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Khayat F, Alshmery M, Pal M, Oliver A, Bianchi A. Binding of the TRF2 iDDR motif to RAD50 highlights a convergent evolutionary strategy to inactivate MRN at telomeres. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:7704-7719. [PMID: 38884214 PMCID: PMC11260466 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Telomeres protect chromosome ends from unscheduled DNA repair, including from the MRN (MRE11, RAD50, NBS1) complex, which processes double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) via activation of the ATM kinase, promotes DNA end-tethering aiding the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway, and initiates DSB resection through the MRE11 nuclease. A protein motif (MIN, for MRN inhibitor) inhibits MRN at budding yeast telomeres by binding to RAD50 and evolved at least twice, in unrelated telomeric proteins Rif2 and Taz1. We identify the iDDR motif of human shelterin protein TRF2 as a third example of convergent evolution for this telomeric mechanism for binding MRN, despite the iDDR lacking sequence homology to the MIN motif. CtIP is required for activation of MRE11 nuclease action, and we provide evidence for binding of a short C-terminal region of CtIP to a RAD50 interface that partly overlaps with the iDDR binding site, indicating that the interaction is mutually exclusive. In addition, we show that the iDDR impairs the DNA binding activity of RAD50. These results highlight direct inhibition of MRN action as a crucial role of telomeric proteins across organisms and point to multiple mechanisms enforced by the iDDR to disable the many activities of the MRN complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Khayat
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Majedh Alshmery
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Hafr Al Batin University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohinder Pal
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Antony W Oliver
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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2
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Arellano MYG, VanHeest M, Emmadi S, Abdul-Hafez A, Ibrahim SA, Thiruvenkataramani RP, Teleb RS, Omar H, Kesaraju T, Mohamed T, Madhukar BV, Omar SA. Role of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) and MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in Prevention of Telomere Length Shortening, Cellular Senescence, and Accelerated Biological Aging. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:524. [PMID: 38927760 PMCID: PMC11200821 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11060524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological aging is defined as a progressive decline in tissue function that eventually results in cell death. Accelerated biologic aging results when the telomere length is shortened prematurely secondary to damage from biological or environmental stressors, leading to a defective reparative mechanism. Stem cells therapy may have a potential role in influencing (counteract/ameliorate) biological aging and maintaining the function of the organism. Mesenchymal stem cells, also called mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells of mesodermal origin that can differentiate into other types of cells, such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. MSCs influence resident cells through the secretion of paracrine bioactive components such as cytokines and extracellular vesicles (EVs). This review examines the changes in telomere length, cellular senescence, and normal biological age, as well as the factors contributing to telomere shortening and accelerated biological aging. The role of MSCs-especially those derived from gestational tissues-in prevention of telomere shortening (TS) and accelerated biological aging is explored. In addition, the strategies to prevent MSC senescence and improve the antiaging therapeutic application of MSCs and MSC-derived EVs in influencing telomere length and cellular senescence are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna Y. Gonzalez Arellano
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.Y.G.A.); (A.A.-H.); (S.A.I.); (R.P.T.); (R.S.T.); (H.O.); (T.K.); (T.M.); (B.V.M.)
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.V.); (S.E.)
- Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, MI 48912, USA
| | - Matthew VanHeest
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.V.); (S.E.)
| | - Sravya Emmadi
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.V.); (S.E.)
| | - Amal Abdul-Hafez
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.Y.G.A.); (A.A.-H.); (S.A.I.); (R.P.T.); (R.S.T.); (H.O.); (T.K.); (T.M.); (B.V.M.)
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.V.); (S.E.)
| | - Sherif Abdelfattah Ibrahim
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.Y.G.A.); (A.A.-H.); (S.A.I.); (R.P.T.); (R.S.T.); (H.O.); (T.K.); (T.M.); (B.V.M.)
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.V.); (S.E.)
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ranga P. Thiruvenkataramani
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.Y.G.A.); (A.A.-H.); (S.A.I.); (R.P.T.); (R.S.T.); (H.O.); (T.K.); (T.M.); (B.V.M.)
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.V.); (S.E.)
- Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, MI 48912, USA
| | - Rasha S. Teleb
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.Y.G.A.); (A.A.-H.); (S.A.I.); (R.P.T.); (R.S.T.); (H.O.); (T.K.); (T.M.); (B.V.M.)
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.V.); (S.E.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Qena Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Hady Omar
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.Y.G.A.); (A.A.-H.); (S.A.I.); (R.P.T.); (R.S.T.); (H.O.); (T.K.); (T.M.); (B.V.M.)
| | - Tulasi Kesaraju
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.Y.G.A.); (A.A.-H.); (S.A.I.); (R.P.T.); (R.S.T.); (H.O.); (T.K.); (T.M.); (B.V.M.)
| | - Tarek Mohamed
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.Y.G.A.); (A.A.-H.); (S.A.I.); (R.P.T.); (R.S.T.); (H.O.); (T.K.); (T.M.); (B.V.M.)
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.V.); (S.E.)
- Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, MI 48912, USA
| | - Burra V. Madhukar
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.Y.G.A.); (A.A.-H.); (S.A.I.); (R.P.T.); (R.S.T.); (H.O.); (T.K.); (T.M.); (B.V.M.)
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.V.); (S.E.)
| | - Said A. Omar
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.Y.G.A.); (A.A.-H.); (S.A.I.); (R.P.T.); (R.S.T.); (H.O.); (T.K.); (T.M.); (B.V.M.)
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.V.); (S.E.)
- Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, MI 48912, USA
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3
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Talati VP, Karn V, Gadewal N, Bastikar VA. Mechanistic influence of discreet conformation of human telomerase linker region. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38319038 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2310212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Approximately 90% of malignancies have been shown to have human telomerase activity, establishing it as a viable therapeutic target. The crystal structure of telomerase was determined recently. However, the tertiary structure of the non-conserved flexible linker region remains unresolved. This study aims to predict the full-length tertiary structure of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Two strategies were employed to determine the full-length structure of hTERT (1132 amino acids); iterative threading and a conjoined model generated from machine learning and energy functions. After energy minimization, Ramachandran Plot analysis, and simulation; the conjoined model was considered of better quality and stability. The linker region of the conjoined depicted two helices from approximately 275-284 and 201-211 amino acids respectively in contrast to the iterative threading model which has a single helix. Moreover, the region was observed to undergo major structural changes throughout the simulation. These changes signify its flexibility which might be due to the region having a significant number of glycine and proline and could enhance the clamping movement.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun P Talati
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vamika Karn
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nikhil Gadewal
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Virupaksha A Bastikar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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4
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Gu M, Ren B, Fang Y, Ren J, Liu X, Wang X, Zhou F, Xiao R, Luo X, You L, Zhao Y. Epigenetic regulation in cancer. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e495. [PMID: 38374872 PMCID: PMC10876210 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are defined as heritable changes in gene activity that do not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence. The oncogenic process is driven by the accumulation of alterations that impact genome's structure and function. Genetic mutations, which directly disrupt the DNA sequence, are complemented by epigenetic modifications that modulate gene expression, thereby facilitating the acquisition of malignant characteristics. Principals among these epigenetic changes are shifts in DNA methylation and histone mark patterns, which promote tumor development and metastasis. Notably, the reversible nature of epigenetic alterations, as opposed to the permanence of genetic changes, positions the epigenetic machinery as a prime target in the discovery of novel therapeutics. Our review delves into the complexities of epigenetic regulation, exploring its profound effects on tumor initiation, metastatic behavior, metabolic pathways, and the tumor microenvironment. We place a particular emphasis on the dysregulation at each level of epigenetic modulation, including but not limited to, the aberrations in enzymes responsible for DNA methylation and histone modification, subunit loss or fusions in chromatin remodeling complexes, and the disturbances in higher-order chromatin structure. Finally, we also evaluate therapeutic approaches that leverage the growing understanding of chromatin dysregulation, offering new avenues for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhi Gu
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Bo Ren
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Feihan Zhou
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Ruiling Xiao
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Xiyuan Luo
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
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5
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Lasho T, Patnaik MM. Adaptive and Maladaptive Clonal Hematopoiesis in Telomere Biology Disorders. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2024; 19:35-44. [PMID: 38095828 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-023-00719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Telomere biology disorders (TBDs) are germline-inherited conditions characterized by reduction in telomerase function, accelerated shortening of telomeres, predisposition to organ-failure syndromes, and increased risk of neoplasms, especially myeloid malignancies. In normal cells, critically short telomeres trigger apoptosis and/or cellular senescence. However, the evolutionary mechanism by which TBD-related telomerase-deficient cells can overcome this fitness constraint remains elusive. RECENT FINDINGS Preliminary data suggests the existence of adaptive somatic mosaic states characterized by variants in TBD-related genes and maladaptive somatic mosaic states that attempt to overcome hematopoietic fitness constraints by alternative methods leading to clonal hematopoiesis. TBDs are both rare and highly heterogeneous in presentation, and the association of TBD with malignant transformation is unclear. Understanding the clonal complexity and mechanisms behind TBD-associated molecular signatures that lead to somatic adaptation in the setting of defective hematopoiesis will help inform therapy and treatment for this set of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terra Lasho
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Mrinal M Patnaik
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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6
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Sobinoff AP, Di Maro S, Low RRJ, Benedetti R, Tomassi S, D'Aniello A, Russo R, Baglivo I, Chianese U, Pedone PV, Chambery A, Cesare AJ, Altucci L, Pickett HA, Cosconati S. Irreversible inhibition of TRF2 TRFH recruiting functions by a covalent cyclic peptide induces telomeric replication stress in cancer cells. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1652-1665.e6. [PMID: 38065101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The TRF2 shelterin component is an essential regulator of telomere homeostasis and genomic stability. Mutations in the TRF2TRFH domain physically impair t-loop formation and prevent the recruitment of several factors that promote efficient telomere replication, causing telomeric DNA damage. Here, we design, synthesize, and biologically test covalent cyclic peptides that irreversibly target the TRF2TRFH domain. We identify APOD53 as our most promising compound, as it consistently induces a telomeric DNA damage response in cancer cell lines. APOD53 forms a covalent adduct with a reactive cysteine residue present in the TRF2TRFH domain and induces phenotypes consistent with TRF2TRFH domain mutants. These include induction of a telomeric DNA damage response, increased telomeric replication stress, and impaired recruitment of RTEL1 and SLX4 to telomeres. We demonstrate that APOD53 impairs cancer cell growth and find that co-treatment with APOD53 can exacerbate telomere replication stress caused by the G4 stabilizer RHPS4 and low dose aphidicolin (APH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Sobinoff
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Salvatore Di Maro
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ronnie R J Low
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Rosaria Benedetti
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria "Luigi Vanvitelli", Medical Epigenetics Program
