Matrix metalloproteinases as modulators of inflammation and innate immunity

MMP2 and MMP9 are associated with the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss through protein expression rather than genetic polymorphism

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade extracellular matrix proteins and are important for placenta formation during early pregnancy. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is associated with abnormalities in endometrial extracellular matrix remodeling. This study aimed to elucidate the roles of MMP2 and MMP9 in RPL pathogenesis. In total, 295 women with a history of RPL and 101 controls were included in this genetic study. Genotype analysis was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphisms. For proteolytic analysis, decidua and villi were collected from 10 RPL-miscarried women with normal fetal chromosomes (NC) and 19 women with fetal chromosome aberrations (AC). The expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in the decidua and villi was measured by IHC and ELISA. All samples were collected after obtaining informed consent. There were no statistically significant differences in MMP2-735 C/T and MMP9-1562 C/T frequencies between women with RPL and the controls. There was no significant difference in MMP2 expression levels in the villi; however, MMP9 expression was significantly higher in normal fetal chromosomes. In the decidua, the expression of MMP2 in the NC group was significantly lower, and MMP9 in the NC group was significantly higher than in the AC group. Although no differences in MMP2-735 C/T and MMP9-1562 C/T gene polymorphisms were observed in the present study, it is suggested that differences at the protein level are involved in the pathogenesis of RPL since MMP expression is not only regulated by genes but also by local inflammation and various inductive signals.

Syndecan-1 Levels in Females with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background: The relationship between serum glycoprotein syndecan-1 and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate whether serum syndecan-1 concentrations are associated with moderate/severe disease activity. Methods: Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Seventy-five adult women with RA were classified into (a) moderate/severe RA based on the disease activity score, using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR ≥ 3.2, n = 50), and (b) RA in remission (DAS28-ESR < 2.6, n = 25). Twenty-five healthy women were taken as the reference group. Syndecan-1 levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). High values of serum syndecan-1 levels (≥24 ng/mL) were used to identify the utility values of this biomarker. Results: The patients with RA had higher levels of syndecan-1 than the controls (p < 0.001). RA patients with active disease had higher syndecan-1 levels than RA patients in remission (57.6 vs. 23.5 ng/mL, respectively; p = 0.002). High syndecan-1 concentrations demonstrated the following utility values for identifying disease activity: sensitivity, 84% (95%CI: 71-93); specificity, 52% (95%CI: 31-72); positive predictive value, 78% (95%CI: 70-84); and negative predictive value, 62% (95%CI: 44-77). Conclusions: High syndecan-1 levels have good sensitivity and positive predictive value for identifying disease activity; however, their specificity is limited. Future prospective studies are needed to assess whether syndecan-1 levels can predict treatment failure in RA.

Preferential and sustained platelet activation in COVID-19 survivors with mental disorders

Pre-existing mental disorders are considered a risk factor for severe COVID-19 outcomes, possibly because of higher vascular burden. Moreover, an unconventional platelet activation characterizes COVID-19 and contributes to inflammatory and thrombotic manifestations. In the light of the inflammation theory of mental disorders, we hypothesized that patients with mental disorders could be sensitive to the SARS-CoV-2 elicited platelet activation. We investigated platelet activation in 141 COVID-19 survivors at one month after clearance of the virus, comparing subjects with or without an established pre-existing diagnosis of mental disorder according to the DSM-5. We found that platelets from patients with a positive history of psychiatric disorder underwent unconventional activation more frequently than conventional activation or no activation at all. Such preferential activation was not detected when platelets from patients without a previous psychiatric diagnosis were studied. When testing the effects of age, sex, and psychiatric history on the platelet activation, GLZM multivariate analysis confirmed the significant effect of diagnosis only. These findings suggest a preferential platelet activation during acute COVID-19 in patients with a pre-existing psychiatric disorder, mediated by mechanisms associated with thromboinflammation. This event could have contributed to the higher risk of severe outcome in the psychiatric population.

Association between matrix metalloproteinase-9-1562C/T gene polymorphism and MMP-9 serum level in rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease indicated by joint inflammation and cartilage destruction. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes play an influential role in inflammation by affecting the invasion and degradation of anatomical barriers. In this way, the current study investigated the relationship between the MMP-9-1562C/T gene polymorphism and this enzyme's serum level in RA.

METHODS

The serum levels of MMP-9 in RA patients and healthy controls were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RA was confirmed using rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Then the MMP-9-1562C/T gene polymorphism was analyzed utilizing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Also, multivariate analysis investigated the connection between this polymorphism and the risk of RA.

RESULTS

In this study, the increase of MMP-9 in patients due to the development of single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of this gene (-1562 C→T) was confirmed by increasing the frequency of heterozygous genotype (CT). Logistic regression analysis also demonstrated that the chance of development of RA is higher in people with CT/CC genotype than in other alleles.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrated that MMP-9-1562C/T gene polymorphism can play a significant role in the occurrence of RA.

Icariside II in NSCLC and COVID-19: Network pharmacology and molecular docking study

BACKGROUND

Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are susceptible to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), but current treatments are limited. Icariside II (IS), a flavonoid compound derived from the plant epimedin, showed anti-cancer,anti-inflammation and immunoregulation effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible effect and underlying mechanisms of IS on NSCLC patients with COVID-19 (NSCLC/COVID-19).

METHODS

NSCLC/COVID-19 targets were defined as the common targets of NSCLC (collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas database) and COVID-19 targets (collected from disease database of Genecards, OMIM, and NCBI). The correlations of NSCLC/COVID-19 targets and survival rates in patients with NSCLC were analyzed using the survival R package. Prognostic analyses were performed using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models. Furthermore, the targets in IS treatment of NSCLC/COVID-19 were defined as the overlapping targets of IS (predicted from drug database of TMSCP, HERBs, SwissTarget Prediction) and NSCLC/COVID-19 targets. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis of these treatment targets were performed aiming to understand the biological process, cellular component, molecular function and signaling pathway. The hub targets were analyzed by a protein-protein interaction network and the binding capacity with IS was characterized by molecular docking.

RESULTS

The hub targets for IS in the treatment of NSCLC/COVID-19 includes F2, SELE, MMP1, MMP2, AGTR1 and AGTR2, and the molecular docking results showed that the above target proteins had a good binding degree to IS. Network pharmacology showed that IS might affect the leucocytes migration, inflammation response and active oxygen species metabolic process, as well as regulate the interleukin-17, tumor necrosus factor and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling pathway in NSCLC/COVID-19.

CONCLUSIONS

IS may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of current clinical anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer therapy to benefit patients with NSCLC combined with COVID-19.

NF-κB/RelA signaling in secretoglobin progenitors mediates plasticity and MMP-induced barrier disruption in house dust mite-induced allergic asthma

The mechanisms how aeroallergens induce sensitization are incompletely understood. The house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides pteronyssius (Der p) is a ubiquitous aeroallergen that represents a major cause of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Herein, we tested whether HDM-induced aeroallergen exposure sensitivity is caused by the innate-immune response in small airway epithelial cells. HDM exposure is a rapid activator of NF-κB/RelA in the Secretoglobin (Scgb1a1+) lineage associated with upregulation of NF-κB/RelA-dependent markers of epithelial plasticity. To determine the effect of epithelial NF-κB signaling, NF-κB was depleted in a tamoxifen (TMX)-inducible Scgb1a1-CreERTM mouse within a CL57B/L6 background. Corn oil or TMX-treated/RelA-depleted [RelA knockdown (KD)] mice were repetitively exposed to airway HDM challenges to induce airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Strikingly, we observed that HDM induces hallmarks of epithelial plasticity through upregulation of the mesenchymal core factors SNAI1 and ZEB1 and production of metalloproteinase (MMP)9 that are RelA-dependent. Downstream, HDM-induced mucous metaplasia, Th2 polarization, allergen sensitivity, and airway hyperreactivity were all reduced in the RelA-depleted mice. Mechanistically, HDM-induced functional and structural barrier disruption was dependent on RelA signaling and associated with active MMP secretion into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. To establish the role of MMP2/9 in barrier disruption, we observe that a small-molecule MMP inhibitor (SB-3CT) blocked HDM-induced barrier disruption and activation of plasticity in naïve wild-type (WT) mice. Loss of functional barrier was associated with MMP disruption of zona occludens (ZO)-1 containing adherens junctions. Overall, this data indicates that host innate signaling in the Scgb1a1+ progenitors is directly linked to epithelial plasticity, MMP9 secretion, and enhanced barrier permeability that allows allergen penetration, sensitization producing allergic asthma (AA) in vivo. We propose that maintenance of epithelial integrity may reduce allergic sensitization and AA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Allergic asthma from house dust mite (HDM) allergy causes substantial morbidity. This study examines the dynamic changes in small airway epithelial cells in a mouse model of HDM exposure. Our findings indicate that NF-κB/RelA signaling mediates matrix metalloproteinase production, disrupting the epithelial barrier resulting in allergic sensitization. Our findings bring new insight into mechanisms for epithelial cell-state change in the allergen response, creating a potential therapeutic pathway for maintaining barrier function in asthma.

