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Braunscheidel KM, Voren G, Fowler CD, Lu Q, Kuryatov A, Cameron MD, Ibañez-Tallon I, Lindstrom JM, Kamenecka TM, Kenny PJ. SR9883 is a novel small-molecule enhancer of α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling that decreases intravenous nicotine self-administration in rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1459098. [PMID: 39346680 PMCID: PMC11428108 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1459098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Most smokers attempting to quit will quickly relapse to tobacco use even when treated with the most efficacious smoking cessation agents currently available. This highlights the need to develop effective new smoking cessation medications. Evidence suggests that positive allosteric modulators (PAM) and other enhancers of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) signaling could have therapeutic utility as smoking cessation agents. Methods 3-[3-(3-pyridyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]benzonitrile (NS9283) was used as a starting point for medical chemistry efforts to develop novel small molecule enhancers of α4β2* nAChR stoichiometries containing a low-affinity agonist binding site at the interface of α4/α4 and α4/α5 subunits. Results The NS9283 derivative SR9883 enhanced the effect of nicotine on α4β2* nAChR stoichiometries containing low-affinity agonist binding sites, with EC50 values from 0.2-0.4 μM. SR9883 had no effect on α3β2* or α3β4* nAChRs. SR9883 was bioavailable after intravenous (1 mg kg-1) and oral (10-20 mg kg-1) administration and penetrated into the brain. When administered alone, SR9883 (5-10 mg kg-1) had no effect on locomotor activity or intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds in mice. When co-administered with nicotine, SR9883 enhanced locomotor suppression and elevations of ICSS thresholds induced by nicotine. SR9883 (5 and 10 mg kg-1) decreased responding for intravenous nicotine infusions (0.03 mg kg-1 per infusion) but had no effect on responding for food rewards in rats. Conclusions These data suggest that SR9883 is useful for investigating behavioral processes regulated by certain α4β2* nAChR stoichiometries. SR9883 and related compounds with favorable drug-like physiochemical and pharmacological properties hold promise as novel treatments of tobacco use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Braunscheidel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - George Voren
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christie D. Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Qun Lu
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Alexander Kuryatov
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Ines Ibañez-Tallon
- The Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jon M. Lindstrom
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Paul J. Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Vouillac-Mendoza C, Ahmed SH, Guillem K. Bidirectional relationship between attentional deficits and escalation of nicotine intake in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1895-1903. [PMID: 38743111 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE People with tobacco addiction have deficits in cognition, in particular deficits in attention. It is not clear however, whether deficits are a cause or a consequence, or both, of chronic nicotine use. Here we set out a series of experiments in rats to address this question and, more specifically, to assess the effects of exposure to and withdrawal from chronic nicotine self-administration on attentional performance. METHODS Animals were trained in a 5-choice serial reaction time task to probe individual attentional performance and, then, were given access to a fixed versus increasing dose of intravenous nicotine for self-administration, a differential dose procedure known to induce two between-session patterns of nicotine intake: a stable versus escalation pattern. Attentional performance was measured daily before, during and also 24-h after chronic access to the differential dose procedure of nicotine self-administration. CONCLUSIONS We found that pre-existing individual variation in attentional performance predicts individual vulnerability to develop escalation of nicotine intake. Moreover, while chronic nicotine self-administration increases attention, withdrawal from nicotine intake escalation induces attentional deficits, a withdrawal effect that is dose-dependently reversed by acute nicotine. Together, these results suggest that pre-existing individual variation in attentional performance predicts individual vulnerability to develop escalation of nicotine intake, and that part of the motivation for using nicotine during escalation might be to alleviate withdrawal-induced attentional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Vouillac-Mendoza
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment BBS - 2Ème Étage, 2, Rue du Dr Hoffmann Martinot, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Serge H Ahmed
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment BBS - 2Ème Étage, 2, Rue du Dr Hoffmann Martinot, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Karine Guillem
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment BBS - 2Ème Étage, 2, Rue du Dr Hoffmann Martinot, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
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Herman RJ, Schmidt HD. Targeting GLP-1 receptors to reduce nicotine use disorder: Preclinical and clinical evidence. Physiol Behav 2024; 281:114565. [PMID: 38663460 PMCID: PMC11128349 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Nicotine use disorder (NUD) remains a leading cause of preventable death in the U.S. Unfortunately, current FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation have limited efficacy and are associated with high rates of relapse. One major barrier to long-term smoking abstinence is body weight gain during withdrawal. Nicotine withdrawal-induced body weight gain can also lead to development of chronic disease states like obesity and type II diabetes mellitus. Therefore, it is critical to identify novel pharmacotherapies for NUD that decrease relapse and nicotine withdrawal symptoms including body weight gain. Recent studies demonstrate that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists attenuate voluntary nicotine taking and seeking and prevent withdrawal-induced hyperphagia and body weight gain. Emerging evidence also suggests that GLP-1R agonists improve cognitive deficits, as well as depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, which contribute to smoking relapse during withdrawal. While further studies are necessary to fully characterize the effects of GLP-1R agonists on NUD and understand the mechanisms by which GLP-1R agonists decrease nicotine withdrawal-mediated behaviors, the current literature supports GLP-1R-based approaches to treating NUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae J Herman
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Heath D Schmidt
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Solinas M, Chauvet C, Lafay-Chebassier C, Vanderkam P, Barillot L, Moeller SJ, Goldstein RZ, Noël X, Jaafari N, Chatard A. Tobacco Images Choice and Its Association with Craving and Dependence in People who Smoke Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2024:ntae138. [PMID: 38850196 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntae138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased salience of drug-related cues over non-drug reinforcers can drive drug use and contribute to tobacco use disorder (TUD). An important scientific and clinical goal is to effectively measure this elevated drug-seeking behavior in TUD. However, most TUD assessments rely on self-reported cravings and cigarette consumption, not providing an objective measure of the impact of drug-cues on biasing behavior towards drugs. The probabilistic image choice (PIC) task investigates the choice of viewing drug-related pictures as compared to other salient pictures (e.g., pleasant and unpleasant). This study aimed to develop and validate the PIC task for TUD and evaluate the associations between behavioral choice and tobacco craving, daily cigarette consumption, quit attempts and motivation to quit, and nicotine dependence (the Fagerström score). METHODS We recruited 468 smokers and 121 nonsmokers using the Prolific online platform. Participants performed the PIC task twice (at a one-month interval) and completed other measures relevant to TUD. RESULTS compared to nonsmokers, tobacco smokers selected to view significantly more tobacco images and less pleasant (non-drug reinforcer) images, a profile that remained stable at retest. Individual differences in choice of tobacco as compared to pleasant images on the PIC task were associated with craving but not with the other tobacco dependence measures, suggesting that the task may serve as a behavioral proxy measure of drug "wanting" rather than of cumulative nicotine exposure or physical dependence. CONCLUSIONS these results suggest that the PIC task can be a valuable tool for objectively assessing craving-associated tobacco seeking in TUD. IMPLICATIONS SECTION which should provide a brief description about what the study addsMost of the current measures of tobacco use disorder (TUD) rely on self-reports of consumption, dependence and craving and do not take into consideration the role of drug-related cues in driving tobacco seeking. This study shows that the probabilistic image choice (PIC) task provides an objective, reliable proxy measure of tobacco image seeking behavior in people who smoke cigarettes that is linked to craving (desire) for smoking but not to other measures of TUD. Therefore, the PIC task may be a useful complementary tool for the classification, diagnosis, and prognosis of TUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Solinas
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Poitiers, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
| | - Claudia Chauvet
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
| | - Claire Lafay-Chebassier
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Poitiers, France
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC 1402, Université de Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Paul Vanderkam
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Lila Barillot
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
- Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, CNRS 7295, CeRCA, Poitiers, France
| | - Scott J Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | | | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Armand Chatard
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
- Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, CNRS 7295, CeRCA, Poitiers, France
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Solinas M, Chauvet C, Lafay-Chebassier C, Vanderkam P, Barillot L, Moeller SJ, Goldstein RZ, Noël X, Jaafari N, Chatard A. Tobacco Images Choice and Its Association with Craving and Dependence in Cigarette Smokers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.30.555462. [PMID: 37693420 PMCID: PMC10491230 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Increased salience of drug-related cues over non-drug reinforcers can drive drug use and contribute to tobacco use disorder (TUD). An important scientific and clinical goal is to effectively measure this elevated drug-seeking behavior in TUD. However, most TUD assessments rely on self-reported cravings and cigarette consumption, not providing an objective measure of the impact of drug-cues on biasing behavior towards drugs. The probabilistic image choice (PIC) task investigates the choice of viewing drug-related pictures as compared to other salient pictures (e.g., pleasant and unpleasant). This study aimed to develop and validate the PIC task for TUD and evaluate the associations between behavioral choice and tobacco craving, daily cigarette consumption, quit attempts and motivation to quit, and nicotine dependence (the Fagerström score). Methods We recruited 468 smokers and 121 nonsmokers using the Prolific online platform. Participants performed the PIC task twice (at a one-month interval) and completed other measures relevant to TUD. Results compared to nonsmokers, tobacco smokers selected to view significantly more tobacco images and less pleasant (non-drug reinforcer) images, a profile that remained stable at retest. Individual differences in choice of tobacco as compared to pleasant images on the PIC task were associated with craving but not with the other tobacco dependence measures, suggesting that the task may serve as a behavioral proxy measure of drug "wanting" rather than of cumulative nicotine exposure or physical dependence. Conclusions these results suggest that the PIC task can be a valuable tool for objectively assessing craving-associated tobacco seeking in TUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Solinas
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Poitiers, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
| | - Claudia Chauvet
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
| | - Claire Lafay-Chebassier
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Poitiers, France
- INSERM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique CIC 1402, Université de Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Paul Vanderkam
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Lila Barillot
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
- Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, CNRS 7295, CeRCA, Poitiers, France. France
| | - Scott J. Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | | | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Armand Chatard
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
- Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, CNRS 7295, CeRCA, Poitiers, France. France
