1
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Hamidzade M, Monavari SH, Kiani SJ, Aftabi-Khadar M, Bokharaei-Salim F, Tavakoli A. Enhanced synergistic antiviral effects of thermally expanded graphite and copper oxide nanosheets in the form of a novel nanocomposite against herpes simplex virus type 1. Microb Pathog 2024; 195:106846. [PMID: 39128643 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is responsible for a wide range of human infections, including skin and mucosal ulcers, encephalitis, and keratitis. The gold standard for treating HSV-1 infections is acyclovir. However, the use of this drug is associated with several limitations such as toxic reactions and the development of drug-resistant strains. So, there is an urgent need to discover and develop novel and effective agents against this virus. For the first time, this study aimed to investigate the antiviral effects of the Thermally Expanded Graphite (TEG)-copper oxide (CuO) nanocomposite against HSV-1 and compare results with its constituent components. After microwave (MW)-assisted synthesis of TEG and CuO nanosheets as well as MW-CuO/TEG nanocomposite and characterization of all these nanomaterials, an MTT assay was used to determine their cytotoxicity. The quantitative real-time PCR was then used to investigate the effects of these nanomaterials on viral load. Three-hour incubation of HSV-1 with TEG nanosheets (500 μg/mL), MW-CuO nanosheets (15 μg/mL), and MW-CuO/TEG nanocomposite (35 μg/mL) resulted in a decrease in viral load with an inhibition rate of 31.4 %, 49.2 %, and 74.4 %, respectively. The results from the post-treatment assay also showed that TEG nanosheets (600 μg/mL), MW-CuO nanosheets (15 μg/mL), and MW-CuO/TEG nanocomposite (10 μg/mL) led to a remarkable decrease in viral load with an inhibition rate of 56.9 %, 63 %, and 99.9 %, respectively. The combination of TEG and MW-CuO nanosheets together and the formation of a nanocomposite structure display strong synergy in their ability to inhibit HSV-1 infection. MW-CuO/TEG nanocomposites can be considered a suitable candidate for the treatment of HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Hamidzade
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Jalal Kiani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Aftabi-Khadar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tavakoli
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Marra M, Catalano A, Sinicropi MS, Ceramella J, Iacopetta D, Salpini R, Svicher V, Marsico S, Aquaro S, Pellegrino M. New Therapies and Strategies to Curb HIV Infections with a Focus on Macrophages and Reservoirs. Viruses 2024; 16:1484. [PMID: 39339960 PMCID: PMC11437459 DOI: 10.3390/v16091484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
More than 80 million people worldwide have been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are now approximately 39 million individuals living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although treatments against HIV infection are available, AIDS remains a serious disease. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), also known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), consists of treatment with a combination of several antiretroviral drugs that block multiple stages in the virus replication cycle. However, the increasing usage of cART is inevitably associated with the emergence of HIV drug resistance. In addition, the development of persistent cellular reservoirs of latent HIV is a critical obstacle to viral eradication since viral rebound takes place once anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is interrupted. Thus, several efforts are being applied to new generations of drugs, vaccines and new types of cART. In this review, we summarize the antiviral therapies used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS, both as individual agents and as combination therapies, and highlight the role of both macrophages and HIV cellular reservoirs and the most recent clinical studies related to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marra
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Romina Salpini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Svicher
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Marsico
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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3
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Zhang Y, Fan C, Zhang J, Tian X, Zuo W, He K. Lipid-conjugated nucleoside monophosphate and monophosphonate prodrugs: A versatile drug delivery paradigm. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116614. [PMID: 38925014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Integrating lipid conjugation strategies into the design of nucleoside monophosphate and monophosphonate prodrugs is a well-established approach for discovering potential therapeutics. The unique prodrug design endows nucleoside analogues with strong lipophilicity and structures resembling lysoglycerophospholipids, which improve cellular uptake, oral bioavailability and pharmacological activity. In addition, the metabolic stability, pharmacological activity, pharmacokinetic profiles and biodistribution of lipid prodrugs can be finely optimized by adding biostable caps, incorporating transporter-targeted groups, inserting stimulus-responsive bonds, adjusting chain lengths, and applying proper isosteric replacements. This review summarizes recent advances in the structural features and application fields of lipid-conjugated nucleoside monophosphate and monophosphonate prodrugs. This collection provides deep insights into the increasing repertoire of lipid prodrug development strategies and offers design inspirations for medicinal chemists for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zhang
- College of Science, Xichang University, Sichuan, 615000, China.
| | - Conghua Fan
- Xichang People's Hospital, Xichang, Sichuan, 615000, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Science, Xichang University, Sichuan, 615000, China
| | - Xin Tian
- College of Science, Xichang University, Sichuan, 615000, China
| | - Wen Zuo
- Xichang People's Hospital, Xichang, Sichuan, 615000, China
| | - Kehan He
- College of Science, Xichang University, Sichuan, 615000, China
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4
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Butic AB, Katz ZE, Jin G, Fukushima K, Hazama M, Lukacher AE, Lauver MD. Brincidofovir inhibits polyomavirus infection in vivo. mBio 2024; 15:e0104924. [PMID: 38953354 PMCID: PMC11323531 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01049-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are species-specific DNA viruses that can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals. Despite their role as the causative agents for several diseases, there are no currently approved antivirals for treating polyomavirus infection. Brincidofovir (BCV) is an antiviral approved for the treatment of poxvirus infections and has shown activity against other double-stranded DNA viruses. In this study, we tested the efficacy of BCV against polyomavirus infection in vitro and in vivo using mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV). BCV inhibited virus production in primary mouse kidney cells and brain cortical cells. BCV treatment of cells transfected with MuPyV genomic DNA resulted in a reduction in virus levels, indicating that viral inhibition occurs post-entry. Although in vitro BCV treatment had a limited effect on viral DNA and RNA levels, drug treatment was associated with a reduction in viral protein, raising the possibility that BCV acts post-transcriptionally to inhibit MuPyV infection. In mice, BCV treatment was well tolerated, and prophylactic treatment resulted in a reduction in viral DNA levels and a potent suppression of infectious virus production in the kidney and brain. In mice with chronic polyomavirus infection, therapeutic administration of BCV decreased viremia and reduced infection in the kidney. These data demonstrate that BCV exerts antiviral activity against polyomavirus infection in vivo, supporting further investigation into the use of BCV to treat clinical polyomavirus infections. IMPORTANCE Widespread in the human population and able to persist asymptomatically for the life of an individual, polyomavirus infections cause a significant disease burden in the immunocompromised. Individuals undergoing immune suppression, such as kidney transplant patients or those treated for autoimmune diseases, are particularly at high risk for polyomavirus-associated diseases. Because no antiviral agent exists for treating polyomavirus infections, management of polyomavirus-associated diseases typically involves reducing or discontinuing immunomodulatory therapy. This can be perilous due to the risk of transplant rejection and the potential development of adverse immune reactions. Thus, there is a pressing need for the development of antivirals targeting polyomaviruses. Here, we investigate the effects of brincidofovir, an FDA-approved antiviral, on polyomavirus infection in vivo using mouse polyomavirus. We show that the drug is well-tolerated in mice, reduces infectious viral titers, and limits viral pathology, indicating the potential of brincidofovir as an anti-polyomavirus therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrienne B. Butic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zoe E. Katz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Koji Fukushima
- SymBio Pharmaceuticals Limited, Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Aron E. Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew D. Lauver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Tollefson AE, Cline-Smith A, Spencer JF, Ying B, Reyna DM, Lipka E, James SH, Toth K. Longitudinal Monitoring of the Effects of Anti-Adenoviral Treatment Regimens in a Permissive In Vivo Model. Viruses 2024; 16:1200. [PMID: 39205174 PMCID: PMC11359180 DOI: 10.3390/v16081200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus infections of immunocompromised patients can cause life-threatening disseminated disease. While there are presently no drugs specifically approved to treat these infections, there are several compounds that showed efficacy against adenovirus in preclinical studies. For any such compound, low toxicity is an essential requirement. As cumulative drug effects can accentuate pathology, especially in patients with other morbidities, it is important to limit antiviral exposure to what is absolutely necessary. This is achievable by monitoring the virus burden of the patients and administering antivirals to suppress virus replication to a non-pathogenic level. We modeled such a system using Syrian hamsters infected with a replication-competent adenovirus vector, in which luciferase expression is coupled to virus replication. We found that virus replication could be followed in vivo in the same animal by repeated measurement of luciferase expression. To test the utility of an interrupted treatment regimen, we used NPP-669 and valganciclovir, two antiviral compounds with high and moderate anti-adenoviral efficacy, respectively. We found that short-term treatment of adenovirus-infected hamsters at times of peak virus replication can prevent virus-associated pathology. Thus, we believe that this animal model can be used to model different treatment regimens for anti-adenoviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Tollefson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Anna Cline-Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Jacqueline F Spencer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | | | | | - Scott H James
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Karoly Toth
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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6
