreover, PAMs synergize with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in vitro KPT-9274, currently in a phase I clinical trial (clinicaltrials.gov; NCT02702492), possesses desirable pharmacokinetic properties and is well tolerated in mice with the absence of any signs of toxicity when 200 mg/kg daily is administered either intravenously or orally. KPT-9274 as a single agent showed remarkable antitumor activity in subcutaneous xenograft models of PDAC cell lines and CSCs. These proof-of-concept studies demonstrated the antiproliferative effects of novel PAMs in PDAC and warrant further clinical investigations. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(1); 76-87. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Aboukameel
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Irfana Muqbil
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip A Philip
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.
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20
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Perkins G, Lu H, Garlan F, Taly V. Droplet-Based Digital PCR: Application in Cancer Research. Adv Clin Chem 2016; 79:43-91. [PMID: 28212714 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The efficient characterization of genetic and epigenetic alterations in oncology, virology, or prenatal diagnostics requires highly sensitive and specific high-throughput approaches. Nevertheless, with the use of conventional methods, sensitivity and specificity were largely limited. By partitioning individual target molecules within distinct compartments, digital PCR (dPCR) could overcome these limitations and detect very rare sequences with unprecedented precision and sensitivity. In dPCR, the sample is diluted such that each individual partition will contain no more than one target sequence. Following the assay reaction, the dPCR process provides an absolute value and analyzable quantitative data. The recent coupling of dPCR with microfluidic systems in commercial platforms should lead to an essential tool for the management of patients with cancer, especially adapted to the analysis of precious samples. Applications in cancer research range from the analysis of tumor heterogeneity to that of a range of body fluids. Droplet-based dPCR is indeed particularly appropriate for the emerging field of liquid biopsy analysis. In this review, following an overview of the development in dPCR technology and different strategies based on the use of microcompartments, we will focus particularly on the applications and latest development of microfluidic droplet-based dPCR in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Perkins
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1147, CNRS SNC 5014, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Equipe labélisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP - Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - H Lu
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1147, CNRS SNC 5014, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Equipe labélisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - F Garlan
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1147, CNRS SNC 5014, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Equipe labélisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - V Taly
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1147, CNRS SNC 5014, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Equipe labélisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
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21
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Ferronato MJ, Alonso EN, Gandini NA, Fermento ME, Villegas ME, Quevedo MA, Arévalo J, López Romero A, Rivadulla ML, Gómez G, Fall Y, Facchinetti MM, Curino AC. The UVB1 Vitamin D analogue inhibits colorectal carcinoma progression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 163:193-205. [PMID: 27208626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has been shown to display a wide variety of antitumour effects, but their therapeutic use is limited by its severe side effects. We have designed and synthesized a Gemini vitamin D analogue of calcitriol (UVB1) which has shown to display antineoplastic effects on different cancer cell lines without causing hypercalcemia. The aim of this work has been to investigate, by employing in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assays, whether UVB1 inhibits human colorectal carcinoma progression. We demonstrated that UVB1 induces apoptotic cell death and retards cellular migration and invasion of HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells. Moreover, the analogue reduced the tumour volume in vivo, and modulated the expression of Bax, E-cadherin and nuclear β-catenin in tumour animal tissues without producing toxic effects. In silico analysis showed that UVB1 exhibits greater affinity for the ligand binding domain of vitamin D receptor than calcitriol, and that several characteristics in the three-dimensional conformation of VDR may influence the biological effects. These results demonstrate that the Gemini vitamin D analogue affects the growth of the colorectal cancer and suggest that UVB1 is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Ferronato
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Eliana Noelia Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Norberto Ariel Gandini
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Fermento
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María Emilia Villegas
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Mario Alfredo Quevedo
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julián Arévalo
- Servicio de Patología del Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Dr. José Penna, Av. Láinez 2401, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | | | - Marcos Lois Rivadulla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBI), University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas de Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Generosa Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBI), University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas de Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Yagamare Fall
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBI), University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas de Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - María Marta Facchinetti
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Carlos Curino
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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22
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Au-Yeung G, Lang F, Azar WJ, Mitchell C, Jarman KE, Lackovic K, Aziz D, Cullinane C, Pearson RB, Mileshkin L, Rischin D, Karst AM, Drapkin R, Etemadmoghadam D, Bowtell DDL. Selective Targeting of Cyclin E1-Amplified High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer by Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 and AKT Inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1862-1874. [PMID: 27663592 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Cyclin E1 (CCNE1) amplification is associated with primary treatment resistance and poor outcome in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC). Here, we explore approaches to target CCNE1-amplified cancers and potential strategies to overcome resistance to targeted agents.Experimental Design: To examine dependency on CDK2 in CCNE1-amplified HGSC, we utilized siRNA and conditional shRNA gene suppression, and chemical inhibition using dinaciclib, a small-molecule CDK2 inhibitor. High-throughput compound screening was used to identify selective synergistic drug combinations, as well as combinations that may overcome drug resistance. An observed relationship between CCNE1 and the AKT pathway was further explored in genomic data from primary tumors, and functional studies in fallopian tube secretory cells.Results: We validate CDK2 as a therapeutic target by demonstrating selective sensitivity to gene suppression. However, we found that dinaciclib did not trigger amplicon-dependent sensitivity in a panel of HGSC cell lines. A high-throughput compound screen identified synergistic combinations in CCNE1-amplified HGSC, including dinaciclib and AKT inhibitors. Analysis of genomic data from TCGA demonstrated coamplification of CCNE1 and AKT2 Overexpression of Cyclin E1 and AKT isoforms, in addition to mutant TP53, imparted malignant characteristics in untransformed fallopian tube secretory cells, the dominant site of origin of HGSC.Conclusions: These findings suggest a specific dependency of CCNE1-amplified tumors for AKT activity, and point to a novel combination of dinaciclib and AKT inhibitors that may selectively target patients with CCNE1-amplified HGSC. Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1862-74. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Au-Yeung
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Medical Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Franziska Lang
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Walid J Azar
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Mitchell
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate E Jarman
