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Liu YG, Peng HR, Ren RW, Zhao P, Zhao LJ. CD11b maintains West Nile virus replication through modulation of immune response in human neuroblastoma cells. Virol J 2024; 21:158. [PMID: 39004752 PMCID: PMC11247799 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV) is a rapidly spreading mosquito-borne virus accounted for neuroinvasive diseases. An insight into WNV-host factors interaction is necessary for development of therapeutic approaches against WNV infection. CD11b has key biological functions and been identified as a therapeutic target for several human diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine whether CD11b was implicated in WNV infection. METHODS SH-SY5Y cells with and without MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 or AKT inhibitor MK-2206 treatment were infected with WNV. CD11b mRNA levels were assessed by real-time PCR. WNV replication and expression of stress (ATF6 and CHOP), pro-inflammatory (TNF-α), and antiviral (IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ) factors were evaluated in WNV-infected SH-SY5Y cells with CD11b siRNA transfection. Cell viability was determined by MTS assay. RESULTS CD11b mRNA expression was remarkably up-regulated by WNV in a time-dependent manner. U0126 but not MK-2206 treatment reduced the CD11b induction by WNV. CD11b knockdown significantly decreased WNV replication and protected the infected cells. CD11b knockdown markedly increased TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ mRNA expression induced by WNV. ATF6 mRNA expression was reduced upon CD11b knockdown following WNV infection. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that CD11b is involved in maintaining WNV replication and modulating inflammatory as well as antiviral immune response, highlighting the potential of CD11b as a target for therapeutics for WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiang-Yin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hao-Ran Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiang-Yin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Rui-Wen Ren
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiang-Yin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Lan-Juan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiang-Yin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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2
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Melo-Silva CR, Sigal LJ. Innate and adaptive immune responses that control lymph-borne viruses in the draining lymph node. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01188-0. [PMID: 38918577 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The interstitial fluids in tissues are constantly drained into the lymph nodes (LNs) as lymph through afferent lymphatic vessels and from LNs into the blood through efferent lymphatics. LNs are strategically positioned and have the appropriate cellular composition to serve as sites of adaptive immune initiation against invading pathogens. However, for lymph-borne viruses, which disseminate from the entry site to other tissues through the lymphatic system, immune cells in the draining LN (dLN) also play critical roles in curbing systemic viral dissemination during primary and secondary infections. Lymph-borne viruses in tissues can be transported to dLNs as free virions in the lymph or within infected cells. Regardless of the entry mechanism, infected myeloid antigen-presenting cells, including various subtypes of dendritic cells, inflammatory monocytes, and macrophages, play a critical role in initiating the innate immune response within the dLN. This innate immune response involves cellular crosstalk between infected and bystander innate immune cells that ultimately produce type I interferons (IFN-Is) and other cytokines and recruit inflammatory monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. IFN-I and NK cell cytotoxicity can restrict systemic viral spread during primary infections and prevent serious disease. Additionally, the memory CD8+ T-cells that reside or rapidly migrate to the dLN can contribute to disease prevention during secondary viral infections. This review explores the intricate innate immune responses orchestrated within dLNs that contain primary viral infections and the role of memory CD8+ T-cells following secondary infection or CD8+ T-cell vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Melo-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building Room 709, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building Room 709, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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3
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Genoyer E, Wilson J, Ames JM, Stokes C, Moreno D, Etzyon N, Oberst A, Gale M. Exposure of negative-sense viral RNA in the cytoplasm initiates innate immunity to West Nile virus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597966. [PMID: 38895355 PMCID: PMC11185705 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
For many RNA viruses, immunity is triggered when RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) detect viral RNA. However, only a minority of infected cells undergo innate immune activation. By examining these "first responder" cells during West Nile virus infection, we found that specific accumulation of anti- genomic negative-sense viral RNA (-vRNA) underlies innate immune activation and that RIG-I preferentially interacts with -vRNA. However, flaviviruses sequester -vRNA into membrane-bound replication compartments away from cytosolic sensors. We found that single-stranded -vRNA accumulates outside of replication compartments in "first responder" cells, rendering it accessible to RLRs. Exposure of this -vRNA occurs at late timepoints of infection, is linked to viral assembly, and depends on the expression of viral structural proteins. These findings reveal that while most infected cells replicate high levels of vRNA, release of -vRNA from replication compartments during assembly occurs at low frequency and is critical for initiation of innate immunity during flavivirus infection.
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Kasule S, Fernholz E, Grant L, Kole A, Grys TE, Kaleta E, Theel ES, Pritt B, Graf EH. Whole-Blood PCR Preferred for Timely Diagnosis of Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infections: Lessons From the 2021 Arizona Outbreak. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae188. [PMID: 38680608 PMCID: PMC11055396 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In 2021, the state of Arizona experienced the largest focal outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) in US history. Timely and accurate diagnostic testing remains a challenge for WNV due to transient viremia and limited immunoassay specificity. Recent studies have identified whole blood (WB) and urine as more sensitive specimen types for the detection of WNV RNA. Methods We evaluated ordering practices, test performance, and patient characteristics of probable and confirmed cases. In total, we identified 190 probable and proven cases, including 127 patients (66.8%) with neuroinvasive disease. Results Among all cases, only 29.5% had WNV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing ordered on WB, of which 80.3% resulted as positive, including 7 cases in which WNV serologic testing was negative and 5 cases for which serologic testing was not ordered. In comparison, only 23.7% of cases that had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) PCR ordered had a positive result, including 3 cases that were negative by PCR on WB. In contrast, WNV PCR on WB detected 12 neuroinvasive cases that were CSF PCR negative. WNV PCR testing in urine was only ordered on 2 patients, both of whom were positive. Crossing cycle threshold (Ct) values were not significantly different between WB and CSF specimen types, nor was there a correlation between Ct value and days from symptom onset at the time of sample collection; all specimen types and time points had Ct values, with 98% above 30. WB was positive by WNV PCR in several patients for >7 days (range, 7-25 days) after symptom onset, as was the CSF PCR. Conclusions Taken together, these findings indicate that WNV PCR testing on WB may be the best initial test for timely diagnosis of WNV infection, irrespective of clinical manifestation; however, if negative in patients with suspected neuroinvasive disease, WNV PCR testing on CSF should be ordered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabirah Kasule
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Emily Fernholz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Leah Grant
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Amy Kole
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas E Grys