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Mathieu T, Favetta P, Agrofoglio LA. Molecularly Imprinted Polymeric Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System for Tenofovir, an Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate Antiviral. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:965. [PMID: 39065662 PMCID: PMC11280436 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer of Tenofovir (1), an FDA-approved acyclic nucleoside phosphonate with antiviral activity, was synthesized using a non-covalent approach. A pre-polymerization complex was formed between (1) and DMAEMA and in-house synthetic N1-[(2-methacryloyloxy)ethyl] thymine, with EGDMA as a cross-linker in an MeCN/H2O (9:1, 1:1) mixture as a porogen, giving an imprinting factor (IF) of 5.5 at 2.10-5 mol/L. Binding parameters were determined by the Freundlich-Langmuir model, Qmax and Ka, and well as the particle morphology for MIP and NIP. Finally, the release profiles, for MIP and NIP, were obtained at 25 °C and 37 °C, which is body temperature, in a phosphate buffer saline, pH 7.4, mimicking the blood pH value, to determine the potential sustained release of our polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Favetta
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry (ICOA UMR 7311), University of Orleans, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-45067 Orléans, France;
| | - Luigi A. Agrofoglio
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry (ICOA UMR 7311), University of Orleans, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-45067 Orléans, France;
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7
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Hao EJ, Zhao Y, Yu M, Li XJ, Wang KX, Su FY, Liang YR, Wang Y, Guo HM. Discovery, Synthesis, and Activity Evaluation of Novel Five-Membered Sulfur-Containing Heterocyclic Nucleosides as Potential Anticancer Agents In Vitro and In Vivo. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 39016216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
A series of novel five-membered sulfur-containing heterocyclic nucleoside derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo. The structure-activity relationship studies revealed that some of them showed obvious antitumor activities in several cancer cell lines. Among them, compound 22o exhibited remarkable antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells and was more potent than cisplatin (IC50 = 2.80 vs 7.99 μM). Furthermore, mechanism studies indicated that 22o inhibited cell metastasis, induced cell apoptosis, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and activated autophagy through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, drug affinity responsive target stability and the cellular thermal shift assay revealed that 22o targeted RPS6 and inhibited its phosphorylation. Importantly, 22o inhibited the growth of the HeLa xenograft mouse model with a low systemic toxicity. These results indicated that 22o may serve as potent anticancer agents that merit further attention in future anticancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Jun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Min Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xian-Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ke-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Fu-Ying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yu-Ru Liang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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8
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Tollefson AE, Cline-Smith AB, Spencer JF, Reyna DM, Lipka E, Toth K. NPP-669, a prodrug of cidofovir, is highly efficacious against human adenovirus infection in the permissive Syrian hamster model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0048924. [PMID: 38775484 PMCID: PMC11232382 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00489-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses can cause serious, disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients. For pediatric allogeneic stem cell transplant patients, the case fatality rate can reach 80%. Still, there is no available antiviral drug that is specifically approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of adenovirus infections. To fill this pressing medical need, we have developed NPP-669, a prodrug of cidofovir with broad activity against double-stranded DNA viruses, including adenoviruses. Here, we report on the in vivo anti-adenoviral efficacy of NPP-669. Using the immunosuppressed Syrian hamster as the model, we show that NPP-669 is highly efficacious when dosed orally at 1 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg. In a delayed administration experiment, NPP-669 was more effective than brincidofovir, a similar compound that reached Phase III clinical trials. Furthermore, parenteral administration of NPP-669 increased its efficacy approximately 10-fold compared to oral dosing without apparent toxicity, suggesting that this route may be preferable in a hospital setting. Based on these findings, we believe that NPP-669 is a promising new compound that needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Tollefson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Anna B Cline-Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jacqueline F Spencer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Karoly Toth
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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9
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Li X, Groaz E, Herdewijn P, Lescrinier E. Impact of Single Acyclic Phosphonate Nucleotide (ZNA) Modifications on DNA Duplex Stability. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401254. [PMID: 38687344 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
An acyclic phosphonate-linked nucleic acid backbone (ZNA) demonstrated the capability to support duplex formation and propagate genetic information in vivo, unveiling its potential for evolution into a synthetic genetic system (XNA). To determine the structural impact of such modification, modified Dickerson Drew DNA dodecamers (DDDs) were prepared by solid phase synthesis, each containing either an (R) or (S) isomeric form of a cytosine ZNA nucleotide. While the DDD is known to adopt a stable duplex, both duplex and hairpin forms were simultaneously observed for both modified oligonucleotides by NMR spectroscopy over a broad temperature range (5-65 °C). Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) experiments allowed to separate duplex and hairpin signals based on the different diffusion constants of both conformational states. For the oligomer containing (R)-ZNA, only the duplex form occurred at 5 °C, while it was not possible to determine by NMR a single hairpin conformation at higher temperatures. In the case of the (S)-ZNA nucleoside modified oligomer, both hairpin and duplex forms were observable at 0 °C, while a single hairpin conformation was detected at 37 °C, suggesting a higher destabilizing effect on dsDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, Box 1030, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, Box 1030, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, Box 1030, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, Box 1030, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
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10
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Nigro M, Sánchez-Moreno I, Benito-Arenas R, Valino AL, Iribarren AM, Veiga N, García-Junceda E, Lewkowicz ES. Synthesis of Chiral Acyclic Pyrimidine Nucleoside Analogues from DHAP-Dependent Aldolases. Biomolecules 2024; 14:750. [PMID: 39062466 PMCID: PMC11274987 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)-dependent aldolases catalyze the aldol addition of DHAP to a variety of aldehydes and generate compounds with two stereocenters. This reaction is useful to synthesize chiral acyclic nucleosides, which constitute a well-known class of antiviral drugs currently used. In such compounds, the chirality of the aliphatic chain, which mimics the open pentose residue, is crucial for activity. In this work, three DHAP-dependent aldolases: fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle, rhanmulose-1-phosphate aldolase from Thermotoga maritima, and fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli, were used as biocatalysts. Aldehyde derivatives of thymine and cytosine were used as acceptor substrates, generating new acyclic nucleoside analogues containing two new stereocenters with conversion yields between 70% and 90%. Moreover, structural analyses by molecular docking were carried out to gain insights into the diasteromeric excess observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Nigro
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones y Química de Ácidos Nucleicos, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal 1876, Argentina; (M.N.); (A.L.V.); (A.M.I.)
| | - Israél Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (R.B.-A.)
| | - Raúl Benito-Arenas
- Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (R.B.-A.)
| | - Ana L. Valino
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones y Química de Ácidos Nucleicos, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal 1876, Argentina; (M.N.); (A.L.V.); (A.M.I.)
| | - Adolfo M. Iribarren
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones y Química de Ácidos Nucleicos, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal 1876, Argentina; (M.N.); (A.L.V.); (A.M.I.)
| | - Nicolás Veiga
- Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Av. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Eduardo García-Junceda
- Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (R.B.-A.)
| | - Elizabeth S. Lewkowicz
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones y Química de Ácidos Nucleicos, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal 1876, Argentina; (M.N.); (A.L.V.); (A.M.I.)
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11
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Stachelska-Wierzchowska A, Wierzchowski J. Chemo-Enzymatic Generation of Highly Fluorescent Nucleoside Analogs Using Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase. Biomolecules 2024; 14:701. [PMID: 38927104 PMCID: PMC11201700 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemo-enzymatic syntheses of strongly fluorescent nucleoside analogs, potentially applicable in analytical biochemistry and cell biology are reviewed. The syntheses and properties of fluorescent ribofuranosides of several purine, 8-azapurine, and etheno-purine derivatives, obtained using various types of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) as catalysts, as well as α-ribose-1-phosphate (r1P) as a second substrate, are described. In several instances, the ribosylation sites are different to the canonical purine N9. Some of the obtained ribosides show fluorescence yields close to 100%. Possible applications of the new analogs include assays of PNP, nucleoside hydrolases, and other enzyme activities both in vitro and within living cells using fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Wierzchowski
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
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12
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Palazzotti D, Sguilla M, Manfroni G, Cecchetti V, Astolfi A, Barreca ML. Small Molecule Drugs Targeting Viral Polymerases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:661. [PMID: 38794231 PMCID: PMC11124969 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Small molecules that specifically target viral polymerases-crucial enzymes governing viral genome transcription and replication-play a pivotal role in combating viral infections. Presently, approved polymerase inhibitors cover nine human viruses, spanning both DNA and RNA viruses. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of these licensed drugs, encompassing nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors (NIs), non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs), and mutagenic agents. For each compound, we describe the specific targeted virus and related polymerase enzyme, the mechanism of action, and the relevant bioactivity data. This wealth of information serves as a valuable resource for researchers actively engaged in antiviral drug discovery efforts, offering a complete overview of established strategies as well as insights for shaping the development of next-generation antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (G.M.); (V.C.); (A.A.)