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kurt Lackovic
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diar Aziz
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Translational Research Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard B Pearson
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Medical Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda Mileshkin
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Medical Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danny Rischin
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Medical Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison M Karst
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ronny Drapkin
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dariush Etemadmoghadam
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Medical Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David D L Bowtell
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Medical Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Nguyen MN, Choi TG, Nguyen DT, Kim JH, Jo YH, Shahid M, Akter S, Aryal SN, Yoo JY, Ahn YJ, Cho KM, Lee JS, Choe W, Kang I, Ha J, Kim SS. CRC-113 gene expression signature for predicting prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31674-92. [PMID: 26397224 PMCID: PMC4741632 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of global cancer mortality. Recent studies have proposed several gene signatures to predict CRC prognosis, but none of those have proven reliable for predicting prognosis in clinical practice yet due to poor reproducibility and molecular heterogeneity. Here, we have established a prognostic signature of 113 probe sets (CRC-113) that include potential biomarkers and reflect the biological and clinical characteristics. Robustness and accuracy were significantly validated in external data sets from 19 centers in five countries. In multivariate analysis, CRC-113 gene signature showed a stronger prognostic value for survival and disease recurrence in CRC patients than current clinicopathological risk factors and molecular alterations. We also demonstrated that the CRC-113 gene signature reflected both genetic and epigenetic molecular heterogeneity in CRC patients. Furthermore, incorporation of the CRC-113 gene signature into a clinical context and molecular markers further refined the selection of the CRC patients who might benefit from postoperative chemotherapy. Conclusively, CRC-113 gene signature provides new possibilities for improving prognostic models and personalized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Nam Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jin-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwa Jo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Salima Akter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Saurav Nath Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Youn Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Joo Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wonchae Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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24
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Iskandar K, Rezlan M, Yadav SK, Foo CHJ, Sethi G, Qiang Y, Bellot GL, Pervaiz S. Synthetic Lethality of a Novel Small Molecule Against Mutant KRAS-Expressing Cancer Cells Involves AKT-Dependent ROS Production. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:781-94. [PMID: 26714745 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We recently reported the death-inducing activity of a small-molecule compound, C1, which triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent autophagy-associated apoptosis in a variety of human cancer cell lines. In this study, we examine the ability of the compound to specifically target cancer cells harboring mutant KRAS with minimal activity against wild-type (WT) RAS-expressing cells. RESULTS HCT116 cells expressing mutated KRAS are susceptible, while the WT-expressing HT29 cells are resistant. Interestingly, C1 triggers activation of mutant RAS, which results in the downstream phosphorylation and activation of AKT/PKB. Gene knockdown of KRAS or AKT or their pharmacological inhibition resulted in the abrogation of C1-induced ROS production and rescued tumor colony-forming ability. We also made use of HCT116 mutant KRAS knockout (KO) cells, which express only a single WT KRAS allele. Exposure of KO cells to C1 failed to increase mitochondrial ROS and cell death, unlike the parental cells harboring mutant KRAS. Similarly, mutant KRAS-transformed prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1-RAS) were more sensitive to the ROS-producing and death-inducing effects of C1 than the vector only expressing RWPE-1 cells. An in vivo model of xenograft tumors generated with HCT116 KRAS(WT/MUT) or KRAS(WT/-) cells showed the efficacy of C1 treatment and its ability to affect the relative mitotic index in tumors harboring KRAS mutant. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION These data indicate a synthetic lethal effect against cells carrying mutant KRAS, which could have therapeutic implications given the paucity of KRAS-specific chemotherapeutic strategies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 781-794.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartini Iskandar
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Majidah Rezlan
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sanjiv Kumar Yadav
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuan Han Jonathan Foo
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Qiang
- 3 Genome Institute of Singapore , A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gregory L Bellot
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,4 Department of Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery, National University Health System , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,5 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,6 National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System , Singapore, Singapore .,7 School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University , Perth, Australia
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25
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26
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Wang SR, Malik S, Tan IB, Chan YS, Hoi Q, Ow JL, He CZ, Ching CE, Poh DYS, Seah HM, Cheung KHT, Perumal D, Devasia AG, Pan L, Ang S, Lee SE, Ten R, Chua C, Tan DSW, Qu JZZ, Bylstra YM, Lim L, Lezhava A, Ng PC, Wong CW, Lim T, Tan P. Technical Validation of a Next-Generation Sequencing Assay for Detecting Actionable Mutations in Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer. J Mol Diagn 2016; 18:416-424. [PMID: 26970585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted next-generation sequencing is becoming increasingly common as a clinical diagnostic and prognostic test for patient- and tumor-specific genetic profiles as well as to optimally select targeted therapies. Here, we describe a custom-developed, next-generation sequencing test for detecting single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and short insertions and deletions (indels) in 93 genes related to gastrointestinal cancer from routine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded clinical specimens. We implemented a validation strategy, based on the College of American Pathologists requirements, using reference DNA mixtures from cell lines with known genetic variants, which model a broad range of allele frequencies. Test sensitivity achieved >99% for both SNVs and indels, with allele frequencies >10%, with high specificity (97.4% for SNVs and 93.6% for indels). We further confirmed test accuracies using primary formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded colorectal cancer specimens characterized by alternative and conventional clinical diagnostic technologies. Robust performance was observed on the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens: sensitivity was 97.2% and specificity was 99.2%. We also observed high intrarun and inter-run reproducibility, as well as a low cross-contamination rate. Overall assessment using cell line samples and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples showed that our custom next-generation sequencing assay has consistent detection sensitivity down to 10% variant frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simeen Malik
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Iain B Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore; Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Jack L Ow
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lu Pan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shimin Ang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Rachel Ten
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clarinda Chua
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel S W Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yasmin M Bylstra
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lionel Lim
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Tony Lim
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Patrick Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.