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Erin Kaleta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Elitza S Theel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bobbi Pritt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erin H Graf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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5
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Henrio Marcellin DF, Huang J. Exploring Zika Virus Impact on Endothelial Permeability: Insights into Transcytosis Mechanisms and Vascular Leakage. Viruses 2024; 16:629. [PMID: 38675970 PMCID: PMC11054372 DOI: 10.3390/v16040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Treating brain disease is challenging, and the Zika virus (ZIKV) presents a unique obstacle due to its neuroinvasive nature. In this review, we discuss the immunopathogenesis of ZIKV and explore how the virus interacts with the body's immune responses and the role of the protein Mfsd2a in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during ZIKV neuroinvasion. ZIKV has emerged as a significant public health concern due to its association with severe neurological problems, including microcephaly and Gillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Understanding its journey through the brain-particularly its interaction with the placenta and BBB-is crucial. The placenta, which is designed to protect the fetus, becomes a pathway for ZIKV when infected. The BBB is composed of brain endothelial cells, acts as a second barrier, and protects the fetal brain. However, ZIKV finds ways to disrupt these barriers, leading to potential damage. This study explores the mechanisms by which ZIKV enters the CNS and highlights the role of transcytosis, which allows the virus to move through the cells without significantly disrupting the BBB. Although the exact mechanisms of transcytosis are unclear, research suggests that ZIKV may utilize this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jufang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
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6
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Lin W, Nagy PD. Co-opted cytosolic proteins form condensate substructures within membranous replication organelles of a positive-strand RNA virus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38515267 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses co-opt organellar membranes for biogenesis of viral replication organelles (VROs). Tombusviruses also co-opt pro-viral cytosolic proteins to VROs. It is currently not known what type of molecular organization keeps co-opted proteins sequestered within membranous VROs. In this study, we employed tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV) - Nicotiana benthamiana pathosystems to identify biomolecular condensate formation in VROs. We show that TBSV p33 and the CIRV p36 replication proteins sequester glycolytic and fermentation enzymes in unique condensate substructures associated with membranous VROs. We find that p33 and p36 form droplets in vitro driven by intrinsically disordered region. The replication protein organizes partitioning of co-opted host proteins into droplets. VRO-associated condensates are critical for local adenosine triphosphate production to support energy for virus replication. We find that co-opted endoplasmic reticulum membranes and actin filaments form meshworks within and around VRO condensates, contributing to unique composition and structure. We propose that p33/p36 organize liquid-liquid phase separation of co-opted concentrated host proteins in condensate substructures within membranous VROs. Overall, we demonstrate that subverted membranes and condensate substructures co-exist and are critical for VRO functions. The replication proteins induce and connect the two substructures within VROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40543, USA
| | - Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40543, USA
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Kang Y, Lin W, Nagy PD. Subversion of selective autophagy for the biogenesis of tombusvirus replication organelles inhibits autophagy. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012085. [PMID: 38484009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Elaborate viral replication organelles (VROs) are formed to support positive-strand RNA virus replication in infected cells. VRO formation requires subversion of intracellular membranes by viral replication proteins. Here, we showed that the key ATG8f autophagy protein and NBR1 selective autophagy receptor were co-opted by Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and the closely-related carnation Italian ringspot virus. Knockdown of ATG8f or NBR1 in plants led to reduced tombusvirus replication, suggesting pro-viral function for selective autophagy. BiFC and proximity-labeling experiments showed that the TBSV p33 replication protein interacted with ATG8f and NBR1 to recruit them to VROs. In addition, we observed that several core autophagy proteins, such as ATG1a, ATG4, ATG5, ATG101 and the plant-specific SH3P2 autophagy adaptor proteins were also re-localized to TBSV VROs, suggesting that TBSV hijacks the autophagy machinery in plant cells. We demonstrated that subversion of autophagy components facilitated the recruitment of VPS34 PI3 kinase and enrichment of phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine and PI3P phosphoinositide in the VRO membranes. Hijacking of autophagy components into TBSV VROs led to inhibition of autophagic flux. We also found that a fraction of the subverted ATG8f and NBR1 was sequestered in biomolecular condensates associated with VROs. We propose that the VRO-associated condensates trap those autophagy proteins, taking them away from the autophagy pathway. Overall, tombusviruses hijack selective autophagy to provide phospholipid-rich membranes for replication and to regulate the antiviral autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanrong Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Wenwu Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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8
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Cheng Y, Jiao L, Chen J, Chen P, Zhou F, Zhang J, Wang M, Wu Q, Cao S, Lu H, Wu Z, Wang A, Qian Y, Zhu S. Duck Tembusu virus infection activates the MKK3/6-p38 MAPK signaling pathway to promote virus replication. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109951. [PMID: 38101078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) infection poses a serious threat to ducks, chickens, and geese, causing a range of detrimental effects, including reduced egg production, growth retardation, and even death. These consequences lead to substantial economic losses for the Chinese poultry industry. Although it is established that various viral infections can trigger activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, the precise role and mechanisms underlying p38 MAPK activation in DTMUV infection remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a study to investigate whether the replication of DTMUV necessitates the activation of p38 MAPK. We found that DTMUV infection stimulates activation of the MKK3/6-p38 MAPK pathway, and the activation of p38 MAPK increases with viral titer. Subsequently, the use of the small molecule inhibitor SB203580 significantly reduced DTMUV replication by inhibiting p38 MAPK activity. Furthermore, downregulation of p38 MAPK protein expression by siRNA also inhibited DTMUV replication, whereas transient transfection of p38 MAPK protein promoted DTMUV replication. Interestingly, we found that the DTMUV capsid protein activates p38 MAPK, and there is interaction between DTMUV capsid and p38 MAPK. Finally, we found that DTMUV infection induces elevated mRNA expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12, which is associated with p38 MAPK activity. These results indicated that virus hijacking of p38 activation is a crucial event for DTMUV replication, and that pharmacological blockade of p38 activation represents a potential anti-DTMUV strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cheng
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Linlin Jiao
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinying Chen
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Peiyao Chen
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Jilin Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Mixue Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Qingguo Wu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Shinuo Cao
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Huipeng Lu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Zhi Wu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Anping Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Animal Science and Novel Veterinary Pharmaceutic Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical High Technology Research, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China.