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Garcia-Rivas V, Fiancette JF, Tostain J, de Maio G, Ceau M, Wiart JF, Gaulier JM, Deroche-Gamonet V. Individual variations in motives for nicotine self-administration in male rats: evidence in support for a precision psychopharmacology. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:85. [PMID: 38336930 PMCID: PMC10858238 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The significant heterogeneity in smoking behavior among smokers, coupled with the inconsistent efficacy of approved smoking cessation therapies, supports the presence of individual variations in the mechanisms underlying smoking. This emphasizes the need to shift from standardized to personalized smoking cessation therapies. However, informed precision medicine demands precision fundamental research. Tobacco smoking is influenced and sustained by diverse psychopharmacological interactions between nicotine and environmental stimuli. In the classical experimental rodent model for studying tobacco dependence, namely intravenous self-administration of nicotine, seeking behavior is reinforced by the combined delivery of nicotine and a discrete cue (nicotine+cue). Whether self-administration behavior is driven by the same psychopharmacological mechanisms across individual rats remains unknown and unexplored. To address this, we employed behavioral pharmacology and unbiased cluster analysis to investigate individual differences in the mechanisms supporting classical intravenous nicotine self-administration (0.04 mg/kg/infusion) in male outbred Sprague-Dawley rats. Our analysis identified two clusters: one subset of rats sought nicotine primarily for its reinforcing effects, while the second subset sought nicotine to enhance the reinforcing effects of the discrete cue. Varenicline (1 mg/kg i.p.) reduced seeking behavior in the former group, whereas it tended to increase in the latter group. Crucially, despite this fundamental qualitative difference revealed by behavioral manipulation, the two clusters exhibited quantitatively identical nicotine+cue self-administration behavior. The traditional application of rodent models to study the reinforcing and addictive effects of nicotine may mask individual variability in the underlying motivational mechanisms. Accounting for this variability could significantly enhance the predictive validity of translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon Garcia-Rivas
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jean-François Fiancette
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jessica Tostain
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giulia de Maio
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Matias Ceau
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, F-59037, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59045, Lille, France
| | - Véronique Deroche-Gamonet
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- INSERM, Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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Abstract
Diseases associated with nicotine dependence in the form of habitual tobacco use are a major cause of premature death in the United States. The majority of tobacco smokers will relapse within the first month of attempted abstinence. Smoking cessation agents increase the likelihood that smokers can achieve long-term abstinence. Nevertheless, currently available smoking cessation agents have limited utility and fail to prevent relapse in the majority of smokers. Pharmacotherapy is therefore an effective strategy to aid smoking cessation efforts but considerable risk of relapse persists even when the most efficacious medications currently available are used. The past decade has seen major breakthroughs in our understanding of the molecular, cellular, and systems-level actions of nicotine in the brain that contribute to the development and maintenance of habitual tobacco use. In parallel, large-scale human genetics studies have revealed allelic variants that influence vulnerability to tobacco use disorder. These advances have revealed targets for the development of novel smoking cessation agents. Here, we summarize current efforts to develop smoking cessation therapeutics and highlight opportunities for future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lengel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Paul J. Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute (DDI), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Kim HC, Kaplan CM, Islam S, Anderson AS, Piper ME, Bradford DE, Curtin JJ, DeYoung KA, Smith JF, Fox AS, Shackman AJ. Acute nicotine abstinence amplifies subjective withdrawal symptoms and threat-evoked fear and anxiety, but not extended amygdala reactivity. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288544. [PMID: 37471317 PMCID: PMC10358993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking imposes a staggering burden on public health, underscoring the urgency of developing a deeper understanding of the processes that maintain addiction. Clinical and experience-sampling data highlight the importance of anxious withdrawal symptoms, but the underlying neurobiology has remained elusive. Mechanistic work in animals implicates the central extended amygdala (EAc)-including the central nucleus of the amygdala and the neighboring bed nucleus of the stria terminalis-but the translational relevance of these discoveries remains unexplored. Here we leveraged a randomized trial design, well-established threat-anticipation paradigm, and multidimensional battery of assessments to understand the consequences of 24-hour nicotine abstinence. The threat-anticipation paradigm had the expected consequences, amplifying subjective distress and arousal, and recruiting the canonical threat-anticipation network. Abstinence increased smoking urges and withdrawal symptoms, and potentiated threat-evoked distress, but had negligible consequences for EAc threat reactivity, raising questions about the translational relevance of prominent animal and human models of addiction. These observations provide a framework for conceptualizing nicotine abstinence and withdrawal, with implications for basic, translational, and clinical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Cho Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claire M. Kaplan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samiha Islam
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Allegra S. Anderson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Megan E. Piper
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Bradford
- School of Psychological Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - John J. Curtin
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. DeYoung
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason F. Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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Herman RJ, Hayes MR, Audrain-McGovern J, Ashare RL, Schmidt HD. Liraglutide attenuates nicotine self-administration as well as nicotine seeking and hyperphagia during withdrawal in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1373-1386. [PMID: 37129617 PMCID: PMC11088902 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nicotine cessation is associated with increased consumption of highly palatable foods and body weight gain in most smokers. Concerns about body weight gain are a major barrier to maintaining long-term smoking abstinence, and current treatments for nicotine use disorder (NUD) delay, but do not prevent, body weight gain during abstinence. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists reduce food intake and are FDA-approved for treating obesity. However, the effects of GLP-1R agonist monotherapy on nicotine seeking and withdrawal-induced hyperphagia are unknown. OBJECTIVES We screened the efficacy of the long-lasting GLP-1R agonist liraglutide to reduce nicotine-mediated behaviors including voluntary nicotine taking, as well as nicotine seeking and hyperphagia during withdrawal. METHODS Male and female rats self-administered intravenous nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/inf) for ~21 days. Daily liraglutide administration (25 μg/kg, i.p.) started on the last self-administration day and continued throughout the extinction and reinstatement phases of the experiment. Once nicotine taking was extinguished, the reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior was assessed after an acute priming injection of nicotine (0.2 mg/kg, s.c.) and re-exposure to conditioned light cues. Using a novel model of nicotine withdrawal-induced hyperphagia, intake of a high fat diet (HFD) was measured during home cage abstinence in male and female rats with a history of nicotine self-administration. RESULTS Liraglutide attenuated nicotine self-administration and reinstatement in male and female rats. Repeated liraglutide attenuated withdrawal-induced hyperphagia and body weight gain in male and female rats at a dose that was not associated with malaise-like effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings support further studies investigating the translational potential of GLP-1R agonists to treat NUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Herman
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, TRL Room 2215, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Audrain-McGovern
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, TRL Room 2215, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - R L Ashare
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - H D Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, TRL Room 2215, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, TRL Room 2215, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Perkins KA. The 2022 Ferno Award Address: CrEATE, an Efficient Crossover Evaluation of Addiction Treatment Efficacy. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:77-85. [PMID: 35671343 PMCID: PMC9717395 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dozens of drugs have been evaluated in recent decades for initial evidence of efficacy to aid smoking cessation (i.e. "early Phase 2" testing, according to U.S. FDA terminology), with the vast majority failing to show efficacy. Even small randomized clinical trials (RCTs), the most common early Phase 2 tests, are costly undertakings, made more unappealing by their high likelihood of failure. At the same time, another early Phase 2 approach, acute tests of drug effects on surrogate endpoints such as withdrawal or craving severity, are more practical but have little predictive clinical validity. Described here is an innovative procedure that optimally combines the validity of clinical trials with the practical advantages of surrogate endpoint studies to more efficiently determine whether or not a novel drug warrants continued clinical development. This CrEATE procedure, or Crossover Evaluation of Addiction Treatment Efficacy, does so by assessing short-term quit success in smokers highly motivated to quit when briefly treated with active drug versus placebo in a crossover design, so that quit efficacy from both conditions is compared within participants. The program to develop and evaluate CrEATE demonstrates its sensitivity to efficacy from all three FDA-approved first-line cessation medications (NRT, varenicline, bupropion), tested here as model drugs, as well as specificity in identifying lack of efficacy with a drug known to be ineffective for cessation (modafinil). CrEATE has subsequently been used to evaluate a few novel interventions, concluding they lack efficacy in increasing quit success. Future directions for the potential utility of CrEATE are provided. Implications: The ability of CrEATE to reach a Go/No Go decision more quickly and with far less cost lowers the risk of failure, meaning widespread use of the procedure should encourage the evaluation of more novel candidate drugs. With its greater efficiency, failed tests, unfortunately the most likely outcome in early Phase 2 studies, will cause less waste of resources. At the same time, CrEATE tests that indicate a novel treatment has efficacy will justify the substantial time and expense of moving forward to evaluate the drug in late Phase 2 RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania PA 15213, USA
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11
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Perkins KA. Acute nicotine reinforcement requires ability to discriminate the stimulus effects of nicotine. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:253-268. [PMID: 33119384 PMCID: PMC8406437 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review of research on behavioral discrimination of nicotine and how it informs public health policy for reducing risk of tobacco dependence is adapted from Kenneth A. Perkins's American Psychological Association Division 28 (Psychopharmacology and Substance Abuse) 2020 Med Associates Brady/Schuster Award Lecture. The author's initial programmatic clinical research on nicotine is introduced, especially efforts to develop and validate a novel method of acute nicotine dosing. After the public health rationale for characterizing the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in humans are described, details from two separate programs of research on nicotine discrimination in humans are presented. The first, conducted with nicotine dosing by nasal spray, documented that humans could discriminate nicotine administered rapidly, examined nicotine's neuropharmacological specificity, identified discrimination threshold dose in smokers and nonsmokers, and explored other conditions that might alter ability to discriminate its effects. The second, more recent program focused on threshold doses for discrimination of nicotine by cigarette smoking, a program that was very difficult to do until the past decade, and how nicotine's self-reported "reward" and preference via choice behavior relate to its discriminability. Differences due to menthol and degree of tobacco dependence were also examined. For each of these two programs, the main findings of selected studies are noted, followed by very recent work on nicotine discrimination and choice that informs Food and Drug Administration's efforts to formulate public policy to improve health and reduce the nearly half million American deaths per year due to persistent tobacco use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Wills L, Ables JL, Braunscheidel KM, Caligiuri SPB, Elayouby KS, Fillinger C, Ishikawa M, Moen JK, Kenny PJ. Neurobiological Mechanisms of Nicotine Reward and Aversion. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:271-310. [PMID: 35017179 PMCID: PMC11060337 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the rewarding actions of nicotine contained in tobacco that establish and maintain the smoking habit. nAChRs also regulate the aversive properties of nicotine, sensitivity to which decreases tobacco use and protects against tobacco use disorder. These opposing behavioral actions of nicotine reflect nAChR expression in brain reward and aversion circuits. nAChRs containing α4 and β2 subunits are responsible for the high-affinity nicotine binding sites in the brain and are densely expressed by reward-relevant neurons, most notably dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. High-affinity nAChRs can incorporate additional subunits, including β3, α6, or α5 subunits, with the resulting nAChR subtypes playing discrete and dissociable roles in the stimulatory actions of nicotine on brain dopamine transmission. nAChRs in brain dopamine circuits also participate in aversive reactions to nicotine and the negative affective state experienced during nicotine withdrawal. nAChRs containing α3 and β4 subunits are responsible for the low-affinity nicotine binding sites in the brain and are enriched in brain sites involved in aversion, including the medial habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract, brain sites in which α5 nAChR subunits are also expressed. These aversion-related brain sites regulate nicotine avoidance behaviors, and genetic variation that modifies the function of nAChRs in these sites increases vulnerability to tobacco dependence and smoking-related diseases. Here, we review the molecular, cellular, and circuit-level mechanisms through which nicotine elicits reward and aversion and the adaptations in these processes that drive the development of nicotine dependence. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Tobacco use disorder in the form of habitual cigarette smoking or regular use of other tobacco-related products is a major cause of death and disease worldwide. This article reviews the actions of nicotine in the brain that contribute to tobacco use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Wills