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27
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Brücher BLDM, Li Y, Schnabel P, Daumer M, Wallace TJ, Kube R, Zilberstein B, Steele S, Voskuil JLA, Jamall IS. Genomics, microRNA, epigenetics, and proteomics for future diagnosis, treatment and monitoring response in upper GI cancers. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:13. [PMID: 27053248 PMCID: PMC4823224 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One major objective for our evolving understanding in the treatment of cancers will be to address how a combination of diagnosis and treatment strategies can be used to integrate patient and tumor variables with an outcome-oriented approach. Such an approach, in a multimodal therapy setting, could identify those patients (1) who should undergo a defined treatment (personalized therapy) (2) in whom modifications of the multimodal therapy due to observed responses might lead to an improvement of the response and/or prognosis (individualized therapy), (3) who might not benefit from a particular toxic treatment regimen, and (4) who could be identified early on and thereby be spared the morbidity associated with such treatments. These strategies could lead in the direction of precision medicine and there is hope of integrating translational molecular data to improve cancer classifications. In order to achieve these goals, it is necessary to understand the key issues in different aspects of biotechnology to anticipate future directions of personalized and individualized diagnosis and multimodal treatment strategies. Providing an overview of translational data in cancers proved to be a challenge as different methods and techniques used to obtain molecular data are used and studies are based on different tumor entities with different tumor biology and prognoses as well as vastly different therapeutic approaches. The pros and cons of the available methodologies and the potential response data in genomics, microRNA, epigenetics and proteomics with a focus on upper gastrointestinal cancers are considered herein to allow for an understanding of where these technologies stand with respect to cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn L. D. M. Brücher
- />Theodor-Billroth-Academy®, Munich, Germany
- />Theodor-Billroth-Academy®, Sacramento, CA USA
- />INCORE, International Consortium of Research Excellence of the Theodor-Billroth-Academy®, Munich, Germany
- />INCORE, International Consortium of Research Excellence of the Theodor-Billroth-Academy®, Sacramento, CA USA
- />Bon Secours Cancer Institute, Richmond, VA USA
- />Department of Surgery, Carl-Thiem-Klinikum, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Yan Li
- />Proteogenomics Research Institute for Systems Medicine, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Philipp Schnabel
- />Institute of Pathology, University of Homburg Saar, Homburg, Germany
| | - Martin Daumer
- />Theodor-Billroth-Academy®, Munich, Germany
- />Theodor-Billroth-Academy®, Sacramento, CA USA
- />INCORE, International Consortium of Research Excellence of the Theodor-Billroth-Academy®, Munich, Germany
- />INCORE, International Consortium of Research Excellence of the Theodor-Billroth-Academy®, Sacramento, CA USA
- />Sylvia Lawry Center for MS Research, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Kube
- />Department of Surgery, Carl-Thiem-Klinikum, Cottbus, Germany
| | | | - Scott Steele
- />Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
- />Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA USA
| | | | - Ijaz S. Jamall
- />Theodor-Billroth-Academy®, Munich, Germany
- />Theodor-Billroth-Academy®, Sacramento, CA USA
- />INCORE, International Consortium of Research Excellence of the Theodor-Billroth-Academy®, Munich, Germany
- />INCORE, International Consortium of Research Excellence of the Theodor-Billroth-Academy®, Sacramento, CA USA
- />Risk-Based Decisions, Inc., Sacramento, CA USA
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28
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Cheung LW, Mills GB. Targeting therapeutic liabilities engendered by PIK3R1 mutations for cancer treatment. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:297-307. [PMID: 26807692 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulatory subunit of PI3K, p85α (encoded by PIK3R1), binds, stabilizes and inhibits the PI3K p110 catalytic subunit. Functional characterization of PIK3R1 mutations has identified not only hypomorphs with reduced inhibition of p110, but also hypomorphs and dominant negative mutants that disrupt a novel regulatory role of p85α on PTEN or neomorphs that activate unexpected signaling pathways. The diverse phenotypic spectrum of these PIK3R1 driver mutations underscores the need for different treatment strategies targeting tumors harboring these mutations. This article describes the functional consequences of the spectrum of PIK3R1 driver mutations and therapeutic liabilities they may engender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Wt Cheung
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute of Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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29
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Tani T, Yasuda H, Hamamoto J, Kuroda A, Arai D, Ishioka K, Ohgino K, Miyawaki M, Kawada I, Naoki K, Hayashi Y, Betsuyaku T, Soejima K. Activation of EGFR Bypass Signaling by TGFα Overexpression Induces Acquired Resistance to Alectinib in ALK-Translocated Lung Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 15:162-71. [PMID: 26682573 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alectinib is a highly selective ALK inhibitor and shows promising efficacy in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) harboring the EML4-ALK gene rearrangement. The precise mechanism of acquired resistance to alectinib is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanism of acquired resistance to alectinib in ALK-translocated lung cancer cells. We established alectinib-resistant cells (H3122-AR) from the H3122 NSCLC cell line, harboring the EML4-ALK gene rearrangement, by long-term exposure to alectinib. The mechanism of acquired resistance to alectinib in H3122-AR cells was evaluated by phospho-receptor tyrosine kinase (phospho-RTK) array screening and Western blotting. No mutation of the ALK-TK domain was found. Phospho-RTK array analysis revealed that the phosphorylation level of EGFR was increased in H3122-AR cells compared with H3122. Expression of TGFα, one of the EGFR ligands, was significantly increased and knockdown of TGFα restored the sensitivity to alectinib in H3122-AR cells. We found combination therapy targeting ALK and EGFR with alectinib and afatinib showed efficacy both in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model. We propose a preclinical rationale to use the combination therapy with alectinib and afatinib in NSCLC that acquired resistance to alectinib by the activation of EGFR bypass signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Tani
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Junko Hamamoto
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aoi Kuroda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Arai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Ishioka
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Ohgino
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Miyawaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Naoki
- Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Betsuyaku
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Soejima
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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30
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p21-activated kinase 4: a druggable target in the elusive oncogenic KRAS pathway? Future Med Chem 2015; 7:5-7. [PMID: 25582328 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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31
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer has been characterized as a genetically heterogeneous disease, with a large diversity in molecular pathogenesis resulting in differential responses to therapy. However, the currently available validated biomarkers KRAS, BRAF, and microsatellite instability do not sufficiently cover this extensive heterogeneity and are therefore not suitable to successfully guide personalized treatment. Recent studies have focused on novel targets and rationally designed combination strategies. Furthermore, a more comprehensive analysis of the underlying biology of the disease revealed distinct phenotypic differences within subgroups of patients harboring the same genetic driver mutation with both prognostic and predictive relevance. Accordingly, patient stratification based on molecular intrinsic subtypes rather than on single gene aberrations holds promise to improve the clinical outcome of patients with colorectal cancer.