Dynamics of serum levels of TNF-α in a longitudinal follow-up study in 98 patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with anti-TNF-α biological drugs

OBJECTIVE

To determine the dynamics of serum levels of TNF-α in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) treated with anti-TNF-α biological drugs and investigate their association with the disease activity.

METHODS

We conducted a single-centre, observational cohort study in 98 patients with JIA (30 boys, 68 girls, mean age 11.3 years) treated with anti-TNF-α biological drugs. Clinical examinations and laboratory assessments of serum levels of TNF-α were performed before starting therapy with biological drug and at 6-month intervals afterwards up to 2.5 years.

RESULTS

The analysis of serum levels of TNF-α in relation to the disease activity states showed the highest mean serum levels of TNF-α in patients on etanercept who had low disease activity states and in patients on adalimumab who had inactive disease. The correlation analysis in patients with JIA treated with etanercept or adalimumab showed a weak negative correlation between the serum levels of TNF-α and JADAS10 scores (p = 0.007), (r =  - 0.177).

CONCLUSION

The assessment of serum levels of TNF-α in children with JIA during treatment with etanercept or adalimumab is not a reliable biomarker of disease activity or immunological remission. Longitudinal measurement of TNF-α has no added clinical value in patients with JIA treated with anti-TNF-α biological drugs. Key Points • There is limited evidence regarding the effect of anti-TNF therapy on serum concentrations of TNF-α in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis • Our study showed an increase in the serum level of TNF-α after the initiation of therapy with either etanercept or adalimumab, which was more significant in patients with inactive or low disease activity • Serum TNF-α is most likely not biologically active during therapy with TNF-α inhibitors and therefore not a reliable biomarker of disease activity or immunological remission in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Chemokine expression profile of an innate granuloma

Granulomas are defined by the presence of organized layers of immune cells that include macrophages. Granulomas are often characterized as a way for the immune system to contain an infection and prevent its dissemination. We recently established a mouse infection model where Chromobacterium violaceum induces the innate immune system to form granulomas in the liver. This response successfully eradicates the bacteria and returns the liver to homeostasis. Here, we sought to characterize the chemokines involved in directing immune cells to form the distinct layers of a granuloma. We use spatial transcriptomics to investigate the spatial and temporal expression of all CC and CXC chemokines and their receptors within this granuloma response. The expression profiles change dynamically over space and time as the granuloma matures and then resolves. To investigate the importance of monocyte-derived macrophages in this immune response, we studied the role of CCR2 during C. violaceum infection. Ccr2 -/- mice had negligible numbers of macrophages, but large numbers of neutrophils, in the C. violaceum-infected lesions. In addition, lesions had abnormal architecture resulting in loss of bacterial containment. Without CCR2, bacteria disseminated and the mice succumbed to the infection. This indicates that macrophages are critical to form a successful innate granuloma in response to C. violaceum.

Neutrophil Granulopoiesis Optimized Through Ex Vivo Expansion of Hematopoietic Progenitors in Engineered 3D Gelatin Methacrylate Hydrogels

Neutrophils are the first line of defense of the innate immune system. In response to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in the skin, hematopoietic stem, and progenitor cells (HSPCs) traffic to wounds and undergo extramedullary granulopoiesis, producing neutrophils necessary to resolve the infection. This prompted the engineering of a gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel that encapsulates HSPCs within a matrix amenable to subcutaneous delivery. The authors study the influence of hydrogel mechanical properties to produce an artificial niche for granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs) to efficiently expand into functional neutrophils that can populate infected tissue. Lin-cKIT+ HSPCs, harvested from fluorescent neutrophil reporter mice, are encapsulated in GelMA hydrogels of varying polymer concentration and UV-crosslinked to produce HSPC-laden gels of specific stiffness and mesh sizes. Softer 5% GelMA gels yield the most viable progenitors and effective cell-matrix interactions. Compared to suspension culture, 5% GelMA results in a twofold expansion of mature neutrophils that retain antimicrobial functions including degranulation, phagocytosis, and ROS production. When implanted dermally in C57BL/6J mice, luciferase-expressing neutrophils expanded in GelMA hydrogels are visualized at the site of implantation for over 5 days. They demonstrate the potential of GelMA hydrogels for delivering HSPCs directly to the site of skin infection to promote local granulopoiesis.

Identification of a functional missense variant in the matrix metallopeptidase 10 (MMP10) gene in two families with premature myocardial infarction

A positive family history is a major independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, and genetic variation is an important aspect of cardiovascular disease research. We identified a heterozygous missense variant p.L245P in the MMP10 gene in two families with premature myocardial infarction using whole-exome sequencing. The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of this variant using in-silico and functional in-vitro assays. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to analyze protein interactions, calculate free binding energy, and measure the volume of the substrate-binding cleft of MMP10-TIMP1 models. The p.L245P variant showed an altered protein surface, different intra- and intermolecular interactions of MMP10-TIMP1, a lower total free binding energy between MMP10-TIMP1, and a volume-minimized substrate-binding cleft of MMP10 compared to the wild-type. For the functional assays, human THP-1 cells were transfected with plasmids containing MMP10 cDNA carrying the p.L245P and wild-type variant and differentiated into macrophages. Macrophage adhesion and migration assays were then conducted, and pro-inflammatory chemokine levels were evaluated. The p.L245P variant led to macrophages that were more adherent, less migratory, and secreted higher levels of the pro-inflammatory chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL8 than wild-type macrophages. Thus, the p.L245P variant in MMP10 may influence the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in families with premature myocardial infarction by altering protein - protein interactions, macrophage adhesion and migration, and expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines, which may increase plaque rupture. These results could contribute to the development of selective MMP10 inhibitors and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in families with a history of premature myocardial infarction.

Nitric oxide releasing nanofiber stimulates revascularization in response to ischemia via cGMP-dependent protein kinase

Nitric oxide (NO) promotes angiogenesis via various mechanisms; however, the effective transmission of NO in ischemic diseases is unclear. Herein, we tested whether NO-releasing nanofibers modulate therapeutic angiogenesis in an animal hindlimb ischemia model. Male wild-type C57BL/6 mice with surgically-induced hindlimb ischemia were treated with NO-releasing 3-methylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane (MAP3)-derived or control (i.e., non-NO-releasing) nanofibers, by applying them to the wound for 20 min, three times every two days. The amount of NO from the nanofiber into tissues was assessed by NO fluorometric assay. The activity of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) was determined by western blot analysis. Perfusion ratios were measured 2, 4, and 14 days after inducing ischemia using laser doppler imaging. On day 4, Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with F4/80 and gelatin zymography were performed. IHC with CD31 was performed on day 14. To determine the angiogenic potential of NO-releasing nanofibers, aorta-ring explants were treated with MAP3 or control fiber for 20 min, and the sprout lengths were examined after 6 days. As per either LDPI (Laser doppler perfusion image) ratio or CD31 capillary density measurement, angiogenesis in the ischemic hindlimb was improved in the MAP3 nanofiber group; further, the total nitrate/nitrite concentration in the adduct muscle increased. The number of macrophage infiltrations and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity decreased. Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), one of the major substrates for PKG, increased phosphorylation in the MAP3 group. MAP3 nanofiber or NO donor SNAP (s-nitroso-n-acetyl penicillamine)-treated aortic explants showed enhanced sprouting in an ex vivo aortic ring assay, which was partially abrogated by KT5823, a potent inhibitor of PKG. These findings suggest that the novel NO-releasing nanofiber, MAP3 activates PKG and promotes therapeutic angiogenesis in response to hindlimb ischemia.

Subacromial bursa in patients with rotator cuff tear with or without adhesive capsulitis exhibits a differential transcriptome with potential molecular biomarkers

Background

Although adhesive capsulitis (AC) is a common condition, the pathological mechanisms remain understudied. The purpose of our research was to evaluate variations in gene expression across the entire genome in the subacromial bursa tissue of individuals with rotator cuff tears (RCT), with or without AC, and to explore the factors that may influence the occurrence and progression of AC.