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Jessica L Ables
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Kevin M Braunscheidel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Stephanie P B Caligiuri
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Karim S Elayouby
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Clementine Fillinger
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Masago Ishikawa
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Janna K Moen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
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Ponzoni L, Melzi G, Marabini L, Martini A, Petrillo G, Teh MT, Torres-Perez JV, Morara S, Gotti C, Braida D, Brennan CH, Sala M. Conservation of mechanisms regulating emotional-like responses on spontaneous nicotine withdrawal in zebrafish and mammals. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110334. [PMID: 33905756 PMCID: PMC8380689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine withdrawal syndrome is a major clinical problem. Animal models with sufficient predictive validity to support translation of pre-clinical findings to clinical research are lacking. AIMS We evaluated the behavioural and neurochemical alterations in zebrafish induced by short- and long-term nicotine withdrawal. METHODS Zebrafish were exposed to 1 mg/L nicotine for 2 weeks. Dependence was determined using behavioural analysis following mecamylamine-induced withdrawal, and brain nicotinic receptor binding studies. Separate groups of nicotine-exposed and control fish were assessed for anxiety-like behaviours, anhedonia and memory deficits following 2-60 days spontaneous withdrawal. Gene expression analysis using whole brain samples from nicotine-treated and control fish was performed at 7 and 60 days after the last drug exposure. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in pretectum was also analysed. RESULTS Mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal nicotine-exposed fish showed increased anxiety-like behaviour as evidenced by increased freezing and decreased exploration. 3H-Epibatidine labeled heteromeric nicotinic acethylcholine receptors (nAChR) significantly increased after 2 weeks of nicotine exposure while 125I-αBungarotoxin labeled homomeric nAChR remained unchanged. Spontaneous nicotine withdrawal elicited anxiety-like behaviour (increased bottom dwelling), reduced motivation in terms of no preference for the enriched side in a place preference test starting from Day 7 after withdrawal and a progressive decrease of memory attention (lowering discrimination index). Behavioural differences were associated with brain gene expression changes: nicotine withdrawn animals showed decreased expression of chrna 4 and chrna7 after 60 days, and of htr2a from 7 to 60 days.The expression of c-Fos was significantly increased at 7 days. Finally, Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity increased in dorsal parvocellular pretectal nucleus, but not in periventricular nucleus of posterior tuberculum nor in optic tectum, at 60 days after withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that nicotine withdrawal induced anxiety-like behaviour, cognitive alterations, gene expression changes and increase in pretectal TH expression, similar to those observed in humans and rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Melzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Marabini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, England, UK
| | - Jose V Torres-Perez
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Daniela Braida
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine
| | - Caroline H Brennan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Lydon-Staley D, MacLean R, Falk E, Bassett D, Wilson S. The feasibility of an in-scanner smoking lapse paradigm to examine the neural correlates of lapses. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13001. [PMID: 33508880 PMCID: PMC8225575 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quitting smoking is notoriously difficult. Models of nicotine dependence posit that strength of cognitive control contributes to maintaining smoking abstinence during smoking cessation attempts. We examine the role for large-scale functional brain systems associated with cognitive control in smoking lapse using a novel adaption of a well-validated behavioral paradigm. We use data from 17 daily smokers (five females) after 12 h of smoking abstinence. Participants completed up to 10 sequential 5-min functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) runs, within a single scanning session. After each run, participants decided whether to stay in the scanner in order to earn additional money or to terminate the session in order to smoke a cigarette (i.e., lapse) and forego additional monetary reward. Cox regression results indicate that decreased segregation of the default mode system from the frontoparietal system undermines the ability to resist smoking. This study demonstrates the feasibility of modifying an established behavioral model of smoking lapse behavior for use in the neuro imaging environment, and it provides initial evidence that this approach yields valuable information regarding fine-grained, time-varying changes in patterns of neural activity in the moments leading up to a decision to smoke. Specifically, results lend support to the hypothesis that the time-varying interplay between large-scale functional brain systems associated with cognitive control is implicated in smoking lapse behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.M. Lydon-Staley
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - R.R. MacLean
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - E.B. Falk
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Wharton Marketing Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - D.S. Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- The Santa Fe Institute, Sante Fe, NM
| | - S.J. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Higgins GA, Sellers EM. 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptors as potential targets for the treatment of nicotine use and dependence. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 259:229-263. [PMID: 33541678 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine use and dependence, typically achieved through cigarette smoking, but increasingly through vape products, is the leading cause of preventable death today. Despite a recognition that many current smokers would like to quit, the success rate at doing so is low and indicative of the persistent nature of nicotine dependence and the high urge to relapse. There are currently three main forms of pharmacotherapy approved as aids to treat nicotine dependence: a variety of nicotine replacement products (NRT's), the mixed NA/DA reuptake inhibitor bupropion (Zyban®), and the preferential nicotinic α4β2 receptor agonist drug, varenicline (Chantix®); the latter being generally recognized to be the most effective. However, each of these approaches afford only limited efficacy, and various other pharmacological approaches are being explored. This chapter focusses on approaches targeted to the serotonin (5-HT) system, namely, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) which served a pioneer role in the investigation of serotoninergic modulators in human smoking cessation trials; and secondly drugs selectively interacting with the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor systems. From an efficacy perspective, measured as smoking abstinence, the 5-HT2A agonist psychedelics, namely psilocybin, seem to show the most promise; although as the article highlights, these findings are both preliminary and there are significant challenges to the route to approval, and therapeutic use of this class should they reach approval status. Additional avenues include 5-HT2C receptor agonists, which until recently was pioneered by lorcaserin, and 5-HT2A receptor antagonists represented by pimavanserin. Each of these approaches has distinct profiles across preclinical tests of nicotine dependence, and may have therapeutic potential. It is anticipated as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers emerge, they may provide opportunities for subject stratification and opportunities for personalizing smoking cessation treatment. The clinical assessment of SSRI, 5-HT2A and/or 5-HT2C receptor-based treatments may be best served by this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Higgins
- Intervivo Solutions Inc, Fergus, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Edward M Sellers
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; DL Global Partners Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
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Shoaib M, Perkins KA. Preclinical and clinical research on the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108063. [PMID: 32220607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Across species, nicotine can produce robust discriminative stimulus (DS) effects, as with other drugs of abuse, a feature that has been harnessed to advance our understanding on the neuropharmacological mechanisms of nicotine's actions. With the crucial role played by nicotine in supporting tobacco dependence, nicotine DS effects have presented an ideal platform to develop novel generation of smoking cessation compounds. Findings from preclinical strands of research have invigorated the field of human discrimination research to objectively assess nicotine's interoceptive stimulus effects. As such, translation studies provide proof of concept for nicotine DS research as a method to assess the subjective effects of nicotine per se, separate from non-nicotine stimuli involved in smoking. Recent clinical studies with low doses have demonstrated that perceiving nicotine's DS effects is necessary, yet not sufficient, for that dose to be reinforcing. These measures have been instrumental in developing novel strategies with regards to establishing threshold doses of nicotine contained in tobacco products, to then determine subthreshold doses that cannot be discriminated and, therefore, fail to maintain reinforcement. Findings from preclinical and clinical nicotine DS research could substantially inform public health policies aimed at regulating nicotine content of consumer products so that they minimize risks of dependency. This article is part of the special issue on 'Contemporary Advances in Nicotine Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shoaib
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Kenneth A Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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12-h abstinence-induced functional connectivity density changes and craving in young smokers: a resting-state study. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 13:953-962. [PMID: 29926324 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Studying the neural correlates of craving to smoke is of great importance to improve treatment outcomes in smoking addiction. According to previous studies, the critical roles of striatum and frontal brain regions had been revealed in addiction. However, few studies focused on the hub of brain regions in the 12 h abstinence induced craving in young smokers. Thirty-one young male smokers were enrolled in the present study. A within-subject experiment design was carried out to compare functional connectivity density between 12-h smoking abstinence and smoking satiety conditions during resting state in young adult smokers by using functional connectivity density mapping (FCDM). Then, the functional connectivity density changes during smoking abstinence versus satiety were further used to examine correlations with abstinence-induced changes in subjective craving. We found young adult smokers in abstinence state (vs satiety) had higher local functional connectivity density (lFCD) and global functional connectivity density (gFCD) in brain regions including striatal subregions (i.e., bilateral caudate and putamen), frontal regions (i.e., anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and orbital frontal cortex (OFC)) and bilateral insula. We also found higher lFCD during smoking abstinence (vs satiety) in bilateral thalamus. Additionally, the lFCD changes of the left ACC, bilateral caudate and right OFC were positively correlated with the changes in craving induced by abstinence (i.e., abstinence minus satiety) in young adult smokers. The present findings improve the understanding of the effects of acute smoking abstinence on the hubs of brain gray matter in the abstinence-induces craving and may contribute new insights into the neural mechanism of abstinence-induced craving in young smokers in smoking addiction.