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Wang H, Zheng X, Fei T, Wang J, Li X, Liu Y, Zhang F. Towards pathway-centric cancer therapies via pharmacogenomic profiling analysis of ERK signalling pathway. Clin Transl Med 2015. [PMID: 26220863 PMCID: PMC4518023 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-015-0066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genomic heterogeneity in human cancers complicates gene-centric personalized medicine. Malignant tumors often share a core group of pathways that are perturbed by diverse genetic mutations. Therefore, one possible solution to overcome the heterogeneity challenge is a shift from gene-centric to pathway-centric therapies. Pathway-centric perspectives, which underscore the need to understand key pathways and their critical properties, could address the complexity of cancer heterogeneity better than gene-centric approaches to aid cancer drug discovery and therapy. Methods We used large-scale pharmacogenomic profiling data provided by the Cancer Genome Project of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia. In a systematic in silico investigation of ERK signalling pathway components and topological structures determines their influences on pathway activity and targeted therapies. Mann–Whitney U test was used to identify gene alterations associated with drug sensitivity with p values and Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiple hypotheses testing. Results The analysis demonstrated that genetic alterations were crucial to activation of effector pathway and subsequent tumorigenesis, however drug sensitivity suffered from both drug effector and non-effector pathways, which were determined by not only underlying genomic alterations, but also interplay and topological relationship of components in pathway, suggesting that the combinatorial targets of key nodes in perturbed pathways may yield better treatment outcome. Furthermore, we proposed a model to provide a more comprehensive insight and understanding of pathway-centric cancer therapies. Conclusions Our study provides a holistic view of factors influencing drug sensitivity and sheds light on pathway-centric cancer therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40169-015-0066-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China,
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Ree AH, Redalen KR. Personalized radiotherapy: concepts, biomarkers and trial design. Br J Radiol 2015; 88:20150009. [PMID: 25989697 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, and pointing onwards to the immediate future, clinical radiotherapy has undergone considerable developments, essentially including technological advances to sculpt radiation delivery, the demonstration of the benefit of adding concomitant cytotoxic agents to radiotherapy for a range of tumour types and, intriguingly, the increasing integration of targeted therapeutics for biological optimization of radiation effects. Recent molecular and imaging insights into radiobiology will provide a unique opportunity for rational patient treatment, enabling the parallel design of next-generation trials that formally examine the therapeutic outcome of adding targeted drugs to radiation, together with the critically important assessment of radiation volume and dose-limiting treatment toxicities. In considering the use of systemic agents with presumed radiosensitizing activity, this may also include the identification of molecular, metabolic and imaging markers of treatment response and tolerability, and will need particular attention on patient eligibility. In addition to providing an overview of clinical biomarker studies relevant for personalized radiotherapy, this communication will highlight principles in addressing clinical evaluation of combined-modality-targeted therapeutics and radiation. The increasing number of translational studies that bridge large-scale omics sciences with quality-assured phenomics end points-given the imperative development of open-source data repositories to allow investigators the access to the complex data sets-will enable radiation oncology to continue to position itself with the highest level of evidence within existing clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Ree
- 1 Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,2 Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K R Redalen
- 1 Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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Abstract
Mutations in the KRAS oncogene represent one of the most prevalent genetic alterations in colorectal cancer (CRC), the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the US. In addition to their well-characterized function in driving tumor progression, KRAS mutations have been recognized as a critical determinant of the therapeutic response of CRC. Recent studies demonstrate that KRAS-mutant tumors are intrinsically insensitive to clinically-used epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting antibodies, including cetuximab and panitumumab. Acquired resistance to the anti-EGFR therapy was found to be associated with enrichment of KRAS-mutant tumor cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of mutant-KRAS-mediated therapeutic resistance has remained unclear. Despite intensive efforts, directly targeting mutant KRAS has been largely unsuccessful. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the biological function of KRAS mutations in determining the therapeutic response of CRC, highlighting several recently developed agents and strategies for targeting mutant KRAS, such as synthetic lethal interactions.