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9
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Lee HJ, Zhao Y, Fleming I, Mehta S, Wang X, Wyk BV, Ronca SE, Kang H, Chou CH, Fatou B, Smolen KK, Levy O, Clish CB, Xavier RJ, Steen H, Hafler DA, Love JC, Shalek AK, Guan L, Murray KO, Kleinstein SH, Montgomery RR. Early cellular and molecular signatures correlate with severity of West Nile virus infection. iScience 2023; 26:108387. [PMID: 38047068 PMCID: PMC10692672 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with West Nile virus (WNV) drives a wide range of responses, from asymptomatic to flu-like symptoms/fever or severe cases of encephalitis and death. To identify cellular and molecular signatures distinguishing WNV severity, we employed systems profiling of peripheral blood from asymptomatic and severely ill individuals infected with WNV. We interrogated immune responses longitudinally from acute infection through convalescence employing single-cell protein and transcriptional profiling complemented with matched serum proteomics and metabolomics as well as multi-omics analysis. At the acute time point, we detected both elevation of pro-inflammatory markers in innate immune cell types and reduction of regulatory T cell activity in participants with severe infection, whereas asymptomatic donors had higher expression of genes associated with anti-inflammatory CD16+ monocytes. Therefore, we demonstrated the potential of systems immunology using multiple cell-type and cell-state-specific analyses to identify correlates of infection severity and host cellular activity contributing to an effective anti-viral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Joon Lee
- Department of Genetics and Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yujiao Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ira Fleming
- The Institute of Medical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sameet Mehta
- Department of Genetics and Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Brent Vander Wyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shannon E. Ronca
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Heather Kang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chih-Hung Chou
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benoit Fatou
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kinga K. Smolen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Department of Infectious Disease, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clary B. Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Hanno Steen
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David A. Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - J. Christopher Love
- The Institute of Medical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- The Institute of Medical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leying Guan
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kristy O. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ruth R. Montgomery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Park H, Kwon N, Park G, Jang M, Kwon Y, Yoon Y, An J, Min J, Lee T. Fast-response electrochemical biosensor based on a truncated aptamer and MXene heterolayer for West Nile virus detection in human serum. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 154:108540. [PMID: 37556929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that can cause West Nile fever, meningitis, encephalitis, and polio. Early detection of WNV is important to prevent infection spread on the field. To commercialize the electrochemical biosensor for WNV, rapid target detection with the cheap manufacture cost is essential. Here, we developed a fast-response electrochemical biosensor consisting of a truncated WNV aptamer/MXene (Ti3C2Tx) bilayer on round-type micro gap. To reduce the target binding time, the application of the alternating current electrothermal flow (ACEF) technology reduced the target detection time to within 10 min, providing a rapid biosensor platform. The MXene nanosheet improved electrochemical signal amplification, and the aptamer produced through systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment process eliminated unnecessary base sequences via truncation and lowered the manufacturing cost. Under optimized conditions, the WNV limit of detection (LOD) and selectivity were measured using electrochemical measurement methods, including cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. The LOD was 2.57 pM for WNV diluted in deionized water and 1.06 pM for WNV diluted in 10% human serum. The fabricated electrochemical biosensor has high selectivity and allows rapid detection, suggesting the possibility of future application in the diagnosis of flaviviridae virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayeon Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Goeun Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonbong Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yein Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyun An
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Auroni TT, Arora K, Natekar JP, Pathak H, Elsharkawy A, Kumar M. The critical role of interleukin-6 in protection against neurotropic flavivirus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1275823. [PMID: 38053527 PMCID: PMC10694511 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1275823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are emerging mosquito-borne flaviviruses causing encephalitis globally. No specific drug or therapy exists to treat flavivirus-induced neurological diseases. The lack of specific therapeutics underscores an urgent need to determine the function of important host factors involved in flavivirus replication and disease progression. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) upregulation has been observed during viral infections in both mice and humans, implying that it may influence the disease outcome significantly. Herein, we investigated the function of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of neurotropic flavivirus infections. First, we examined the role of IL-6 in flavivirus-infected human neuroblastoma cells, SK-N-SH, and found that IL-6 neutralization increased the WNV or JEV replication and inhibited the expression of key cytokines. We further evaluated the role of IL-6 by infecting primary mouse cells derived from IL-6 knockout (IL-6-/-) mice and wild-type (WT) mice with WNV or JEV. The results exhibited increased virus yields in the cells lacking the IL-6 gene. Next, our in vivo approach revealed that IL-6-/- mice had significantly higher morbidity and mortality after subcutaneous infection with the pathogenic WNV NY99 or JEV Nakayama strain compared to WT mice. The non-pathogenic WNV Eg101 strain did not cause mortality in WT mice but resulted in 60% mortality in IL-6-/- mice, indicating that IL-6 is required for the survival of mice after the peripheral inoculation of WNV or JEV. We also observed significantly higher viremia and brain viral load in IL-6-/- mice than in WT mice. Subsequently, we explored innate immune responses in WT and IL-6-/- mice after WNV NY99 infection. Our data demonstrated that the IL-6-/- mice had reduced levels of key cytokines in the serum during early infection but elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain later, along with suppressed anti-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, mRNA expression of IFN-α and IFN-β was significantly lower in the infected IL-6-/- mice. In conclusion, these data suggest that the lack of IL-6 exacerbates WNV or JEV infection in vitro and in vivo by causing an increase in virus replication and dysregulating host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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12
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Jain S, Vimal N, Angmo N, Sengupta M, Thangaraj S. Dengue Vaccination: Towards a New Dawn of Curbing Dengue Infection. Immunol Invest 2023; 52:1096-1149. [PMID: 37962036 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2023.2280698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is an infectious disease caused by dengue virus (DENV) and is a serious global burden. Antibody-dependent enhancement and the ability of DENV to infect immune cells, along with other factors, lead to fatal Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome. This necessitates the development of a robust and efficient vaccine but vaccine development faces a number of hurdles. In this review, we look at the epidemiology, genome structure and cellular targets of DENV and elaborate upon the immune responses generated by human immune system against DENV infection. The review further sheds light on various challenges in development of a potent vaccine against DENV which is followed by presenting a current account of different vaccines which are being developed or have been licensed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhant Jain
- Independent Researcher, Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Rewari, India
| | - Neha Vimal
- Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nilza Angmo
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Madhumita Sengupta
- Janki Devi Bajaj Government Girls College, University of Kota, Kota, India
| | - Suraj Thangaraj
- Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Government Medical College, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Ambajogai, India
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13
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Lin SC, Zhao FR, Janova H, Gervais A, Rucknagel S, Murray KO, Casanova JL, Diamond MS. Blockade of interferon signaling decreases gut barrier integrity and promotes severe West Nile virus disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5973. [PMID: 37749080 PMCID: PMC10520062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The determinants of severe disease caused by West Nile virus (WNV) and why only ~1% of individuals progress to encephalitis remain poorly understood. Here, we use human and mouse enteroids, and a mouse model of pathogenesis, to explore the capacity of WNV to directly infect gastrointestinal (GI) tract cells and contribute to disease severity. At baseline, WNV poorly infects human and mouse enteroid cultures and enterocytes in mice. However, when STAT1 or type I interferon (IFN) responses are absent, GI tract cells become infected, and this is associated with augmented GI tract and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, accumulation of gut-derived molecules in the brain, and more severe WNV disease. The increased gut permeability requires TNF-α signaling, and is absent in WNV-infected IFN-deficient germ-free mice. To link these findings to human disease, we measured auto-antibodies against type I IFNs in serum from WNV-infected human cohorts. A greater frequency of auto- and neutralizing antibodies against IFN-α2 or IFN-ω is present in patients with severe WNV infection, whereas virtually no asymptomatic WNV-infected subjects have such antibodies (odds ratio 24 [95% confidence interval: 3.0 - 192.5; P = 0.003]). Overall, our experiments establish that blockade of type I IFN signaling extends WNV tropism to enterocytes, which correlates with increased gut and BBB permeability, and more severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ching Lin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Fang R Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hana Janova