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Grabski M, Curran HV, Nutt DJ, Husbands SM, Ferguson SG, Munafò MR. The development and validation of a human screening model of tobacco abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107720. [PMID: 31790979 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the low efficacy of smoking cessation methods, an experimental medicine model indicating smoking abstinence would be of great benefit to the development of new treatments. Hence the sensitivity of cognitive tasks and ambulatory craving measures to smoking abstinence were investigated. METHODS Cognitive tasks and ambulatory ratings of craving were assessed for sensitivity to acute abstinence (experiment 1), and nicotine replacement therapy administration (NRT) (experiment 2). RESULTS In experiment 1 go/no-go performance was improved (Mean Difference [MD] -0.99, 95% CI: -1.90 to -0.08) and craving was lower (Regression Coefficient [RC] -33.39, 95% CI: -39.96 to -26.82) in satiated compared with abstinent smokers. There was no clear evidence that N-back (MD 0.64, 95% CI: -0.42 to 2.51), delay discounting (MD 0.01, 95% CI: 0.001 to 0.005) or dot probe performance (MD 0.61, 95% CI: -0.87 to 1.54) were sensitive to acute abstinence. In experiment 2 go/no-go performance was improved (MD 1.12, 95% CI: 0.16-2.08) and craving was lower (RC -18.59, 95% CI: -24.63 to -12.55) smokers abstinent overnight receiving NRT compared with placebo. There was no clear evidence that N-back (MD -0.25, 95% CI: -1.45 to 0.94), delay discounting (MD 0.01, 95% CI: -0.002 to 0.004) or dot probe performance (MD -0.49, 95% CI: -1.61 to -0.64) were sensitive to NRT. CONCLUSIONS Findings from two experiments converge to suggest that abstinence in smokers reliably increases ambulatory craving assessments and, to a lesser extent, decreases go/no-go task performance. These findings can be utilized in the development of an experimental medicine model to test novel treatments for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Grabski
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Bristol, UK; Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK.
| | - H Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - David J Nutt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Stuart G Ferguson
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Bristol, UK
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Laikowski MM, Reisdorfer F, Moura S. NAChR α4β2 Subtype and their Relation with Nicotine Addiction, Cognition, Depression and Hyperactivity Disorder. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3792-3811. [PMID: 29637850 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180410105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal α4β2 nAChRs are receptors involved in the role of neurotransmitters regulation and release, and this ionic channel participates in biological process of memory, learning and attention. This work aims to review the structure and functioning of the α4β2 nAChR emphasizing its role in the treatment of associated diseases like nicotine addiction and underlying pathologies such as cognition, depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. METHODS The authors realized extensive bibliographic research using the descriptors "Nicotine Receptor α4β2" and "cognition", "depression", "attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder", besides cross-references of the selected articles and after analysis of references in the specific literature. RESULTS As results, it was that found 179 relevant articles presenting the main molecules with affinity to nAChR α4β2 related to the cited diseases. The α4β2 nAChR subtype is a remarkable therapeutic target since this is the most abundant receptor in the central nervous system. CONCLUSION In summary, this review presents perspectives on the pharmacology and therapeutic targeting of α4β2 nAChRs for the treatment of cognition and diseases like nicotine dependence, depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela M Laikowski
- Laboratory of Natural and Synthetics Products, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fávero Reisdorfer
- Laboratory of Drug Development and Quality Control, University Federal of Pampa, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Moura
- Laboratory of Natural and Synthetics Products, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
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Garcia‐Rivas V, Deroche‐Gamonet V. Not all smokers appear to seek nicotine for the same reasons: implications for preclinical research in nicotine dependence. Addict Biol 2019; 24:317-334. [PMID: 29480575 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use leads to 6 million deaths every year due to severe long-lasting diseases. The main component of tobacco, nicotine, is recognized as one of the most addictive drugs, making smoking cessation difficult, even when 70 percent of smokers wish to do so. Clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated consistently that nicotine seeking is a complex behavior involving various psychopharmacological mechanisms. Evidence supports that the population of smokers is heterogeneous, particularly as regards the breadth of motives that determine the urge to smoke. Here, we review converging psychological, genetic and neurobiological data from clinical and preclinical studies supporting that the mechanisms controlling nicotine seeking may vary from individual to individual. It appears timely that basic neuroscience integrates this heterogeneity to refine our understanding of the neurobiology of nicotine seeking, as tremendous progress has been made in modeling the various psychopharmacological mechanisms driving nicotine seeking in rodents. For a better understanding of the mechanisms that drive nicotine seeking, we emphasize the need for individual-based research strategies in which nicotine seeking, and eventually treatment efficacy, are determined while taking into account individual variations in the mechanisms of nicotine seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon Garcia‐Rivas
- Université de Bordeaux France
- INSERM U1215, Psychobiology of Drug AddictionNeuroCentre Magendie France
| | - Véronique Deroche‐Gamonet
- Université de Bordeaux France
- INSERM U1215, Psychobiology of Drug AddictionNeuroCentre Magendie France
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Schmidt HD, Rupprecht LE, Addy NA. Neurobiological and Neurophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Nicotine Seeking and Smoking Relapse. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2019; 4:169-189. [PMID: 30815453 PMCID: PMC6388439 DOI: 10.1159/000494799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco-related morbidity and mortality continue to be a significant public health concern. Unfortunately, current FDA-approved smoking cessation pharmacotherapies have limited efficacy and are associated with high rates of relapse. Therefore, a better understanding of the neurobiological and neurophysiological mechanisms that promote smoking relapse is needed to develop novel smoking cessation medications. Here, we review preclinical studies focused on identifying the neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems that mediate nicotine relapse, often modeled in laboratory animals using the reinstatement paradigm, as well as the plasticity-dependent neurophysiological mechanisms that facilitate nicotine reinstatement. Particular emphasis is placed on how these neuroadaptations relate to smoking relapse in humans. We also highlight a number of important gaps in our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying nicotine reinstatement and critical future directions, which may lead toward the development of novel, target pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath D. Schmidt
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura E. Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nii A. Addy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Hefner KR, Starr MJ, Curtin JJ. Heavy marijuana use but not deprivation is associated with increased stressor reactivity. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 127:348-358. [PMID: 29745700 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although stressors appear to motivate marijuana use, and marijuana use, in turn, is believed to induce stress system neuroadaptations, relatively little empirical work has explicitly tested for stress neuroadaptations associated with heavy marijuana use. We examined stressor reactivity to threat of unpredictable electric shock via startle potentiation among heavy marijuana users and a control group that reported minimal history of marijuana use. Heavy marijuana users were randomly assigned to 3 days of marijuana deprivation or no deprivation. This design allowed us to test contrasts for heavy (vs. minimal) use and deprivation (vs. no deprivation) on stressor reactivity. Heavy marijuana users (both deprived and nondeprived) displayed increased startle potentiation during threat of unpredictable electric shock relative to minimal use controls. In contrast, marijuana deprivation had no effect on startle potentiation. Startle potentiation was also increased among users who reported greater stress-coping motives for their marijuana use and users with cannabis use disorder diagnoses. To our knowledge, this is the 1st study to demonstrate increased reactivity to unpredictable stressors among heavy marijuana users. However, comparable increased unpredictable stressor reactivity among patients with alcohol and other substance use disorders has been previously documented. This relationship to heavy marijuana use is consistent with predictions from rodent addiction models regarding stress neuroadaptations following heavy, chronic drug use but could also represent an etiologically relevant premorbid risk characteristic. Finally, the clinical import of unpredictable stressor reactivity is reinforced by its relationships with stress-coping motives and cannabis use disorder status. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark J Starr
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - John J Curtin
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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23
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LeSage MG, Smethells JR, Harris AC. Status and Future Directions of Preclinical Behavioral Pharmacology in Tobacco Regulatory Science. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 18:252-274. [PMID: 30214916 DOI: 10.1037/bar0000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral pharmacology is a branch of the experimental analysis of behavior that has had great influence in drug addiction research and policy. This paper provides an overview of recent behavioral pharmacology research in the field of tobacco regulatory science, which provides the scientific foundation for the Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products (FDA CTP) to set tobacco control policies. The rationale and aims of tobacco regulatory science are provided, including the types of preclinical operant behavioral models it deems important for assessing the abuse liability of tobacco products and their constituents. We then review literature relevant to key regulatory actions being considered by the FDA CTP, including regulations over nicotine and menthol content of cigarettes, and conclude with suggesting some directions for future research. The current era of tobacco regulatory science provides great opportunities for behavioral pharmacologists to address the leading cause of preventable death and disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G LeSage
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation
- Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | - John R Smethells
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation
- Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota
| | - Andrew C Harris
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation
- Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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Hindocha C, Freeman TP, Grabski M, Crudgington H, Davies AC, Stroud JB, Das RK, Lawn W, Morgan CJA, Curran HV. The effects of cannabidiol on impulsivity and memory during abstinence in cigarette dependent smokers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7568. [PMID: 29765102 PMCID: PMC5954148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute nicotine abstinence in cigarette smokers results in deficits in performance on specific cognitive processes, including working memory and impulsivity which are important in relapse. Cannabidiol (CBD), the non-intoxicating cannabinoid found in cannabis, has shown pro-cognitive effects and preliminary evidence has indicated it can reduce the number of cigarettes smoked in dependent smokers. However, the effects of CBD on cognition have never been tested during acute nicotine withdrawal. The present study therefore aimed to investigate if CBD can improve memory and reduce impulsivity during acute tobacco abstinence. Thirty, non-treatment seeking, dependent, cigarette smokers attended two laboratory-based sessions after overnight abstinence, in which they received either 800 mg oral CBD or placebo (PBO), in a randomised order. Abstinence was biologically verified. Participants were assessed on go/no-go, delay discounting, prose recall and N-back (0-back, 1-back, 2-back) tasks. The effects of CBD on delay discounting, prose recall and the N-back (correct responses, maintenance or manipulation) were null, confirmed by a Bayesian analysis, which found evidence for the null hypothesis. Contrary to our predictions, CBD increased commission errors on the go/no-go task. In conclusion, a single 800 mg dose of CBD does not improve verbal or spatial working memory, or impulsivity during tobacco abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hindocha
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, WC1E 7HB, London, United Kingdom.