| | - Stefano Tomassi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonia D'Aniello
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosita Russo
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ilaria Baglivo
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ugo Chianese
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo V Pedone
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; BIOGEM, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria "Luigi Vanvitelli", Medical Epigenetics Program; IEOS CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
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7
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Lim J, Kim W, Kim J, Lee J. Telomeric repeat evolution in the phylum Nematoda revealed by high-quality genome assemblies and subtelomere structures. Genome Res 2023; 33:1947-1957. [PMID: 37918961 PMCID: PMC10760449 DOI: 10.1101/gr.278124.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are composed of tandem arrays of telomeric-repeat motifs (TRMs) and telomere-binding proteins (TBPs), which are responsible for ensuring end-protection and end-replication of chromosomes. TRMs are highly conserved owing to the sequence specificity of TBPs, although significant alterations in TRM have been observed in several taxa, except Nematoda. We used public whole-genome sequencing data sets to analyze putative TRMs of 100 nematode species and determined that three distinct branches included specific novel TRMs, suggesting that evolutionary alterations in TRMs occurred in Nematoda. We focused on one of the three branches, the Panagrolaimidae family, and performed a de novo assembly of four high-quality draft genomes of the canonical (TTAGGC) and novel TRM (TTAGAC) isolates; the latter genomes revealed densely clustered arrays of the novel TRM. We then comprehensively analyzed the subtelomeric regions of the genomes to infer how the novel TRM evolved. We identified DNA damage-repair signatures in subtelomeric sequences that were representative of consequences of telomere maintenance mechanisms by alternative lengthening of telomeres. We propose a hypothetical scenario in which TTAGAC-containing units are clustered in subtelomeric regions and pre-existing TBPs capable of binding both canonical and novel TRMs aided the evolution of the novel TRM in the Panagrolaimidae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseon Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Wonjoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea;
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Department of Convergent Bioscience and Informatics, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Junho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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8
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Lukšíková K, Pavlica T, Altmanová M, Štundlová J, Pelikánová Š, Simanovsky SA, Krysanov EY, Jankásek M, Hiřman M, Reichard M, Ráb P, Sember A. Conserved satellite DNA motif and lack of interstitial telomeric sites in highly rearranged African Nothobranchius killifish karyotypes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:1501-1514. [PMID: 37661806 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Using African annual killifishes of the genus Nothobranchius from temporary savannah pools with rapid karyotype and sex chromosome evolution, we analysed the chromosomal distribution of telomeric (TTAGGG)n repeat and Nfu-SatC satellite DNA (satDNA; isolated from Nothobranchius furzeri) in 15 species across the Nothobranchius killifish phylogeny, and with Fundulosoma thierryi as an out-group. Our fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments revealed that all analysed taxa share the presence of Nfu-SatC repeat but with diverse organization and distribution on chromosomes. Nfu-SatC landscape was similar in conspecific populations of Nothobranchius guentheri and Nothobranchius melanospilus but slightly-to-moderately differed between populations of Nothobranchius pienaari, and between closely related Nothobranchius kuhntae and Nothobranchius orthonotus. Inter-individual variability in Nfu-SatC patterns was found in N. orthonotus and Nothobranchius krysanovi. We revealed mostly no sex-linked patterns of studied repetitive DNA distribution. Only in Nothobranchius brieni, possessing multiple sex chromosomes, Nfu-SatC repeat occupied a substantial portion of the neo-Y chromosome, similarly as formerly found in the XY sex chromosome system of turquoise killifish N. furzeri and its sister species Nothobranchius kadleci-representatives not closely related to N. brieni. All studied species further shared patterns of expected telomeric repeats at the ends of all chromosomes and no additional interstitial telomeric sites. In summary, we revealed (i) the presence of conserved satDNA class in Nothobranchius clades (a rare pattern among ray-finned fishes); (ii) independent trajectories of Nothobranchius sex chromosome differentiation, with recurrent and convergent accumulation of Nfu-SatC on the Y chromosome in some species; and (iii) genus-wide shared tendency to loss of telomeric repeats during interchromosomal rearrangements. Collectively, our findings advance our understanding of genome structure, mechanisms of karyotype reshuffling, and sex chromosome differentiation in Nothobranchius killifishes from the genus-wide perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolína Lukšíková
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pavlica
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Altmanová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Štundlová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Pelikánová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Sergey A Simanovsky
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene Yu Krysanov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marek Jankásek
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matyáš Hiřman
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Reichard
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ráb
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Sember
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
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9
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Zhang Y, Hou K, Tong J, Zhang H, Xiong M, Liu J, Jia S. The Altered Functions of Shelterin Components in ALT Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16830. [PMID: 38069153 PMCID: PMC10706665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes that cap the ends of eukaryotic linear chromosomes. Telomeric DNA is bound by shelterin protein complex to prevent telomeric chromosome ends from being recognized as damaged sites for abnormal repair. To overcome the end replication problem, cancer cells mostly preserve their telomeres by reactivating telomerase, but a minority (10-15%) of cancer cells use a homologous recombination-based pathway called alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Recent studies have found that shelterin components play an important role in the ALT mechanism. The binding of TRF1, TRF2, and RAP1 to telomeres attenuates ALT activation, while the maintenance of ALT telomere requires TRF1 and TRF2. POT1 and TPP1 can also influence the occurrence of ALT. The elucidation of how shelterin regulates the initiation of ALT remains elusive. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the current findings on the regulation of ALT by shelterin components, aiming to enhance the insight into the altered functions of shelterin components in ALT cells and to identify potential targets for the treatment of ALT tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jing Ming Nan Road, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Z.); (K.H.); (J.T.); (H.Z.); (M.X.)
| | - Shuting Jia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jing Ming Nan Road, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Z.); (K.H.); (J.T.); (H.Z.); (M.X.)
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10
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Gold NM, Okeke MN, He Y. Involvement of Inheritance in Determining Telomere Length beyond Environmental and Lifestyle Factors. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1023. [PMID: 37962459 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
All linear chromosomal ends have specific DNA-protein complexes called telomeres. Telomeres serve as a "molecular clock" to estimate the potential length of cell replication. Shortening of telomere length (TL) is associated with cellular senescence, aging, and various age-related diseases in humans. Here we reviewed the structure, function, and regulation of telomeres and the age-related diseases associated with telomere attrition. Among the various determinants of TL, we highlight the connection between TL and heredity to provide a new overview of genetic determinants for TL. Studies across multiple species have shown that maternal and paternal TL influence the TL of their offspring, and this may affect life span and their susceptibility to age-related diseases. Hence, we reviewed the linkage between TL and parental influences and the proposed mechanisms involved. More in-depth studies on the genetic mechanism for TL attrition are needed due to the potential application of this knowledge in human medicine to prevent premature frailty at its earliest stage, as well as promote health and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheemat Modupeola Gold
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic, Evolution and Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Michael Ngozi Okeke
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Nanomedical Technology Research, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yonghan He
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic, Evolution and Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Brankiewicz W, Kalathiya U, Padariya M, Węgrzyn K, Prusinowski M, Zebrowska J, Zylicz-Stachula A, Skowron P, Drab M, Szajewski M, Ciesielski M, Gawrońska M, Kallingal A, Makowski M, Bagiński M. Modified Peptide Molecules As Potential Modulators of Shelterin Protein Functions; TRF1. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300970. [PMID: 37332024 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present studies on relatively new and still not well-explored potential anticancer targets which are shelterin proteins, in particular the TRF1 protein can be blocked by in silico designed "peptidomimetic" molecules. TRF1 interacts directly with the TIN2 protein, and this protein-protein interaction is crucial for the proper functioning of telomere, which could be blocked by our novel modified peptide molecules. Our chemotherapeutic approach is based on assumption that modulation of TRF1-TIN2 interaction may be more harmful for cancer cells as cancer telomeres are more fragile than in normal cells. We have shown in vitro within SPR experiments that our modified peptide PEP1 molecule interacts with TRF1, presumably at the site originally occupied by the TIN2 protein. Disturbance of the shelterin complex by studied molecule may not in short term lead to cytotoxic effects, however blocking TRF1-TIN2 resulted in cellular senescence in cellular breast cancer lines used as a cancer model. Thus, our compounds appeared useful as starting model compounds for precise blockage of TRF proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Brankiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Umesh Kalathiya
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monikaben Padariya
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Węgrzyn
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Prusinowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Zebrowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Skowron
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Drab
- Unit of Nanostructural Bio-Interactions, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Weigla-Street, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Szajewski
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Gdynia Oncology Centre, Gdynia, Poland
- Division of Propaedeutics of Oncology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Ciesielski
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Gdynia Oncology Centre, Gdynia, Poland
- Division of Propaedeutics of Oncology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gawrońska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anoop Kallingal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Makowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Bagiński
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
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12
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Krivega M, Zimmer J, Slezko A, Frank-Herrmann P, Rehnitz J, Hohenfellner M, Bettendorf M, Luzarowski M, Strowitzki T. Genomic instability in individuals with sex determination defects and germ cell cancer. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:173. [PMID: 37217472 PMCID: PMC10202957 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to transmit genetic information through generations depends on the preservation of genome integrity. Genetic abnormalities affect cell differentiation, causing tissue specification defects and cancer. We addressed genomic instability in individuals with Differences of Sex Development (DSD), characterized by gonadal dysgenesis, infertility, high susceptibility for different types of cancer, especially Germ Cell Tumors (GCT), and in men with testicular GCTs. Whole proteome analysis of leukocytes, supported by specific gene expression assessment, and dysgenic gonads characterization, uncovered DNA damage phenotypes with altered innate immune response and autophagy. Further examination of DNA damage response revealed a reliance on deltaTP53, which was compromised by mutations in the transactivation domain in DSD-individuals with GCT. Accordingly, drug-induced rescue of DNA damage was achieved by autophagy inhibition but not by stabilization of TP53 in DSD-individuals' blood in vitro. This study elucidates possibilities for prophylactic treatments of DSD-individuals, as well as new diagnostic approaches of GCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Krivega
- Research Group of Gonadal Differentiation and Embryonic Development, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology & Fertility Disorders, Women Hospital, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jutta Zimmer