Methods

Transcription profiles of subacromial bursa samples from 12 RCT patients, of whom 6 had also AC, were evaluated. Data were generated using RNA-seq. DESeq2 was utilized to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both groups. In order to conduct a more in-depth examination of the DEGs, we performed Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. A network of interactions between proteins was built, and the central genes were determined using Cytoscape. The hub genes were confirmed through qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.

Results

324 of the 16,251 detected genes were identified as DEGs. Analysis of GO functional enrichment showed that the DEGs were enriched in domains of biological process, molecule function and cellular component. Analysis of KEGG pathways revealed enrichment of DEGs in pathways like IL-17 signaling and ECM-receptor interaction. We verified that the association between AC and the increase in expression of the PPI network hub genes.

Conclusion

This study investigated the transcriptome differences of subacromial bursa in RCT patients with or without AC. Using bioinformatics technology, we identified the DEGs and screened out the hub genes. The research enhanced the data on gene expression profiles of DEGs in the subacromial bursa tissue of patients with RCT, offering fresh perspectives on the regulation of gene transcription.

Drug repurposing: A multi targetted approach to treat cardiac disease from existing classical drugs to modern drug discovery

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are characterized by abnormalities in the heart, blood vessels, and blood flow. CVDs comprise a diverse set of health issues. There are several types of CVDs like stroke, endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, plaque instability and heart failure. Identification of a new drug for heart disease takes longer duration and its safety efficacy test takes even longer duration of research and approval. This chapter explores drug repurposing, nano-therapy, and plant-based treatments for managing CVDs from existing drugs which saves time and safety issues with testing new drugs. Existing drugs like statins, ACE inhibitor, warfarin, beta blockers, aspirin and metformin have been found to be useful in treating cardiac disease. For better drug delivery, nano therapy is opening new avenues for cardiac research by targeting interleukin (IL), TNF and other proteins by proteome interactome analysis. Nanoparticles enable precise delivery to atherosclerotic plaques, inflammation areas, and damaged cardiac tissues. Advancements in nano therapeutic agents, such as drug-eluting stents and drug-loaded nanoparticles are transforming CVDs management. Plant-based treatments, containing phytochemicals from Botanical sources, have potential cardiovascular benefits. These phytochemicals can mitigate risk factors associated with CVDs. The integration of these strategies opens new avenues for personalized, effective, and minimally invasive cardiovascular care. Altogether, traditional drugs, phytochemicals along with nanoparticles can revolutionize the future cardiac health care by identifying their signaling pathway, mechanism and interactome analysis.

Dental Pulp Stem Cells Modulate Inflammasome Pathway and Collagen Deposition of Dermal Fibroblasts

Fibrosis is a pathological condition consisting of a delayed deposition and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by fibroblasts. This deregulation is mostly triggered by a chronic stimulus mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1, which activate fibroblasts. Due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive potential, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) could affect fibrotic processes. This study aims to clarify if DPSCs can affect fibroblast activation and modulate collagen deposition. We set up a transwell co-culture system, where DPSCs were seeded above the monolayer of fibroblasts and stimulated with LPS or a combination of TNF-α and IL-1β and quantified a set of genes involved in inflammasome activation or ECM deposition. Cytokines-stimulated co-cultured fibroblasts, compared to unstimulated ones, showed a significant increase in the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, NAIP, AIM2, CASP1, FN1, and TGF-β genes. At the protein level, IL-1β and IL-6 release as well as FN1 were increased in stimulated, co-cultured fibroblasts. Moreover, we found a significant increase of MMP-9 production, suggesting a role of DPSCs in ECM remodeling. Our data seem to suggest a crosstalk between cultured fibroblasts and DPSCs, which seems to modulate genes involved in inflammasome activation, ECM deposition, wound healing, and fibrosis.

Rosarugosides A and D from Rosa rugosa Flower Buds: Their Potential Anti-Skin-Aging Effects in TNF-α-Induced Human Dermal Fibroblasts

This present study investigated the anti-skin-aging properties of Rosa rugosa. Initially, phenolic compounds were isolated from a hot water extract of Rosa rugosa's flower buds. Through repeated chromatography (column chromatography, MPLC, and prep HPLC), we identified nine phenolic compounds (1-9), including a previously undescribed depside, rosarugoside D (1). The chemical structure of 1 was elucidated via NMR, HR-MS, UV, and hydrolysis. Next, in order to identify bioactive compounds that are effective against TNF-α-induced NHDF cells, we measured intracellular ROS production in samples treated with each of the isolated compounds (1-9). All isolates reduced the level of ROS at a concentration of 10 μM. Particularly, two depsides-rosarugosides A and D (2 and 1)-significantly inhibited ROS expression in TNF-α-induced NHDFs compared to the other phenolic compounds. Subsequently, the production of MMP-1 and procollagen type Ι α1 by these two depsides was examined. Remarkably, rosarugoside A (2) significantly decreased MMP-1 secretion at all concentrations. In contrast, rosarugoside D (1) regulated the expression of procollagen type Ι α1. These findings collectively suggest that Rosa rugosa extracts and their isolated compounds, rosarugosides A (2) and D (1), hold significant potential for protecting against aging and skin damage. Overall, these findings suggest that Rosa rugosa extracts and their isolated compounds, rosarugosides A (2) and D (1), have the potential to prevent and protect against aging and skin damage, although more specific quantitative analysis is needed.

Getting Excited About Chloride Cotransporters: Neuroinflammation and Inhibition

Acute Neuroinflammation Leads to Disruption of Neuronal Chloride Regulation and Consequent Hyperexcitability in the Dentate Gyrus Kurki SN, Srinivasan R, Laine J, Virtanen MA, Ala-Kurikka T, Voipio J, Kaila K. Cell Rep . 2023;42(11):113379. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113379 Neuroinflammation is a salient part of diverse neurological and psychiatric pathologies that associate with neuronal hyperexcitability, but the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain to be identified. Here, we show that peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) renders the dentate gyrus (DG) hyperexcitable to perforant pathway stimulation in vivo and increases the internal spiking propensity of dentate granule cells (DGCs) in vitro 24 h post-injection (hpi). In parallel, LPS leads to a prominent downregulation of chloride extrusion via KCC2 and to the emergence of NKCC1-mediated chloride uptake in DGCs under experimental conditions optimized to detect specific changes in transporter efficacy. These data show that acute neuroinflammation leads to disruption of neuronal chloride regulation, which unequivocally results in a loss of GABAergic inhibition in the DGCs, collapsing the gating function of the DG. The present work provides a mechanistic explanation for neuroinflammation-driven hyperexcitability and consequent cognitive disturbance.

Understanding the matrix: collagen modifications in tumors and their implications for immunotherapy

Tumors are highly complex and heterogenous ecosystems where malignant cells interact with healthy cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Solid tumors contain large ECM deposits that can constitute up to 60% of the tumor mass. This supports the survival and growth of cancerous cells and plays a critical role in the response to immune therapy. There is untapped potential in targeting the ECM and cell-ECM interactions to improve existing immune therapy and explore novel therapeutic strategies. The most abundant proteins in the ECM are the collagen family. There are 28 different collagen subtypes that can undergo several post-translational modifications (PTMs), which alter both their structure and functionality. Here, we review current knowledge on tumor collagen composition and the consequences of collagen PTMs affecting receptor binding, cell migration and tumor stiffness. Furthermore, we discuss how these alterations impact tumor immune responses and how collagen could be targeted to treat cancer.