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13
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Ahmad G, Sohail M, Bilal M, Rasool N, Qamar MU, Ciurea C, Marceanu LG, Misarca C. N-Heterocycles as Promising Antiviral Agents: A Comprehensive Overview. Molecules 2024; 29:2232. [PMID: 38792094 PMCID: PMC11123935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses are a real threat to every organism at any stage of life leading to extensive infections and casualties. N-heterocycles can affect the viral life cycle at many points, including viral entrance into host cells, viral genome replication, and the production of novel viral species. Certain N-heterocycles can also stimulate the host's immune system, producing antiviral cytokines and chemokines that can stop the reproduction of viruses. This review focused on recent five- or six-membered synthetic N-heterocyclic molecules showing antiviral activity through SAR analyses. The review will assist in identifying robust scaffolds that might be utilized to create effective antiviral drugs with either no or few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulraiz Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Sohail
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Nasir Rasool
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Usman Qamar
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Codrut Ciurea
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
| | - Luigi Geo Marceanu
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
| | - Catalin Misarca
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
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14
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Bessières M, Roy V, Abuduani T, Favetta P, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Moffat J, Gallardo F, Agrofoglio LA. Synthesis of LAVR-289, a new [(Z)-3-(acetoxymethyl)-4-(2,4-diaminopyrimidin-6-yl)oxy-but-2-enyl]phosphonic acid prodrug with pronounced antiviral activity against DNA viruses. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116412. [PMID: 38643669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
New acyclic pyrimidine nucleoside phosphonate prodrugs with a 4-(2,4-diaminopyrimidin-6-yl)oxy-but-2-enyl]phosphonic acid skeleton (O-DAPy nucleobase) were prepared through a convergent synthesis by olefin cross-metathesis as the key step. Several acyclic nucleoside 4-(2,4-diaminopyrimidin-6-yl)oxy-but-2-enyl]phosphonic acid prodrug exhibited in vitro antiviral activity in submicromolar or nanomolar range against varicella zoster virus (VZV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), and vaccinia virus (VV), with good selective index (SI). Among them, the analogue 9c (LAVR-289) proved markedly inhibitory against VZV wild-type (TK+) (EC50 0.0035 μM, SI 740) and for thymidine kinase VZV deficient strains (EC50 0.018 μM, SI 145), with a low morphological toxicity in cell culture at 100 μM and acceptable cytostatic activity resulting in excellent selectivity. Compound 9c exhibited antiviral activity against HCMV (EC50 0.021 μM) and VV (EC50 0.050 μM), as well as against HSV-1 (TK-) (EC50 0.0085 μM). Finally, LAVR-289 (9c) deserves further (pre)clinical investigations as a potent candidate broad-spectrum anti-herpesvirus drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximes Bessières
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry (ICOA UMR 7311), University of Orleans, CNRS, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Vincent Roy
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry (ICOA UMR 7311), University of Orleans, CNRS, F-45067 Orléans, France.
| | - Tuniyazi Abuduani
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry (ICOA UMR 7311), University of Orleans, CNRS, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Patrick Favetta
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry (ICOA UMR 7311), University of Orleans, CNRS, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Moffat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210 USA
| | | | - Luigi A Agrofoglio
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry (ICOA UMR 7311), University of Orleans, CNRS, F-45067 Orléans, France.
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15
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Bissonnette NB, Bisballe N, Tran AV, Rossi-Ashton JA, MacMillan DWC. Development of a General Organophosphorus Radical Trap: Deoxyphosphonylation of Alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7942-7949. [PMID: 38470101 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Here we report the design of a general, redox-switchable organophosphorus alkyl radical trap that enables the synthesis of a broad range of C(sp3)-P(V) modalities. This "plug-and-play" approach relies upon in situ activation of alcohols and O═P(R2)H motifs, two broadly available and inexpensive sources of molecular complexity. The mild, photocatalytic deoxygenative strategy described herein allows for the direct conversion of sugars, nucleosides, and complex pharmaceutical architectures to their organophosphorus analogs. This includes the facile incorporation of medicinally relevant phosphonate ester prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B Bissonnette
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Niels Bisballe
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Andrew V Tran
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James A Rossi-Ashton
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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16
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Wong XK, Ng CS, Yeong KY. Shaping the future of antiviral Treatment: Spotlight on Nucleobase-Containing drugs and their revolutionary impact. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107150. [PMID: 38309002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Nucleobases serve as essential molecular frameworks present in both natural and synthetic compounds that exhibit notable antiviral activity. Through molecular modifications, novel nucleobase-containing drugs (NCDs) have been developed, exhibiting enhanced antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses, including the recently emerged SARS‑CoV‑2. This article provides a detailed examination of the significant advancements in NCDs from 2015 till current, encompassing various aspects concerning their mechanisms of action, pharmacology and antiviral properties. Additionally, the article discusses antiviral prodrugs relevant to the scope of this review. It fills in the knowledge gap by examining the structure-activity relationship and trend of NCDs as therapeutics against a diverse range of viral diseases, either as approved drugs, clinical candidates or as early-stage development prospects. Moreover, the article highlights on the status of this field of study and addresses the prevailing limitations encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Khai Wong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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17
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Tillmanns J, Kicuntod J, Lösing J, Marschall M. 'Getting Better'-Is It a Feasible Strategy of Broad Pan-Antiherpesviral Drug Targeting by Using the Nuclear Egress-Directed Mechanism? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2823. [PMID: 38474070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The herpesviral nuclear egress represents an essential step of viral replication efficiency in host cells, as it defines the nucleocytoplasmic release of viral capsids. Due to the size limitation of the nuclear pores, viral nuclear capsids are unable to traverse the nuclear envelope without a destabilization of this natural host-specific barrier. To this end, herpesviruses evolved the regulatory nuclear egress complex (NEC), composed of a heterodimer unit of two conserved viral NEC proteins (core NEC) and a large-size extension of this complex including various viral and cellular NEC-associated proteins (multicomponent NEC). Notably, the NEC harbors the pronounced ability to oligomerize (core NEC hexamers and lattices), to multimerize into higher-order complexes, and, ultimately, to closely interact with the migrating nuclear capsids. Moreover, most, if not all, of these NEC proteins comprise regulatory modifications by phosphorylation, so that the responsible kinases, and additional enzymatic activities, are part of the multicomponent NEC. This sophisticated basis of NEC-specific structural and functional interactions offers a variety of different modes of antiviral interference by pharmacological or nonconventional inhibitors. Since the multifaceted combination of NEC activities represents a highly conserved key regulatory stage of herpesviral replication, it may provide a unique opportunity towards a broad, pan-antiherpesviral mechanism of drug targeting. This review presents an update on chances, challenges, and current achievements in the development of NEC-directed antiherpesviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tillmanns
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jintawee Kicuntod
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Josephine Lösing
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Wei B, Wang C, Miao H, Qin Z, Huang M, Xu Y, Xue W, Yang S, Liu C, Bai C, Chen Z. Novel bidentate N-coordinated alkylaluminum complexes: synthesis, characterization, and efficient catalysis for hydrophosphonylation. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4185-4193. [PMID: 38323430 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Five new alkylaluminum complexes with different pyridinyl-substituted imines or cyclohexyl-substituted imines were synthesized and characterized successfully. The aluminum complex [FlCHNCH(CH3)Py]AlMe2(Py = 2-pyridyl) (1) was obtained by reacting 9-[2-pyridyl-CH(CH3)-NCH]Fl (Fl = fluorenyl) (L1) and equimolar AlMe3. The reactions of 9-(2-pyridyl-NCH)Fl (L2) and 9-[2-N(CH3)2-cyclohexyl-NCH]Fl (L3) with equimolar AlMe3 or AlEt3 afforded other alkylaluminum complexes [FlCHNPy]AlMe2(Py = 2-pyridyl) (2), [FlCHNPy]AlEt2 (Py = 2-pyridyl) (3), [FlCHNCyN(CH3)2]AlMe2 (Cy = 2-cyclohexyl) (4) and [FlCHNCyN(CH3)2]AlEt2 (Cy = 2-cyclohexyl) (5). All these complexes (1-5) were characterized using NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystal structure analysis. The catalytic properties of these new alkylaluminum complexes for the hydrophosphonylation of aldimines were examined. Complex 5 showed the best catalytic performance under mild reaction conditions with a low catalyst loading (1 mol%), and 20 different substituents of aldimines were isolated with more than 90% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Wei
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Miao
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Zhibiao Qin
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Mengna Huang
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Wenhui Xue
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Shucheng Yang
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Chenxu Liu
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Cuibing Bai
- Anhui Provincial Joint Key Laboratory for Innovative Drug Research and Industry Integration, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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19
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Jia X, Kullik GA, Bufano M, Brancale A, Schols D, Meier C. Membrane-permeable tenofovir-di- and monophosphate analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116020. [PMID: 38086193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of new antiviral agents such as nucleoside analogues or acyclic nucleotide analogues (ANPs) and prodrugs thereof is an ongoing task. We report on the synthesis of three types of lipophilic triphosphate analogues of (R)-PMPA and dialkylated diphosphate analogues of (R)-PMPA. A highly selective release of the different nucleotide analogues ((R)-PMPA-DP, (R)-PMPA-MP, and (R)-PMPA) from these compounds was achieved. All dialkylated (R)-PMPA-prodrugs proved to be very stable in PBS as well as in CEM/0 cell extracts and human plasma. In primer extension assays, both the monoalkylated and the dialkylated (R)-PMPA-DP derivatives acted as (R)-PMPA-DP as a substrate for HIV-RT. In contrast, no incorporation events were observed using human polymerase γ. The dialkylated (R)-PMPA-compounds exhibited significant anti-HIV efficacy in HIV-1/2 infected cells (CEM/0 and CEM/TK-). Remarkably, the dialkylated (R)-PMPA-MP derivative 9a showed a 326-fold improved activity as compared to (R)-PMPA in HIV-2 infected CEM/TK- cells as well as a very high SI of 14,000. We are convinced that this study may significantly contribute to advancing antiviral agents developed based on nucleotide analogues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giuliano A Kullik
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marianna Bufano
- Dipartimento Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Brancale
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vysoká Škola Chemicko-Technologická v Praze, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, DESY Campus, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.