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Adrian Gervais
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, 75015, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, EU, 75015, France
| | - Summer Rucknagel
- Gnotobiotic Research, Education, and Transgenic Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kristy O Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, 75015, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, EU, 75015, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, 75015, France
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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14
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Kouroupis D, Charisi K, Pyrpasopoulou A. The Ongoing Epidemic of West Nile Virus in Greece: The Contribution of Biological Vectors and Reservoirs and the Importance of Climate and Socioeconomic Factors Revisited. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:453. [PMID: 37755914 PMCID: PMC10536956 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8090453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases have inflicted a significant health and socioeconomic burden upon the global population and governments worldwide. West Nile virus, a zoonotic, mosquito-borne flavivirus, was originally isolated in 1937 from a febrile patient in the West Nile Province of Uganda. It remained confined mainly to Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Europe and Australia until 1999, circulating in an enzootic mosquito-bird transmission cycle. Since the beginning of the 21st century, a new, neurotropic, more virulent strain was isolated from human outbreaks initially occurring in North America and later expanding to South and South-eastern Europe. Since 2010, when the first epidemic was recorded in Greece, annual incidence has fluctuated significantly. A variety of environmental, biological and socioeconomic factors have been globally addressed as potential regulators of the anticipated intensity of the annual incidence rate; circulation within the zoonotic reservoirs, recruitment and adaptation of new potent arthropod vectors, average winter and summer temperatures, precipitation during the early summer months, and socioeconomic factors, such as the emergence and progression of urbanization and the development of densely populated areas in association with insufficient health policy measures. This paper presents a review of the biological and socioenvironmental factors influencing the dynamics of the epidemics of West Nile virus (WNV) cases in Greece, one of the highest-ranked European countries in terms of annual incidence. To date, WNV remains an unpredictable opponent as is also the case with other emerging infectious diseases, forcing the National Health systems to develop response strategies, control the number of infections, and shorten the duration of the epidemics, thus minimizing the impact on human and material resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kouroupis
- 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Konstantinoupoleos 49, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Konstantina Charisi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hippokration Hospital, Konstantinoupoleos 49, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Athina Pyrpasopoulou
- 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Konstantinoupoleos 49, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hippokration Hospital, Konstantinoupoleos 49, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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15
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Gervais A, Rovida F, Avanzini MA, Croce S, Marchal A, Lin SC, Ferrari A, Thorball CW, Constant O, Le Voyer T, Philippot Q, Rosain J, Angelini M, Pérez Lorenzo M, Bizien L, Achille C, Trespidi F, Burdino E, Cassaniti I, Lilleri D, Fornara C, Sammartino JC, Cereda D, Marrocu C, Piralla A, Valsecchi C, Ricagno S, Cogo P, Neth O, Marín-Cruz I, Pacenti M, Sinigaglia A, Trevisan M, Volpe A, Marzollo A, Conti F, Lazzarotto T, Pession A, Viale P, Fellay J, Ghirardello S, Aubart M, Ghisetti V, Aiuti A, Jouanguy E, Bastard P, Percivalle E, Baldanti F, Puel A, MacDonald MR, Rice CM, Rossini G, Murray KO, Simonin Y, Nagy A, Barzon L, Abel L, Diamond MS, Cobat A, Zhang SY, Casanova JL, Borghesi A. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs underlie West Nile virus encephalitis in ∼40% of patients. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230661. [PMID: 37347462 PMCID: PMC10287549 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) infection is benign in most individuals but can cause encephalitis in <1% of infected individuals. We show that ∼35% of patients hospitalized for WNV disease (WNVD) in six independent cohorts from the EU and USA carry auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-α and/or -ω. The prevalence of these antibodies is highest in patients with encephalitis (∼40%), and that in individuals with silent WNV infection is as low as that in the general population. The odds ratios for WNVD in individuals with these auto-Abs relative to those without them in the general population range from 19.0 (95% CI 15.0-24.0, P value <10-15) for auto-Abs neutralizing only 100 pg/ml IFN-α and/or IFN-ω to 127.4 (CI 87.1-186.4, P value <10-15) for auto-Abs neutralizing both IFN-α and IFN-ω at a concentration of 10 ng/ml. These antibodies block the protective effect of IFN-α in Vero cells infected with WNV in vitro. Auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-α and/or IFN-ω underlie ∼40% of cases of WNV encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gervais
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Rovida
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Croce
- UOSD Cell Factory, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Astrid Marchal
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Shih-Ching Lin
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, and The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alessandro Ferrari
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian W. Thorball
- Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Orianne Constant
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Montpellier, France
| | - Tom Le Voyer
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Philippot
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Micol Angelini
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Malena Pérez Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Lucy Bizien
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Cristian Achille
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Trespidi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Burdino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fornara
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Marrocu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Valsecchi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Ricagno
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, San Donato Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Cogo
- Department of Medicine (DAME), Division of Pediatrics, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Olaf Neth
- Inborn Errors of Immunity Laboratory, Biomedicine Institute in Seville (IBiS), University of Seville/CSIC, “Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica”, Seville, Spain
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Inés Marín-Cruz
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Monia Pacenti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Marta Trevisan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Volpe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Marzollo
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Division, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Conti
- Pediatric Unit, University Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lazzarotto
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Pediatric Unit, University Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jacques Fellay
- Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Mélodie Aubart
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Necker-Enfants-Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Valeria Ghisetti
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- Pediatric Immunohematology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Bastard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistante Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Elena Percivalle
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret R. MacDonald
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles M. Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giada Rossini
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kristy O. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Nagy
- National Reference Laboratory for Viral Zoonoses, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Luisa Barzon
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, and The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Alessandro Borghesi
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy
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16
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Koller KK, Kernbach ME, Reese D, Unnasch TR, Martin LB. House Sparrows Vary Seasonally in Their Ability to Transmit West Nile Virus. Physiol Biochem Zool 2023; 96:332-341. [PMID: 37713719 DOI: 10.1086/725888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSeasonality in infectious disease prevalence is predominantly attributed to changes in exogenous risk factors. For vectored pathogens, high abundance, activity, and/or diversity of vectors can exacerbate disease risk for hosts. Conversely, many host defenses, particularly immune responses, are seasonally variable. Seasonality in host defenses has been attributed, in part, to the proximate (i.e., metabolic) and ultimate (i.e., reproductive fitness) costs of defense. In this study, our goal was to discern whether any seasonality is observable in how a common avian host, the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), copes with a common zoonotic arbovirus, the West Nile virus (WNV), when hosts are studied under controlled conditions. We hypothesized that if host biorhythms play a role in vector-borne disease seasonality, birds would be most vulnerable to WNV when breeding and/or molting (i.e., when other costly physiological activities are underway) and thus most transmissive of WNV at these times of year (unless birds died from infection). Overall, the results only partly supported our hypothesis. Birds were most transmissive of WNV in fall (after their molt is complete and when WNV is most prevalent in the environment), but WNV resistance, WNV tolerance, and WNV-dependent mortality did not vary among seasons. These results collectively imply that natural arboviral cycles could be partially underpinned by endogenous physiological changes in hosts. However, other disease systems warrant study, as this result could be specific to the nonnative and highly commensal nature of the house sparrow or a consequence of the relative recency of the arrival of WNV to the United States.