- Research Group of Gonadal Differentiation and Embryonic Development, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology & Fertility Disorders, Women Hospital, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Slezko
- Research Group of Gonadal Differentiation and Embryonic Development, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology & Fertility Disorders, Women Hospital, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Frank-Herrmann
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology & Fertility Disorders, Women Hospital, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Rehnitz
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology & Fertility Disorders, Women Hospital, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hohenfellner
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Bettendorf
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcin Luzarowski
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics, ZMBH, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Strowitzki
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology & Fertility Disorders, Women Hospital, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Glugoski L, Deon GA, Nogaroto V, Moreira-Filho O, Vicari MR. Robertsonian Fusion Site in Rineloricaria pentamaculata (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): Involvement of 5S Ribosomal DNA and Satellite Sequences. Cytogenet Genome Res 2023; 162:657-664. [PMID: 37054691 DOI: 10.1159/000530636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies demonstrated that unstable chromosomal sites in armored catfishes (Loricariidae) triggered intense karyotypic diversification, mainly derived from Robertsonian rearrangements. In Loricariinae, the presence of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clusters and their flanking repeated regions (such as microsatellites or partial transposable element sequences) was proposed to facilitate chromosomal rearrangements. Hence, this study aimed to characterize the numerical chromosomal polymorphism observed in Rineloricaria pentamaculata and evaluate the chromosomal rearrangements which originated diploid chromosome number (2n) variation, from 56 to 54. Our data indicate a centric fusion event between acrocentric chromosomes of pairs 15 and 18, bearing 5S rDNA sites on their short (p) arms. This chromosome fusion established the numerical polymorphism, decreasing the 2n from original 56 (karyomorph A) to 55 in karyomorph B and 54 in karyomorph C. Although vestiges of telomeric sequences were evidenced at the fusion point, no 5S rDNA was detected in this region. The acrocentric chromosomes involved in the origin of the fusion were enriched with (CA)n and (GA)n microsatellites. Repetitive sequences in the acrocentric chromosomes subtelomeres have facilitated the rearrangement. Our study thus reinforces the view on the important role of particular repetitive DNA classes in promoting chromosome fusions which frequently drive Rineloricaria karyotype evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Glugoski
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Geize A Deon
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Viviane Nogaroto
- Department of Structural Biology, Molecular and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Orlando Moreira-Filho
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ricardo Vicari
- Department of Structural Biology, Molecular and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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14
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Romero-Zamora D, Hayashi MT. A non-catalytic N-terminus domain of WRN prevents mitotic telomere deprotection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:645. [PMID: 36635307 PMCID: PMC9837040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeric ends form a loop structure (T-loop) necessary for the repression of ATM kinase activation throughout the normal cell cycle. However, cells undergoing a prolonged mitotic arrest are prone to lose the T-loop, resulting in Aurora B kinase-dependent mitotic telomere deprotection, which was proposed as an anti-tumor mechanism that eliminates precancerous cells from the population. The mechanism of mitotic telomere deprotection has not been elucidated. Here, we show that WRN, a RECQ helicase family member, can suppress mitotic telomere deprotection independently of its exonuclease and helicase activities. Truncation of WRN revealed that N-terminus amino acids 168-333, a region that contains a coiled-coil motif, is sufficient to suppress mitotic telomere deprotection without affecting both mitotic Aurora B-dependent spindle checkpoint and ATM kinase activity. The suppressive activity of the WRN168-333 fragment is diminished in cells partially depleted of TRF2, while WRN is required for complete suppression of mitotic telomere deprotection by TRF2 overexpression. Finally, we found that phosphomimetic but not alanine mutations of putative Aurora B target sites in the WRN168-333 fragment abolished its suppressive effect. Our findings reveal a non-enzymatic function of WRN, which may be regulated by phosphorylation in cells undergoing mitotic arrest. We propose that WRN enhances the protective function of TRF2 to counteract the hypothetical pathway that resolves the mitotic T-loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Romero-Zamora
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033IFOM-KU Joint Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
| | - Makoto T. Hayashi
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033IFOM-KU Joint Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan ,IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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15
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Yang Q, Nie Z, Zhu Y, Hao M, Liu S, Ding X, Wang F, Wang F, Geng X. Inhibition of TRF2 Leads to Ferroptosis, Autophagic Death, and Apoptosis by Causing Telomere Dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:6897268. [PMID: 37113742 PMCID: PMC10129434 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6897268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is an aggressive malignancy with a high mortality rate and poor prognosis. Telomeric repeat-binding factor 2 (TRF2) is a critical telomere protection protein. Emerging evidence indicates that TRF2 may be an essential treatment option for GC; however, the exact mechanism remains largely unknown. Objective We aimed to explore the role of TRF2 in GC cells. The function and molecular mechanisms of TRF2 in the pathogenesis of GC were mainly discussed in this study. Methods Relevant data from GEPIA and TCGA databases regarding TRF2 gene expression and its prognostic significance in GC samples were analyzed. Analysis of 53BP1 foci at telomeres by immunofluorescence, metaphase spreads, and telomere-specific FISH analysis was carried out to explore telomere damage and dysfunction after TRF2 depletion. CCK8 cell proliferation, trypan blue staining, and colony formation assay were performed to evaluate cell survival. Apoptosis and cell migration were determined with flow cytometry and scratch-wound healing assay, respectively. qRT-PCR and Western blotting were carried out to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels after TRF2 depletion on apoptosis, autophagic death, and ferroptosis. Results By searching with GEPIA and TCGA databases, the results showed that the expression levels of TRF2 were obviously elevated in the samples of GC patients, which was associated with adverse prognosis. Knockdown of TRF2 suppressed the cell growth, proliferation, and migration in GC cells, causing significant telomere dysfunction. Apoptosis, autophagic death, and ferroptosis were also triggered in this process. The pretreatment of chloroquine (autophagy inhibitor) and ferrostatin-1 (ferroptosis inhibitor) improved the survival phenotypes of GC cells. Conclusion Our data suggest that TRF2 depletion can inhibit cell growth, proliferation, and migration through the combined action of ferroptosis, autophagic death, and apoptosis in GC cells. The results indicate that TRF2 might be used as a potential target to develop therapeutic strategies for treating GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Ziyang Nie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yukun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Fuyang Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province 236000, China
| | - Mingying Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xuelu Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xin Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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16
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Batista LFZ, Dokal I, Parker R. Telomere biology disorders: time for moving towards the clinic? Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:882-891. [PMID: 36057525 PMCID: PMC9509473 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Telomere biology disorders (TBDs) are a group of rare diseases caused by mutations that impair telomere maintenance. Mutations that cause reduced levels of TERC/hTR, the telomerase RNA component, are found in most TBD patients and include loss-of-function mutations in hTR itself, in hTR-binding proteins [NOP10, NHP2, NAF1, ZCCHC8, and dyskerin (DKC1)], and in proteins required for hTR processing (PARN). These patients show diverse clinical presentations that most commonly include bone marrow failure (BMF)/aplastic anemia (AA), pulmonary fibrosis, and liver cirrhosis. There are no curative therapies for TBD patients. An understanding of hTR biogenesis, maturation, and degradation has identified pathways and pharmacological agents targeting the poly(A) polymerase PAPD5, which adds 3'-oligoadenosine tails to hTR to promote hTR degradation, and TGS1, which modifies the 5'-cap structure of hTR to enhance degradation, as possible therapeutic approaches. Critical next steps will be clinical trials to establish the effectiveness and potential side effects of these compounds in TBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Z Batista
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Genome Integrity, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Inderjeet Dokal
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Roy Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Biofrontiers Instiute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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17
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Cheng P, Zhao X, Katsnelson L, Camacho-Hernandez EM, Mermerian A, Mays JC, Lippman SM, Rosales-Alvarez RE, Moya R, Shwetar J, Grun D, Fenyo D, Davoli T. Proteogenomic analysis of cancer aneuploidy and normal tissues reveals divergent modes of gene regulation across cellular pathways. eLife 2022; 11:75227. [PMID: 36129397 PMCID: PMC9491860 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells control gene expression is a fundamental question. The relative contribution of protein-level and RNA-level regulation to this process remains unclear. Here, we perform a proteogenomic analysis of tumors and untransformed cells containing somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs). By revealing how cells regulate RNA and protein abundances of genes with SCNAs, we provide insights into the rules of gene regulation. Protein complex genes have a strong protein-level regulation while non-complex genes have a strong RNA-level regulation. Notable exceptions are plasma membrane protein complex genes, which show a weak protein-level regulation and a stronger RNA-level regulation. Strikingly, we find a strong negative association between the degree of RNA-level and protein-level regulation across genes and cellular pathways. Moreover, genes participating in the same pathway show a similar degree of RNA- and protein-level regulation. Pathways including translation, splicing, RNA processing, and mitochondrial function show a stronger protein-level regulation while cell adhesion and migration pathways show a stronger RNA-level regulation. These results suggest that the evolution of gene regulation is shaped by functional constraints and that many cellular pathways tend to evolve one predominant mechanism of gene regulation at the protein level or at the RNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Cheng
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Lizabeth Katsnelson
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Elaine M Camacho-Hernandez
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Angela Mermerian
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Joseph C Mays
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Reyna Edith Rosales-Alvarez
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics, and Metabolism, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raquel Moya
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Jasmine Shwetar
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Dominic Grun
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Fenyo
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Teresa Davoli
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
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18
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Lupatov AY, Yarygin KN. Telomeres and Telomerase in the Control of Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102335. [PMID: 36289597 PMCID: PMC9598777 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells serve as a source of cellular material in embryogenesis and postnatal growth and regeneration. This requires significant proliferative potential ensured by sufficient telomere length. Telomere attrition in the stem cells and their niche cells can result in the exhaustion of the regenerative potential of high-turnover organs, causing or contributing to the onset of age-related diseases. In this review, stem cells are examined in the context of the current telomere-centric theory of cell aging, which assumes that telomere shortening depends not just on the number of cell doublings (mitotic clock) but also on the influence of various internal and external factors. The influence of the telomerase and telomere length on the functional activity of different stem cell types, as well as on their aging and prospects of use in cell therapy applications, is discussed.