| | - T P Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, WC1E 7HB, London, United Kingdom.,National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - M Grabski
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, WC1E 7HB, London, United Kingdom.,School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, BS81TU, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - H Crudgington
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, WC1E 7HB, London, United Kingdom
| | - A C Davies
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, WC1E 7HB, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - R K Das
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, WC1E 7HB, London, United Kingdom
| | - W Lawn
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, WC1E 7HB, London, United Kingdom
| | - C J A Morgan
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, WC1E 7HB, London, United Kingdom.,Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - H V Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, WC1E 7HB, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Perkins KA, Roy Chengappa KN, Karelitz JL, Boldry MC, Michael V, Herb T, Gannon J, Brar J, Ford L, Rassnick S, Brunzell DH. Initial Cross-Over Test of A Positive Allosteric Modulator of Alpha-7 Nicotinic Receptors to Aid Cessation in Smokers With Or Without Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1334-1342. [PMID: 29185480 PMCID: PMC5916362 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical research shows that compounds acting at α7 nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) can reduce nicotine self-administration, suggesting that a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of α7 receptors, JNJ-39393406, may aid smoking cessation. Moreover, individuals with schizophrenia, who have very high rates of smoking, have reduced expression of α7 nAChRs and may particularly benefit from this compound. In two parallel studies using a within-subject cross-over design, 36 healthy smokers (Study 1) and 62 smokers with schizophrenia (Study 2), both groups high in quit interest, attempted to initiate quitting temporarily during each of two 3-week phases. Treatments were the α7 nicotinic receptor PAM JNJ-39393406 (100 mg b.i.d.) or placebo (double-blind, counter-balanced). In each phase, all smoked ad lib with no drug on week 1 or during dose run-up on week 2, and then tried to quit every day during week 3. Abstinence (confirmed by CO <5 p.p.m.) and smoking reduction (CO <8), as well as cigarettes/day (in Study 1), were assessed daily (Monday-Friday) each quit week and compared between conditions. Secondary outcomes included abstinence symptoms (withdrawal and craving) and cognitive test responding (N-back; continuous performance task). In both studies, compared with placebo, active JNJ-39393406 did not increase the number of abstinent days nor reduce total smoking exposure. We also found no significant improvements in craving, withdrawal, or cognitive function. With this dose and study duration, our findings do not support further testing of this α7 nAChR PAM compound for possible efficacy in smoking cessation, in smokers with or without schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, WPIC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, WPIC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Tel: +1 412 246 5395, Fax: +1 412 246 5390, E-mail:
| | - K N Roy Chengappa
- Department of Psychiatry, WPIC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Joshua L Karelitz
- Department of Psychiatry, WPIC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Margaret C Boldry
- Department of Psychiatry, WPIC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Valerie Michael
- Department of Psychiatry, WPIC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Taylor Herb
- Department of Psychiatry, WPIC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Jessica Gannon
- Department of Psychiatry, WPIC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Jaspreet Brar
- Department of Psychiatry, WPIC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Lisa Ford
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Titusville NJ, USA
| | - Stefanie Rassnick
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Titusville NJ, USA
| | - Darlene H Brunzell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond VA, USA
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Hindocha C, Freeman TP, Grabski M, Stroud JB, Crudgington H, Davies AC, Das RK, Lawn W, Morgan CJA, Curran HV. Cannabidiol reverses attentional bias to cigarette cues in a human experimental model of tobacco withdrawal. Addiction 2018; 113:1696-1705. [PMID: 29714034 PMCID: PMC6099309 DOI: 10.1111/add.14243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating cannabinoid found in cannabis, may be a promising novel smoking cessation treatment due to its anxiolytic properties, minimal side effects and research showing that it may modify drug cue salience. We used an experimental medicine approach with dependent cigarette smokers to investigate if (1) overnight nicotine abstinence, compared with satiety, will produce greater attentional bias (AB), higher pleasantness ratings of cigarette-related stimuli and increased craving and withdrawal; and (2) CBD in comparison to placebo, would attenuate AB, pleasantness of cigarette-related stimuli, craving and withdrawal and not produce any side effects. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind cross-over study with a fixed satiated session followed by two overnight abstinent sessions. SETTING UK laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Thirty non-treatment-seeking, dependent cigarette smokers recruited from the community. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR 800 mg oral CBD, or matched placebo (PBO) in a counterbalanced order MEASUREMENTS: AB to pictorial tobacco cues was recorded using a visual probe task and an explicit rating task. Withdrawal, craving, side effects, heart rate and blood pressure were assessed repeatedly. FINDINGS When participants received PBO, tobacco abstinence increased AB (P = 0.001, d = 0.789) compared with satiety. However, CBD reversed this effect, such that automatic AB was directed away from cigarette cues (P = 0.007, d = 0.704) and no longer differed from satiety (P = 0.82). Compared with PBO, CBD also reduced explicit pleasantness of cigarette images (P = 0.011; d = 0.514). Craving (Bayes factor = 7.08) and withdrawal (Bayes factor = 6.95) were unaffected by CBD, but greater in abstinence compared with satiety. Systolic blood pressure decreased under CBD during abstinence. CONCLUSIONS A single 800-mg oral dose of cannabidiol reduced the salience and pleasantness of cigarette cues, compared with placebo, after overnight cigarette abstinence in dependent smokers. Cannabidiol did not influence tobacco craving or withdrawal or any subjectively rated side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Hindocha
- Clinical Psychopharmacology UnitUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tom P. Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology UnitUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of PsychiatryPsychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Meryem Grabski
- Clinical Psychopharmacology UnitUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jack B. Stroud
- Clinical Psychopharmacology UnitUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Alan C. Davies
- Clinical Psychopharmacology UnitUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ravi K. Das
- Clinical Psychopharmacology UnitUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - William Lawn
- Clinical Psychopharmacology UnitUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Celia J. A. Morgan
- Clinical Psychopharmacology UnitUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research CentreUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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Shoaib M, Buhidma Y. Why are Antidepressant Drugs Effective Smoking Cessation Aids? Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:426-437. [PMID: 28925882 PMCID: PMC6018185 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170915142122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Before the advent of varenicline, antidepressant drugs were reported to exhibit better clinical efficacy than nicotine replacement therapy as smoking cessation aids. The most studied is bupropion, a clinically-effective antidepressant, the first to be marketed throughout Europe for smoking cessation. Since depression and tobacco smoking have a high incidence of cooccurrence, this would implicate an underlying link between these two conditions. If this correlation can be confirmed, then by treating one condition the related state would also be treated. OBJECTIVES This review article will evaluate the various theories relating to the use of antidepressant drugs as smoking cessation aids and the underlying mechanisms link tobacco smoking and depression to explain the action of antidepressants in smoking cessation. One plausible theory of self-medication which proposes that people take nicotine to treat their own depressive symptoms and the affective withdrawal symptoms seen with abstinence from the drug. If the depression can instead be treated with antidepressants, then they may stop smoking altogether. Another theory is that the neurobiological pathways underlying smoking and depression may be similar. By targeting the pathways of depression in the brain, antidepressants would also treat the pathways affected by smoking and ease nicotine cravings and withdrawal. The role of genetic variation predisposing an individual to depression and initiation of tobacco smoking has also been discussed as a potential link between the two conditions. Such variation could either occur within the neurobiological pathways involved in both disorders or it could lead to an individual being depressed and selfmedicating with nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shoaib
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Yazead Buhidma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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Kaye JT, Bradford DE, Magruder KP, Curtin JJ. Probing for Neuroadaptations to Unpredictable Stressors in Addiction: Translational Methods and Emerging Evidence. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 78:353-371. [PMID: 28499100 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2017.78.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressors clearly contribute to addiction etiology and relapse in humans, but our understanding of specific mechanisms remains limited. Rodent models of addiction offer the power, flexibility, and precision necessary to delineate the causal role and specific mechanisms through which stressors influence alcohol and other drug use. This review describes a program of research using startle potentiation to unpredictable stressors that is well positioned to translate between animal models and clinical research with humans on stress neuroadaptations in addiction. This research rests on a solid foundation provided by three separate pillars of evidence from (a) rodent behavioral neuroscience on stress neuroadaptations in addiction, (b) rodent affective neuroscience on startle potentiation, and (c) human addiction and affective science with startle potentiation. Rodent stress neuroadaptation models implicate adaptations in corticotropin-releasing factor and norepinephrine circuits within the central extended amygdala following chronic alcohol and other drug use that mediate anxious behaviors and stress-induced reinstatement among drug-dependent rodents. Basic affective neuroscience indicates that these same neural mechanisms are involved in startle potentiation to unpredictable stressors in particular (vs. predictable stressors). We believe that synthesis of these evidence bases should focus us on the role of unpredictable stressors in addiction etiology and relapse. Startle potentiation in unpredictable stressor tasks is proposed to provide an attractive and flexible test bed to encourage tight translation and reverse translation between animal models and human clinical research on stress neuroadaptations. Experimental therapeutics approaches focused on unpredictable stressors hold high promise to identify, repurpose, or refine pharmacological and psychosocial interventions for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse T Kaye
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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29
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Attenuation of nicotine taking and seeking in rats by the stoichiometry-selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric modulator NS9283. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:475-484. [PMID: 27844094 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The rewarding and reinforcing effects of nicotine are produced, in large part, by activation of neuronal α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), pentameric protein complexes comprised of different stoichiometries of α4 and β2 subunits. However, little is known about the functional role of distinct subtypes of α4β2* nAChRs in nicotine addiction. OBJECTIVES NS9283 represents a new class of stoichiometry-selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) that selectively bind to α4β2 nAChRs containing three α4 and two β2 subunits (3(α4)2(β2) nAChRs). The present experiments were designed to determine the effects of NS9283 on nicotine self-administration and the reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior, an animal model of smoking relapse. Parallel studies of sucrose self-administration and reinstatement were conducted in separate cohorts of rats to determine if the effects of NS9283 generalized to other reinforced behaviors. RESULTS Acute and repeated administration of NS9283 dose-dependently reduced nicotine self-administration and reinstatement in male Sprague Dawley rats. These effects were reinforcer specific as no effects of NS9283 on sucrose self-administration and reinstatement were noted. NS9283 also failed to substitute for nicotine in supporting self-administration behavior suggesting that, at the doses tested, NS9283 alone is not reinforcing. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results provide compelling evidence that stoichiometry-selective PAMs of 3(α4)2(β2) nAChRs attenuate nicotine taking and seeking in rats and suggest that targeting 3(α4)2(β2) nAChRs may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing smoking relapse.