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17
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Lata K, Charles S, Mangala Prasad V. Advances in computational approaches to structure determination of alphaviruses and flaviviruses using cryo-electron microscopy. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:107993. [PMID: 37414374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.107993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in the field of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) have greatly contributed to our current understanding of virus structures and life cycles. In this review, we discuss the application of single particle cryo-electron microscopy (EM) for the structure elucidation of small enveloped icosahedral viruses, namely, alpha- and flaviviruses. We focus on technical advances in cryo-EM data collection, image processing, three-dimensional reconstruction, and refinement strategies for obtaining high-resolution structures of these viruses. Each of these developments enabled new insights into the alpha- and flavivirus architecture, leading to a better understanding of their biology, pathogenesis, immune response, immunogen design, and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Lata
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Sylvia Charles
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Vidya Mangala Prasad
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
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18
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Lu AY, Gustin A, Newhouse D, Gale M. Viral Protein Accumulation of Zika Virus Variants Links with Regulation of Innate Immunity for Differential Control of Viral Replication, Spread, and Response to Interferon. J Virol 2023; 97:e0198222. [PMID: 37162358 PMCID: PMC10231147 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01982-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Asian lineage Zika virus (ZIKV) strains emerged globally, causing outbreaks linked with critical clinical disease outcomes unless the virus is effectively restricted by host immunity. We have previously shown that retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) senses ZIKV to trigger innate immunity to direct interferon (IFN) production and antiviral responses that can control ZIKV infection. However, ZIKV proteins have been demonstrated to antagonize IFN. Here, we conducted in vitro analyses to assess how divergent prototypic ZIKV variants differ in virologic properties, innate immune regulation, and infection outcome. We comparatively assessed African lineage ZIKV/Dakar/1984/ArD41519 (ZIKV/Dakar) and Asian lineage ZIKV/Malaysia/1966/P6740 (ZIKV/Malaysia) in a human epithelial cell infection model. De novo viral sequence determination identified amino acid changes within the ZIKV/Dakar genome compared to ZIKV/Malaysia. Viral growth analyses revealed that ZIKV/Malaysia accumulated viral proteins and genome copies earlier and to higher levels than ZIKV/Dakar. Both ZIKV strains activated RIG-I/IFN regulatory factor (IRF3) and NF-κB pathways to induce inflammatory cytokine expression and types I and III IFNs. However, ZIKV/Malaysia, but not ZIKV/Dakar, potently blocked downstream IFN signaling. Remarkably, ZIKV/Dakar protein accumulation and genome replication were rescued in RIG-I knockout (KO) cells late in acute infection, resulting in ZIKV/Dakar-mediated blockade of IFN signaling. We found that RIG-I signaling specifically restricts viral protein accumulation late in acute infection where early accumulation of viral proteins in infected cells confers enhanced ability to limit IFN signaling, promoting viral replication and spread. Our results demonstrate that RIG-I-mediated innate immune signaling imparts restriction of ZIKV protein accumulation, which permits IFN signaling and antiviral actions controlling ZIKV infection. IMPORTANCE ZIKV isolates are classified under African or Asian lineages. Infection with emerging Asian lineage-derived ZIKV strains is associated with increased incidence of neurological symptoms that were not previously reported during infection with African or preemergent Asian lineage viruses. In this study, we utilized in vitro models to compare the virologic properties of and innate immune responses to two prototypic ZIKV strains from distinct lineages: African lineage ZIKV/Dakar and Asian lineage ZIKV/Malaysia. Compared to ZIKV/Dakar, ZIKV/Malaysia accumulates viral proteins earlier, replicates to higher levels, and robustly blocks IFN signaling during acute infection. Early accumulation of ZIKV/Malaysia NS5 protein confers enhanced ability to antagonize IFN signaling, dampening innate immune responses to promote viral spread. Our data identify the kinetics of viral protein accumulation as a major regulator of host innate immunity, influencing host-mediated control of ZIKV replication and spread. Importantly, these findings provide a novel framework for evaluating the virulence of emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y. Lu
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Gustin
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel Newhouse
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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19
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Talmi-Frank D, Byas AD, Murrieta R, Weger-Lucarelli J, Rückert C, Gallichotte EN, Yoshimoto JA, Allen C, Bosco-Lauth AM, Graham B, Felix TA, Brault AC, Ebel GD. Intracellular Diversity of WNV within Circulating Avian Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Reveals Host-Dependent Patterns of Polyinfection. Pathogens 2023; 12:767. [PMID: 37375457 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) populations exist as mutant swarms that are maintained between arthropods and vertebrates. West Nile virus (WNV) population dynamics are host-dependent. In American crows, purifying selection is weak and population diversity is high compared to American robins, which have 100- to 1000-fold lower viremia. WNV passed in robins leads to fitness gains, whereas that passed in crows does not. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that high crow viremia allows for higher genetic diversity within individual avian peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), reasoning that this could have produced the previously observed host-specific differences in genetic diversity and fitness. Specifically, we infected cells and birds with a molecularly barcoded WNV and sequenced viral RNA from single cells to quantify the number of WNV barcodes in each. Our results demonstrate that the richness of WNV populations within crows far exceeds that in robins. Similarly, rare WNV variants were maintained by crows more frequently than by robins. Our results suggest that increased viremia in crows relative to robins leads to the maintenance of defective genomes and less prevalent variants, presumably through complementation. Our findings further suggest that weaker purifying selection in highly susceptible crows is attributable to this higher viremia, polyinfections and complementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalit Talmi-Frank
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Alex D Byas
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Reyes Murrieta
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Claudia Rückert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Emily N Gallichotte
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Janna A Yoshimoto
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Chris Allen
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Angela M Bosco-Lauth
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Barbara Graham
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Todd A Felix
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA
| | - Aaron C Brault
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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20
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Fiacre L, Lowenski S, Bahuon C, Dumarest M, Lambrecht B, Dridi M, Albina E, Richardson J, Zientara S, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Pardigon N, Gonzalez G, Lecollinet S. Evaluation of NS4A, NS4B, NS5 and 3'UTR Genetic Determinants of WNV Lineage 1 Virulence in Birds and Mammals. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051094. [PMID: 37243180 DOI: 10.3390/v15051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is amplified in an enzootic cycle involving birds as amplifying hosts. Because they do not develop high levels of viremia, humans and horses are considered to be dead-end hosts. Mosquitoes, especially from the Culex genus, are vectors responsible for transmission between hosts. Consequently, understanding WNV epidemiology and infection requires comparative and integrated analyses in bird, mammalian, and insect hosts. So far, markers of WNV virulence have mainly been determined in mammalian model organisms (essentially mice), while data in avian models are still missing. WNV Israel 1998 (IS98) is a highly virulent strain that is closely genetically related to the strain introduced into North America in 1999, NY99 (genomic sequence homology > 99%). The latter probably entered the continent at New York City, generating the most impactful WNV outbreak ever documented in wild birds, horses, and humans. In contrast, the WNV Italy 2008 strain (IT08) induced only limited mortality in birds and mammals in Europe during the summer of 2008. To test whether genetic polymorphism between IS98 and IT08 could account for differences in disease spread and burden, we generated chimeric viruses between IS98 and IT08, focusing on the 3' end of the genome (NS4A, NS4B, NS5, and 3'UTR regions) where most of the non-synonymous mutations were detected. In vitro and in vivo comparative analyses of parental and chimeric viruses demonstrated a role for NS4A/NS4B/5'NS5 in the decreased virulence of IT08 in SPF chickens, possibly due to the NS4B-E249D mutation. Additionally, significant differences between the highly virulent strain IS98 and the other three viruses were observed in mice, implying the existence of additional molecular determinants of virulence in mammals, such as the amino acid changes NS5-V258A, NS5-N280K, NS5-A372V, and NS5-R422K. As previously shown, our work also suggests that genetic determinants of WNV virulence can be host-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Fiacre
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, 97170 Petit-Bourg, France
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAe, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Steeve Lowenski
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Céline Bahuon
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marine Dumarest
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Maha Dridi
- SCIENSANO, Avian Virology and Immunology, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, 97170 Petit-Bourg, France
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAe, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Miguel-Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Carretera Algete-El Casar s/n, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28001 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- Animal Health Laboratory, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour L'agriculture, École Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement et du Travail (ANSES), UMR Virology, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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21
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Crum KJ, Batiste R. Bilateral Upper Extremity Tremors in West Nile Encephalitis. Cureus 2023; 15:e37168. [PMID: 37168156 PMCID: PMC10166338 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile encephalitis is a rare complication of infection from the West Nile virus (WNv). Viral encephalitis can mimic manifestations of other neurologic diseases. The purpose of this article is to report a case of a 60-year-old female who developed bilateral upper extremity tremors with West Nile encephalitis. She presented to a hospital in Southern Louisiana with persistent high fevers and new onset confusion. She soon developed tremors which persisted throughout her hospitalization. Computerized tomography (CT) of the head revealed no abnormalities. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was remarkable for WNv IgM, and supportive care was pursued. After nearly three weeks, she was transferred to a skilled nursing facility for further care. The presentation of movement disorder with confusion usually raises concern for injury to the brain or spinal cord or other neurologic illnesses. Despite the presentation of movement disorders or other neurologic manifestations, viral etiologies should remain high on the differential when the patient has additional symptoms, such as fever and elevated white blood cell (WBC) count, to limit inappropriate diagnostic testing and treatment.