Adjunctive treatments for pneumococcal meningitis: a systematic review of experimental animal models

New treatments are needed to improve the prognosis of pneumococcal meningitis. We performed a systematic review on adjunctive treatments in animal models of pneumococcal meningitis in order to identify treatments with the most potential to progress to clinical trials. Studies testing therapy adjunctive to antibiotics in animal models of pneumococcal meningitis were included. A literature search was performed using Medline, Embase and Scopus for studies published from 1990 up to 17 February 2023. Two investigators screened studies for inclusion and independently extracted data. Treatment effect was assessed on the clinical parameters disease severity, hearing loss and cognitive impairment and the biological parameters inflammation, brain injury and bacterial load. Adjunctive treatments were evaluated by their effect on these outcomes and the quality, number and size of studies that investigated the treatments. Risk of bias was assessed with the SYRCLE risk of bias tool. A total of 58 of 2462 identified studies were included, which used 2703 experimental animals. Disease modelling was performed in rats (29 studies), rabbits (13 studies), mice (12 studies), gerbils (3 studies) or both rats and mice (1 study). Meningitis was induced by injection of Streptococcus pneumoniae into the subarachnoid space. Randomization of experimental groups was performed in 37 of 58 studies (64%) and 12 studies (12%) were investigator-blinded. Overall, 54 treatment regimens using 46 adjunctive drugs were evaluated: most commonly dexamethasone (16 studies), daptomycin (5 studies), complement component 5 (C5; 3 studies) antibody and Mn(III)tetrakis(4-benzoicacid)porphyrin chloride (MnTBAP; 3 studies). The most frequently evaluated outcome parameters were inflammation [32 studies (55%)] and brain injury [32 studies (55%)], followed by disease severity [30 studies (52%)], hearing loss [24 studies (41%)], bacterial load [18 studies (31%)] and cognitive impairment [9 studies (16%)]. Adjunctive therapy that improved clinical outcomes in multiple studies was dexamethasone (6 studies), C5 antibodies (3 studies) and daptomycin (3 studies). HMGB1 inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, neurotrophins, antioxidants and paquinimod also improved clinical parameters but only in single or small studies. Evaluating the treatment effect of adjunctive therapy was complicated by study heterogeneity regarding the animal models used and outcomes reported. In conclusion, 24 of 54 treatment regimens (44%) tested improved clinically relevant outcomes in experimental pneumococcal meningitis but few were tested in multiple well-designed studies. The most promising new adjunctive treatments are with C5 antibodies or daptomycin, suggesting that these drugs could be tested in clinical trials.

Molecular pathway of pancreatic cancer-associated neuropathic pain

The pancreas is a heterocrine gland that has both exocrine and endocrine parts. Most pancreatic cancer begins in the cells that line the ducts of the pancreas and is called pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC is the most encountered pancreatic cancer type. One of the most important characteristic features of PDAC is neuropathy which is primarily due to perineural invasion (PNI). PNI develops tumor microenvironment which includes overexpression of fibroblasts cells, macrophages, as well as angiogenesis which can be responsible for neuropathy pain. In tumor microenvironment inactive fibroblasts are converted into an active form that is cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Neurotrophins they also increase the level of Substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide which is also involved in pain. Matrix metalloproteases are the zinc-associated proteases enzymes which activates proinflammatory interleukin-1β into its activated form and are responsible for release and activation of Substance P which is responsible for neuropathic pain by transmitting pain signal via dorsal root ganglion. All the molecules and their role in being responsible for neuropathic pain are described below.

A Novel Method for the Rat Model of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Induced by Retroperitoneal Implantation of an Osmotic Pump System With Lipopolysaccharide

BACKGROUND

Few methods can cocurrently mimic the pathological characteristics and nature history of human abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), especially for the exist of the self-healing tendency of rodents. This study tested a novel method for the AAA rat model induced by retroperitoneal implantation of an osmotic pump system with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) based on the hypothesis that chronic inflammation of perivascular adipose tissue directly influenced the development and progression of AAAs.

METHODS

20 male Sprague-Dawley rats (10-month-old) fed with the Paigen diet were randomly divided into 4 groups: the blank group ×2, the sham group ×4, the empty capsule group ×4, and the LPS capsule group ×10. The LPS capsule group received implantations of the ALZET® osmotic pump capsule with LPS (3.6 μg/day) parallel to the abdominal aorta through a retroperitoneal approach. Two weeks later, 6 rats were randomly selected from the LPS capsule group to form the anti-inflammatory group and received implantations of another osmotic pump capsule with interleukin (IL)-10 (75 ng/day) through the same approach. The changes in abdominal aortic diameter were observed by ultrasound every 2 weeks, and samples were harvested for histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis 6 weeks later.

RESULTS

Within the 6 weeks after modeling, the LPS capsule group showed sustained and significant aortic dilatation (P < 0.01), while the anti-inflammatory group showed a rapid and obvious shrinkage 2 weeks after the IL-10 osmotic pump capsule implantation (P < 0.01). The LPS capsule group presented excellent pathological mimicking of human AAAs and showed severe medial degeneration with the least elastic content among the 5 groups at the end of the sixth week (P < 0.05). Notably, the anti-inflammatory group showed perfect medial preservation with the most elastic content (P < 0.05) and the highest elastin/collagen ratio (P < 0.01) at the end of the study. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9 and toll-like receptor 2 showed strong expression in the LPS capsule group at the end of the sixth week, which was significantly higher than that in the blank group and sham group. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory group showed a slightly higher MMP9 expression than the LPS capsule group though there was no statistical difference between them.

CONCLUSIONS

This novel method for the rat AAA model induced by retroperitoneal implantation of an osmotic pump capsule with LPS can concurrently mimic the histological characteristics and natural history of human AAAs. Further studies were needed to improve the osmotic pump system.

Progress in Biomarkers Related to Biliary Atresia

Biliary atresia (BA) is a congenital cholestatic disease that can seriously damage children's liver function. It is one of the main reasons for liver transplantation in children. Early diagnosis of BA is crucial to the prognosis of patients, but there is still a lack of reliable non-invasive diagnostic methods. Additionally, as some children are in urgent need of liver transplantation, evaluating the stage of liver fibrosis and postoperative native liver survival in children with BA using a straightforward, efficient, and less traumatic method is a major focus of doctors. In recent years, an increasing number of BA-related biomarkers have been identified and have shown great potential in the following three aspects of clinical practice: diagnosis, evaluation of the stage of liver fibrosis, and prediction of native liver survival. This review focuses on the pathophysiological function and clinical application of three novel BA-related biomarkers, namely MMP-7, FGF-19, and M2BPGi. Furthermore, progress in well-known biomarkers of BA such as gamma-glutamyltransferase, circulating cytokines, and other potential biomarkers is discussed, aiming to provide a reference for clinical practice.

Matrix metalloproteinase landscape in the imiquimod-induced skin inflammation mouse model

Inflammation and autoimmunity are known as central processes in many skin diseases, including psoriasis. It is therefore important to develop pre-clinical models that describe disease-related aspects to enable testing of pharmaceutical drug candidates and formulations. A widely accepted pre-clinical model of psoriasis is the imiquimod (IMQ)-induced skin inflammation mouse model, where topically applied IMQ provokes local skin inflammation. In this study, we investigated the abundance of a subset of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in skin from mice with IMQ-induced skin inflammation and skin from naïve mice using targeted proteomics. Our findings reveal a significant increase in the abundance of MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-8, and MMP-13 after treatment with IMQ compared to the control skin, while MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-10 were exclusively detected in the IMQ-treated skin. The increased abundance and broader representation of MMPs in the IMQ-treated skin provide valuable insight into the pathophysiology of skin inflammation in the IMQ model, adding to previous studies on cytokine levels using conventional immunochemical methods. Specifically, the changes in the MMP profiles observed in the IMQ-treated skin resemble the MMP patterns found in skin lesions of individuals with psoriasis. Ultimately, the differences in MMP abundance under IMQ-induced inflammation as compared to non-inflamed control skin can be exploited as a model to investigate drug efficacy or performance of drug delivery systems.

Mechanical loading rescues mechanoresponsiveness in a human osteoarthritis explant model despite Wnt activation

OBJECTIVES

Optimizing rehabilitation strategies for osteoarthritis necessitates a comprehensive understanding of chondrocytes' mechanoresponse in both health and disease, especially in the context of the interplay between loading and key pathways involved in osteoarthritis (OA) development, like canonical Wnt signaling. This study aims to elucidate the role of Wnt signaling in the mechanoresponsiveness of healthy and osteoarthritic human cartilage.

METHODS

We used an ex-vivo model involving short-term physiological mechanical loading of human cartilage explants. First, the loading protocol for subsequent experiments was determined. Next, loading was applied to non-OA-explants with or without Wnt activation with CHIR99021. Molecular read-outs of anabolic, pericellular matrix and matrix remodeling markers were used to assess the effect of Wnt on cartilage mechanoresponse. Finally, the same set-up was used to study the effect of loading in cartilage from patients with established OA.

RESULTS

Our results confirm that physiological loading maintains expression of anabolic genes in non-OA cartilage, and indicate a deleterious effect of Wnt activation in the chondrocyte mechanoresponsiveness. This suggests that loading-induced regulation of chondrocyte markers occurs downstream of canonical Wnt signaling. Interestingly, our study highlighted contrasting mechanoresponsiveness in the model of Wnt activation and the established OA samples, with established OA cartilage maintaining its mechanoresponsiveness, and mechanical loading rescuing the chondrogenic phenotype.