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20
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Huang YH, Shen CW, Chen CY, Bair MJ. Comparative effectiveness of tenofovir versus entecavir in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis in Taiwan: a retrospective cohort study. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1301120. [PMID: 38174221 PMCID: PMC10763146 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1301120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Tenofovir and entecavir demonstrated substantial effectiveness in the reversion of fibrosis and reversed cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis. However, there has not been a definitive conclusion regarding the association between entecavir and tenofovir on the risk of cirrhosis-related complications. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the comparative effectiveness between tenofovir and entecavir in HBV-related cirrhosis patients. Methods: This was a retrospective study using Taiwan's Health Insurance Research Database. We enrolled newly diagnosed HBV-related cirrhosis patients who initiated entecavir and tenofovir between 2011 and 2019. Treatment groups were determined by the initial HBV antiviral medication prescribed. The primary composite outcome was the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), death from any causes, and liver transplantation. The secondary outcomes included all the individual components of the primary outcome. The incidence rate was calculated for each outcome for both treatment groups using the Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard models. Propensity score adjustment was used to balance treatment groups. Results: A total of 7,316 propensity score-matched treatment-naïve patients and 3,524 propensity score-matched treatment-experienced patients were included. Within treatment-naïve patients, those receiving tenofovir showed significantly lower hazards of developing the composite outcome (HR, 0.79; p < 0.0001), hepatocellular carcinoma (HR, 0.86; p = 0.027), mortality (HR, 0.75; p < 0.0001), and liver transplantation (HR, 0.70; p = 0.0189) than those receiving entecavir. As for treatment-experienced patients, tenofovir was associated with a significantly lower risk of the composite outcome (HR, 0.82; p = 0.0033) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HR, 0.60; p < 0.0001), but it did not show a significantly different risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 0.93; p = 0.3374) or liver transplantation (HR, 1.17; p = 0.5112) compared to entecavir. Conclusion: Tenofovir presented a significantly lower incidence of cirrhosis-related complications than entecavir in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis. However, no statistically significant difference in death and liver transplantation was seen in treatment-experienced patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Pingtung Veterans General Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Wei Shen
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jong Bair
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taitung Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taitung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Kraina P, Česnek M, Tloušťová E, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Fulton CJ, Davidson EK, Smith BP, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Discovery of a potent and selective human AC2 inhibitor based on 7-deazapurine analogues of adefovir. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 95:117508. [PMID: 37931521 PMCID: PMC10842932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Adefovir based acyclic nucleoside phosphonates were previously shown to modulate bacterial and, to a certain extent, human adenylate cyclases (mACs). In this work, a series of 24 novel 7-substituted 7-deazaadefovir analogues were synthesized in the form of prodrugs. Twelve analogues were single-digit micromolar inhibitors of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin with no cytotoxicity to J774A.1 macrophages. In HEK293 cell-based assays, compound 14 was identified as a potent (IC50 = 4.45 μM), non-toxic, and selective mAC2 inhibitor (vs. mAC1 and mAC5). Such a compound represents a valuable addition to a limited number of small-molecule probes to study the biological functions of individual endogenous mAC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kraina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Česnek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušťová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Camryn J Fulton
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Emily K Davidson
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brenton P Smith
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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22
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Bilska-Markowska M, Kaźmierczak M. Synthesis of fluorinated and nonfluorinated sugar alkenylphosphonates via highly stereoselective Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination. Carbohydr Res 2023; 533:108941. [PMID: 37717483 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
New fluorinated and nonfluorinated sugar alkenylphosphonates were obtained. In all cases 1,2;5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-glucofuranose was used as the starting material. The synthesis of alkenylphosphonates was based on Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination. The process led to products with E-stereochemistry exclusively or predominately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bilska-Markowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marcin Kaźmierczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland; Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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23
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Huston J, Curtis S, Egelund EF. Brincidofovir: A Novel Agent for the Treatment of Smallpox. Ann Pharmacother 2023; 57:1198-1206. [PMID: 36688308 DOI: 10.1177/10600280231151751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article reviews the published data encompassing the development, pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of brincidofovir, a nucleotide analogue DNA polymerase inhibitor developed for the treatment of smallpox. DATA SOURCES A literature review was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, and Clinicaltrials.gov from inception up to December 2022, using terms Tembexa, brincidofovir, CMX001, smallpox treatment, and variola treatment. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Data were limited to studies published in English language, which evaluated the efficacy and safety of brincidofovir. DATA SYNTHESIS Two surrogate animal models were included in the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) decision to approve brincidofovir: ectromelia virus in mice and rabbitpox in rabbits. Phases 2 and 3 studies established safety for approval. Brincidofovir biweekly for the treatment of disseminated adenovirus disease resulted in all-cause mortality, ranging from 13.8% to 29%. In a study for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis, patients with clinically significant cytomegalovirus infection through week 24 posttransplant was 51.2% with brincidofovir and 52.3% with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Brincidofovir adds a second oral agent to treat smallpox, with a different mechanism of action than tecovirimat. In the event of a smallpox outbreak, prompt treatment will be necessary to contain its spread. Brincidofovir shows efficacy in surrogate animal models. In healthy volunteers and individuals treated, or used as prophylaxis, for cytomegalovirus or adenovirus, the primary adverse events were gastrointestinal in addition to transient hepatotoxicity. Additionally, excessive deaths were observed in hematopoietic cell transplant patients receiving it as cytomegalovirus prophylaxis, requiring a black box warning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Huston
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Stacey Curtis
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Eric F Egelund
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL USA
- Infectious Disease Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Gainesville, FL, USA
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24
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Wang B, Cao B, Bei ZC, Xu L, Zhang D, Zhao L, Song Y, Wang H. Disulfide-incorporated lipid prodrugs of cidofovir: Synthesis, antiviral activity, and release mechanism. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115601. [PMID: 37390509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses represented by adenovirus and monkeypox virus, have attracted widespread attention due to their high infectivity. In 2022, the global outbreak of mpox (or monkeypox) has led to the declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. However, to date therapeutics approved for dsDNA virus infections remain limited and there are still no available treatments for some of these diseases. The development of new therapies for treating dsDNA infection is in urgent need. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of novel disulfide-incorporated lipid conjugates of cidofovir (CDV) as potential candidates against dsDNA viruses including vaccinia virus (VACV) and adenovirus (AdV) 5. The structure-activity relationship analyses revealed that the optimum linker moiety was C2H4 and the optimum aliphatic chain length was 18 or 20 atoms. Among the synthesized conjugates, 1c exhibited more potency against VACV (IC50 = 0.0960 μM in Vero cells; IC50 = 0.0790 μM in A549 cells) and AdV5 (IC50 = 0.1572 μM in A549 cells) than brincidofovir (BCV). The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed that the conjugates could form micelles in phosphate buffer. The stability studies in the GSH environment demonstrated that the formation of micelles in phosphate buffer might protect the disulfide bond from glutathione (GSH) reduction. The dominant means of the synthetic conjugates to liberate the parent drug CDV was by enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, the synthetic conjugates remained sufficiently stable in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), and pooled human plasma, which indicated the possibility for oral administration. These results indicated 1c may be a broad-spectrum antiviral candidate against dsDNA viruses with potential oral administration. Moreover, modification of the aliphatic chain attached to the nucleoside phosphonate group was involved as an efficient prodrug strategy for the development of potent antiviral candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baogang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Binwang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhu-Chun Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Likun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Dongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Liangliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yabin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Hongquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
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25
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Dsouza L, Pant A, Offei S, Priyamvada L, Pope B, Satheshkumar PS, Wang Z, Yang Z. Antiviral activities of two nucleos(t)ide analogs against vaccinia, mpox, and cowpox viruses in primary human fibroblasts. Antiviral Res 2023:105651. [PMID: 37270160 PMCID: PMC10234405 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many poxviruses are significant human and animal pathogens, including viruses that cause smallpox and mpox (formerly monkeypox). Identifying novel and potent antiviral compounds is critical to successful drug development targeting poxviruses. Here we tested two compounds, nucleoside trifluridine, and nucleotide adefovir dipivoxil, for antiviral activities against vaccinia virus (VACV), mpox virus (MPXV), and cowpox virus (CPXV) in physiologically relevant primary human fibroblasts. Both compounds potently inhibited the replication of VACV, CPXV, and MPXV (MA001 2022 isolate) in plaque assays. In our recently developed assay based on a recombinant VACV expressing secreted Gaussia luciferase, they both exhibited high potency in inhibiting VACV replication with EC50s in the low nanomolar range. In addition, both trifluridine and adefovir dipivoxil inhibited VACV DNA replication and downstream viral gene expression. Our results characterized trifluridine and adefovir dipivoxil as strong poxvirus antiviral compounds and further validate the VACV Gaussia luciferase assay as a highly efficient and reliable reporter tool for identifying poxvirus inhibitors. Given that both compounds are FDA-approved drugs, and trifluridine is already used to treat ocular vaccinia, further development of trifluridine and adefovir dipivoxil holds great promise in treating poxvirus infections, including mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Dsouza