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Puleo F, Maréchal R, Demetter P, Bali MA, Calomme A, Closset J, Bachet JB, Deviere J, Laethem JLV. New challenges in perioperative management of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:2281-2293. [PMID: 25741134 PMCID: PMC4342903 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i8.2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the industrialized world. Despite progress in the understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of this disease, the 5-year survival rate has remained low and usually does not exceed 5%. Only 20%-25% of patients present with potentially resectable disease and surgery represents the only chance for a cure. After decades of gemcitabine hegemony and limited therapeutic options, more active chemotherapies are emerging in advanced PDAC, like 5-Fluorouracil, folinic acid, irinotecan and oxaliplatin and nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine, that have profoundly impacted therapeutic possibilities. PDAC is considered a systemic disease because of the high rate of relapse after curative surgery in patients with resectable disease at diagnosis. Neoadjuvant strategies in resectable, borderline resectable, or locally advanced pancreatic cancer may improve outcomes. Incorporation of tissue biomarker testing and imaging techniques into preoperative strategies should allow clinicians to identify patients who may ultimately achieve curative benefit from surgery. This review summarizes current knowledge of adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment for PDAC and discusses the rationale for moving from adjuvant to preoperative and perioperative therapeutic strategies in the current era of more active chemotherapies and personalized medicine. We also discuss the integration of good specimen collection, tissue biomarkers, and imaging tools into newly designed preoperative and perioperative strategies.
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Baba Y, Ishimoto T, Harada K, Kosumi K, Murata A, Miyake K, Hiyoshi Y, Kurashige J, Iwatsuki M, Iwagami S, Miyamoto Y, Sakamoto Y, Yoshida N, Oki E, Iyama KI, Watanabe M, Baba H. Molecular Characteristics of Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus: Analysis of KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA Mutations and LINE-1 Methylation. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22:3659-65. [PMID: 25691283 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) of the esophagus is a rare carcinoma with distinct characteristics, and was recently recognized as a variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We previously revealed genetic and epigenetic alterations associated with esophageal SCCs in relation to clinical outcome, including mutations in KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA, p53 expression, and long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE-1) methylation, a surrogate marker for global DNA methylation level. In this study, we explored these features in BSCC. METHODS A database of 502 esophageal cancers was used to evaluate the clinical and molecular characteristics of BSCC. KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations and LINE-1 methylation were analyzed by pyrosequencing. RESULTS Of 502 tumors, 22 (4.4 %) were pathologically diagnosed as BSCC, and 440 (87 %) as SCC. No prognostic differences between BSCC and SCC cases were identified (p = 0.41). KRAS or BRAF mutations were not observed in BSCCs. While 23 % of SCC tumors harbored a PIK3CA mutation, all BSCC cases were wild-type for PIK3CA (p = 0.002), and there were no differences in p53 expression between BSCCs and SCCs (p = 0.57), as assessed by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, BSCC tissues exhibited significantly lower levels of LINE-1 methylation than SCC tissues (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These findings imply that esophageal BSCC and SCC retain different cellular phenotypes with distinct genetic and epigenetic alterations; thus, tailored therapeutic strategies should be developed against each cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuto Harada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kosumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Asuka Murata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyake
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukiharu Hiyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junji Kurashige
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shiro Iwagami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Iyama
- Department of Pathology, Kumamoto General Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Ree AH, Flatmark K, Saelen MG, Folkvord S, Dueland S, Geisler J, Redalen KR. Tumor phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in therapy resistance and metastatic dissemination of rectal cancer: opportunities for signaling-adapted therapies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 95:114-24. [PMID: 25624177 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) comprises heterogeneous tumors with predominant hypoxic components, a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment and determinant of resistance to cytotoxic therapies, local recurrence, and metastatic progression. A rational integration of molecularly targeted agents in established combined-modality treatment regimens may improve local and systemic disease control, but will require a clear definition of functional biomarkers for patient stratification. In a prospective study of LARC patients given neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation, we applied a kinase substrate array technology to analyze the patients' tumor biopsies sampled at the time of diagnosis, and observed that receptor tyrosine kinase activities integrated by high phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling were correlated both with poor tumor response to the neoadjuvant treatment and adverse progression-free survival. Conceptually, the specific tumor signature of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling activity may point to actionable therapy targets in LARC patients with unfavorable disease features. Clinical trial registration number NCT00278694.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hansen Ree
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, P.O. Box 1000, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kjersti Flatmark
- Department of Tumor Biology, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marie Grøn Saelen
- Department of Tumor Biology, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sigurd Folkvord
- Department of Tumor Biology, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Svein Dueland
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jürgen Geisler
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, P.O. Box 1000, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kathrine Røe Redalen
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, P.O. Box 1000, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, P.O. Box 1000, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
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KRAS protein stability is regulated through SMURF2: UBCH5 complex-mediated β-TrCP1 degradation. Neoplasia 2014; 16:115-28. [PMID: 24709419 DOI: 10.1593/neo.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to target mutant KRAS have been unsuccessful. Here, we report the identification of Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (SMURF2) and UBCH5 as a critical E3:E2 complex maintaining KRAS protein stability. Loss of SMURF2 either by small interfering RNA/short hairpin RNA (siRNA/shRNA) or by overexpression of a catalytically inactive mutant causes KRAS degradation, whereas overexpression of wild-type SMURF2 enhances KRAS stability. Importantly, mutant KRAS is more susceptible to SMURF2 loss where protein half-life decreases from >12 hours in control siRNA-treated cells to <3 hours on Smurf2 silencing, whereas only marginal differences were noted for wild-type protein. This loss of mutant KRAS could be rescued by overexpressing a siRNA-resistant wild-type SMURF2. Our data further show that SMURF2 monoubiquitinates UBCH5 at lysine 144 to form an active complex required for efficient degradation of a RAS-family E3, β-transducing repeat containing protein 1 (β-TrCP1). Conversely, β-TrCP1 is accumulated on SMURF2 loss, leading to increased KRAS degradation. Therefore, as expected, β-TrCP1 knockdown following Smurf2 siRNA treatment rescues mutant KRAS loss. Further, we identify two conserved proline (P) residues in UBCH5 critical for SMURF2 interaction; mutation of either of these P to alanine also destabilizes KRAS. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate that Smurf2 silencing reduces the clonogenic survival in vitro and prolongs tumor latency in vivo in cancer cells including mutant KRAS-driven tumors. Taken together, we show that SMURF2:UBCH5 complex is critical in maintaining KRAS protein stability and propose that targeting such complex may be a unique strategy to degrade mutant KRAS to kill cancer cells.