CONCLUSION

This study provides insights into the mechanoresponsiveness of human cartilage in both non-OA and OA conditions. These findings hold the potential to contribute to the development of strategies that optimize the effect of dynamic compression by correcting OA pathological cell signaling.

RNA Expression of MMP12 Is Strongly Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Is Regulated by Metabolic Pathways in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Macrophage metalloelastase or matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP12) is a macrophage-specific proteolytic enzyme involved in the physiopathology of many inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Although previously published data suggested that the modulation of MMP12 in macrophages could be a determinant for the development of intestinal inflammation, scarce information is available on the mechanisms underlying the regulation of MMP12 expression in those phagocytes. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to delineate the association of MMP12 with inflammatory bowel disease and the molecular events leading to the transcriptional control of this metalloproteinase. For that, we used publicly available transcriptional data. Also, we worked with the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line for functional experiments. Our results showed a strong association of MMP12 expression with the severity of inflammatory bowel disease and the response to relevant biological therapies. In vitro assays revealed that the inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and the stimulation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway potentiated the expression of Mmp12. Additionally, AMPK and mTOR required a functional downstream glycolytic pathway to fully engage with Mmp12 expression. Finally, the pharmacological inhibition of MMP12 abolished the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine Interleukin-6 (Il6) in macrophages. Overall, our findings provide a better understanding of the mechanistic regulation of MMP12 in macrophages and its relationship with inflammation.

Role of non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs in vasculitis: A narrative review

A category of very uncommon systemic inflammatory blood vessel illnesses known as vasculitides. The pathogenesis and etiology of vasculitis are still poorly known. Despite all of the progress made in understanding the genetics and causes behind vasculitis, there is still more to learn. Epigenetic dysregulation is a significant contributor to immune-mediated illnesses, and epigenetic aberrancies in vasculitis are becoming more widely acknowledged. Less than 2 % of the genome contains protein-encoding DNA. Studies have shown that a variety of RNAs originating from the non-coding genome exist. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have attracted the most attention in recent years as they are becoming more and more important regulators of different biological processes, such as diseases of the veins. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) such as exosomes, are membrane-bound vesicular structures that break free either during programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis or during cell activation. Exosomes may be involved in harmful ways in inflammation, procoagulation, autoimmune reactions, endothelial dysfunction/damage, intimal hyperplasia and angiogenesis, all of which may be significant in vasculitis. Herein, we summarized various non-coding RNAs that are involved in vasculitides pathogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted the role of exosomes in vasculitides.

Molecular insights in repurposing selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib against matrix metalloproteinases in potentiating delayed wound healing: a molecular docking and MMPB/SA based analysis of molecular dynamic simulations

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that play a role in healing, including reducing inflammation, promoting fibroblast and keratinocyte migration, and modifying scar tissue. Due to their pleiotropic functions in the wound-healing process in diabetic wounds, MMPs constitute a significant cause of delayed wound closure. COX-2 inhibitors are proven to inhibit inflammation. The present study aims to repurpose celecoxib against MMP-2, MMP-8 and MMP-9 through in silico approaches, such as molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and MMPB/SA analysis. We considered five selective COX-2 inhibitors (celecoxib, etoricoxib, lumiracoxib, rofecoxib and valdecoxib) for our study against MMPs. Based on molecular docking study and hydrogen bonding pattern, celecoxib in complex with three MMPs was further analyzed using 1 µs (1000 ns) molecular dynamics simulation and MMPB/SA techniques. These studies identified that celecoxib exhibited significant binding affinity -8.8, -7.9 and -8.3 kcal/mol, respectively, against MMP-2, MMP-8 and MMP-9. Celecoxib formed hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic (π-π) interactions with crucial substrate pocket amino acids, which may be accountable for their inhibitory nature. The MMPB/SA studies showed that electrostatic and van der Waal energy terms favoured the total free binding energy component, while polar solvation terms were highly disfavored. The in silico analysis of the secondary structures showed that the celecoxib binding conformation maintains relatively stable along the simulation trajectories. These findings provide some key clues regarding the accommodation of celecoxib in the substrate binding S1' pocket and also provide structural insights and challenges in repurposing drugs as new MMP inhibitors with anti-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory wound-healing properties.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

The role of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the progression of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by an imbalance between (synthesis) and catabolism (degradation) in altered homeostasis of articular cartilage mediated primarily by the innate immune system. OA degenerates the joints resulting in synovial hyperplasia, degradation of articular cartilage with damage of the structural and functional integrity of the cartilage extracellular matrix, subchondral sclerosis, osteophyte formation, and is characterized by chronic pain, stiffness, and loss of function. Inflammation triggered by factors like biomechanical stress is involved in the development of osteoarthritis. In OA apart from catabolic effects, anti-inflammatory anabolic processes also occur continually. There is also an underlying chronic inflammation present, not only in cartilage tissue but also within the synovium, which perpetuates tissue destruction of the OA joint. The consideration of inflammation in OA considers synovitis and/or other cellular and molecular events in the synovium during the progression of OA. In this review, we have presented the progression of joint degradation that results in OA. The critical role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of OA is discussed in detail along with the dysregulation within the cytokine networks composed of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines that drive catabolic pathways, inhibit matrix synthesis, and promote cellular apoptosis. OA pathogenesis, fluctuation of synovitis, and its clinical impact on disease progression are presented here along with the role of synovial macrophages in promoting inflammatory and destructive responses in OA. The role of interplay between different cytokines, structure, and function of their receptors in the inter-cellular signaling pathway is further explored. The effect of cytokines in the increased synthesis and release of matrix-decomposing proteolytic enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS), is elaborated emphasizing the potential impact of MMPs on the chondrocytes, synovial cells, articular and periarticular tissues, and other immune system cells migrating to the site of inflammation. We also shed light on the pathogenesis of OA via oxidative damage particularly due to nitric oxide (NO) via its angiogenic response to inflammation. We concluded by presenting the current knowledge about the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Synthetic MMP inhibitors include zinc binding group (ZBG), non-ZBG, and mechanism-based inhibitors, all of which have the potential to be therapeutically beneficial in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Improving our understanding of the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms that regulate the MMP gene expression, may open up new avenues for the creation of therapies that can stop the joint damage associated with OA.

Molecular profiling of the hippocampus of children with autism spectrum disorder

Several lines of evidence point to a key role of the hippocampus in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Altered hippocampal volume and deficits in memory for person and emotion related stimuli have been reported, along with enhanced ability for declarative memories. Mouse models have demonstrated a critical role of the hippocampus in social memory dysfunction, associated with ASD, together with decreased synaptic plasticity. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), a family of extracellular matrix molecules, represent a potential key link between neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, and immune system signaling. There is a lack of information regarding the molecular pathology of the hippocampus in ASD. We conducted RNAseq profiling on postmortem human brain samples containing the hippocampus from male children with ASD (n = 7) and normal male children (3-14 yrs old), (n = 6) from the NIH NeuroBioBank. Gene expression profiling analysis implicated molecular pathways involved in extracellular matrix organization, neurodevelopment, synaptic regulation, and immune system signaling. qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to confirm several of the top markers identified. The CSPG protein BCAN was examined with multiplex immunofluorescence to analyze cell-type specific expression of BCAN and astrocyte morphology. We observed decreased expression of synaptic proteins PSD95 (p < 0.02) and SYN1 (p < 0.02), increased expression of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protease MMP9 (p < 0.03), and decreased expression of MEF2C (p < 0.03). We also observed increased BCAN expression with astrocytes in children with ASD, together with altered astrocyte morphology. Our results point to alterations in immune system signaling, glia cell differentiation, and synaptic signaling in the hippocampus of children with ASD, together with alterations in extracellular matrix molecules. Furthermore, our results demonstrate altered expression of genes implicated in genetic studies of ASD including SYN1 and MEF2C.

Parasite-induced IFN-γ regulates host defense via CD115 and mTOR-dependent mechanism of tissue-resident macrophage death

Host resistance to a common protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii relies on a coordinated immune response involving multiple cell types, including macrophages. Embryonically seeded tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) play a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, but their role in parasite clearance is poorly understood. In this study, we uncovered a crucial aspect of host defense against T. gondii mediated by TRMs. Through the use of neutralizing antibodies and conditional IFN-γ receptor-deficient mice, we demonstrated that IFN-γ directly mediated the elimination of TRMs. Mechanistically, IFN-γ stimulation in vivo rendered macrophages unresponsive to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and inactivated mTOR signaling by causing the shedding of CD115 (CSFR1), the receptor for M-CSF. Further experiments revealed the essential role of macrophage IFN-γ responsiveness in host resistance to T. gondii. The elimination of peritoneal TRMs emerged as an additional host defense mechanism aimed at limiting the parasite's reservoir. The identified mechanism, involving IFN-γ-induced suppression of CD115-dependent mTOR signaling in macrophages, provides insights into the adaptation of macrophage subsets during infection and highlights a crucial aspect of host defense against intracellular pathogens.