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30
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Gueye AB, Pryslawsky Y, Trigo JM, Poulia N, Delis F, Antoniou K, Loureiro M, Laviolette SR, Vemuri K, Makriyannis A, Le Foll B. The CB1 Neutral Antagonist AM4113 Retains the Therapeutic Efficacy of the Inverse Agonist Rimonabant for Nicotine Dependence and Weight Loss with Better Psychiatric Tolerability. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw068. [PMID: 27493155 PMCID: PMC5203757 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies suggest a pivotal role of the endocannabinoid system in regulating the reinforcing effects of various substances of abuse. Rimonabant, a CB1 inverse agonist found to be effective for smoking cessation, was associated with an increased risk of anxiety and depression. Here we evaluated the effects of the CB1 neutral antagonist AM4113 on the abuse-related effects of nicotine and its effects on anxiety and depressive-like behavior in rats. METHODS Rats were trained to self-administer nicotine under a fixed-ratio 5 or progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement. A control group was trained to self-administer food. The acute/chronic effects of AM4113 pretreatment were evaluated on nicotine taking, motivation for nicotine, and cue-, nicotine priming- and yohimbine-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking. The effects of AM4113 in the basal firing and bursting activity of midbrain dopamine neurons were evaluated in a separate group of animals treated with nicotine. Anxiety/depression-like effects of AM4113 and rimonabant were evaluated 24h after chronic (21 days) pretreatment (0, 1, 3, and 10mg/kg, 1/d). RESULTS AM4113 significantly attenuated nicotine taking, motivation for nicotine, as well as cue-, priming- and stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior. These effects were accompanied by a decrease of the firing and burst rates in the ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons in response to nicotine. On the other hand, AM4113 pretreatment did not have effects on operant responding for food. Importantly, AM4113 did not have effects on anxiety and showed antidepressant-like effects. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that AM4113 could be a promising therapeutic option for the prevention of relapse to nicotine-seeking while lacking anxiety/depression-like side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory (Dr Gueye, Mr Pryslawsky, Dr Trigo, and Dr Le Foll), Alcohol Research and Treatment Clinic, Addiction Medicine Services, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments (Dr Le Foll), and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (Dr Le Foll), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (Dr Le Foll); Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (Dr Le Foll); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece (Ms Poulia and Drs Delis and Antoniou); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada (Drs Loureiro and Laviolette); Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (Drs Vemuri and Makriyannis).
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Li Y, Yuan K, Bi Y, Guan Y, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Shi S, Lu X, Yu D, Tian J. Neural correlates of 12-h abstinence-induced craving in young adult smokers: a resting-state study. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 11:677-684. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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How can we Improve on Modeling Nicotine Addiction to Develop Better Smoking Cessation Treatments? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:121-56. [PMID: 27055613 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Clinically effective smoking cessation treatments are few in number, mainly varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine replacement therapy being prescribed by health organizations. Of the many compounds tested for smoking cessation, a good proportion fail in human trials despite positive findings in rodents. This chapter aims to cover the uses and some pit falls of current methodologies employed to discover clinical treatments in the laboratory. Complicating factors include the complex nature of genetics in tobacco smoking and the comorbidity associated with other psychiatric disorders, which has not been addressed fully in the rodent laboratory. This chapter reviews the evidence from intravenous nicotine self-administration studies and proposes modifications on how we can improve the validity of the animal models by incorporating clinically relevant factors considered to be critical in tobacco smoking. For example, choice procedures that incorporate alternative reinforcers, use of reinstatement models, and second-order schedules of reinforcement are proposed to have better scientific validity that may lead to better clinical outcomes. Furthermore, improved experimental methods will also improve our chances of discovering effective treatments that ultimately may mitigate the effects of tobacco smoking with regard to health worldwide.
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Ashare RL, Kimmey BA, Rupprecht LE, Bowers ME, Hayes MR, Schmidt HD. Repeated administration of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor attenuates nicotine taking in rats and smoking behavior in human smokers. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e713. [PMID: 26784967 PMCID: PMC5068882 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death worldwide and current smoking cessation medications have limited efficacy. Thus, there is a clear need for translational research focused on identifying novel pharmacotherapies for nicotine addiction. Our previous studies demonstrated that acute administration of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) attenuates nicotine taking and seeking in rats and suggest that AChEIs could be repurposed for smoking cessation. Here, we expand upon these findings with experiments designed to determine the effects of repeated AChEI administration on voluntary nicotine taking in rats as well as smoking behavior in human smokers. Rats were trained to self-administer intravenous infusions of nicotine (0.03 mg kg(-1) per 0.59 ml) on a fixed-ratio-5 schedule of reinforcement. Once rats maintained stable nicotine taking, galantamine or donepezil was administered before 10 consecutive daily nicotine self-administration sessions. Repeated administration of 5.0 mg kg(-1) galantamine and 3.0 mg kg(-1) donepezil attenuated nicotine self-administration in rats. These effects were reinforcer-specific and not due to adverse malaise-like effects of drug treatment as repeated galantamine and donepezil administration had no effects on sucrose self-administration, ad libitum food intake and pica. The effects of repeated galantamine (versus placebo) on cigarette smoking were also tested in human treatment-seeking smokers. Two weeks of daily galantamine treatment (8.0 mg (week 1) and 16.0 mg (week 2)) significantly reduced smoking rate as well as smoking satisfaction and reward compared with placebo. This translational study indicates that repeated AChEI administration reduces nicotine reinforcement in rats and smoking behavior in humans at doses not associated with tolerance and/or adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Ashare
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B A Kimmey
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L E Rupprecht
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M E Bowers
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M R Hayes
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H D Schmidt
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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ABT-089, but not ABT-107, ameliorates nicotine withdrawal-induced cognitive deficits in C57BL6/J mice. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 26:241-8. [PMID: 25426579 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine withdrawal produces cognitive deficits that can predict relapse. Amelioration of these cognitive deficits emerges as a target in current smoking cessation therapies. In rodents, withdrawal from chronic nicotine disrupts contextual fear conditioning (CFC), whereas acute nicotine enhances this hippocampus-specific learning and memory. These modifications are mediated by β2-subunit-containing (β2*) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the hippocampus. We aimed to test ABT-089, a partial agonist of α4β2*, and ABT-107, an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, for amelioration of cognitive deficits induced by withdrawal from chronic nicotine in mice. Mice underwent chronic nicotine administration (12.6 mg/kg/day or saline for 12 days), followed by 24 h of withdrawal. At the end of withdrawal, mice received 0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg ABT-089 or 0.3 mg/kg ABT-107 (doses were determined through initial dose-response experiments and prior studies) and were trained and tested for CFC. Nicotine withdrawal produced deficits in CFC that were reversed by acute ABT-089, but not ABT-107. Cued conditioning was not affected. Taken together, our results suggest that modulation of hippocampal learning and memory using ABT-089 may be an effective component of novel therapeutic strategies for nicotine addiction.
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Heyer MP, Kenny PJ. Corticostriatal microRNAs in addiction. Brain Res 2015; 1628:2-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Mohamed TS, Jayakar SS, Hamouda AK. Orthosteric and Allosteric Ligands of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors for Smoking Cessation. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:71. [PMID: 26635524 PMCID: PMC4658446 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine addiction, the result of tobacco use, leads to over six million premature deaths world-wide per year, a number that is expected to increase by a third within the next two decades. While more than half of smokers want and attempt to quit, only a small percentage of smokers are able to quit without pharmacological interventions. Therefore, over the past decades, researchers in academia and the pharmaceutical industry have focused their attention on the development of more effective smoking cessation therapies, which is now a growing 1.9 billion dollar market. Because the role of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in nicotine addiction is well established, nAChR based therapeutics remain the leading strategy for smoking cessation. However, the development of neuronal nAChR drugs that are selective for a nAChR subpopulation is challenging, and only few neuronal nAChR drugs are clinically available. Among the many neuronal nAChR subtypes that have been identified in the brain, the α4β2 subtype is the most abundant and plays a critical role in nicotine addiction. Here, we review the role of neuronal nAChRs, especially the α4β2 subtype, in the development and treatment of nicotine addiction. We also compare available smoking cessation medications and other nAChR orthosteric and allosteric ligands that have been developed with emphasis on the difficulties faced in the development of clinically useful compounds with high nAChR subtype selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim S Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Selwyn S Jayakar
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ayman K Hamouda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center Kingsville, TX, USA ; Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center Bryan, TX, USA
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Sutherland MT, Ray KL, Riedel MC, Yanes JA, Stein EA, Laird AR. Neurobiological impact of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of pharmacologic neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:711-20. [PMID: 25662104 PMCID: PMC4494985 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists augment cognition among cigarette smokers and nonsmokers, yet the systems-level neurobiological mechanisms underlying such improvements are not fully understood. Aggregating neuroimaging results regarding nAChR agonists provides a means to identify common functional brain changes that may be related to procognitive drug effects. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of pharmacologic neuroimaging studies within the activation likelihood estimation framework. We identified published studies contrasting a nAChR drug condition versus a baseline and coded each contrast by activity change direction (decrease or increase), participant characteristics (smokers or nonsmokers), and drug manipulation employed (pharmacologic administration or cigarette smoking). RESULTS When considering all studies, nAChR agonist administration was associated with activity decreases in multiple regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), parahippocampus, insula, and the parietal and precentral cortices. Conversely, activity increases were observed in lateral frontoparietal cortices, the anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, and cuneus. Exploratory analyses indicated that both smokers and nonsmokers showed activity decreases in the vmPFC and PCC, and increases in lateral frontoparietal regions. Among smokers, both pharmacologic administration and cigarette smoking were associated with activity decreases in the vmPFC, PCC, and insula and increases in the lateral PFC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, and cuneus. CONCLUSIONS These results provide support for the systems-level perspective that nAChR agonists suppress activity in default-mode network regions and enhance activity in executive control network regions in addition to reducing activation of some task-related regions. We speculate these are potential mechanisms by which nAChR agonists enhance cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Sutherland
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL,Correspondence: Matthew T. Sutherland, Ph.D. Florida International University Department of Psychology AHC-4, RM 312 11299 S.W. 8th St Miami, FL 33199
| | - Kimberly L. Ray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Michael C. Riedel
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Julio A. Yanes
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD
| | - Angela R. Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL