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Identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase as a potential therapeutic target in Basal Cell Carcinoma. Oncotarget 2014; 4:2237-48. [PMID: 24163262 PMCID: PMC3926823 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of BCC is associated with sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling. Vismodegib, a smoothened inhibitor that targets this pathway, is now in clinical use for advanced BCC patients, but its efficacy is limited. Therefore, new therapeutic options for this cancer are required. We studied gene expression profiling of BCC tumour tissues coupled with laser capture microdissection to identify tumour specific receptor tyrosine kinase expression that can be targeted by small molecule inhibitors. We found a >250 fold increase (FDR<10−4) of the oncogene, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) as well as its ligands, pleiotrophin and midkine in BCC compared to microdissected normal epidermis. qRT-PCR confirmed increased expression of ALK (p<0.05). Stronger expression of phosphorylated ALK in BCC tumour nests than normal skin was observed by immunohistochemistry. Crizotinib, an FDA-approved ALK inhibitor, reduced keratinocyte proliferation in culture, whereas a c-Met inhibitor did not. Crizotinib significantly reduced the expression of GLI1 and CCND2 (members of SHH-pathway) mRNA by approximately 60% and 20%, respectively (p<0.01). Our data suggest that ALK may increase GLI1 expression in parallel with the conventional SHH-pathway and promote keratinocyte proliferation. Hence, an ALK inhibitor alone or in combination with targeting SHH-pathway molecules may be a potential treatment for BCC patients.
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Zou Y, Huang MZ, Liu FY, Yang BC, Wang LQ, Wang F, Yu XH, Wan L, Wan XDI, Xu XY, Li W, Huang OP, He M. Absence of DICER1, CTCF, RPL22, DNMT3A, TRRAP, IDH1 and IDH2 hotspot mutations in patients with various subtypes of ovarian carcinomas. Biomed Rep 2014; 3:33-37. [PMID: 25469243 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is caused by multiple genetic alterations within cells. Recently, large-scale sequencing has identified frequent ribonuclease type III (DICER1), CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), ribosomal protein L22 (RPL22), DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3α (DNMT3A), transformation/transcription domain-associated protein (TRRAP), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1 and IDH2 hotspot mutations in diverse types of cancer. However, it remains largely unknown whether these mutations also exist in ovarian carcinomas. In the present study, a collection of 251 patients with distinct subtypes of ovarian carcinomas were recruited and sequenced for the presence of these hotspot mutations. However, no mutations in the seven genes were detected in the samples. These negative results, together with certain recent reports, indicate that the hotspot mutations in the CTCF, RPL22, DNMT3A, TRRAP, IDH1 and IDH2 genes may not be actively involved in the carcinogenesis of ovarian carcinoma. Of note, the DICER1 mutation frequency in Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor in the present study was significantly lower compared to prior observation, and therefore, it is speculated that this discrepancy may be mainly due to the small sample size analyzed in the study. In addition, among these samples, frequent polymerase (DNA directed) ε, catalytic subunit (POLE1) and ring finger protein 43 (RNF43) mutations were identified in endometrioid and mucinous ovarian carcinomas, respectively; thus DICER1, CTCF, RPL22, DNMT3A, TRRAP, IDH1 and IDH2 hotspot mutations may not play synergistic roles with POLE1 or RNF43 mutations in the carcinogenesis of endometrioid or mucinous ovarian carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, P.R. China ; Central Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Zhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, P.R. China ; Central Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China ; Graduate School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, P.R. China ; Central Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Li-Qun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, P.R. China ; Central Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Yu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wan
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Xi-DI Wan
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, P.R. China ; Central Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China ; Graduate School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, P.R. China ; Central Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China ; Graduate School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Ou-Ping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, P.R. China ; Central Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ming He
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase sensitizes lung cancer cells and H1299 xenografts to erlotinib. Lung Cancer 2014; 86:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pettersen EO, Ebbesen P, Gieling RG, Williams KJ, Dubois L, Lambin P, Ward C, Meehan J, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Ree AH, Flatmark K, Lyng H, Calzada MJ, Peso LD, Landazuri MO, Görlach A, Flamm H, Kieninger J, Urban G, Weltin A, Singleton DC, Haider S, Buffa FM, Harris AL, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Moser I, Jobst G, Busk M, Toustrup K, Overgaard J, Alsner J, Pouyssegur J, Chiche J, Mazure N, Marchiq I, Parks S, Ahmed A, Ashcroft M, Pastorekova S, Cao Y, Rouschop KM, Wouters BG, Koritzinsky M, Mujcic H, Cojocari D. Targeting tumour hypoxia to prevent cancer metastasis. From biology, biosensing and technology to drug development: the METOXIA consortium. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:689-721. [PMID: 25347767 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.966704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic areas of solid cancers represent a negative prognostic factor irrespective of which treatment modality is chosen for the patient. Still, after almost 80 years of focus on the problems created by hypoxia in solid tumours, we still largely lack methods to deal efficiently with these treatment-resistant cells. The consequences of this lack may be serious for many patients: Not only is there a negative correlation between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and the outcome of radiotherapy as well as many types of chemotherapy, a correlation has been shown between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and cancer metastasis. Thus, on a fundamental basis the great variety of problems related to hypoxia in cancer treatment has to do with the broad range of functions oxygen (and lack of oxygen) have in cells and tissues. Therefore, activation-deactivation of oxygen-regulated cascades related to metabolism or external signalling are important areas for the identification of mechanisms as potential targets for hypoxia-specific treatment. Also the chemistry related to reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) and the biological handling of ROS are part of the problem complex. The problem is further complicated by the great variety in oxygen concentrations found in tissues. For tumour hypoxia to be used as a marker for individualisation of treatment there is a need for non-invasive methods to measure oxygen routinely in patient tumours. A large-scale collaborative EU-financed project 2009-2014 denoted METOXIA has studied all the mentioned aspects of hypoxia with the aim of selecting potential targets for new hypoxia-specific therapy and develop the first stage of tests for this therapy. A new non-invasive PET-imaging method based on the 2-nitroimidazole [(18)F]-HX4 was found to be promising in a clinical trial on NSCLC patients. New preclinical models for testing of the metastatic potential of cells were developed, both in vitro (2D as well as 3D models) and in mice (orthotopic grafting). Low density quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based assays were developed measuring multiple hypoxia-responsive markers in parallel to identify tumour hypoxia-related patterns of gene expression. As possible targets for new therapy two main regulatory cascades were prioritised: The hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF)-regulated cascades operating at moderate to weak hypoxia (<1% O(2)), and the unfolded protein response (UPR) activated by endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress and operating at more severe hypoxia (<0.2%). The prioritised targets were the HIF-regulated proteins carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), the lactate transporter MCT4 and the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4-arm of the UPR. The METOXIA project has developed patented compounds targeting CAIX with a preclinical documented effect. Since hypoxia-specific treatments alone are not curative they will have to be combined with traditional anti-cancer therapy to eradicate the aerobic cancer cell population as well.