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Anil Pant
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Offei
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lalita Priyamvada
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Blake Pope
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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26
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Skácel J, Djukic S, Baszczyňski O, Kalčic F, Bílek T, Chalupský K, Kozák J, Dvořáková A, Tloušt'ová E, Král'ová Z, Šmídková M, Voldřich J, Rumlová M, Pachl P, Brynda J, Vučková T, Fábry M, Snášel J, Pichová I, Řezáčová P, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Janeba Z. Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Crystallographic Study of Novel Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6652-6681. [PMID: 37134237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is a well-known molecular target with potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of T-cell malignancies and/or bacterial/parasitic infections. Here, we report the design, development of synthetic methodology, and biological evaluation of a series of 30 novel PNP inhibitors based on acyclic nucleoside phosphonates bearing a 9-deazahypoxanthine nucleobase. The strongest inhibitors exhibited IC50 values as low as 19 nM (human PNP) and 4 nM (Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) PNP) and highly selective cytotoxicity toward various T-lymphoblastic cell lines with CC50 values as low as 9 nM. No cytotoxic effect was observed on other cancer cell lines (HeLa S3, HL60, HepG2) or primary PBMCs for up to 10 μM. We report the first example of the PNP inhibitor exhibiting over 60-fold selectivity for the pathogenic enzyme (MtPNP) over hPNP. The results are supported by a crystallographic study of eight enzyme-inhibitor complexes and by ADMET profiling in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Skácel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Djukic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Baszczyňski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kalčic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Tadeáš Bílek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Chalupský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kozák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Dvořáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušt'ová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Král'ová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Voldřich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pachl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vučková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Fábry
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, The Czech Academy of Science, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Snášel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Pichová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
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27
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Xu Y, Groaz E, Rihon J, Herdewijn P, Lescrinier E. Synthesis, antiviral activity, and computational study of β-d-xylofuranosyl nucleoside phosphonates. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115379. [PMID: 37120998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provided insights into the favorable interactions between xylose nucleosides bearing a phosphonate moiety at their 3'-position and specific residues at the active site of the archetypal RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) of Enterovirus 71. Therefore, a series of xylosyl nucleoside phosphonates with adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanosine, and hypoxanthine as nucleobases were synthesized through multistep sequences starting from a single common precursor. Following antiviral activity evaluation, the adenine containing analogue was found to possess good antiviral activity against RNA viruses displaying an EC50 of 12 and 16 μM against measles virus (MeV) and enterovirus-68 (EV-68), respectively, whereas lacking cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Xu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Jérôme Rihon
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Mustafa D, Overhulse JM, Kashemirov BA, McKenna CE. Microwave-Accelerated McKenna Synthesis of Phosphonic Acids: An Investigation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083497. [PMID: 37110732 PMCID: PMC10144917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphonic acids represent one of the most important categories of organophosphorus compounds, with myriad examples found in chemical biology, medicine, materials, and other domains. Phosphonic acids are rapidly and conveniently prepared from their simple dialkyl esters by silyldealkylation with bromotrimethylsilane (BTMS), followed by desilylation upon contact with water or methanol. Introduced originally by McKenna, the BTMS route to phosphonic acids has long been a favored method due to its convenience, high yields, very mild conditions, and chemoselectivity. We systematically investigated microwave irradiation as a means to accelerate the BTMS silyldealkylations (MW-BTMS) of a series of dialkyl methylphosphonates with respect to solvent polarity (ACN, dioxane, neat BTMS, DMF, and sulfolane), alkyl group (Me, Et, and iPr), electron-withdrawing P-substitution, and phosphonate-carboxylate triester chemoselectivity. Control reactions were performed using conventional heating. We also applied MW-BTMS to the preparation of three acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs, an important class of antiviral and anticancer drugs), which were reported to undergo partial nucleoside degradation under MW hydrolysis with HCl at 130-140 °C (MW-HCl, a proposed alternative to BTMS). In all cases, MW-BTMS dramatically accelerated quantitative silyldealkylation compared to BTMS with conventional heating and was highly chemoselective, confirming it to be an important enhancement of the conventional BTMS method with significant advantages over the MW-HCl method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Mustafa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Justin M Overhulse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Boris A Kashemirov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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29
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Dsouza L, Pant A, Offei S, Priyamvada L, Pope B, Satheshkumar PS, Wang Z, Yang Z. Antiviral activities of two nucleos(t)ide analogs against vaccinia and mpox viruses in primary human fibroblasts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.23.533943. [PMID: 36993701 PMCID: PMC10055413 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.533943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Many poxviruses are significant human and animal pathogens, including viruses that cause smallpox and mpox. Identification of inhibitors of poxvirus replication is critical for drug development to manage poxvirus threats. Here we tested two compounds, nucleoside trifluridine and nucleotide adefovir dipivoxil, for antiviral activities against vaccinia virus (VACV) and mpox virus (MPXV) in physiologically relevant primary human fibroblasts. Both trifluridine and adefovir dipivoxil potently inhibited replication of VACV and MPXV (MA001 2022 isolate) in a plaque assay. Upon further characterization, they both conferred high potency in inhibiting VACV replication with half maximal effective concentrations (EC 50 ) at low nanomolar levels in our recently developed assay based on a recombinant VACV secreted Gaussia luciferase. Our results further validated that the recombinant VACV with Gaussia luciferase secretion is a highly reliable, rapid, non-disruptive, and simple reporter tool for identification and chracterization of poxvirus inhibitors. Both compounds inhibited VACV DNA replication and downstream viral gene expression. Given that both compounds are FDA-approved drugs, and trifluridine is used to treat ocular vaccinia in medical practice due to its antiviral activity, our results suggest that it holds great promise to further test trifluridine and adefovir dipivoxil for countering poxvirus infection, including mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Dsouza
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Anil Pant
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Samuel Offei
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lalita Priyamvada
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Blake Pope
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Panayampalli S. Satheshkumar
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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30
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Xin N, Lv Y, Lian Y, Lin Z, Huang XQ, Zhao CQ, Wang Y. Preparation of Vinylphosphonates from Ketones Promoted by Tf 2O. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36802599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
An efficient triflic anhydride promoted phosphorylation of ketone was disclosed, and vinylphosphorus compounds were prepared under solvent- and metal-free conditions. Both aryl and alkyl ketones could perform smoothly to give vinyl phosphonates in high to excellent yields. In addition, the reaction was easy to carry out and easy to scale up. Mechanistic studies suggested that this transformation might involve nucleophilic vinylic substitution or a nucleophilic addition-elimination mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Xin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Yongzheng Lv
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Yongjian Lian
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Zhu Lin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Xian-Qiang Huang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Chang-Qiu Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
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31
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Rath S, Mohanty B, Sen S. "All-Aqueous" Tandem Boc-Deprotection and Alkylation of N-Bocbenzimidazole Derivatives under Visible Light with Alkyl Aryl Diazoacetates: Application to Site-Selective Insertion of Carbenes into the N-H Bond of Purines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1036-1048. [PMID: 36579969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have reported a blue LED-induced tandem Boc-deprotection and NH-alkylation of benzimidazole derivatives with methyl aryl diazoacetates. The reactions occur in water at room temperature. The desired products are obtained in good to excellent yields. The putative mechanism of this reaction is discussed based on control experiments and supported by DFT studies. Additionally, the strategy is used to alkylate various purine derivatives via site-selective N1-alkylation to generate acyclic nucleoside analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchismita Rath
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence Deemed to be University, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Dadri, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Biswajit Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence Deemed to be University, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Dadri, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence Deemed to be University, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Dadri, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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32