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Liu Z, Wei X, Gao Y, Gao X, Li X, Zhong Y, Wang X, Liu C, Shi T, Lv J, Liu T. Zbtb34 promotes embryonic stem cell proliferation by elongating telomere length. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:7126-7136. [PMID: 36098743 PMCID: PMC9512507 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zbtb34 is a novel zinc finger protein, which is revealed by biological software analysis to have 3 zinc fingers, but its functions remain unknown. In this study, mouse Zbtb34 cDNA was amplified by PCR and inserted into the plasmid pEGFP-N1 to generate Zbtb34-EGFP fusion protein. The upregulation of Zbtb34 in mouse embryonic stem cells promoted telomere elongation and increased cell proliferation. In order to understand the above phenomena, the telomere co-immunoprecipitation technique was employed to investigate the relationship between Zbtb34 and telomeres. The results indicated that Zbtb34 could bind to the DNA sequences of the telomeres. Alanine substitution of the third zinc finger abolished such binding. Since Pot1 is the only protein binding to the single-stranded DNA at the end of the telomeres, we further investigated the relationship between Zbtb34 and Pot1. The results revealed that the upregulation of Zbtb34 decreased the binding of Pot1b to the telomeres. Through the upregulation of Pot1b, the binding of Zbtb34 to the telomeres was also reduced. In conclusion, we showed that the main biological function of Zbtb34 was to bind telomere DNA via its third ZnF, competing with Pot1b for the binding sites, resulting in telomere elongation and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
- Guihang Guiyang Hospital Affiliated to Zunyi Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550027, China
| | - Xinran Wei
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Xiaodie Gao
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Xia Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Affiliated to Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China
| | - Yujuan Zhong
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Chong Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Tianle Shi
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Jiabin Lv
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guihang Guiyang Hospital Affiliated to Zunyi Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550027, China
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20
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Fiesco-Roa MÓ, García-de Teresa B, Leal-Anaya P, van ‘t Hek R, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Frías S, Rodríguez A. Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita/telomere biology disorders: Two inherited bone marrow failure syndromes with genomic instability. Front Oncol 2022; 12:949435. [PMID: 36091172 PMCID: PMC9453478 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.949435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) are a complex and heterogeneous group of genetic diseases. To date, at least 13 IBMFS have been characterized. Their pathophysiology is associated with germline pathogenic variants in genes that affect hematopoiesis. A couple of these diseases also have genomic instability, Fanconi anemia due to DNA damage repair deficiency and dyskeratosis congenita/telomere biology disorders as a result of an alteration in telomere maintenance. Patients can have extramedullary manifestations, including cancer and functional or structural physical abnormalities. Furthermore, the phenotypic spectrum varies from cryptic features to patients with significantly evident manifestations. These diseases require a high index of suspicion and should be considered in any patient with abnormal hematopoiesis, even if extramedullary manifestations are not evident. This review describes the disrupted cellular processes that lead to the affected maintenance of the genome structure, contrasting the dysmorphological and oncological phenotypes of Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita/telomere biology disorders. Through a dysmorphological analysis, we describe the phenotypic features that allow to make the differential diagnosis and the early identification of patients, even before the onset of hematological or oncological manifestations. From the oncological perspective, we analyzed the spectrum and risks of cancers in patients and carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Ó. Fiesco-Roa
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Paula Leal-Anaya
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Renée van ‘t Hek
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autoínoma de Meíxico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Talia Wegman-Ostrosky
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sara Frías
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Alfredo Rodríguez, ; Sara Frías,
| | - Alfredo Rodríguez
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Alfredo Rodríguez, ; Sara Frías,
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21
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Li S, Liu T, Liu H, Zhai X, Cao T, Yu H, Hong W, Lin X, Li M, Huang Y, Xiao J. Integrated driver mutations profile of chinese gastrointestinal-natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976762. [PMID: 36059700 PMCID: PMC9434212 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the most common nasal external sites in extranodal Natural Killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is in the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Despite this, reports on gastrointestinal-Natural Killer/T-cell lymphoma (GI-NKTCL) are very few. To obtain a better understanding of this manifestation of NKTCL, we conducted a retrospective study on GI-NKTCL to analyze its clinical features, genomic changes and immune infiltration. Methods We retrospectively collected patients diagnosed with GI-NKTCL in the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from 2010 to 2020. From this cohort we obtained mutation data via whole exome sequencing. Results Genomic analysis from 15 patients with GI-NKTCL showed that the most common driving mutations were ARID1B(14%, 2/15), ERBB3(14%, 2/15), POT1(14%, 2/15), and TP53(14%, 2/15). In addition, we found the most common gene mutation in patients with GI-NKTCL to be RETSAT(29%, 4/15) and SNRNP70(21%, 3/15), and the most common hallmark pathway mutations to be G2M checkpoint pathway (10/15, 66.7%), E2F targets (8/15, 53.3%), estrogen response late (7/15, 46.7%), estrogen response early (7/15, 46.7%), apoptosis (7/15, 46.7%) and TNFA signaling via NFKB (7/15, 46.7%). In the ICIs-Miao cohort, SNRNP7-wild-type (WT) melanoma patients had significantly prolonged overall survival (OS) time compared with SNRNP7 mutant type (MT) melanoma patients. In the TCGA-UCEC cohort, the patients with RETSAT-MT or SNRNP7-MT had significantly increased expression of immune checkpoint molecules and upregulation of inflammatory immune cells. Conclusions In this study, we explored GI-NKTCL by means of genomic analysis, and identified the most common mutant genes (RETSAT and SNRNP70), pathway mutations (G2M checkpoint and E2F targets) in GI-NKTCL patients. Also, we explored the association between the common mutant genes and immune infiltration. Our aim is that our exploration of these genomic changes will aid in the discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for those with GI-NKTCL, and finally provide a theoretical basis for improving the treatment and prognosis of patients with GI-NKTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingzhi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Hematology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taiyuan Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongen Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanjia Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoru Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Huang, ; Jian Xiao,
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Huang, ; Jian Xiao,
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22
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Patient-Derived iPSCs Reveal Evidence of Telomere Instability and DNA Repair Deficiency in Coats Plus Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081395. [PMID: 36011306 PMCID: PMC9407572 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coats plus (CP) syndrome is an inherited autosomal recessive condition that results from mutations in the conserved telomere maintenance component 1 gene (CTC1). The CTC1 protein functions as a part of the CST protein complex, a protein heterotrimer consisting of CTC1-STN1-TEN1 which promotes telomere DNA synthesis and inhibits telomerase-mediated telomere elongation. However, it is unclear how CTC1 mutations may have an effect on telomere structure and function. For that purpose, we established the very first induced pluripotent stem cell lines (iPSCs) from a compound heterozygous patient with CP carrying deleterious mutations in both alleles of CTC1. Telomere dysfunction and chromosomal instability were assessed in both circulating lymphocytes and iPSCs from the patient and from healthy controls of similar age. The circulating lymphocytes and iPSCs from the CP patient were characterized by their higher telomere length heterogeneity and telomere aberrations compared to those in control cells from healthy donors. Moreover, in contrast to iPSCs from healthy controls, the high levels of telomerase were associated with activation of the alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) pathway in CP-iPSCs. This was accompanied by inappropriate activation of the DNA repair proteins γH2AX, 53BP1, and ATM, as well as with accumulation of DNA damage, micronuclei, and anaphase bridges. CP-iPSCs presented features of cellular senescence and increased radiation sensitivity. Clonal dicentric chromosomes were identified only in CP-iPSCs after exposure to radiation, thus mirroring the role of telomere dysfunction in their formation. These data demonstrate that iPSCs derived from CP patients can be used as a model system for molecular studies of the CP syndrome and underscores the complexity of telomere dysfunction associated with the defect of DNA repair machinery in the CP syndrome.