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Hawk LW, Ashare RL, Rhodes JD, Oliver JA, Cummings KM, Mahoney MC. Does Extended Pre Quit Bupropion Aid in Extinguishing Smoking Behavior? Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:1377-84. [PMID: 25589680 PMCID: PMC4612343 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the mechanisms by which bupropion promotes smoking cessation may lead to more effective treatment. To the extent that reduced smoking reinforcement is one such mechanism, a longer duration of pre quit bupropion treatment should promote extinction of smoking behavior. We evaluated whether 4 weeks of pre quit bupropion (extended run-in) results in greater pre quit reductions in smoking rate and cotinine and, secondarily, greater short-term abstinence, than standard 1 week of pre quit bupropion (standard run-in). METHODS Adult smokers (n = 95; 48 females) were randomized to a standard run-in group (n = 48; 3-week placebo, then 1-week bupropion pre quit) or an extended run-in group (4-week pre quit bupropion; n = 47). Both groups received group behavioral counseling and 7 weeks of post quit bupropion. Smoking rate (and craving, withdrawal, and subjective effects) was collected daily during the pre quit period; biochemical data (cotinine and carbon monoxide) were collected at study visits. RESULTS During the pre quit period, the extended run-in group exhibited a greater decrease in smoking rate, compared to the standard run-in group, interaction p = .03. Cigarette craving and salivary cotinine followed a similar pattern, though the latter was evident only among women. Biochemically verified 4-week continuous abstinence rates were higher in the extended run-in group (53%) than the standard run-in group (31%), p = .033. CONCLUSIONS The extended use of bupropion prior to a quit attempt reduces smoking behavior during the pre quit period and improved short-term abstinence rates. The data are consistent with an extinction-of-reinforcement model and support further investigation of extended run-in bupropion therapy for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry W Hawk
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY; Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY;
| | - Rebecca L Ashare
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jessica D Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jason A Oliver
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Kenneth Michael Cummings
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Martin C Mahoney
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
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Perumal D, Pillai S, Nguyen J, Schaal C, Coppola D, Chellappan SP. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors induce c-Kit ligand/Stem Cell Factor and promote stemness in an ARRB1/ β-arrestin-1 dependent manner in NSCLC. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10486-502. [PMID: 25401222 PMCID: PMC4279388 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. β-arrestin-1 (ARRB1), a scaffolding protein involved in the desensitization of signals arising from activated G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), has been shown to play a role in invasion and proliferation of cancer cells, including nicotine-induced proliferation of human non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). In this study, we identified genes that are differentially regulated by nicotine in an ARRB1/β-arrestin-1 dependent manner in NSCLC cells by microarray analysis. Among the identified genes, SCF (Stem cell factor) strongly differentiated smokers from non-smokers in the Director's Challenge Set expression data and its high expression correlated with poor prognosis. SCF, a major cytokine is the ligand for the c-Kit proto-oncogene and was found to be over expressed in human lung adenocarcinomas, but not squamous cell carcinomas. Data presented here show that transcription factor E2F1 can induce SCF expression at the transcriptional level and depletion of E2F1 or ARRB1/β-arrestin-1 could not promote self-renewal of SP cells. These studies suggest that nicotine might be promoting NSCLC growth and metastasis by inducing the secretion of SCF, and raise the possibility that targeting signalling cascades that activate E2F1 might be an effective way to combat NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Perumal
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA. Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Smitha Pillai
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan Nguyen
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Courtney Schaal
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Srikumar P Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
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Garcia KLP, Coen K, Miksys S, Lê AD, Tyndale RF. Effect of Brain CYP2B Inhibition on Brain Nicotine Levels and Nicotine Self-Administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1910-8. [PMID: 25652250 PMCID: PMC4839514 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The CYP2B enzyme is expressed in human and rat brain, and metabolizes many CNS-acting drugs. The gene that encodes human CYP2B6 is highly polymorphic, where the variation in brain enzyme levels could result in altered brain drug levels. CYP2B can metabolize nicotine, the main psychoactive ingredient in cigarettes; if altered brain CYP2B activity can influence nicotine brain levels, it could influence nicotine-mediated behaviors. To investigate this, a mechanism-based inhibitor selective for CYP2B, C8-xanthate (20 μg), was administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV) into the brain of rats, and 22 h later, nicotine levels were measured by in vivo microdialysis following nicotine (150 μg/kg intravenous). Brain nicotine levels from 15 to 30 min and the AUC0-45 min were both twofold higher (p<0.05) with C8-xanthate vs vehicle pretreatment; there was no difference in peripheral nicotine levels. Rats were then given ICV pretreatment with C8-xanthate/ASCF and underwent intravenous nicotine self-administration with 3.75-30 μg/kg per infusion dose. C8-xanthate pretreatment increased responding in progressive ratio (15 μg/kg per infusion dose, p<0.05). In a separate cohort, C8-xanthate increased the percentage of rats that acquired self-administration (7.5 μg/kg per infusion dose, p<0.05) from 40% after vehicle pretreatment to 100%, with no difference in peripheral nicotine levels measured at the end of behavior. In a third cohort, C8-xanthate increased the number of sessions required to meet extinction criteria (p<0.05). Together these data demonstrate that the brain CYP2B activity can influence nicotine brain levels and subsequent behaviors independent of hepatic metabolism. This suggests that human smokers with variable CYP2B brain levels could have different nicotine levels and reinforcement, which might have a role in smoking behaviors and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L P Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathy Coen
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Miksys
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anh Dzung Lê
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, Tel: +1 416 978 6374, Fax: +1 416 978-6395, E-mail:
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Heckman BW, Carpenter MJ, Correa JB, Wray JM, Saladin ME, Froeliger B, Drobes DJ, Brandon TH. Effects of experimental negative affect manipulations on ad libitum smoking: a meta-analysis. Addiction 2015; 110:751-60. [PMID: 25641624 PMCID: PMC4398635 DOI: 10.1111/add.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To quantify the effect of negative affect (NA), when manipulated experimentally, upon smoking as measured within laboratory paradigms. Quantitative meta-analyses tested the effects of NA versus neutral conditions on (1) latency to smoke and (2) number of puffs taken. METHODS Twelve experimental studies tested the influence of NA induction, relative to a neutral control condition (n = 1190; range = 24-235). Those providing relevant data contributed to separate random-effects meta-analyses to examine the effects of NA on two primary smoking measures: (1) latency to smoke (nine studies) and (2) number of puffs taken during ad libitum smoking (11 studies). Hedge's g was calculated for all studies through the use of post-NA cue responses relative to post-neutral cue responses. This effect size estimate is similar to Cohen's d, but corrects for small sample size bias. RESULTS NA reliably decreased latency to smoke (g = -0.14; CI = -0.23 to -0.04; P = 0.007) and increased number of puffs taken (g = 0.14; CI = 0.02 to 0.25; P = 0.02). There was considerable variability across studies for both outcomes (I(2) = 51 and 65% for latency and consumption, respectively). Potential publication bias was indicated for both outcomes, and adjusted effect sizes were smaller and no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS In experimental laboratory studies of smokers, negative affect appears to reduce latency to smoking and increase number of puffs taken, but this could be due to publication bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W. Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Mathew J. Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - John B. Correa
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, PCD4118G, Tampa, FL 33620
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 4115 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33617
| | - Jennifer M. Wray
- Center for Integrated Healthcare, VA Western NY Healthcare System, 3495 Bailey Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14215
| | - Michael E. Saladin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - David J. Drobes
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, PCD4118G, Tampa, FL 33620
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 4115 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33617
| | - Thomas H. Brandon
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, PCD4118G, Tampa, FL 33620
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 4115 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33617
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Okon-Singer H, Hendler T, Pessoa L, Shackman AJ. The neurobiology of emotion-cognition interactions: fundamental questions and strategies for future research. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:58. [PMID: 25774129 PMCID: PMC4344113 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of powerful new tools for assaying the brain and a remarkable acceleration of research focused on the interplay of emotion and cognition. This work has begun to yield new insights into fundamental questions about the nature of the mind and important clues about the origins of mental illness. In particular, this research demonstrates that stress, anxiety, and other kinds of emotion can profoundly influence key elements of cognition, including selective attention, working memory, and cognitive control. Often, this influence persists beyond the duration of transient emotional challenges, partially reflecting the slower molecular dynamics of catecholamine and hormonal neurochemistry. In turn, circuits involved in attention, executive control, and working memory contribute to the regulation of emotion. The distinction between the 'emotional' and the 'cognitive' brain is fuzzy and context-dependent. Indeed, there is compelling evidence that brain territories and psychological processes commonly associated with cognition, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and working memory, play a central role in emotion. Furthermore, putatively emotional and cognitive regions influence one another via a complex web of connections in ways that jointly contribute to adaptive and maladaptive behavior. This work demonstrates that emotion and cognition are deeply interwoven in the fabric of the brain, suggesting that widely held beliefs about the key constituents of 'the emotional brain' and 'the cognitive brain' are fundamentally flawed. We conclude by outlining several strategies for enhancing future research. Developing a deeper understanding of the emotional-cognitive brain is important, not just for understanding the mind but also for elucidating the root causes of its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talma Hendler
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute of Advanced Imaging, and School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel AvivIsrael
| | - Luiz Pessoa
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, and Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MDUSA
| | - Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, and Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MDUSA
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Spring B, King A, Pagoto S, Van Horn L, Fisher J. Fostering multiple healthy lifestyle behaviors for primary prevention of cancer. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2015; 70:75-90. [PMID: 25730716 PMCID: PMC4626078 DOI: 10.1037/a0038806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The odds of developing cancer are increased by specific lifestyle behaviors (tobacco use, excess energy and alcohol intakes, low fruit and vegetable intake, physical inactivity, risky sexual behaviors, and inadequate sun protection) that are established risk factors for developing cancer. These behaviors are largely absent in childhood, emerge and tend to cluster over the life span, and show an increased prevalence among those disadvantaged by low education, low income, or minority status. Even though these risk behaviors are modifiable, few are diminishing in the population over time. We review the prevalence and population distribution of these behaviors and apply an ecological model to describe effective or promising healthy lifestyle interventions targeted to the individual, the sociocultural context, or environmental and policy influences. We suggest that implementing multiple health behavior change interventions across these levels could substantially reduce the prevalence of cancer and the burden it places on the public and the health care system. We note important still-unresolved questions about which behaviors can be intervened upon simultaneously in order to maximize positive behavioral synergies, minimize negative ones, and effectively engage underserved populations. We conclude that interprofessional collaboration is needed to appropriately determine and convey the value of primary prevention of cancer and other chronic diseases.