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Toti KS, Pribut N, D’Erasmo M, Dasari M, Sharma SK, Bartsch PW, Burton SL, Gold HB, Bushnev A, Derdeyn CA, Basson AE, Liotta DC, Miller EJ. Expanding the toolbox of metabolically stable lipid prodrug strategies. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1083284. [PMID: 36686712 PMCID: PMC9852841 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1083284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside- and nucleotide-based therapeutics are indispensable treatment options for patients suffering from malignant and viral diseases. These agents are most commonly administered to patients as prodrugs to maximize bioavailability and efficacy. While the literature provides a practical prodrug playbook to facilitate the delivery of nucleoside and nucleotide therapeutics, small context-dependent amendments to these popular prodrug strategies can drive dramatic improvements in pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles. Herein we offer a brief overview of current prodrug strategies, as well as a case study involving the fine-tuning of lipid prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate tenofovir (TFV), an approved nucleotide HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI) and the cornerstone of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Installation of novel lipid terminal motifs significantly reduced fatty acid hepatic ω-oxidation while maintaining potent antiviral activity. This work contributes important insights to the expanding repertoire of lipid prodrug strategies in general, but particularly for the delivery and distribution of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S. Toti
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nicole Pribut
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael D’Erasmo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Madhuri Dasari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Savita K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Perry W. Bartsch
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samantha L. Burton
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hannah B. Gold
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anatoliy Bushnev
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Adriaan E. Basson
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eric J. Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Byareddy SN, Sharma K, Sachdev S, Reddy AS, Acharya A, Klaustermeier KM, Lorson CL, Singh K. Potential therapeutic targets for Mpox: the evidence to date. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:419-431. [PMID: 37368464 PMCID: PMC10722886 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2230361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The global Mpox (MPX) disease outbreak caused by the Mpox virus (MPXV) in 2022 alarmed the World Health Organization (WHO) and health regulation agencies of individual countries leading to the declaration of MPX as a Public Health Emergency. Owing to the genetic similarities between smallpox-causing poxvirus and MPXV, vaccine JYNNEOS, and anti-smallpox drugs Brincidofovir and Tecovirimat were granted emergency use authorization by the United States Food and Drug Administration. The WHO also included cidofovir, NIOCH-14, and other vaccines as treatment options. AREAS COVERED This article covers the historical development of EUA-granted antivirals, resistance to these antivirals, and the projected impact of signature mutations on the potency of antivirals against currently circulating MPXV. Since a high prevalence of MPXV infections in individuals coinfected with HIV and MPXV, the treatment results among these individuals have been included. EXPERT OPINION All EUA-granted drugs have been approved for smallpox treatment. These antivirals show good potency against Mpox. However, conserved resistance mutation positions in MPXV and related poxviruses, and the signature mutations in the 2022 MPXV can potentially compromise the efficacy of the EUA-granted treatments. Therefore, MPXV-specific medications are required not only for the current but also for possible future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N Byareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | - Shrikesh Sachdev
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Athreya S. Reddy
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | - Christian L Lorson
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kamal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, DPSRU, New Delhi-110017
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Khani E, Afsharirad B, Entezari-Maleki T. Monkeypox treatment: Current evidence and future perspectives. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28229. [PMID: 36253931 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As of September 11, 2022, 57 669 reports of monkeypox infection raised global concern. Previous vaccinia virus vaccination can protect from monkeypox. However, after smallpox eradication, immunization against that was stopped. Indeed, therapeutic options following the disease onset are of great value. This study aimed to review the available evidence on virology and treatment approaches for monkeypox and provide guidance for patient care and future studies. Since no randomized clinical trials were ever performed, we reviewed monkeypox animal model studies and clinical trials on the safety and pharmacokinetics of available medications. Brincidofovir and tecovirimat were the most studied medications that got approval for smallpox treatment according to the Animal Rule. Due to the conserved virology among Orthopoxviruses, available medications might also be effective against monkeypox. However, tecovirimat has the strongest evidence to be effective and safe for monkeypox treatment, and if there is a choice between the two drugs, tecovirimat has shown more promise so far. The risk of resistance should be considered in patients who failed to respond to tecovirimat. Hence, the target-based design of novel antivirals will enhance the availability and spectrum of effective anti-Orthopoxvirus agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Khani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bentelhoda Afsharirad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Entezari-Maleki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Jiang K, Feng J, Qi X, Ran L, Xie L. Antiviral Activity of Oridonin Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:4311-4323. [PMID: 36573068 PMCID: PMC9789684 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s387885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In search of new potent treatment of herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), inhibitory effect of oridonin (Ori) on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was validated by experiments. Methods For evaluating inhibitory effect of oridonin on herpes simplex virus type 1, a series of in-vivo and in-vitro studies were carried out. Mouse HSV-1 infection model was used in the in-vivo experiments. Experimental mice were classified in five different groups: Mock (mock-infected), HSV-1+ DMSO, HSV-1+ Ori, HSV-1+ ACV, combined Ori and ACV+HSV-1. Corneas of Mock, HSV-1+ DMSO, HSV-1+ Ori group were sent for mRNA-sequencing after 3 days post infection (dpi). The expression of virus and host-related genes was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Vero cells HSV-1 infection models were used in the in-vitro experiments. Results The application of ACV, Oridonin alone or a combination of both could alleviate HSV-1 severity and inhibit HSV-1 virus replication in C57BL/6 mice models. qPCR showed that compared with mock group, the expression of interleukin-6 (il-6), interleukin-1α (il-1α), and Tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-α) was up-regulated in DMSO+HSV-1 group and suppressed in other three group. Moreover, the expression of nod-like receptor protein (nlrp3), caspase 1 and interleukin-1β (il-1β) were depressed in the oridonin-treated group. Oridonin significantly inhibits HSV-1 replication, HSV-1 related gene expression, and the production of progeny HSV-1 viruses in vitro. Besides, oridonin affect the replication phase but not HSV-1 entry or penetration and cannot inactivate HSV-1. Conclusion Oridonin alleviates herpes simplex keratitis infection in mouse, which may be attributed to inhibition of the NLRP3-inflammasome-IL-1β pathway. Our study illustrates that Oridonin has potential promise for application in treating HSK and other diseases caused by HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, People's Republic of China,Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Feng
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Qi
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Ran
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixin Xie
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Lixin Xie, Shandong Eye Institute, 5 Yan’erdao Road, Qingdao, 266071, Tel +8613335026472, Email
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Full factorial optimization of α-aminophosphonates synthesis using diphenylphosphinic acid as efficient organocatalyst. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kumar RK, Sanghvi YS, Reddy PY, Banerjee S. An Improved Scalable Synthesis of the Potent Antiviral (S)-HPMPA. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e602. [PMID: 36440983 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present an improved synthesis of (S)-HPMPA (1) from an easily accessible and commercially available compound, (S)-3-(benzyloxy)propane-1,2-diol (10). Tritylation of primary alcohol 10 was highly selective, and pure product was isolated in good yield. Alkylation of (R)-1-(benzyloxy)-3-(trityloxy)propan-2-ol (11) with diethyl p-toluenesulfonyloxymethyl phosphonate (6) using sodium hydride in tetrahydrofuran followed by detritylation afforded the desired chiral synthon 12. Tosylation of the primary alcohol and subsequent reaction with sodium adeninate afforded protected S-HPMPA (14). Global deprotection using concentrated hydrochloric acid in a sealed tube afforded S-HPMA (1), and the deprotected 1 was crystallized from water and acetone to obtain a 99% pure product. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of (R)-1-(benzyloxy)-3-(trityloxy)propan-2-ol (11) Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of diethyl (S)-(((1-(benzyloxy)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl)oxy)methyl)phosphonate (12) Basic Protocol 3: Preparation of (R)-3-(benzyloxy)-2-((diethoxyphosphoryl)methoxy)propyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonate (13) Basic Protocol 4: Preparation of diethyl (S)-(((1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-(benzyloxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)methyl)phosphonate (14) Support Protocol 1: Preparation of sodium adeninate Basic Protocol 5: Preparation of (S)-(((1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl)oxy)methyl)phosphonic acid (1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yogesh S Sanghvi
- Sapala Organics Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Rasayan Inc., Encinitas, California, USA
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Antiviral Drugs in Adenovirus-Induced Keratoconjunctivitis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102014. [PMID: 36296290 PMCID: PMC9609312 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) is one of the most common causes of conjunctivitis worldwide. Depending on specific serotypes and other factors, it can lead to several ocular manifestations, ranging from isolated, self-limited disease to epidemic and potentially sight-threatening keratoconjunctivitis. To date, no antiviral agent against ocular adenovirus has been licensed, and its management is still based on hygienic and supportive measures alone. In this review, a literature search up to August 2021 was performed to find peer-reviewed articles, with the primary aim to investigate drugs or other compounds with any antiviral activity against adenovirus. Finally, we included 70 articles, consisting of both in vitro, and in vivo studies on animal models and clinical trials of any phase, as well as a case-report, and analyzed each compound separately. Many antiviral agents proved to be effective on in vivo and in vitro studies on animal models, and in pre-clinical trials, but lacked reliability in large, controlled clinical investigations. The design of such studies, though, presented several hurdles, due to the nature and the specific characteristics of adenovirus-induced ocular diseases. Nevertheless, some promising compounds are currently under study, and further investigations are needed to prove their efficacy in the management of adenovirus conjunctivitis.