The role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in fibrosis diseases and its molecular mechanisms

Fibrosis is a process of tissue repair that results in the slow creation of scar tissue to replace healthy tissue and can affect any tissue or organ. Its primary feature is the massive deposition of extracellular matrix (mainly collagen), eventually leading to tissue dysfunction and organ failure. The progression of fibrotic diseases has put a significant strain on global health and the economy, and as a result, there is an urgent need to find some new therapies. Previous studies have identified that inflammation, oxidative stress, some cytokines, and remodeling play a crucial role in fibrotic diseases and are essential avenues for treating fibrotic diseases. Among them, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are considered the main targets for the treatment of fibrotic diseases since they are the primary driver involved in ECM degradation, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are natural endogenous inhibitors of MMPs. Through previous studies, we found that MMP-9 is an essential target for treating fibrotic diseases. However, it is worth noting that MMP-9 plays a bidirectional regulatory role in different fibrotic diseases or different stages of the same fibrotic disease. Previously identified MMP-9 inhibitors, such as pirfenidone and nintedanib, suffer from some rather pronounced side effects, and therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate new drugs. In this review, we explore the mechanism of action and signaling pathways of MMP-9 in different tissues and organs, hoping to provide some ideas for developing safer and more effective biologics.

Targeting tumor-associated macrophages: Novel insights into immunotherapy of skin cancer

BACKGROUND

The incidence of skin cancer is currently increasing, and conventional treatment options inadequately address the demands of disease management. Fortunately, the recent rapid advancement of immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has ushered in a new era for numerous cancer patients. However, the efficacy of immunotherapy remains suboptimal due to the impact of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), a major component of the TME, play crucial roles in tumor invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and immune evasion, significantly impacting tumor development. Consequently, TAMs have gained considerable attention in recent years, and their roles have been extensively studied in various tumors. However, the specific roles of TAMs and their regulatory mechanisms in skin cancer remain unclear.

AIM OF REVIEW

This paper aims to elucidate the origin and classification of TAMs, investigate the interactions between TAMs and various immune cells, comprehensively understand the precise mechanisms by which TAMs contribute to the pathogenesis of different types of skin cancer, and finally discuss current strategies for targeting TAMs in the treatment of skin cancer.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF OVERVIEW

With a specific emphasis on the interrelationship between TAMs and skin cancer, this paper posits that therapeutic modalities centered on TAMs hold promise in augmenting and harmonizing with prevailing clinical interventions for skin cancer, thereby charting a novel trajectory for advancing the landscape of immunotherapeutic approaches for skin cancer.

Matrix metalloproteinases as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in colitis-associated cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic approaches for advanced CRC are limited and rarely provide long-term benefit. Enzymes comprising the 24-member matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of zinc- and calcium-dependent endopeptidases are key players in extracellular matrix degradation, a requirement for colon tumor expansion, invasion, and metastasis; hence, MMPs are an important research focus. Compared to sporadic CRC, less is known regarding the molecular mechanisms and the role of MMPs in the development and progression of colitis-associated cancer (CAC) - CRC on a background of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - primarily ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Hence, the potential of MMPs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CAC is uncertain. Our goal was to review data regarding the role of MMPs in the development and progression of CAC. We sought to identify promising prognostic and therapeutic opportunities and novel lines of investigation. A key observation is that since MMPs may be more active in early phases of CAC, using MMPs as biomarkers of advancing neoplasia and as potential therapeutic targets for adjuvant therapy in those with advanced stage primary CAC rather than overt metastases may yield more favorable outcomes.

MassArray Genotyping as a Selection Tool for Extending the Shelf-Life of Fresh Gilthead Sea Bream and European Seabass

In modern aquaculture, genomics-driven breeding programs have emerged as powerful tools for optimizing fish quality. This study focused on two emblematic Mediterranean fish species, the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), with a primary aim of exploring the genetic basis of white muscle/fillet degradation in fresh fish following harvest. We identified 57 and 44 missense SNPs in gilthead sea bream and European seabass, respectively, located within genes encoding for endogenous proteases responsible for fillet quality. These SNPs were cherry-picked based on their strategic location within the catalytic/regulatory domains of endogenous proteases that are expressed in the white muscle. Using MassArray technology, we successfully associated differentiated enzymatic activity of those endogenous proteases post-harvest as a phenotypic trait with genetic polymorphism of six SNPs in gilthead sea bream and nine in European seabass. These findings can be valuable attributes in selective breeding programs toward the extension of freshness and shelf life of these species. The integration of MassArray technology into breeding programs offers a cost-effective strategy for harnessing the potential of these genetic variants to enhance the overall quality of the final product. Recognizing that fresh fish perishability is a challenge, extending shelf-life is pivotal in reducing losses and production costs.

Discovery of novel indole derivatives as potent and selective inhibitors of proMMP-9 activation

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a secreted zinc-dependent endopeptidase that degrades the extracellular matrix and basement membrane of neurons, and then contributes to synaptic plasticity by remodeling the extracellular matrix. Inhibition of MMP-9 activity has therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases such as fragile X syndrome. This paper reports the molecular design, synthesis, and in vitro studies of novel indole derivatives as inhibitors of proMMP-9 activation. High-throughput screening (HTS) of our internal compound library and subsequent merging of hit compounds 1 and 2 provided compound 4 as a bona-fide lead. X-ray structure-based design and subsequent lead optimization led to the discovery of compound 33, a highly potent and selective inhibitor of proMMP-9 activation.

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the disruption of the blood-brain barrier in parasitic infections

Parasites have a significant impact on the neurological, cognitive, and mental well-being of humans, with a global population of over 1 billion individuals affected. The pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) injury in parasitic diseases remains limited, and prevention and control of parasitic CNS infections remain significant areas of research. Parasites, encompassing both unicellular and multicellular organisms, have intricate life cycles and possess the ability to infect a diverse range of hosts, including the human population. Parasitic illnesses that impact the central and peripheral nervous systems are a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in low- to middle-income nations. The precise pathways through which neurotropic parasites infiltrate the CNS by crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cause neurological harm remain incompletely understood. Investigating brain infections caused by parasites is closely linked to studying neuroinflammation and cerebral impairment. The exact molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in this process remain incomplete, but understanding the exact mechanisms could provide insight into their pathogenesis and potentially reveal novel therapeutic targets. This review paper explores the underlying mechanisms involved in the development of neurological disorders caused by parasites, including parasite-derived elements, host immune responses, and modifications in tight junctions (TJs) proteins.

Identification of a muropeptide precursor transporter from gut microbiota and its role in preventing intestinal inflammation

The gut microbiota is a considerable source of biologically active compounds that can promote intestinal homeostasis and improve immune responses. Here, we used large expression libraries of cloned metagenomic DNA to identify compounds able to sustain an anti-inflammatory reaction on host cells. Starting with a screen for NF-κB activation, we have identified overlapping clones harbouring a heterodimeric ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-transporter from a Firmicutes. Extensive purification of the clone's supernatant demonstrates that the ABC-transporter allows for the efficient extracellular accumulation of three muropeptide precursor, with anti-inflammatory properties. They induce IL-10 secretion from human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and proved effective in reducing AIEC LF82 epithelial damage and IL-8 secretion in human intestinal resections. In addition, treatment with supernatants containing the muropeptide precursor reduces body weight loss and improves histological parameters in Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-treated mice. Until now, the source of peptidoglycan fragments was shown to come from the natural turnover of the peptidoglycan layer by endogenous peptidoglycan hydrolases. This is a report showing an ABC-transporter as a natural source of secreted muropeptide precursor and as an indirect player in epithelial barrier strengthening. The mechanism described here might represent an important component of the host immune homeostasis.