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Abstract
Nicotine dependence is a chronic, relapsing disorder with complex biological mechanisms underlying the motivational basis for this behavior. Although more than 70 % of current smokers express a desire to quit, most relapse within one year, underscoring the need for novel treatments. A key focus of translational research models addressing nicotine dependence has been on cross-validation of human and animal models in order to improve the predictive value of medication screening paradigms. In this chapter, we review several lines of research highlighting the utility of cross-validation models in elucidating the biological underpinnings of nicotine reward and reinforcement, identifying factors which may influence individual response to treatment, and facilitating rapid translation of findings to practice.
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Abstract
There is a high prevalence of comorbid tobacco use and alcohol use disorder (AUD), affecting more than 6 million people in the US. Globally, tobacco and alcohol use rank fourth and fifth, respectively, for disability-adjusted life-years lost. Levels of alcohol use are higher in smokers than nonsmokers, and the prevalence of smoking is higher in heavy drinkers compared with nondrinkers. This relationship is driven by many different factors, including genetics, neurobiological mechanisms, conditioning processes, and psychosocial influences. Although this unique population tends to experience more negative health consequences, more severe AUD, and poorer response to treatment than those with either AUD or tobacco use disorder alone, there are currently no available treatment protocols tailored to this comorbid condition. In this review, we provide a comprehensive review of ongoing clinical research into smoking cessation options for heavy-drinking smokers (HDS) through an evaluation of the effect of promising novel pharmacotherapies as well as combination therapies, including varenicline, naltrexone, the combination of varenicline and naltrexone, and the combination of naltrexone and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). These treatments are considered in light of the standard of care for smoking cessation, and seek to improve upon the available guidelines for this sizeable subgroup of smokers, namely those smokers who drink heavily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Yardley
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA
| | - Michael M Mirbaba
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Jackson KJ, Muldoon PP, De Biasi M, Damaj MI. New mechanisms and perspectives in nicotine withdrawal. Neuropharmacology 2014; 96:223-34. [PMID: 25433149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diseases associated with tobacco use constitute a major health problem worldwide. Upon cessation of tobacco use, an unpleasant withdrawal syndrome occurs in dependent individuals. Avoidance of the negative state produced by nicotine withdrawal represents a motivational component that promotes continued tobacco use and relapse after smoking cessation. With the modest success rate of currently available smoking cessation therapies, understanding mechanisms involved in the nicotine withdrawal syndrome are crucial for developing successful treatments. Animal models provide a useful tool for examining neuroadaptative mechanisms and factors influencing nicotine withdrawal, including sex, age, and genetic factors. Such research has also identified an important role for nicotinic receptor subtypes in different aspects of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome (e.g., physical vs. affective signs). In addition to nicotinic receptors, the opioid and endocannabinoid systems, various signal transduction pathways, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides have been implicated in the nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Animal studies have informed human studies of genetic variants and potential targets for smoking cessation therapies. Overall, the available literature indicates that the nicotine withdrawal syndrome is complex, and involves a range of neurobiological mechanisms. As research in nicotine withdrawal progresses, new pharmacological options for smokers attempting to quit can be identified, and treatments with fewer side effects that are better tailored to the unique characteristics of patients may become available. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: From Molecular Biology to Cognition'.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - P P Muldoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 E. Marshall St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - M De Biasi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M I Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 E. Marshall St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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Bradford DE, Magruder KP, Korhumel RA, Curtin JJ. Using the threat probability task to assess anxiety and fear during uncertain and certain threat. J Vis Exp 2014:51905. [PMID: 25285398 DOI: 10.3791/51905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical components. Both anxiety and fear can be studied in the laboratory by measuring the potentiation of the startle reflex. The startle reflex is a defensive reflex that is potentiated when an organism is threatened and the need for defense is high. The startle reflex is assessed via electromyography (EMG) in the orbicularis oculi muscle elicited by brief, intense, bursts of acoustic white noise (i.e., "startle probes"). Startle potentiation is calculated as the increase in startle response magnitude during presentation of sets of visual threat cues that signal delivery of mild electric shock relative to sets of matched cues that signal the absence of shock (no-threat cues). In the Threat Probability Task, fear is measured via startle potentiation to high probability (100% cue-contingent shock; certain) threat cues whereas anxiety is measured via startle potentiation to low probability (20% cue-contingent shock; uncertain) threat cues. Measurement of startle potentiation during the Threat Probability Task provides an objective and easily implemented alternative to assessment of negative affect via self-report or other methods (e.g., neuroimaging) that may be inappropriate or impractical for some researchers. Startle potentiation has been studied rigorously in both animals (e.g., rodents, non-human primates) and humans which facilitates animal-to-human translational research. Startle potentiation during certain and uncertain threat provides an objective measure of negative affective and distinct emotional states (fear, anxiety) to use in research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse and broadly in affective science. As such, it has been used extensively by clinical scientists interested in psychopathology etiology and by affective scientists interested in individual differences in emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John J Curtin
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison;
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Perkins KA. Improving efficiency of initial tests for efficacy in smoking cessation drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1259-64. [PMID: 25138487 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.951632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One obstacle to rapid development of new smoking cessation medications is the inefficient early clinical evaluation of the efficacy of novel drugs, which inform us as to whether or not to proceed with the greater expense and time of more formal clinical trials. The vast majority of novel drugs fail to show efficacy for cessation only after substantial resources have been spent and, thus, are largely wasted. AREAS COVERED The author reviews the general limitations in the current typical procedures for initial tests of cessation efficacy in novel drugs. Small, randomized clinical trials often have good validity but may have practical limitations in achieving adequate statistical power to test novel versus placebo treatment conditions. Lab tests of acute drug effects on abstinence symptoms, during brief enforced cessation periods, are practical but have limited clinical predictive validity. EXPERT OPINION Initial efficacy testing may be more efficient if done using innovative crossover designs that evaluate brief 'practice' quit periods for both active and placebo treatments within the same smokers, recruiting those high in quit motivation. Because this approach would require far fewer subjects and a shorter duration of testing, results could be obtained more rapidly and inexpensively to indicate that a novel drug may, or may not, be sufficiently efficacious as to warrant the greater costs and time of formal randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic , 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 , USA +1 412 246 5395 ; +1 412 246 5390 ;
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Nair S, Bora-Singhal N, Perumal D, Chellappan S. Nicotine-mediated invasion and migration of non-small cell lung carcinoma cells by modulating STMN3 and GSPT1 genes in an ID1-dependent manner. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:173. [PMID: 25028095 PMCID: PMC4121302 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibitor of DNA binding/Differentiation 1 (ID1) is a helix loop helix transcription factor that lacks the basic DNA binding domain. Over-expression of ID1 has been correlated with a variety of human cancers; our earlier studies had shown that reported ID1 is induced by nicotine or EGF stimulation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and its down regulation abrogates cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Here we made attempts to identify downstream targets of ID1 that mediate these effects. Methods A microarray analysis was done on two different NSCLC cell lines (A549 and H1650) that were transfected with a siRNA to ID1 or a control, non-targeting siRNA. Cells were stimulated with nicotine and genes that were differentially expressed upon nicotine stimulation and ID1 depletion were analyzed to identify potential downstream targets of ID1. The prospective role of the identified genes was validated by RT-PCR. Additional functional assays were conducted to assess the role of these genes in nicotine induced proliferation, invasion and migration. Experiments were also conducted to elucidate the role of ID1, which does not bind to DNA directly, affects the expression of these genes at transcriptional level. Results A microarray analysis showed multiple genes are affected by the depletion of ID1; we focused on two of them: Stathmin-like3 (STMN3), a microtubule destabilizing protein, and GSPT1, a protein involved in translation termination; these proteins were induced by both nicotine and EGF in an ID1 dependent fashion. Overexpression of ID1 in two different cell lines induced STMN3 and GSPT1 at the transcriptional level, while depletion of ID1 reduced their expression. STMN3 and GSPT1 were found to facilitate the proliferation, invasion and migration of NSCLC cells in response to nAChR activation. Attempts made to assess how ID1, which is a transcriptional repressor, induces these genes showed that ID1 down regulates the expression of two transcriptional co-repressors, NRSF and ZBP89, involved in the repression of these genes. Conclusions Collectively, our data suggests that nicotine and EGF induce genes such as STMN3 and GSPT1 to promote the proliferation, invasion and migration of NSCLC, thus enhancing their tumorigenic properties. These studies thus reveal a central role for ID1 and its downstream targets in facilitating lung cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Srikumar Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H, Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Le Foll B, Pushparaj A, Pryslawsky Y, Forget B, Vemuri K, Makriyannis A, Trigo JM. Translational strategies for therapeutic development in nicotine addiction: rethinking the conventional bench to bedside approach. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 52:86-93. [PMID: 24140878 PMCID: PMC4002666 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco produces an impressive burden of disease resulting in premature death in half of users. Despite effective smoking cessation medications (nicotine replacement therapies, bupropion and varenicline), there is a very high rate of relapse following quit attempts. The use of efficient strategies for the development of novel treatments is a necessity. A 'bench to bedside strategy' was initially used to develop cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of nicotine addiction. Unfortunately, after being tested on experimental animals, what seemed to be an interesting approach for the treatment of nicotine addiction resulted in serious unwanted side effects when tested in humans. Current research is focusing again on pre-clinical models in an effort to eliminate unwanted side effects while preserving the initially observed efficacy. A 'bed side to bench strategy' was used to study the role of the insula (part of the frontal cortex) in nicotine addiction. This line of research started based on clinical observations that patients suffering stroke-induced lesions to the insula showed a greater likelihood to report immediate smoking cessation without craving or relapse. Subsequently, animal models of addiction are used to explore the role of insula in addiction. Due to the inherent limitations existing in clinical versus preclinical studies, the possibility of close interaction between both models seems to be critical for the successful development of novel therapeutic strategies for nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada; Alcohol Research and Treatment Clinic, Addiction Medicine Services, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Abhiram Pushparaj
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Yaroslaw Pryslawsky
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Benoit Forget
- Integrative Neurobiology of Cholinergic Systems, Department of Neuroscience, Pasteur Institute, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75724, France
| | - Kiran Vemuri
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115-5005, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115-5005, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115-5005, United States
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115-5005, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115-5005, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115-5005, United States
| | - Jose M Trigo
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
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