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22
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Benzarti E, Murray KO, Ronca SE. Interleukins, Chemokines, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Ligands in the Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030806. [PMID: 36992514 PMCID: PMC10053297 DOI: 10.3390/v15030806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that can lead to encephalitis and death in susceptible hosts. Cytokines play a critical role in inflammation and immunity in response to WNV infection. Murine models provide evidence that some cytokines offer protection against acute WNV infection and assist with viral clearance, while others play a multifaceted role WNV neuropathogenesis and immune-mediated tissue damage. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review of cytokine expression patterns in human and experimental animal models of WNV infections. Here, we outline the interleukins, chemokines, and tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands associated with WNV infection and pathogenesis and describe the complex roles they play in mediating both protection and pathology of the central nervous system during or after virus clearance. By understanding of the role of these cytokines during WNV neuroinvasive infection, we can develop treatment options aimed at modulating these immune molecules in order to reduce neuroinflammation and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Benzarti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kristy O Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shannon E Ronca
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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Nasraoui N, Moussa MLB, Ayedi Y, Mastouri M, Trabelsi A, Raies A, Wölfel R, Moussa MB. A sero-epidemiological investigation of West Nile virus among patients without any records of their symptoms from three different hospitals from Tunisia. Acta Trop 2023; 242:106905. [PMID: 36948235 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus is one of the most known arboviruses around the world, along with Dengue virus, Toscana virus, Chikungunya (CHIK). In Tunisia, many epidemics of WNV had occurred in the past. The last one dated from 2018. The aim of our work was to perform a sero-epidemiological investigation on WNV without any records of their symptoms from three different hospitals from Tunisia. Patients without any records of their symptoms of the infection of West Nile Virus (WNV) infection were included in the period from October 2017 to January 2020 from three different Virology departments in the country (the Military Hospital in Tunis, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital in Monastir and Sahloul Hospital in Sousse). A venous blood sample was taken from all patients at the bend of the elbow using a sterile syringe under aseptic conditions. Serological investigation for WNV was conducted through ELISA and IFI assays. RT-PCR was used to confirm the infection. The study included 353 patients. Twenty-eighty percent (28.8%) of the population were tested positive for IgM antibodies, males were having less positive antibodies than women (24.6% vs. 36.3%, p<0.05). In the city of Sousse, positive IgM were found more than in the other cities. As for IgG, 19.2% of the patients were having positive antibodies. No significant association was found between genders (p>0.05). One quarter of the IgM antibodies were tested positive using IFI technique, with no difference between genders (p>0.05). Only 9.2% of the samples were positive by PCR. Our results highlight the importance of establishing sustainable entomological systems and effective clinical ones and of promoting appropriate biological control strategies to optimize the limitation of the circulation of WNV as well as other arboviruses to inhibit their harmful effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Nasraoui
- Department of Medical Virology, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Yosr Ayedi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Abderrahmane Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia.
| | - Maha Mastouri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Fatouma Bourguiba Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | - Ali Raies
- Laboratory of Active Microorganisms and Biomolecules, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis
| | - Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
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24
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Agliani G, Giglia G, Marshall EM, Gröne A, Rockx BH, van den Brand JM. Pathological features of West Nile and Usutu virus natural infections in wild and domestic animals and in humans: A comparative review. One Health 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
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25
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N-sulfonyl peptide-hybrids as a new class of dengue virus protease inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115227. [PMID: 36893626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) from the Flaviviridae family causes an epidemic disease that seriously threatens human life. The viral serine protease NS2B-NS3 is a promising target for drug development against DENV and other flaviviruses. We here report the design, synthesis, and in-vitro characterization of potent peptidic inhibitors of DENV protease with a sulfonyl moiety as N-terminal cap, thereby creating sulfonamide-peptide hybrids. The in-vitro target affinities of some synthesized compounds were in the nanomolar range, with the most promising derivative reaching a Ki value of 78 nM against DENV-2 protease. The synthesized compounds did not have relevant off-target activity nor cytotoxicity. The metabolic stability of compounds against rat liver microsomes and pancreatic enzymes was remarkable. In general, the integration of sulfonamide moieties at the N-terminus of peptidic inhibitors proved to be a promising and attractive strategy for further drug development against DENV infections.