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23
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Mitoribosomal Deregulation Drives Senescence via TPP1-Mediated Telomere Deprotection. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132079. [PMID: 35805162 PMCID: PMC9265344 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While mitochondrial bioenergetic deregulation has long been implicated in cellular senescence, its mechanistic involvement remains unclear. By leveraging diverse mitochondria-related gene expression profiles derived from two different cellular senescence models of human diploid fibroblasts, we found that the expression of mitoribosomal proteins (MRPs) was generally decreased during the early-to-middle transition prior to the exhibition of noticeable SA-β-gal activity. Suppressed expression patterns of the identified senescence-associated MRP signatures (SA-MRPs) were validated in aged human cells and rat and mouse skin tissues and in aging mouse fibroblasts at single-cell resolution. TIN2- and POT1-interaction protein (TPP1) was concurrently suppressed, which induced senescence, accompanied by telomere DNA damage. Lastly, we show that SA-MRP deregulation could be a potential upstream regulator of TPP1 suppression. Our results indicate that mitoribosomal deregulation could represent an early event initiating mitochondrial dysfunction and serve as a primary driver of cellular senescence and an upstream regulator of shelterin-mediated telomere deprotection.
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24
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Hou K, Yu Y, Li D, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Tong J, Yang K, Jia S. Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres and Mediated Telomere Synthesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092194. [PMID: 35565323 PMCID: PMC9105334 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Alternative lengthing of telomere (ALT) is an important mechanism for maintaining telomere length and cell proliferation in telomerase-negative tumor cells. However, the molecular mechanism of ALT is still poorly understood. ALT occurs in a wide range of tumor types and usually associated with a worse clinical consequence. Here, we review the recent findings of ALT mechanisms, which promise ALT could be a valuable drug target for clinical telomerase-negative tumor treatment. Abstract Telomeres are DNA–protein complexes that protect eukaryotic chromosome ends from being erroneously repaired by the DNA damage repair system, and the length of telomeres indicates the replicative potential of the cell. Telomeres shorten during each division of the cell, resulting in telomeric damage and replicative senescence. Tumor cells tend to ensure cell proliferation potential and genomic stability by activating telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs) for telomere lengthening. The alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway is the most frequently activated TMM in tumors of mesenchymal and neuroepithelial origin, and ALT also frequently occurs during experimental cellular immortalization of mesenchymal cells. ALT is a process that relies on homologous recombination (HR) to elongate telomeres. However, some processes in the ALT mechanism remain poorly understood. Here, we review the most recent understanding of ALT mechanisms and processes, which may help us to better understand how the ALT pathway is activated in cancer cells and determine the potential therapeutic targets in ALT pathway-stabilized tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailong Hou
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jing Ming Nan Road, Kunming 650500, China;
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jing Ming Nan Road, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.Z.); (K.Z.); (J.T.)
- First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, 157 Jinbi Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yuyang Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jing Ming Nan Road, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.Z.); (K.Z.); (J.T.)
| | - Duda Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jing Ming Nan Road, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.Z.); (K.Z.); (J.T.)
| | - Yanduo Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jing Ming Nan Road, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.Z.); (K.Z.); (J.T.)
| | - Ke Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jing Ming Nan Road, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.Z.); (K.Z.); (J.T.)
| | - Jinkai Tong
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jing Ming Nan Road, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.Z.); (K.Z.); (J.T.)
| | - Kunxian Yang
- First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, 157 Jinbi Road, Kunming 650032, China
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (S.J.)
| | - Shuting Jia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jing Ming Nan Road, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.Z.); (K.Z.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (S.J.)
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25
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Barry RM, Sacco O, Mameri A, Stojaspal M, Kartsonis W, Shah P, De Ioannes P, Hofr C, Côté J, Sfeir A. Rap1 regulates TIP60 function during fate transition between two-cell-like and pluripotent states. Genes Dev 2022; 36:313-330. [PMID: 35210222 PMCID: PMC8973845 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349039.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the conserved telomere binding protein Rap1 serves a diverse set of nontelomeric functions, including activation of the NF-kB signaling pathway, maintenance of metabolic function in vivo, and transcriptional regulation. Here, we uncover the mechanism by which Rap1 modulates gene expression. Using a separation-of-function allele, we show that Rap1 transcriptional regulation is largely independent of TRF2-mediated binding to telomeres and does not involve direct binding to genomic loci. Instead, Rap1 interacts with the TIP60/p400 complex and modulates its histone acetyltransferase activity. Notably, we show that deletion of Rap1 in mouse embryonic stem cells increases the fraction of two-cell-like cells. Specifically, Rap1 enhances the repressive activity of Tip60/p400 across a subset of two-cell-stage genes, including Zscan4 and the endogenous retrovirus MERVL. Preferential up-regulation of genes proximal to MERVL elements in Rap1-deficient settings implicates these endogenous retroviral elements in the derepression of proximal genes. Altogether, our study reveals an unprecedented link between Rap1 and the TIP60/p400 complex in the regulation of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Mario Barry
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Olivia Sacco
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Amel Mameri
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology; CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center-Oncology Division, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Martin Stojaspal
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.,LifeB, Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - William Kartsonis
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Pooja Shah
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Pablo De Ioannes
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Ctirad Hofr
- LifeB, Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jacques Côté
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology; CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center-Oncology Division, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Agnel Sfeir
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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26
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Lung Fibroblasts from Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Patients Harbor Short and Unstable Telomeres Leading to Chromosomal Instability. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020310. [PMID: 35203522 PMCID: PMC8869717 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is associated with several hallmarks of aging including telomere shortening, which can result from germline mutations in telomere related genes (TRGs). Here, we assessed the length and stability of telomeres as well as the integrity of chromosomes in primary lung fibroblasts from 13 IPF patients (including seven patients with pathogenic variants in TRGs) and seven controls. Automatized high-throughput detection of telomeric FISH signals highlighted lower signal intensity in lung fibroblasts from IPF patients, suggesting a telomere length defect in these cells. The increased detection of telomere loss and terminal deletion in IPF cells, particularly in TRG-mutated cells (IPF-TRG), supports the notion that these cells have unstable telomeres. Furthermore, fibroblasts from IPF patients with TRGs mutations exhibited dicentric chromosomes and anaphase bridges. Collectively, our study indicates that fibroblasts from IPF patients exhibit telomere and chromosome instability that likely contribute to the physiopathology.
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27
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Jack A, Kim Y, Strom AR, Lee DSW, Williams B, Schaub JM, Kellogg EH, Finkelstein IJ, Ferro LS, Yildiz A, Brangwynne CP. Compartmentalization of telomeres through DNA-scaffolded phase separation. Dev Cell 2022; 57:277-290.e9. [PMID: 35077681 PMCID: PMC8988007 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres form unique nuclear compartments that prevent degradation and fusion of chromosome ends by recruiting shelterin proteins and regulating access of DNA damage repair factors. To understand how these dynamic components protect chromosome ends, we combine in vivo biophysical interrogation and in vitro reconstitution of human shelterin. We show that shelterin components form multicomponent liquid condensates with selective biomolecular partitioning on telomeric DNA. Tethering and anomalous diffusion prevent multiple telomeres from coalescing into a single condensate in mammalian cells. However, telomeres coalesce when brought into contact via an optogenetic approach. TRF1 and TRF2 subunits of shelterin drive phase separation, and their N-terminal domains specify interactions with telomeric DNA in vitro. Telomeric condensates selectively recruit telomere-associated factors and regulate access of DNA damage repair factors. We propose that shelterin mediates phase separation of telomeric chromatin, which underlies the dynamic yet persistent nature of the end-protection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Jack
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yoonji Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Amy R Strom
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Daniel S W Lee
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Byron Williams
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Schaub
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Ilya J Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Luke S Ferro
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Clifford P Brangwynne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA.
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Li D, Hou K, Zhang K, Jia S. Regulation of Replication Stress in Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres by Fanconi Anaemia Protein. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020180. [PMID: 35205225 PMCID: PMC8872277 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA)-related proteins function in interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair pathways and multiple damage repair pathways. Recent studies have found that FA proteins are involved in the regulation of replication stress (RS) in alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Since ALT cells often exhibit high-frequency ATRX mutations and high levels of telomeric secondary structure, high levels of DNA damage and replicative stress exist in ALT cells. Persistent replication stress is required to maintain the activity of ALT mechanistically, while excessive replication stress causes ALT cell death. FA proteins such as FANCD2 and FANCM are involved in the regulation of this balance by resolving or inhibiting the formation of telomere secondary structures to stabilize stalled replication forks and promote break-induced repair (BIR) to maintain the survival of ALT tumour cells. Therefore, we review the role of FA proteins in replication stress in ALT cells, providing a rationale and direction for the targeted treatment of ALT tumours.