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Sable DA, Gholap A, Kommyreddy SP, Fartade DJ, Gharpure SJ, Schulzke C, Kapdi AR. Heteroatom-Assisted Regio- and Stereoselective Palladium-Catalyzed Carboxylation of 9-Allyl Adenine. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12574-12585. [PMID: 36173114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Strategy for the synthesis of acyclic nucleoside analogs of biological relevance via highly regio- and stereoselective C-H functionalization employing heteroatom-assisted palladium-catalyzed carboxylation of 9-allyl adenine is disclosed. Substrate scope with different carboxylic acids was performed giving decent to good yields of the desired products. The method also allowed for the synthesis of deuterated analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanashri A Sable
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Raod, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Aniket Gholap
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Raod, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | | | - Dipak J Fartade
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Santosh J Gharpure
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Carola Schulzke
- Institute fur Biochemie, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff Strasse 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anant R Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Raod, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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Roy V, Agrofoglio LA. Nucleosides and emerging viruses: A new story. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1945-1953. [PMID: 35189369 PMCID: PMC8856764 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With several US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and high barriers to resistance, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs remain the cornerstone of antiviral therapies for not only herpesviruses, but also HIV and hepatitis viruses (B and C); however, with the exception of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), for which vaccines have been developed at unprecedented speed, there are no vaccines or small antivirals yet available for (re)emerging viruses, which are primarily RNA viruses. Thus, herein, we present an overview of ribonucleoside analogs recently developed and acting as inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). They are new lead structures that will be exploited for the discovery of new antiviral nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Roy
- ICOA, University of Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Luigi A Agrofoglio
- ICOA, University of Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans, France.
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Tan S, Groaz E, Kalkeri R, Ptak R, Korba BE, Herdewijn P. Reshaping an Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate into a Selective Anti-hepatitis B Virus Compound. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9396-9417. [PMID: 35754374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Minor structural modifications of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates can dramatically affect their antiviral properties. This work discloses a shift in the selectivity spectrum of 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (HPMP) nucleotides from herpesviruses toward hepatitis B virus (HBV) induced by their acyclic chain 2-substitution with a nonpolar group. Two series of racemic (R,S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (MHPMP) and (R,S)-2-ethynyl-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (EHPMP) nucleotides were initially synthesized. Among these, guanine-containing derivatives exhibited significant anti-HBV activities in the submicromolar range. Enantioenriched MHPMPG and EHPMPG analogues were subsequently obtained by Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation. The (S)-enantiomers possessed an 8- to 26-fold higher potency than the relative (R)-forms. A further comparison of the EC90 values indicated that (S)-EHPMPG inhibited HBV replication more effectively than its 2-methyl analogue. A phosphonodiamidate prodrug of (S)-EHPMPG was thus prepared and found to exert a remarkably high anti-HBV activity (EC50 = 9.27 nM) with excellent selectivity (SI50 > 10,787), proving to be a promising candidate for anti-HBV drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Tan
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development, Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Roger Ptak
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development, Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Brent E Korba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 20057 Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Alexandrova LA, Khandazhinskaya AL, Matyugina ES, Makarov DA, Kochetkov SN. Analogues of Pyrimidine Nucleosides as Mycobacteria Growth Inhibitors. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071299. [PMID: 35889017 PMCID: PMC9322969 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the oldest human infection disease. Mortality from TB significantly decreased in the 20th century, because of vaccination and the widespread use of antibiotics. However, about a third of the world’s population is currently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and the death rate from TB is about 1.4–2 million people per year. In the second half of the 20th century, new extensively multidrug-resistant strains of Mtb were identified, which are steadily increasing among TB patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new anti-TB drugs, which remains one of the priorities of pharmacology and medicinal chemistry. The antimycobacterial activity of nucleoside derivatives and analogues was revealed not so long ago, and a lot of studies on their antibacterial properties have been published. Despite the fact that there are no clinically used drugs based on nucleoside analogues, some progress has been made in this area. This review summarizes current research in the field of the design and study of inhibitors of mycobacteria, primarily Mtb.
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Vaňková K, Doleželová E, Tloušťová E, Hocková D, Zíková A, Janeba Z. Synthesis and anti-trypanosomal evaluation of novel N-branched acyclic nucleoside phosphonates bearing 7-aryl-7-deazapurine nucleobase. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 239:114559. [PMID: 35763869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 7-aryl-7-deazaadenine-based N-branched acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (aza-ANPs) has been prepared using the optimized Suzuki cross-coupling reaction as the key synthetic step. The final free phosphonates 15a-h were inactive, due to their inefficient transport across cell membranes, but they inhibited Trypanosoma brucei adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (TbrAPRT1) with Ki values of 1.7-14.1 μM. The corresponding phosphonodiamidate prodrugs 14a-h exhibited anti-trypanosomal activity in the Trypanosoma brucei brucei cell-based assay with EC50 values in the range of 0.58-6.8 μM. 7-(4-Methoxy)phenyl-7-deazapurine derivative 14h, containing two phosphonate moieties, was the most potent anti-trypanosomal agent from the series, with EC50 = 0.58 μM and SI = 16. Finally, phosphonodiamidate prodrugs 14a-h exerted low micromolar cytotoxicity against leukemia and/or cancer cell lines tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolína Vaňková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Doleželová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušťová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Hocková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Dochnal S, Merchant HY, Schinlever AR, Babnis A, Depledge DP, Wilson AC, Cliffe AR. DLK-Dependent Biphasic Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency Established in the Absence of Antivirals. J Virol 2022; 96:e0050822. [PMID: 35608347 PMCID: PMC9215246 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00508-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) latent infection and reactivation in neurons requires the use of in vitro model systems. Establishing a quiescent infection in cultured neurons is problematic, as any infectious virus released can superinfect the cultures. Previous studies have used the viral DNA replication inhibitor acyclovir to prevent superinfection and promote latency establishment. Data from these previous models have shown that reactivation is biphasic, with an initial phase I expression of all classes of lytic genes, which occurs independently of histone demethylase activity and viral DNA replication but is dependent on the cell stress protein DLK. Here, we describe a new model system using HSV-1 Stayput-GFP, a reporter virus that is defective for cell-to-cell spread and establishes latent infections without the need for acyclovir. The establishment of a latent state requires a longer time frame than previous models using DNA replication inhibitors. This results in a decreased ability of the virus to reactivate using established inducers, and as such, a combination of reactivation triggers is required. Using this system, we demonstrate that biphasic reactivation occurs even when latency is established in the absence of acyclovir. Importantly, phase I lytic gene expression still occurs in a histone demethylase and viral DNA replication-independent manner and requires DLK activity. These data demonstrate that the two waves of viral gene expression following HSV-1 reactivation are independent of secondary infection and not unique to systems that require acyclovir to promote latency establishment. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) enters a latent infection in neurons and periodically reactivates. Reactivation manifests as a variety of clinical symptoms. Studying latency and reactivation in vitro is invaluable, allowing the molecular mechanisms behind both processes to be targeted by therapeutics that reduce the clinical consequences. Here, we describe a novel in vitro model system using a cell-to-cell spread-defective HSV-1, known as Stayput-GFP, which allows for the study of latency and reactivation at the single neuron level. We anticipate this new model system will be an incredibly valuable tool for studying the establishment and reactivation of HSV-1 latent infection in vitro. Using this model, we find that initial reactivation events are dependent on cellular stress kinase DLK but independent of histone demethylase activity and viral DNA replication. Our data therefore further validate the essential role of DLK in mediating a wave of lytic gene expression unique to reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dochnal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Husain Y. Merchant
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Austin R. Schinlever
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Aleksandra Babnis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel P. Depledge
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angus C. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna R. Cliffe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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45