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26
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Nakano T, Katayama Y, Sakamoto M, Shimizu Y, Inoie M, Shimizu N, Yamanaka H, Tsuge I, Saito S, Morimoto N. Establishment of a keratinocyte and fibroblast bank for clinical applications in Japan. J Artif Organs 2023; 26:45-52. [PMID: 35511369 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-022-01331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine products using allogeneic cells, such as allogeneic cultured epidermis (allo-CE), have become a more critical therapeutic method for the treatment of burns. However, there are no clinically available allo-CE products in Japan. Therefore, establishing a quality-controlled cell bank is mandatory to create regenerative medical products using allogeneic cells. In this study, we selected ten patients from the Department of Plastic Surgery of Kyoto University Hospital to become cell donors. We performed medical interviews and blood sampling for the donor to ensure virus safety. We examined the tissues and isolated cells by performing a nucleic acid test (NAT). To establish a master cell bank, quality evaluation was performed according to the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) Q5A. Serological tests of the blood samples from the ten donors showed that two of them were ineligible. The cells registered in the cell bank were found to be compatible after virus testing was performed, and a master cell bank was constructed. Hence, we established a keratinocyte and fibroblast bank of clinically usable human cultured cells in Japan for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Katayama
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan.
| | - Michiharu Sakamoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroki Yamanaka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | - Itaru Tsuge
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | - Susumu Saito
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
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27
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Bennett AK, Richner M, Mun MD, Richner JM. Type I IFN stimulates lymph node stromal cells from adult and old mice during a West Nile virus infection. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13796. [PMID: 36802099 PMCID: PMC10086524 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is a significant risk factor during viral infection due to an age-associated decline in the immune response. Older individuals are especially susceptible to severe neuroinvasive disease after West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Previous studies have characterized age-associated defects in hematopoietic immune cells during WNV infection that culminate in diminished antiviral immunity. Situated amongst immune cells in the draining lymph node (DLN) are structural networks of nonhematopoietic lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs). LNSCs are comprised of numerous, diverse subsets, with critical roles in the coordination of robust immune responses. The contributions of LNSCs to WNV immunity and immune senescence are unclear. Here, we examine LNSC responses to WNV within adult and old DLNs. Acute WNV infection triggered cellular infiltration and LNSC expansion in adults. Comparatively, aged DLNs exhibited diminished leukocyte accumulation, delayed LNSC expansion, and altered fibroblast and endothelial cell subset composition, signified by fewer LECs. We established an ex vivo culture system to probe LNSC function. Adult and old LNSCs both recognized an ongoing viral infection primarily through type I IFN signaling. Gene expression signatures were similar between adult and old LNSCs. Aged LNSCs were found to constitutively upregulate immediate early response genes. Collectively, these data suggest LNSCs uniquely respond to WNV infection. We are the first to report age-associated differences in LNSCs on the population and gene expression level during WNV infection. These changes may compromise antiviral immunity, leading to increased WNV disease in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Bennett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michelle Richner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Madeline D Mun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Justin M Richner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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The Current Landscape of Bioactive Molecules against DENV: A Systematic Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:2236210. [PMID: 36818227 PMCID: PMC9937760 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2236210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
With a 30-fold increase in incidence over the previous 50 years, dengue fever is now the most widespread viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes in the world. The intricate interaction of the human defense system, hereditary predisposition, and specific bitterness elements is more likely to be the pathogenesis of dengue. There are presently no viable treatments for dengue. Synthetic drugs which are used against this ailment also show major side effects. There must be a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanism generating severe symptoms to develop auguring markers, cutting-edge diagnostics, and treatments and finally a well-rounded and secure antiserum. Hence, the aim is to search for safer and more potent drugs derived from plants. Plants or herbs are mainly targeting replication or its enzyme or specific stereotypes, though an exact mechanism of phytoconstituents interfering with the viral replication is still undiscovered. The present attempt provided the update with the objective to bringing up forward pathophysiological eventualities involved in dengue virus along with the naturally derived treatment relevant to provide the impregnable therapy by evading the noxious symptoms for dengue fever. Governor's plum, Cryptocarya chartacea, magnolia berry, and Chinese ginger are such plants exhibiting many effective phytoconstituents against DENV and can be further explored for novel drug discovery by medicinal scientists.
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Frank DT, Byas AD, Murrieta R, Weger-Lucarelli J, Rückert C, Gallichotte E, Yoshimoto JA, Allen C, Bosco-Lauth AM, Graham B, Felix TA, Brault A, Ebel GD. Intracellular diversity of WNV within circulating avian peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals host-dependent patterns of polyinfection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.27.525959. [PMID: 36747638 PMCID: PMC9900929 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.27.525959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Error-prone replication of RNA viruses generates the genetic diversity required for adaptation within rapidly changing environments. Thus, arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) populations exist in nature as mutant swarms that are maintained between arthropods and vertebrates. Previous studies have demonstrated that West Nile virus (WNV) population dynamics are host dependent: In American crows, which experience extremely high viremia, purifying selection is weak and population diversity is high compared to American robins, which have 100 to 1000-fold lower viremia. WNV passed in robins experiences fitness gains, whereas that passed in crows does not. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that high crow viremia allows higher genetic diversity within individual avian peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), reasoning that this could have produced the previously observed host-specific differences in genetic diversity and fitness. Specifically, we infected cells and birds with a novel, barcoded version of WNV and sequenced viral RNA from single cells to quantify the number of WNV barcodes that each contained. Our results demonstrate that the richness of WNV populations within crows far exceeds that in robins. Similarly, rare WNV variants were maintained by crows more frequently than by robins. Our results suggest that increased viremia in crows relative to robins leads to maintenance of defective genomes and less prevalent variants, presumably through complementation. Our findings further suggest that weaker purifying selection in highly susceptible crows is attributable to this higher viremia, polyinfections and complementation. These studies further document the role of particular, ecologically relevant hosts in shaping virus population structure. Author Summary WNV mutational diversity in vertebrates is species-dependent. In crows, low frequency variants are common, and viral populations are more diverse. In robins, fewer mutations become permanent fixtures of the overall viral population. We infected crows, robins and a chicken cell line with a genetically marked (barcoded) WNV. Higher levels of virus led to multiple unique WNV genomes infecting individual cells, even when a genotype was present at low levels in the input viral stock. Our findings suggest that higher levels of circulating virus in natural hosts allow less fit viruses to survive in RNA virus populations through complementation by more fit viruses. This is significant as it allows less represented and less fit viruses to be maintained at low levels until they potentially emerge when virus environments change. Overall our data reveal new insights on the relationships between host susceptibility to high viremia and virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalit Talmi Frank
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Alex D. Byas
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Reyes Murrieta
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Claudia Rückert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Emily Gallichotte
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Janna A. Yoshimoto
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Chris Allen
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Angela M. Bosco-Lauth
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Barbara Graham
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Todd A. Felix
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Aaron Brault
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Gregory D. Ebel
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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30
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Mei R, Heng X, Liu X, Chen G. Glycopolymers for Antibacterial and Antiviral Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030985. [PMID: 36770653 PMCID: PMC9919862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases induced by bacterial and viral infections are common occurrences in our daily life, and the main prevention and treatment strategies are vaccination and taking antibacterial/antiviral drugs. However, vaccines can only be used for specific viral infections, and the abuse of antibacterial/antiviral drugs will create multi-drug-resistant bacteria and viruses. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more targeted prevention and treatment methods against bacteria and viruses. Proteins on the surface of bacteria and viruses can specifically bind to sugar, so glycopolymers can be used as potential antibacterial and antiviral drugs. In this review, the research of glycopolymers for bacterial/viral detection/inhibition and antibacterial/antiviral applications in recent years are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyao Mei
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xingyu Heng
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Material Design and Synthesis for Biomedical Function, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren−Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Material Design and Synthesis for Biomedical Function, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren−Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Gaojian Chen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Material Design and Synthesis for Biomedical Function, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren−Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (G.C.)