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Vicari MR, Bruschi DP, Cabral-de-Mello DC, Nogaroto V. Telomere organization and the interstitial telomeric sites involvement in insects and vertebrates chromosome evolution. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 45:e20220071. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2022-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Galati A, Scatolini L, Micheli E, Bavasso F, Cicconi A, Maccallini P, Chen L, Roake CM, Schoeftner S, Artandi SE, Gatti M, Cacchione S, Raffa GD. The S-adenosylmethionine analog sinefungin inhibits the trimethylguanosine synthase TGS1 to promote telomerase activity and telomere lengthening. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:42-52. [PMID: 34817067 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in many genes that control the expression, the function, or the stability of telomerase cause telomere biology disorders (TBDs), such as dyskeratosis congenita, pulmonary fibrosis, and aplastic anemia. Mutations in a subset of the genes associated with TBDs cause reductions of the telomerase RNA moiety hTR, thus limiting telomerase activity. We have recently found that loss of the trimethylguanosine synthase TGS1 increases both hTR abundance and telomerase activity and leads to telomere elongation. Here, we show that treatment with the S-adenosylmethionine analog sinefungin inhibits TGS1 activity, increases the hTR levels, and promotes telomere lengthening in different cell types. Our results hold promise for restoring telomere length in stem and progenitor cells from TBD patients with reduced hTR levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Galati
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Livia Scatolini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Micheli
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Bavasso
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cicconi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Maccallini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Lu Chen
- Cancer Signaling and Epigenetics Program-Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caitlin M Roake
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Schoeftner
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Trieste, Italy
| | - Steven E Artandi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Cacchione
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Grazia D Raffa
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
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Guzonjić A, Sopić M, Ostanek B, Kotur-Stevuljević J. Telomere length as a biomarker of aging and diseases. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm72-36376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As research related to healthspan and lifespan has become a hot topic, the necessity for a reliable and practical biomarker of aging (BoA), which can provide information about mortality and morbidity risk, along with remaining life expectancy, has increased. The chromosome terminus non-coding protective structure that prevents genomic instability is called a telomere. The continual shortening of telomeres, which affects their structure as well as function, is a hallmark of agedness. The aforementioned process is a potential cause of age-related diseases (ARDs), leading to a bad prognosis and a low survival rate, which compromise health and longevity. Hence, studies scrutinizing the BoAs often include telomere length (TL) as a prospective candidate. The results of these studies suggest that TL measurement can only provide an approximate appraisal of the aging rate, and its implementation into clinical practice and routine use as a BoA has many limitations and challenges. Nevertheless, measuring TL while determining other biomarkers can be used to assess biological age. This review focuses on the importance of telomeres in health, senescence, and diseases, as well as on summarizing the results and conclusions of previous studies evaluating TL as a potential BoA.
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Stem cells at odds with telomere maintenance and protection. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:527-536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kahl VFS, da Silva J. Inorganic elements in occupational settings: A review on the effects on telomere length and biology. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 872:503418. [PMID: 34798938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have shown that telomere crisis is highly affected by external factors. Effects of human exposure to xenobiotics on telomere length (TL), particularly in their workplace, have been largely studied. TL has been shown to be an efficient biomarker in occupational risk assessment. This is the first review focusing on studies about the effects on TL from occupational exposures to metals (lead [Pb] and mixtures), and particulate matter (PM) related to inorganic elements. Data from 15 studies were evaluated regarding occupational exposure to metals and PM-associated inorganic elements and impact on TL. Potential complementary analyses and subjects' background (age, length of employment and gender) were also assessed. There was limited information on the correlations between work length and TL dynamics, and that was also true for the correlation between age and TL. Results indicated that TL is affected differently across the types of occupational exposure investigated in this review, and even within the same exposure, a variety of effects can be observed. Fifty-three percent of the studies observed decreased TL in occupational exposure among welding fumes, open-cast coal mine, Pb and PM industries workers. Two studies focused particularly on the levels of metals and association with TL, and both linear and non-linear associations were found. Interestingly, TL modifications were accompanied by increase in DNA damage in 7 out of 8 studies that investigated it, measured either by Cytokinesis-block Micronucleus Assay or Comet assay. Five studies also investigated oxidative stress parameters, and 4 of them found increased levels of oxidative damage along with TL impairment. Oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms by which telomeres are affected due to their high guanine content. Our review highlights the need of further studies accessing TL in simultaneous occupational exposure to mixtures of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian F Silva Kahl
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Post Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil, Av Farroupilha 8001, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, 92425-900, Brazil; LaSalle University (UniLaSalle), Av Victor Barreto 2288, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, 92010-000, Brazil.
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Myler LR, Kinzig CG, Sasi NK, Zakusilo G, Cai SW, de Lange T. The evolution of metazoan shelterin. Genes Dev 2021; 35:1625-1641. [PMID: 34764137 PMCID: PMC8653790 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348835.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Myler et al. investigated the evolutionary origins of shelterin complex, which is comprised of TRF1, TRF2, Rap1, TIN2, TPP1, and POT1; blocks the DNA damage response at chromosome ends; and interacts with telomerase and the CST complex to regulate telomere length. They describe the evolution of metazoan shelterin, showing that TRF1 emerged in vertebrates upon duplication of a TRF2-like ancestor, and providing insights into the biology of shelterin and its evolution from ancestral telomeric DNA-binding proteins. The mammalian telomeric shelterin complex—comprised of TRF1, TRF2, Rap1, TIN2, TPP1, and POT1—blocks the DNA damage response at chromosome ends and interacts with telomerase and the CST complex to regulate telomere length. The evolutionary origins of shelterin are unclear, partly because unicellular organisms have distinct telomeric proteins. Here, we describe the evolution of metazoan shelterin, showing that TRF1 emerged in vertebrates upon duplication of a TRF2-like ancestor. TRF1 and TRF2 diverged rapidly during vertebrate evolution through the acquisition of new domains and interacting factors. Vertebrate shelterin is also distinguished by the presence of an HJRL domain in the split C-terminal OB fold of POT1, whereas invertebrate POT1s carry inserts of variable nature. Importantly, the data reveal that, apart from the primate and rodent POT1 orthologs, all metazoan POT1s are predicted to have a fourth OB fold at their N termini. Therefore, we propose that POT1 arose from a four-OB-fold ancestor, most likely an RPA70-like protein. This analysis provides insights into the biology of shelterin and its evolution from ancestral telomeric DNA-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan R Myler
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Charles G Kinzig
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Nanda K Sasi
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - George Zakusilo
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Sarah W Cai
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Titia de Lange
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Yu EY, Zahid SS, Aloe S, Falck-Pedersen E, Zhou XK, Cheung NKV, Lue NF. Reciprocal impacts of telomerase activity and ADRN/MES differentiation state in neuroblastoma tumor biology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1315. [PMID: 34799676 PMCID: PMC8604896 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere maintenance and tumor cell differentiation have been separately implicated in neuroblastoma malignancy. Their mechanistic connection is unclear. We analyzed neuroblastoma cell lines and morphologic subclones representing the adrenergic (ADRN) and mesenchymal (MES) differentiation states and uncovered sharp differences in their telomere protein and telomerase activity levels. Pharmacologic conversion of ADRN into MES cells elicited consistent and robust changes in the expression of telomere-related proteins. Conversely, stringent down-regulation of telomerase activity triggers the differentiation of ADRN into MES cells, which was reversible upon telomerase up-regulation. Interestingly, the MES differentiation state is associated with elevated levels of innate immunity factors, including key components of the DNA-sensing pathway. Accordingly, MES but not ADRN cells can mount a robust response to viral infections in vitro. A gene expression signature based on telomere and cell lineage-related factors can cluster neuroblastoma tumor samples into predominantly ADRN or MES-like groups, with distinct clinical outcomes. Our findings establish a strong mechanistic connection between telomere and differentiation and suggest that manipulating telomeres may suppress malignancy not only by limiting the tumor growth potential but also by inducing tumor cell differentiation and altering its immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, W. R. Hearst Microbiology Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Syed S Zahid
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, W. R. Hearst Microbiology Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Aloe
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, W. R. Hearst Microbiology Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erik Falck-Pedersen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, W. R. Hearst Microbiology Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xi Kathy Zhou
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neal F Lue
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, W. R. Hearst Microbiology Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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36
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Impact of Chromatin Dynamics and DNA Repair on Genomic Stability and Treatment Resistance in Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225678. [PMID: 34830833 PMCID: PMC8616465 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs) are the leading cause of mortality in pediatric neuro-oncology, due in great part to treatment resistance driven by complex DNA repair mechanisms. pHGGs have recently been divided into molecular subtypes based on mutations affecting the N-terminal tail of the histone variant H3.3 and the ATRX/DAXX histone chaperone that deposits H3.3 at repetitive heterochromatin loci that are of paramount importance to the stability of our genome. This review addresses the functions of H3.3 and ATRX/DAXX in chromatin dynamics and DNA repair, as well as the impact of mutations affecting H3.3/ATRX/DAXX on treatment resistance and how the vulnerabilities they expose could foster novel therapeutic strategies. Abstract Despite their low incidence, pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs), including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), are the leading cause of mortality in pediatric neuro-oncology. Recurrent, mutually exclusive mutations affecting K27 (K27M) and G34 (G34R/V) in the N-terminal tail of histones H3.3 and H3.1 act as key biological drivers of pHGGs. Notably, mutations in H3.3 are frequently associated with mutations affecting ATRX and DAXX, which encode a chaperone complex that deposits H3.3 into heterochromatic regions, including telomeres. The K27M and G34R/V mutations lead to distinct epigenetic reprogramming, telomere maintenance mechanisms, and oncogenesis scenarios, resulting in distinct subgroups of patients characterized by differences in tumor localization, clinical outcome, as well as concurrent epigenetic and genetic alterations. Contrasting with our understanding of the molecular biology of pHGGs, there has been little improvement in the treatment of pHGGs, with the current mainstays of therapy—genotoxic chemotherapy and ionizing radiation (IR)—facing the development of tumor resistance driven by complex DNA repair pathways. Chromatin and nucleosome dynamics constitute important modulators of the DNA damage response (DDR). Here, we summarize the major DNA repair pathways that contribute to resistance to current DNA damaging agent-based therapeutic strategies and describe the telomere maintenance mechanisms encountered in pHGGs. We then review the functions of H3.3 and its chaperones in chromatin dynamics and DNA repair, as well as examining the impact of their mutation/alteration on these processes. Finally, we discuss potential strategies targeting DNA repair and epigenetic mechanisms as well as telomere maintenance mechanisms, to improve the treatment of pHGGs.