Ileal inflammation is reduced due to treatment with a metalloprotease from BmooMP-α-I snake venom in an experimental model of Toxoplasma gondii infection

The selection process for advanced therapies in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) must prioritize safety, especially when considering new biologic agents or oral molecule modulators. In C57BL/6 mice, oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii induces intestinal inflammation through excessive tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production, making TNF neutralization a potential therapeutic intervention. Considering this, the present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of BmooMP-α-I, a snake venom metalloprotease isolated from Bothrops moojeni, which could promote TNF hydrolysis, in treating T. gondii-induced ileitis. The results showed that C57BL/6 mice orally infected with 50 cysts of T. gondii from the Me49 strain and treated with BmooMP-α-I exhibited prolonged survival and improved morbidity scores. Additionally, the treatment ameliorated both the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the intestine, reduced macrophage influx, and decreased the production of inflammatory mediators by mesenteric lymph node cells. These findings provide compelling experimental evidence supporting the ability of BmooMP-α-I to alleviate ileal inflammation. Considering that the currently available therapeutic protocols are not completely effective and often result in side effects, the exploration of alternative strategies involving novel therapeutic agents, as demonstrated in this study, has the potential to significantly enhance the quality of life for patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases.

The selective regulation of immune responses by matrix metalloproteinase MMP14 in Ostrinia furnacalis

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are crucial for tissue remodeling and immune responses in insects, yet it remains unclear how MMPs affect the various immune processes against pathogenic infections and whether the responses vary among insects. In this study, we used the lepidopteran pest Ostrinia furnacalis larvae to address these questions by examining the changes of immune-related gene expression and antimicrobial activity after the knockdown of MMP14 and bacterial infections. We identified MMP14 in O. furnacalis using the rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends (RACE), and found that it was conserved and belonged to the MMP1 subfamily. Our functional investigations revealed that MMP14 is an infection-responsive gene, and its knockdown reduces phenoloxidase (PO) activity and Cecropin expression, while the expressions of Lysozyme, Attacin, Gloverin, and Moricin are enhanced after MMP14 knockdown. Further PO and lysozyme activity determinations showed consistent results with gene expression of these immune-related genes. Finally, the knockdown of MMP14 decreased larvae survival to bacterial infections. Taken together, our data indicate that MMP14 selectively regulates the immune responses, and is required to defend against bacterial infections in O. furnacalis larvae. Conserved MMPs may serve as a potential target for pest control using a combination of double-stranded RNA and bacterial infection.

In-Silico Selection of Wound-Healing Plant Secondary Molecules and Their Pro-Healing Activities on Experimental Models

This study explored the potential of plant-derived molecules (PDMs) as a medicinal treatment for skin wounds. To assess their healing properties, 34 potential drug molecules (PDMs) and ten therapeutic targets were subjected to molecular docking and dynamics analysis, with allantoin used as a standard compound. Although aristolochic acid had the most potent inhibitory effect, its toxicity made it unsuitable for testing on cells and mice. Therefore, β-caryophyllene (BC) and caryophyllene oxide (BCoxide) were chosen for further testing. The results showed that BC-treated HaCat cells had significantly improved scratch area closure, and both BC and BCoxide treatment produced positive effects such as reduced dermal cellularity and mast cells, decreased levels of inflammation markers IL-6 and TNF-α, and an increase in collagen deposition in mice tissues. However, these treatments did not accelerate wound healing. This study suggests that the PDMs selected based on in-silico results have significant potential for pro-healing abilities. It is essential to conduct further research to confirm our findings.

Salivary concentrations of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor and matrix metallopeptidase-9 following a single bout of exercise are associated with intensity and hydration status

AIM

To investigate the effects of exercise on salivary concentrations of inflammatory markers by analyzing a panel of 25 inflammatory markers in subjects who had participated in bicycle ergometer tests varying in workload and hydration status.

METHODS

Fifteen healthy young men (20-35 years) had performed 4 different exercise protocols of 1 hour duration in a randomly assigned cross-over design, preceded by a rest protocol. Individual workloads depended on participant's pre-assessed individual maximum workload (Wmax): rest (protocol 1), 70% Wmax in hydrated (protocol 2) and dehydrated (protocol 3) state, 50% Wmax (protocol 4) and intermittent 85%/55% Wmax in 2 min blocks (protocol 5). Saliva samples were collected before (T0) and immediately after exercise (T1), and at several time points after exercise (2 hours (T3), 3 hours (T4), 6 hours (T5) and 24 hours (T6)). Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI), Matrix Metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) and lactoferrin was analyzed using a commercial ELISA kit, a panel of 22 cytokines and chemokines were analyzed using a commercial multiplex immunoassay. Data was analyzed using a multilevel mixed linear model, with multiple test correction.

RESULTS

Among a panel of 25 inflammatory markers, SLPI concentrations were significantly elevated immediately after exercise in all protocols compared to rest and higher concentrations reflected the intensity of exercise and hydration status. MMP-9 showed a significant increase in the 70% Wmax dehydrated, 50% Wmax and intermittent protocols.

CONCLUSIONS

Salivary concentrations of SLPI and MMP-9 seem associated with exercise intensity and hydration status and may offer non-invasive biomarkers to study (local) inflammatory responses to different exercise intensities in human studies.

Antibody drug conjugates beyond cytotoxic payloads

For many years, antibody drug conjugates (ADC) have teased with the promise of targeted payload delivery to diseased cells, embracing the targeting of the antibody to which a cytotoxic payload is conjugated. During the past decade this promise has started to be realised with the approval of more than a dozen ADCs for the treatment of various cancers. Of these ADCs, brentuximab vedotin really laid the foundations of a template for a successful ADC with lysosomal payload release from a cleavable dipeptide linker, measured DAR by conjugation to the Cys-Cys interchain bonds of the antibody and a cytotoxic payload. Using this ADC design model oncology has now expanded their repertoire of payloads to include non-cytotoxic compounds. These new payload classes have their origins in prior medicinal chemistry programmes aiming to design selective oral small molecule drugs. While this may not have been achieved, the resulting compounds provide excellent starting points for ADC programmes with some compounds amenable to immediate linker attachment while for others extensive SAR and structural information offer invaluable design insights. Many of these new oncology payload classes are of interest to other therapeutic areas facilitating rapid access to drug-linkers for exploration as non-oncology ADCs. Other therapeutic areas have also pursued unique payload classes with glucocorticoid receptor modulators (GRM) being the most clinically advanced in immunology. Here, ADC payloads come full circle, as oncology is now investigating GRM payloads for the treatment of cancer. This chapter aims to cover all these new ADC approaches while describing the medicinal chemistry origins of the new non-cytotoxic payloads.

Current knowledge on the role of extracellular vesicles in endometrial receptivity

Endometrial receptivity has been widely understood as the capacity of the endometrium to receive implantable embryos. The establishment of endometrial receptivity involves multiple biological processes including decidualization, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, immune regulation, and oxidative metabolism. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer-membrane nanosized vesicles mediating cell-to-cell communication. Recently, EVs and their cargo have been proven as functional factors in the establishment of endometrial receptivity. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the alteration of endometrium/embryo-derived EVs during the receptive phase and retrospected the current findings which revealed the pivotal role and potential mechanism of EVs to promote successful implantation. Furthermore, we highlight the potentiality and limitations of EVs being translated into clinical applications such as biomarkers of endometrial receptivity or reproductive therapeutic mediators, and point out the direction for further research.

Engineering the glioblastoma microenvironment with bioactive nanoparticles for effective immunotherapy

While immunotherapies have revolutionized treatment for other cancers, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients have not shown similar positive responses. The limited response to immunotherapies is partly due to the unique challenges associated with the GBM tumor microenvironment (TME), which promotes resistance to immunotherapies, causing many promising therapies to fail. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop strategies that make the TME immune permissive to promote treatment efficacy. Bioactive nano-delivery systems, in which the nanoparticle, due to its chemical composition, provides the pharmacological function, have recently emerged as an encouraging option for enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapeutics. These systems are designed to overcome immunosuppressive mechanisms in the TME to improve the efficacy of a therapy. This review will discuss different aspects of the TME and how they impede therapy success. Then, we will summarize recent developments in TME-modifying nanotherapeutics and the in vitro models utilized to facilitate these advances.

Immunomodulatory properties of morphine and the hypothesised role of long-term opioid use in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis

Epidemiological studies have shown high tuberculosis (TB) prevalence among chronic opioid users. Opioid receptors are found on multiple immune cells and immunomodulatory properties of opioids could be a contributory factor for ensuing immunosuppression and development or reactivation of TB. Toll-like receptors (TLR) mediate an immune response against microbial pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterial antigens and opioids co-stimulate TLRs 2/4/9 in immune cells, with resulting receptor cross-talk via multiple cytosolic secondary messengers, leading to significant immunomodulatory downstream effects. Blockade of specific immune pathways involved in the host defence against TB by morphine may play a critical role in causing tuberculosis among chronic morphine users despite multiple confounding factors such as socioeconomic deprivation, Human immunodeficiency virus co-infection and malnutrition. In this review, we map out immune pathways involved when immune cells are co-stimulated with mycobacterial antigens and morphine to explore a potential immunopathological basis for TB amongst long-term opioid users.