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Misale S, Arena S, Lamba S, Siravegna G, Lallo A, Hobor S, Russo M, Buscarino M, Lazzari L, Sartore-Bianchi A, Bencardino K, Amatu A, Lauricella C, Valtorta E, Siena S, Di Nicolantonio F, Bardelli A. Blockade of EGFR and MEK intercepts heterogeneous mechanisms of acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapies in colorectal cancer. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:224ra26. [PMID: 24553387 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRCs) that are sensitive to the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies cetuximab or panitumumab almost always develop resistance within several months of initiating therapy. We report the emergence of polyclonal KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations in CRC cells with acquired resistance to EGFR blockade. Regardless of the genetic alterations, resistant cells consistently displayed mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, which persisted after EGFR blockade. Inhibition of MEK1/2 alone failed to impair the growth of resistant cells in vitro and in vivo. An RNA interference screen demonstrated that suppression of EGFR, together with silencing of MEK1/2, was required to hamper the proliferation of resistant cells. Indeed, concomitant pharmacological blockade of MEK and EGFR induced prolonged ERK inhibition and severely impaired the growth of resistant tumor cells. Heterogeneous and concomitant mutations in KRAS and NRAS were also detected in plasma samples from patients who developed resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies. A mouse xenotransplant from a CRC patient who responded and subsequently relapsed upon EGFR therapy showed exquisite sensitivity to combinatorial treatment with MEK and EGFR inhibitors. Collectively, these results identify genetically distinct mechanisms that mediate secondary resistance to anti-EGFR therapies, all of which reactivate ERK signaling. These observations provide a rational strategy to overcome the multifaceted clonal heterogeneity that emerges when tumors are treated with targeted agents. We propose that MEK inhibitors, in combination with cetuximab or panitumumab, should be tested in CRC patients who become refractory to anti-EGFR therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Misale
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
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Siravegna G, Bardelli A. Genotyping cell-free tumor DNA in the blood to detect residual disease and drug resistance. Genome Biol 2014; 15:449. [PMID: 25222559 PMCID: PMC4281953 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA fragments released from cancer cells into the blood can be used to generate molecular profiles of tumors. Non-invasive 'liquid biopsies' can be used to monitor minimal residual disease and detect the emergence of drug resistance.
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The BRAF mutation is associated with the prognosis in colorectal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:1863-71. [PMID: 24942334 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two members of the Ras/Raf signaling pathway, KRAS and B-raf, are suspected to be involved in the stepwise progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) tumorigenesis. OBJECTIVE We compared the KRAS and BRAF mutation status of CRC patients with their clinicopathological characteristics and examined the effect of mutation status on survival rates. METHODS DNA was extracted from 164 samples, and the mutation statuses of KRAS and BRAF were assessed using peptide PNA clamp real-time PCR method. The presences of mutation were compared with clinicopathological factors and 5-year survival rate. RESULTS Among the 164 CRC cases, KRAS mutation as detected in 71 cases (43.3 %), respectively, with no relationship with clinicopathological factors of the patients. On Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, KRAS mutation was not significantly associated with survival (p = 0.971). BRAF mutation was detected in 26 cases (15.9 %) and not associated with clinicopathological factors of the patients. However, the 5-year survival rate of BRAF mutations was significantly decreased (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The presence of KRAS mutation did not correlate with the various clinicopathological factors of CRC patients or the survival rate. However, the survival rate was reduced in BRAF-mutated CRC patients. Therefore, BRAF mutation could be an important prognostic factor in CRC patients.