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Gruber HJ, Semeraro MD, Renner W, Herrmann M. Telomeres and Age-Related Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101335. [PMID: 34680452 PMCID: PMC8533433 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are at the non-coding ends of linear chromosomes. Through a complex 3-dimensional structure, they protect the coding DNA and ensure appropriate separation of chromosomes. Aging is characterized by a progressive shortening of telomeres, which compromises their structure and function. Because of their protective function for genomic DNA, telomeres appear to play an important role in the development and progression of many age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), malignancies, dementia, and osteoporosis. Despite substantial evidence that links telomere length with these conditions, the nature of these observations remains insufficiently understood. Therefore, future studies should address the question of causality. Furthermore, analytical methods should be further improved with the aim to provide informative and comparable results. This review summarize the actual knowledge of telomere biology and the possible implications of telomere dysfunction for the development and progression of age-related diseases. Furthermore, we provide an overview of analytical techniques for the measurement of telomere length and telomerase activity.
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Cai D, Liu Z, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Biomolecular Condensates and Their Links to Cancer Progression. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:535-549. [PMID: 33579564 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has emerged in recent years as an important physicochemical process for organizing diverse processes within cells via the formation of membraneless organelles termed biomolecular condensates. Emerging evidence now suggests that the formation and regulation of biomolecular condensates are also intricately linked to cancer formation and progression. We review the most recent literature linking the existence and/or dissolution of biomolecular condensates to different hallmarks of cancer formation and progression. We then discuss the opportunities that this condensate perspective provides for cancer research and the development of novel therapeutic approaches, including the perturbation of condensates by small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Cai
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Zhe Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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Abstract
The MRN complex (MRX in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, made of Mre11, Rad50 and Nbs1/Xrs2) initiates double-stranded DNA break repair and activates the Tel1/ATM kinase in the DNA damage response. Telomeres counter both outcomes at chromosome ends, partly by keeping MRN-ATM in check. We show that MRX is disabled by telomeric protein Rif2 through an N-terminal motif (MIN, MRN/X-inhibitory motif). MIN executes suppression of Tel1, DNA end-resection and non-homologous end joining by binding the Rad50 N-terminal region. Our data suggest that MIN promotes a transition within MRX that is not conductive for endonuclease activity, DNA-end tethering or Tel1 kinase activation, highlighting an Achilles' heel in MRN, which we propose is also exploited by the RIF2 paralog ORC4 (Origin Recognition Complex 4) in Kluyveromyces lactis and the Schizosaccharomyces pombe telomeric factor Taz1, which is evolutionarily unrelated to Orc4/Rif2. This raises the possibility that analogous mechanisms might be deployed in other eukaryotes as well.
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40
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Lezaja A, Panagopoulos A, Wen Y, Carvalho E, Imhof R, Altmeyer M. RPA shields inherited DNA lesions for post-mitotic DNA synthesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3827. [PMID: 34158486 PMCID: PMC8219667 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The paradigm that checkpoints halt cell cycle progression for genome repair has been challenged by the recent discovery of heritable DNA lesions escaping checkpoint control. How such inherited lesions affect genome function and integrity is not well understood. Here, we identify a new class of heritable DNA lesions, which is marked by replication protein A (RPA), a protein primarily known for shielding single-stranded DNA in S/G2. We demonstrate that post-mitotic RPA foci occur at low frequency during unperturbed cell cycle progression, originate from the previous cell cycle, and are exacerbated upon replication stress. RPA-marked inherited ssDNA lesions are found at telomeres, particularly of ALT-positive cancer cells. We reveal that RPA protects these replication remnants in G1 to allow for post-mitotic DNA synthesis (post-MiDAS). Given that ALT-positive cancer cells exhibit high levels of replication stress and telomere fragility, targeting post-MiDAS might be a new therapeutic opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Lezaja
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Panagopoulos
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yanlin Wen
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edison Carvalho
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Imhof
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Altmeyer
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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41
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Ngo GHP, Grimstead JW, Baird DM. UPF1 promotes the formation of R loops to stimulate DNA double-strand break repair. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3849. [PMID: 34158508 PMCID: PMC8219777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24201-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-RNA hybrid structures have been detected at the vicinity of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) occurring within transcriptional active regions of the genome. The induction of DNA-RNA hybrids strongly affects the repair of these DSBs, but the nature of these structures and how they are formed remain poorly understood. Here we provide evidence that R loops, three-stranded structures containing DNA-RNA hybrids and the displaced single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) can form at sub-telomeric DSBs. These R loops are generated independently of DNA resection but are induced alongside two-stranded DNA-RNA hybrids that form on ssDNA generated by DNA resection. We further identified UPF1, an RNA/DNA helicase, as a crucial factor that drives the formation of these R loops and DNA-RNA hybrids to stimulate DNA resection, homologous recombination, microhomology-mediated end joining and DNA damage checkpoint activation. Our data show that R loops and DNA-RNA hybrids are actively generated at DSBs to facilitate DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg H P Ngo
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Julia W Grimstead
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Duncan M Baird
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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42
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Mattiroli F, Penengo L. Histone Ubiquitination: An Integrative Signaling Platform in Genome Stability. Trends Genet 2021; 37:566-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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43
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Ye D, Wang J, Shen H, Feng X, Xiang L, Jin W, Zhao W, Ding J, He Z, Zou Y, Meng Q, Cui W, Zhang F, Di CA, Fan C, Zhu D. An Oligonucleotide-Distortion-Responsive Organic Transistor for Platinum-Drug-Induced DNA-Damage Detection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100489. [PMID: 33987852 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic transistor with DNA-damage evaluation ability can open up novel opportunities for bioelectronic devices. Even though trace amounts of drugs can cause cumulative gene damage in vivo, the extremely low occurrence proportion makes them hardly transduced into detectable electric signals. Here, an ultrasensitive DNA-damage sensor based on an oligonucleotide-distortion-responsive organic transistor (DROT) is reported by creating controllable conformation change of double-stranded DNA on the surface of organic semiconductors. In combination with interfacial charge redistribution and efficient signal amplification, the DROT provides an ultrasensitive single-site DNA-damage response with 20.5 s even upon 1 × 10-12 m cisplatin. The high generalizability of this DROT to three generations of classical platinum drugs and gene-relevant DNA damage is demonstrated. A biochip is further designed for intelligent damage analysis in complex environments, which holds the potential for high-throughput biotoxicity evaluation and drug screening in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekai Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongguang Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinping Feng
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lanyi Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenrui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiamin Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zihan He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ye Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qing Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wei Cui
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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44
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Brabson JP, Leesang T, Mohammad S, Cimmino L. Epigenetic Regulation of Genomic Stability by Vitamin C. Front Genet 2021; 12:675780. [PMID: 34017357 PMCID: PMC8129186 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.675780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation plays an important role in the maintenance of genomic stability. Ten-eleven translocation proteins (TETs) are a family of iron (Fe2+) and α-KG -dependent dioxygenases that regulate DNA methylation levels by oxidizing 5-methylcystosine (5mC) to generate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). These oxidized methylcytosines promote passive demethylation upon DNA replication, or active DNA demethylation, by triggering base excision repair and replacement of 5fC and 5caC with an unmethylated cytosine. Several studies over the last decade have shown that loss of TET function leads to DNA hypermethylation and increased genomic instability. Vitamin C, a cofactor of TET enzymes, increases 5hmC formation and promotes DNA demethylation, suggesting that this essential vitamin, in addition to its antioxidant properties, can also directly influence genomic stability. This review will highlight the functional role of DNA methylation, TET activity and vitamin C, in the crosstalk between DNA methylation and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Brabson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tiffany Leesang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sofia Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Luisa Cimmino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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45
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Shoeb M, Meier HCS, Antonini JM. Telomeres in toxicology: Occupational health. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 220:107742. [PMID: 33176178 PMCID: PMC7969441 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ends of chromosomes shorten at each round of cell division, and this process is thought to be affected by occupational exposures. Occupational hazards may alter telomere length homeostasis resulting in DNA damage, chromosome aberration, mutations, epigenetic alterations and inflammation. Therefore, for the protection of genetic material, nature has provided a unique nucleoprotein structure known as a telomere. Telomeres provide protection by averting an inappropriate activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) at chromosomal ends and preventing recognition of single and double strand DNA (ssDNA and dsDNA) breaks or chromosomal end-to-end fusion. Telomeres and their interacting six shelterin complex proteins in coordination act as inhibitors of DNA damage machinery by blocking DDR activation at chromosomes, thereby preventing the occurrence of genome instability, perturbed cell cycle, cellular senescence and apoptosis. However, inappropriate DNA repair may result in the inadequate distribution of genetic material during cell division, resulting in the eventual development of tumorigenesis and other pathologies. This article reviews the current literature on the association of changes in telomere length and its interacting proteins with different occupational exposures and the potential application of telomere length or changes in the regulatory proteins as potential biomarkers for exposure and health response, including recent findings and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shoeb
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States of America.