Expanded population of low-density neutrophils in juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Introduction

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), a clinically variable disease characterized by autoimmune arthritis, affects children, and its immunopathology remains elusive. Alterations in neutrophil biology play an important role in this disease. In the present study, we aimed to explore the features of low-density neutrophils (LDNs) in patients with JIA.

Methods

Gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from children with distinct subtypes of JIA was analyzed by NanoString Immunology panel. Presence of LDNs was ascertained by flow cytometry and the release of neutrophil-associated products were analyzed by LUMINEX.

Results

LDNs were detected in patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after density gradient centrifugation. Transcriptomic analysis of JIA PBMCs revealed that genes related to neutrophil degranulation were markedly upregulated. The number of LDNs and level of their degranulation products increased in patients' PBMCs and correlated with serum calprotectin, but not with disease activity, sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The phenotypes of LDNs varied from those of normal-density neutrophils and healthy donor LDNs. Phenotypical analysis revealed LDNs are immature and primed population with decreased suppressive capacity. A negative correlation between surface proteins CD62L, CD66b, and CD11b and the number of inflamed joints/JADAS was established.

Conclusion

Our results describe LDNs as primed, degranulated, immature cells with impaired suppressive activities. This work thus contributes to the increasing body of evidence that LDNs in JIA are altered and their role in the disease immunopathogenesis and possible clinical associations should be investigated further.

Association between α-defensin 5 and the expression and function of P-glycoprotein in differentiated intestinal Caco-2 cells

α-Defensin 5 is known to be secreted by Paneth cells in the small intestine and plays an important role in eliminating pathogenic microorganisms. It has been reported that a decrease in α-defensin 5 level in the human small intestine is a risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Furthermore, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily, encoded by the ABCB1/MDR1 gene, plays an important role in the front line of host defense by protecting the gastrointestinal barrier from xenobiotic accumulation and may contribute to the development and persistence of IBD. Therefore, we examined the relationship between α-defensin 5 and the expression and function of P-gp using a human gastrointestinal model cell line (Caco-2). We found that MDR1 mRNA and P-gp protein level were increased in Caco-2 cells as well as α-defensin 5 secretion corresponded with the duration of cell culture. Exposure to α-defensin 5 peptide and recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) significantly increased the expression and function P-gp. The mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-2 were also increased following exposure to TNF-α, similar to α-defensin 5 treatment. These results suggest that α-defensin 5 regulates P-gp expression and function by increasing TNF-α expression in Caco-2 cells.

Oxidative stress in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: Affecting the tumor microenvironment and becoming a new target for pituitary neuroendocrine tumor therapy

Pituitary adenomas (PAs), or pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), are commonly found in the anterior pituitary gland. Although the majority of PitNETs are benign and stable, several tumors have malignant characteristics. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the process of tumorigenesis and is composed of several types of cells. Various cells in the TME are significantly affected by oxidative stress. It has been reported that immunotherapeutic strategies have good effects in several cancers. However, the clinical potential of immunotherapies in PitNETs has not yet been fully discussed. Oxidative stress can regulate PitNET cells and immune cells in the TME, thus affecting the immune status of the TME of PitNETs. Therefore, modulation of oxidative stress-regulated immune cells using a combination of several agents and the immune system to suppress PitNETs is a promising therapeutic direction. In this review, we systematically analyzed the oxidative stress process within PitNET cells and various immune cells to elucidate the potential value of immunotherapy.

Identification of immune microenvironment changes, immune-related pathways and genes in male androgenetic alopecia

BACKGROUND

Although androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is classified as a non-inflammatory alopecia, histological evidence of microinflammation has long been recognized. However, changes in the immune microenvironment, immune-related pathways and the expression of immune-related genes (IRGs) involved in AGA remain unclear.

METHODS

The microarray gene expression data (GSE36169) from patients with male AGA were analyzed. gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) among statistically changed genes was done. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analyses among differentially expressed genes were performed. differentially expressed genes were screened to identify IRGs based on the ImmPort database. The cytohubba-MCC plugin of Cytoscape was applied to screen hub immune genes. The infiltration levels of 28 immune cells were quantified adopting single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) algorithm. The microarray gene expression data (GSE90594) of male AGA was analyzed to validate hub IRGs genes and differential infiltrated immune cells.

RESULTS

The ssGSEA revealed γδT cell, central memory CD8+ T cell, mast cell, immature B cell, activated CD8+ T cell, effector memory CD4+ T cell, eosinophil and neutrophil were significantly increased infiltration in the bald scalp. GSEA showed statistically changed genes were most enriched in immune related pathways, including innate immune system, adaptive immune system, cytokine signaling, interferon-γ signaling, interferon signaling and interleukins signaling. The 4 hub IRGs, including matrix metallopeptidase 9, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and thrombospondin 1, were enriched in the pathways of allograft rejection, coagulation and interferon-γ response.

CONCLUSION

In summary, we proposed that the increase in γδ T cells, central memory CD8+ T cells, activated CD8+ T cell as well as the infiltration of mast cells contributed to immune microenvironment changes in male AGA. The 4 hub IRGs may be involved in the development and progression of hair loss in male AGA through interferon-γ signal pathways.

The contribution of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors to the development, progression, and rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) account for up to 8% of deaths in men aged 65 years and over and 2.2% of women. Patients with AAAs often have atherosclerosis, and intimal atherosclerosis is generally present in AAAs. Accordingly, AAAs are considered a form of atherosclerosis and are frequently referred to as atherosclerotic aneurysms. Pathological observations advocate inflammatory cell infiltration alongside adverse extracellular matrix degradation as key contributing factors to the formation of human atherosclerotic AAAs. Therefore, macrophage production of proteolytic enzymes is deemed responsible for the damaging loss of ECM proteins, especially elastin and fibrillar collagens, which characterise AAA progression and rupture. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their regulation by tissue inhibitors metalloproteinases (TIMPs) can orchestrate not only ECM remodelling, but also moderate the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of resident aortic cells, alongside the recruitment and subsequent behaviour of inflammatory cells. Accordingly, MMPs are thought to play a central regulatory role in the development, progression, and eventual rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Together, clinical and animal studies have shed light on the complex and often diverse effects MMPs and TIMPs impart during the development of AAAs. This dichotomy is underlined from evidence utilising broad-spectrum MMP inhibition in animal models and clinical trials which have failed to provide consistent protection from AAA progression, although more encouraging results have been observed through deployment of selective inhibitors. This review provides a summary of the supporting evidence connecting the contribution of individual MMPs to AAA development, progression, and eventual rupture. Topics discussed include structural, functional, and cell-specific diversity of MMP members; evidence from animal models of AAA and comparisons with findings in humans; the dual role of MMPs and the requirement to selectively target individual MMPs; and the advances in identifying aberrant MMP activity. As evidenced, our developing understanding of the multifaceted roles individual MMPs perform during the progression and rupture of AAAs, should motivate clinical trials assessing the therapeutic potential of selective MMP inhibitors, which could restrict AAA-related morbidity and mortality worldwide.

Galactomannan-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles induce an anti-inflammatory phenotype in human macrophages

Macrophages are immune cells that can be activated into either pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. Attempts to modulate macrophage phenotype using drugs have been limited by targeting issues and systemic toxicity. This study investigates the effect of drug-free self-assembled hydrolyzed galactomannan-poly(methyl methacrylate) (hGM-g-PMMA) nanoparticles on the activation of the human monocyte-derived macrophage THP-1 cell line. Nanoparticles are cell compatible and are taken up by macrophages. RNA-sequencing analysis of cells exposed to NPs reveal the upregulation of seven metallothionein genes. Additionally, the secretion of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines upon exposure of unpolarized macrophages and M1-like cells obtained by activation with lipopolysaccharide + interferon-γ to the NPs is reduced and increased, respectively. Finally, nanoparticle-treated macrophages promote fibroblast migration in vitro. Overall, results demonstrate that hGM-g-PMMA nanoparticles induce the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines by THP-1 macrophages, which could pave the way for their application in the therapy of different inflammatory conditions, especially by local delivery.