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Chen D, Wei L, Yu J, Zhang L. Regorafenib inhibits colorectal tumor growth through PUMA-mediated apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3472-84. [PMID: 24763611 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Regorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor targeting the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, has recently been approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. However, the mechanisms of action of regorafenib in colorectal cancer cells have been unclear. We investigated how regorafenib suppresses colorectal cancer cell growth and potentiates effects of other chemotherapeutic drugs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We determined whether and how regorafenib induces the expression of PUMA, a p53 target and a critical mediator of apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. We also investigated whether PUMA is necessary for the killing and chemosensitization effects of regorafenib in colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, xenograft tumors were used to test if PUMA mediates the in vivo antitumor, antiangiogenic, and chemosensitization effects of regorafenib. RESULTS We found that regorafenib treatment induces PUMA in colorectal cancer cells irrespective of p53 status through the NF-κB pathway following ERK inhibition and glycogen synthase kinase 3β activation. Upregulation of PUMA is correlated with apoptosis induction in different colorectal cancer cell lines. PUMA is necessary for regorafenib-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Chemosensitization by regorafenib is mediated by enhanced PUMA induction through different pathways. Furthermore, deficiency in PUMA abrogates the in vivo antitumor, antiangiogenic, and chemosensitization effects of regorafenib. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a key role of PUMA in mediating the anticancer effects of regorafenib in colorectal cancer cells. They suggest that PUMA induction can be used as an indicator of regorafenib sensitivity, and also provide a rationale for manipulating the apoptotic machinery to improve the therapeutic efficacy of regorafenib and other targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshi Chen
- Authors' Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and
| | - Liang Wei
- Authors' Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jian Yu
- Authors' Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lin Zhang
- Authors' Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and
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A 'waterfall' transfer-based workflow for improved quality of tissue microarray construction and processing in breast cancer research. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 20:719-26. [PMID: 24619867 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A major focus in cancer research is the identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis, therapy prediction and prognosis. Hereby, validation of target proteins on clinical samples is of high importance. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) represent an essential advancement for high-throughput analysis by assembling large numbers of tissue cores with high efficacy and comparability. However, limitations along TMA construction and processing exist. In our presented study, we had to overcome several obstacles in the construction and processing of high-density breast cancer TMAs to ensure good quality sections for further research. Exemplarily, 406 breast tissue cores from formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded samples of 245 patients were placed onto three recipient paraffin blocks. Sectioning was performed using a rotary microtome with a "waterfall" automated transfer system. Sections were stained by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence for nine proteins. The number and quality of cores after sectioning and staining was counted manually for each marker. In total, 97.1 % of all cores were available after sectioning, while further 96 % of the remaining cores were evaluable after staining. Thereby, normal tissue cores were more often lost compared to tumor tissue cores. Our workflow provides a robust method for manufacturing high-density breast cancer TMAs for subsequent IHC or IF staining without significant sample loss.
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Bertrand N, Wu J, Xu X, Kamaly N, Farokhzad OC. Cancer nanotechnology: the impact of passive and active targeting in the era of modern cancer biology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 66:2-25. [PMID: 24270007 PMCID: PMC4219254 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1854] [Impact Index Per Article: 185.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer nanotherapeutics are progressing at a steady rate; research and development in the field has experienced an exponential growth since early 2000's. The path to the commercialization of oncology drugs is long and carries significant risk; however, there is considerable excitement that nanoparticle technologies may contribute to the success of cancer drug development. The pace at which pharmaceutical companies have formed partnerships to use proprietary nanoparticle technologies has considerably accelerated. It is now recognized that by enhancing the efficacy and/or tolerability of new drug candidates, nanotechnology can meaningfully contribute to create differentiated products and improve clinical outcome. This review describes the lessons learned since the commercialization of the first-generation nanomedicines including DOXIL® and Abraxane®. It explores our current understanding of targeted and non-targeted nanoparticles that are under various stages of development, including BIND-014 and MM-398. It highlights the opportunities and challenges faced by nanomedicines in contemporary oncology, where personalized medicine is increasingly the mainstay of cancer therapy. We revisit the fundamental concepts of enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) and explore the mechanisms proposed to enhance preferential "retention" in the tumor, whether using active targeting of nanoparticles, binding of drugs to their tumoral targets or the presence of tumor associated macrophages. The overall objective of this review is to enhance our understanding in the design and development of therapeutic nanoparticles for treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bertrand
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nazila Kamaly
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Kuner R. Lung Cancer Gene Signatures and Clinical Perspectives. MICROARRAYS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 2:318-39. [PMID: 27605195 PMCID: PMC5003440 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays2040318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microarrays have been used for more than two decades in preclinical research. The tumor transcriptional profiles were analyzed to select cancer-associated genes for in-deep functional characterization, to stratify tumor subgroups according to the histopathology or diverse clinical courses, and to assess biological and cellular functions behind these gene sets. In lung cancer-the main type of cancer causing mortality worldwide-biomarker research focuses on different objectives: the early diagnosis of curable tumor diseases, the stratification of patients with prognostic unfavorable operable tumors to assess the need for further therapy regimens, or the selection of patients for the most efficient therapies at early and late stages. In non-small cell lung cancer, gene and miRNA signatures are valuable to differentiate between the two main subtypes' squamous and non-squamous tumors, a discrimination which has further implications for therapeutic schemes. Further subclassification within adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma has been done to correlate histopathological phenotype with disease outcome. Those tumor subgroups were assigned by diverse transcriptional patterns including potential biomarkers and therapy targets for future diagnostic and clinical applications. In lung cancer, none of these signatures have entered clinical routine for testing so far. In this review, the status quo of lung cancer gene signatures in preclinical and clinical research will be presented in the context of future clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruprecht Kuner
- Unit Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany .
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Haselgrübler T, Haider M, Ji B, Juhasz K, Sonnleitner A, Balogi Z, Hesse J. High-throughput, multiparameter analysis of single cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:3279-96. [PMID: 24292433 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity of cell populations in various biological systems has been widely recognized, and the highly heterogeneous nature of cancer cells has been emerging with clinical relevance. Single-cell analysis using a combination of high-throughput and multiparameter approaches is capable of reflecting cell-to-cell variability, and at the same time of unraveling the complexity and interdependence of cellular processes in the individual cells of a heterogeneous population. In this review, analytical methods and microfluidic tools commonly used for high-throughput, multiparameter single-cell analysis of DNA, RNA, and proteins are discussed. Applications and limitations of currently available technologies for cancer research and diagnostics are reviewed in the light of the ultimate goal to establish clinically applicable assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haselgrübler
- Center for Advanced Bioanalysis GmbH, Gruberstraße 40-42, 4020, Linz, Austria,
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