| | - Helen C S Meier
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - James M Antonini
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
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46
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Makasheva KA, Endutkin AV, Zharkov DO. Requirements for DNA bubble structure for efficient cleavage by helix-two-turn-helix DNA glycosylases. Mutagenesis 2021; 35:119-128. [PMID: 31784740 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative DNA lesions, constantly generated by both endogenous and environmentally induced reactive oxygen species, are removed via the base excision repair pathway. In bacteria, Fpg and Nei DNA glycosylases, belonging to the helix-two-turn-helix (H2TH) structural superfamily, remove oxidised purines and pyrimidines, respectively. Interestingly, the human H2TH family glycosylases, NEIL1, NEIL2 and NEIL3, have been reported to prefer oxidative lesions in DNA bubbles or single-stranded DNA. It had been hypothesised that NEIL2 might be involved in the repair of lesions in transcription bubbles; however, bubble-like structures may appear in other cellular contexts such as displacement loops (D-loops) associated with transcription, recombination or telomere maintenance. The activities of bacterial Fpg and Nei on bubble substrates were not addressed. Also, it is not known whether H2TH enzymes process bubbles containing the third DNA or RNA strand, and how the bubble length and position of the lesion within a bubble affect the excision. We have investigated the removal of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) and 5,6-dihydrouracil (DHU) by Escherichia coli Fpg and Nei and human NEIL1 and NEIL2 from single-strand oligonucleotides, perfect duplexes, bubbles with different numbers of unpaired bases (6-30), bubbles containing the lesion in different positions and D-loops with the third strand made of DNA or RNA. Fpg, NEIL1 and NEIL2 efficiently excised lesions located within bubbles, with NEIL1 and NEIL2 being specific for DHU, and Fpg removing both 8-oxoG and DHU. Nei, in contrast, was significantly active only on DHU located in double-stranded DNA. Fpg and NEIL1 also tolerated the presence of the third strand of either DNA or RNA in D-loops if the lesion was in the single-stranded part, and Fpg, Nei and NEIL1 excised lesions from the double-stranded DNA part of D-loops. The presence of an additional unpaired 5'-tail of DNA or RNA did not affect the activity. No significant position preference for lesions in a 12-mer bubble was found. Overall, the activities of Fpg, NEIL1 and NEIL2 on these non-canonical substrates are consistent with the possibility that these enzymes may participate in the repair in structures arising during transcription or homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anton V Endutkin
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry O Zharkov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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47
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Uppuluri L, Varapula D, Young E, Riethman H, Xiao M. Single-molecule telomere length characterization by optical mapping in nano-channel array: Perspective and review on telomere length measurement. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 82:103562. [PMID: 33310082 PMCID: PMC8500550 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the telomere consists of tandem 5'TTAGGG3' DNA repeats on both ends of all 46 chromosomes. Telomere shortening has been linked to aging and age-related diseases. Similarly, telomere length changes have been associated with chemical exposure, molecular-level DNA damage, and tumor development. Telomere elongation has been associated to tumor development, caused due to chemical exposure and molecular-level DNA damage. The methods used to study these effects mostly rely on average telomere length as a biomarker. The mechanisms regulating subtelomere-specific and haplotype-specific telomere lengths in humans remain understudied and poorly understood, primarily because of technical limitations in obtaining these data for all chromosomes. Recent studies have shown that it is the short telomeres that are crucial in preserving chromosome stability. The identity and frequency of specific critically short telomeres potentially is a useful biomarker for studying aging, age-related diseases, and cancer. Here, we will briefly review the role of telomere length, its measurement, and our recent single-molecule telomere length measurement assay. With this assay, one can measure individual telomere lengths as well as identify their physically linked subtelomeric DNA. This assay can also positively detect telomere loss, characterize novel subtelomeric variants, haplotypes, and previously uncharacterized recombined subtelomeres. We will also discuss its applications in aging cells and cancer cells, highlighting the utility of the single molecule telomere length assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahari Uppuluri
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dharma Varapula
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eleanor Young
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harold Riethman
- Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
| | - Ming Xiao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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48
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Yue X, Bai C, Xie D, Ma T, Zhou PK. DNA-PKcs: A Multi-Faceted Player in DNA Damage Response. Front Genet 2020; 11:607428. [PMID: 33424929 PMCID: PMC7786053 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.607428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase related kinase family, which can phosphorylate more than 700 substrates. As the core enzyme, DNA-PKcs forms the active DNA-PK holoenzyme with the Ku80/Ku70 heterodimer to play crucial roles in cellular DNA damage response (DDR). Once DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) occur in the cells, DNA-PKcs is promptly recruited into damage sites and activated. DNA-PKcs is auto-phosphorylated and phosphorylated by Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated at multiple sites, and phosphorylates other targets, participating in a series of DDR and repair processes, which determine the cells' fates: DSBs NHEJ repair and pathway choice, replication stress response, cell cycle checkpoints, telomeres length maintenance, senescence, autophagy, etc. Due to the special and multi-faceted roles of DNA-PKcs in the cellular responses to DNA damage, it is important to precisely regulate the formation and dynamic of its functional complex and activities for guarding genomic stability. On the other hand, targeting DNA-PKcs has been considered as a promising strategy of exploring novel radiosensitizers and killing agents of cancer cells. Combining DNA-PKcs inhibitors with radiotherapy can effectively enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy, offering more possibilities for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiao Yue
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chenjun Bai
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dafei Xie
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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49
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M'kacher R, Colicchio B, Marquet V, Borie C, Najar W, Hempel WM, Heidingsfelder L, Oudrhiri N, Al Jawhari M, Wilhelm-Murer N, Miguet M, Dieterlen A, Deschênes G, Tabet AC, Junker S, Grynberg M, Fenech M, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Voisin P, Carde P, Jeandidier E, Yardin C. Telomere aberrations, including telomere loss, doublets, and extreme shortening, are increased in patients with infertility. Fertil Steril 2020; 115:164-173. [PMID: 33272625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that telomere shortening and/or loss are risk factors for infertility. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of the telomere status in patients with infertility using conventional cytogenetic data collected prospectively. SETTING Academic centers. PATIENT(S) Cytogenetic slides with cultured peripheral lymphocytes from 50 patients undergoing fertility treatment and 150 healthy donors, including 100 donors matched for age. INTERVENTION(S) Cytogenetic slides were used to detect chromosomal and telomere aberrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Telomere length and telomere aberrations were analyzed after telomere and centromere staining. RESULT(S) The mean telomere length of patients consulting for infertility was significantly less than that of healthy donors of similar age. Moreover, patients with infertility showed significantly more extreme telomere loss and telomere doublet formation than healthy controls. Telomere shortening and/or telomere aberrations were more pronounced in patients with structural chromosomal aberrations. Dicentric chromosomes were identified in 6/13 patients, with constitutional chromosomal aberrations leading to chromosomal instability that correlated with chromosomal end-to-end fusions. CONCLUSION(S) Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of analyzing telomere aberrations in addition to chromosomal aberrations, using cytogenetic slides. Telomere attrition and/or dysfunction represent the main common cytogenetic characteristic of patients with infertility, leading to potential implications for fertility assessment. Pending further studies, these techniques that correlate the outcome of assisted reproduction and telomere integrity status may represent a novel and useful diagnostic and/or prognostic tool for medical care in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhia M'kacher
- Cell Environment, DNA Damage Research & Development, Paris, France.
| | - Bruno Colicchio
- Institut de Recherche en Informatique, Mathématiques, Automatique et Signal, Université de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - Valentine Marquet
- Service de Cytogénétique, Génétique Médicale, et Biologie de la Reproduction Hôpital de la Mère et de l'Enfant, Centre hospitalo-universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France
| | - Claire Borie
- Assitance Pubique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP)-Service d'hématologie-Oncohématologie Moléculaire et Cytogénétique Hôpital Paul Brousse Université Paris Saclay/INSERM 935, Villejuif, France
| | - Wala Najar
- Cell Environment, DNA Damage Research & Development, Paris, France; Faculté de médecine Paris Centre, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - William M Hempel
- Cell Environment, DNA Damage Research & Development, Paris, France
| | | | - Noufissa Oudrhiri
- Assitance Pubique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP)-Service d'hématologie-Oncohématologie Moléculaire et Cytogénétique Hôpital Paul Brousse Université Paris Saclay/INSERM 935, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Nadège Wilhelm-Murer
- Service de génétique Groupe Hospitalier de la Région de Mulhouse et Sud Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - Marguerite Miguet
- Service de génétique Groupe Hospitalier de la Région de Mulhouse et Sud Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - Alain Dieterlen
- Institut de Recherche en Informatique, Mathématiques, Automatique et Signal, Université de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | | | | | - Steffen Junker
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Grynberg
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Fertility Preservation, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Michael Fenech
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, South Australia, Australia
| | - Annelise Bennaceur-Griscelli
- Assitance Pubique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP)-Service d'hématologie-Oncohématologie Moléculaire et Cytogénétique Hôpital Paul Brousse Université Paris Saclay/INSERM 935, Villejuif, France
| | - Philippe Voisin
- Cell Environment, DNA Damage Research & Development, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Carde
- Department of Hematology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Jeandidier
- Service de génétique Groupe Hospitalier de la Région de Mulhouse et Sud Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - Catherine Yardin
- Service de Cytogénétique, Génétique Médicale, et Biologie de la Reproduction Hôpital de la Mère et de l'Enfant, Centre hospitalo-universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France; CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
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50
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Glousker G, Briod A, Quadroni M, Lingner J. Human shelterin protein POT1 prevents severe telomere instability induced by homology-directed DNA repair. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104500. [PMID: 33073402 PMCID: PMC7705456 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved POT1 protein binds single-stranded G-rich telomeric DNA and has been implicated in contributing to telomeric DNA maintenance and the suppression of DNA damage checkpoint signaling. Here, we explore human POT1 function through genetics and proteomics, discovering that a complete absence of POT1 leads to severe telomere maintenance defects that had not been anticipated from previous depletion studies in human cells. Conditional deletion of POT1 in HEK293E cells gives rise to rapid telomere elongation and length heterogeneity, branched telomeric DNA structures, telomeric R-loops, and telomere fragility. We determine the telomeric proteome upon POT1-loss, implementing an improved telomeric chromatin isolation protocol. We identify a large set of proteins involved in nucleic acid metabolism that engage with telomeres upon POT1-loss. Inactivation of the homology-directed repair machinery suppresses POT1-loss-mediated telomeric DNA defects. Our results unravel as major function of human POT1 the suppression of telomere instability induced by homology-directed repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Glousker
- School of Life SciencesSwiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Anna‐Sophia Briod
- School of Life SciencesSwiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Joachim Lingner
- School of Life SciencesSwiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
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