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Zhang Y, Pham TM, Kayrouz C, Ju KS. Biosynthesis of Argolaphos Illuminates the Unusual Biochemical Origins of Aminomethylphosphonate and N ε-Hydroxyarginine Containing Natural Products. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9634-9644. [PMID: 35616638 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphonate natural products have a history of successful application in medicine and biotechnology due to their ability to inhibit essential cellular pathways. This has inspired efforts to discover phosphonate natural products by prioritizing microbial strains whose genomes encode uncharacterized biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Thus, success in genome mining is dependent on establishing the fundamental principles underlying the biosynthesis of inhibitory chemical moieties to facilitate accurate prediction of BGCs and the bioactivities of their products. Here, we report the complete biosynthetic pathway for the argolaphos phosphonopeptides. We uncovered the biochemical origins of aminomethylphosphonate (AMPn) and Nε-hydroxyarginine, two noncanonical amino acids integral to the antimicrobial function of argolaphos. Critical to this pathway were dehydrogenase and transaminase enzymes dedicated to the conversion of hydroxymethylphosphonate to AMPn. The interconnected activities of both enzymes provided a solution to overcome unfavorable energetics, empower cofactor regeneration, and mediate intermediate toxicity during these transformations. Sequential ligation of l-arginine and l-valine was afforded by two GCN5-related N-acetyltransferases in a tRNA-dependent manner. AglA was revealed to be an unusual heme-dependent monooxygenase that hydroxylated the Nε position of AMPn-Arg. As the first biochemically characterized member of the YqcI/YcgG protein family, AglA enlightens the potential functions of this elusive group, which remains biochemically distinct from the well-established P450 monooxygenases. The widespread distribution of AMPn and YqcI/YcgG genes among actinobacterial genomes suggests their involvement in diverse metabolic pathways and cellular functions. Our findings illuminate new paradigms in natural product biosynthesis and realize a significant trove of AmPn and Nε-hydroxyarginine natural products that await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeying Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Tiffany M Pham
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Chase Kayrouz
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Kou-San Ju
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States.,Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States.,Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Andrei G, Fiten P, Krečmerová M, Opdenakker G, Topalis D, Snoeck R. Poxviruses Bearing DNA Polymerase Mutations Show Complex Patterns of Cross-Resistance. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030580. [PMID: 35327382 PMCID: PMC8945813 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the eradication of smallpox four decades ago, poxviruses continue to be a threat to humans and animals. The arsenal of anti-poxvirus agents is very limited and understanding mechanisms of resistance to agents targeting viral DNA polymerases is fundamental for the development of antiviral therapies. We describe here the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of poxvirus DNA polymerase mutants isolated under selective pressure with different acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, including HPMPC (cidofovir), cHPMPC, HPMPA, cHPMPA, HPMPDAP, HPMPO-DAPy, and PMEO-DAPy, and the pyrophosphate analogue phosphonoacetic acid. Vaccinia virus (VACV) and cowpox virus drug-resistant viral clones emerging under drug pressure were characterized phenotypically (drug-susceptibility profile) and genotypically (DNA polymerase sequencing). Different amino acid changes in the polymerase domain and in the 3′-5′ exonuclease domain were linked to drug resistance. Changes in the 3′-5′ domain emerged earlier than in the polymerase domain when viruses acquired a combination of mutations. Our study highlights the importance of poxvirus DNA polymerase residues 314, 613, 684, 688, and 851, previously linked to drug resistance, and identified several novel mutations in the 3′-5′ exonuclease domain (M313I, F354L, D480Y) and in the DNA polymerase domain (A632T, T831I, E856K, L924F) associated with different drug-susceptibility profiles. Furthermore, a combination of mutations resulted in complex patterns of cross-resistance. Modeling of the VACV DNA polymerase bearing the newly described mutations was performed to understand the effects of these mutations on the structure of the viral enzyme. We demonstrated the emergence of drug-resistant DNA polymerase mutations in complex patterns to be considered in case such mutations should eventually arise in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1030, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (D.T.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-32-19-51
| | - Pierre Fiten
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1044, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (P.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1044, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (P.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Dimitrios Topalis
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1030, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (D.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1030, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (D.T.); (R.S.)
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47
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Strategies for fighting pandemic virus infections: Integration of virology and drug delivery. J Control Release 2022; 343:361-378. [PMID: 35122872 PMCID: PMC8810279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses have sometimes resulted in worldwide pandemics, with the influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) being major participants. Long-term efforts have made it possible to control the influenza virus, but seasonal influenza continues to take many lives each year, and a pandemic influenza virus sometimes emerges. Although vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been developed, we are not yet able to coexist with the SARS-CoV-2. To overcome such viruses, it is necessary to obtain knowledge about international surveillance systems, virology, ecology and to determine that immune responses are effective. The information must then be transferred to drugs. Delivery systems would be expected to contribute to the rational development of drugs. In this review, virologist and drug delivery system (DDS) researchers discuss drug delivery strategies, especially the use of lipid-based nanocarriers, for fighting to respiratory virus infections.
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48
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Recent advances in the synthesis of 4′-truncated nucleoside phosphonic acid analogues. Carbohydr Res 2022; 513:108517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chakravorty S, Afzali B, Kazemian M. EBV-associated diseases: Current therapeutics and emerging technologies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059133. [PMID: 36389670 PMCID: PMC9647127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV is a prevalent virus, infecting >90% of the world's population. This is an oncogenic virus that causes ~200,000 cancer-related deaths annually. It is, in addition, a significant contributor to the burden of autoimmune diseases. Thus, EBV represents a significant public health burden. Upon infection, EBV remains dormant in host cells for long periods of time. However, the presence or episodic reactivation of the virus increases the risk of transforming healthy cells to malignant cells that routinely escape host immune surveillance or of producing pathogenic autoantibodies. Cancers caused by EBV display distinct molecular behaviors compared to those of the same tissue type that are not caused by EBV, presenting opportunities for targeted treatments. Despite some encouraging results from exploration of vaccines, antiviral agents and immune- and cell-based treatments, the efficacy and safety of most therapeutics remain unclear. Here, we provide an up-to-date review focusing on underlying immune and environmental mechanisms, current therapeutics and vaccines, animal models and emerging technologies to study EBV-associated diseases that may help provide insights for the development of novel effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Chakravorty
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, United States
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50
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Krečmerová M, Majer P, Rais R, Slusher BS. Phosphonates and Phosphonate Prodrugs in Medicinal Chemistry: Past Successes and Future Prospects. Front Chem 2022; 10:889737. [PMID: 35668826 PMCID: PMC9163707 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.889737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds with a phosphonate group, i.e., -P(O)(OH)2 group attached directly to the molecule via a P-C bond serve as suitable non-hydrolyzable phosphate mimics in various biomedical applications. In principle, they often inhibit enzymes utilizing various phosphates as substrates. In this review we focus mainly on biologically active phosphonates that originated from our institute (Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry in Prague); i.e., acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs, e.g., adefovir, tenofovir, and cidofovir) and derivatives of non-nucleoside phosphonates such as 2-(phosphonomethyl) pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA). Principal strategies of their syntheses and modifications to prodrugs is reported. Besides clinically used ANP antivirals, a special attention is paid to new biologically active molecules with respect to emerging infections and arising resistance of many pathogens against standard treatments. These new structures include 2,4-diamino-6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy]pyrimidines or so-called "open-ring" derivatives, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with 5-azacytosine as a base moiety, side-chain fluorinated ANPs, aza/deazapurine ANPs. When transformed into an appropriate prodrug by derivatizing their charged functionalities, all these compounds show promising potential to become drug candidates for the treatment of viral infections. ANP prodrugs with suitable pharmacokinetics include amino acid phosphoramidates, pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) and isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl (POC) esters, alkyl and alkoxyalkyl esters, salicylic esters, (methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl) methyl (ODOL) esters and peptidomimetic prodrugs. We also focus on the story of cytostatics related to 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine and its prodrugs which eventually led to development of the veterinary drug rabacfosadine. Various new ANP structures are also currently investigated as antiparasitics, especially antimalarial agents e.g., guanine and hypoxanthine derivatives with 2-(phosphonoethoxy)ethyl moiety, their thia-analogues and N-branched derivatives. In addition to ANPs and their analogs, we also describe prodrugs of 2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), also known as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibitors, including 2-PMPA have been found efficacious in various preclinical models of neurological disorders which are caused by glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Unfortunately its highly polar character and hence low bioavailability severely limits its potential for clinical use. To overcome this problem, various prodrug strategies have been used to mask carboxylates and/or phosphonate functionalities with pivaloyloxymethyl, POC, ODOL and alkyl esters. Chemistry and biological characterization led to identification of prodrugs with 44-80 fold greater oral bioavailability (tetra-ODOL-2-PMPA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Marcela Krečmerová,
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Rana Rais
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, Oncology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, United States
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