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31
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Bennett AK, Richner M, Mun MD, Richner JM. Type I IFN stimulates lymph node stromal cells from adult and old mice during a West Nile virus infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.05.522898. [PMID: 36711838 PMCID: PMC9881888 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.05.522898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Advanced age is a significant risk factor during viral infection due to an age-associated decline in the immune response. Older individuals are especially susceptible to severe neuroinvasive disease after West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Previous studies have characterized age-associated defects in hematopoietic immune cells during WNV infection that culminate in diminished antiviral immunity. Situated amongst immune cells in the draining lymph node (DLN) are structural networks of nonhematopoietic lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs). LNSCs are comprised of numerous, diverse subsets, with critical roles in the coordination of robust immune responses. The contributions of LNSCs to WNV immunity and immune senescence are unclear. Here, we examine LNSC responses to WNV within adult and old DLNs. Acute WNV infection triggered cellular infiltration and LNSC expansion in adult. Comparatively, aged DLNs exhibited diminished leukocyte accumulation, delayed LNSC expansion, and altered fibroblast and endothelial cell subset composition, signified by fewer LECs. We established an ex vivo culture system to probe LNSC function. Adult and old LNSCs both recognized an ongoing viral infection primarily through type I IFN signaling. Gene expression signatures were similar between adult and old LNSCs. Aged LNSCs were found to constitutively upregulate immediate early response genes. Collectively, these data suggest LNSCs uniquely respond to WNV infection. We are the first to report age-associated differences in LNSCs on the population- and gene expression-level during WNV infection. These changes may compromise antiviral immunity, leading to increased WNV disease in older individuals.
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32
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Avraham R, Melamed S, Achdout H, Erez N, Israeli O, Barlev-Gross M, Pasmanik-Chor M, Paran N, Israely T, Vitner EB. Antiviral activity of glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors in alphavirus infection of the central nervous system. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad086. [PMID: 37168733 PMCID: PMC10165247 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced CNS diseases impose a considerable human health burden worldwide. For many viral CNS infections, neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available. In this study, we examined whether the synthesis of glycosphingolipids, major membrane lipid constituents, could be used to establish an antiviral therapeutic target. We found that neuroinvasive Sindbis virus altered the sphingolipid levels early after infection in vitro and increased the levels of gangliosides GA1 and GM1 in the sera of infected mice. The alteration in the sphingolipid levels appears to play a role in neuroinvasive Sindbis virus replication, as treating infected cells with UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG) inhibitors reduced the replication rate. Moreover, the UGCG inhibitor GZ-161 increased the survival rates of Sindbis-infected mice, most likely by reducing the detrimental immune response activated by sphingolipids in the brains of Sindbis virus-infected mice. These findings suggest a role for glycosphingolipids in the host immune response against neuroinvasive Sindbis virus and suggest that UGCG inhibitors should be further examined as antiviral therapeutics for viral infections of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Avraham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Achdout
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Noam Erez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ofir Israeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Moria Barlev-Gross
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Metsada Pasmanik-Chor
- Bioinformatics Unit, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Einat B Vitner
- Correspondence to: Einat B. Vitner Department of Infectious Diseases Israel Institute for Biological Research P.O.B 19, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel E-mail:
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33
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Daniels BP, Oberst A. Outcomes of RIP Kinase Signaling During Neuroinvasive Viral Infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 442:155-174. [PMID: 32253569 PMCID: PMC7781604 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinvasive viral diseases are a considerable and growing burden on global public health. Despite this, these infections remain poorly understood, and the molecular mechanisms that govern protective versus pathological neuroinflammatory responses to infection are a matter of intense investigation. Recent evidence suggests that necroptosis, an immunogenic form of programmed cell death, may contribute to the pathogenesis of viral encephalitis. However, the receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinases that coordinate necroptosis, RIPK1 and RIPK3, also appear to have unexpected, cell death-independent functions in the central nervous system (CNS) that promote beneficial neuroinflammation during neuroinvasive infection. Here, we review the emerging evidence in this field, with additional discussion of recent work examining roles for RIPK signaling and necroptosis during noninfectious pathologies of the CNS, as these studies provide important additional insight into the potential for specialized neuroimmune functions for the RIP kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Daniels
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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Patroca da Silva S, Barbosa de Almeida Medeiros D, Ribeiro Cruz AC, Marques França AF, Diniz Nunes BT, Guerreiro Rodrigues DS, Pinto da Silva EV, Almada GL, Neves Casseb LM, Correia Rodrigues da Cunha MA, Dias Pestana Santos MG, Dilcher M, Britto SG, Martins Romano AP, Chiang JO, Martins LC. Co-infection of Peruvian horse sickness virus and West Nile virus associated with neurological diseases in horses from Brazil. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12097. [PMID: 36561679 PMCID: PMC9763762 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2018, during the surveillance for West Nile virus (WNV) in horses with neurological clinical signs in the state of Espírito Santo (Brazil), 19 animals were investigated, and 52 biological samples were collected for WNV diagnostic. One brain sample was positive for WNV by RT-qPCR and the virus was isolated in C6/36 cell culture and sequenced. We obtained a nearly complete genome of WNV co-infected with Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV) in the cell culture. After confirmation of PHSV by next-generation sequencing, a new PHSV RT-qPCR protocol was developed, which was used to detect another horse positive only for PHSV. This assay provides a simple and direct method for easy identification of PHSV from biological samples from horses and may become a useful tool in the epidemiological surveillance of this virus. It is the first case of PHSV in Brazil, and only the third country overall to report, 23 years after the first confirmed notification in Peru. Moreover, it is the first reported co-infection of PHSV and WNV in a horse with neurological signs, confirmed by RT-qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Patroca da Silva
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
| | - Daniele Barbosa de Almeida Medeiros
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ana Cecília Ribeiro Cruz
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Marques França
- Secretariat of Health of Espírito Santo state, Av. Mal. Mascarenhas de Moraes, 2025 - Bento Ferreira, 29050-755, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Tardelli Diniz Nunes
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Daniela Sueli Guerreiro Rodrigues
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Eliana Vieira Pinto da Silva
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Gilton Luiz Almada
- Secretariat of Health of Espírito Santo state, Av. Mal. Mascarenhas de Moraes, 2025 - Bento Ferreira, 29050-755, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Medeiros Neves Casseb
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Guadalupe Dias Pestana Santos
- Secretariat of Health of Venécia Municipality, Rua Ibiraçu, 26, Bairro Margareth, Nova Venécia/ES, CEP 29.830-000, Venécia, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Meik Dilcher
- Microbiology Department, Canterbury Health Laboratories, 524 Hagley Avenue, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Sávio Guimarães Britto
- Secretariat of Health of Espírito Santo state, Av. Mal. Mascarenhas de Moraes, 2025 - Bento Ferreira, 29050-755, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Jannifer Oliveira Chiang
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Lívia Caricio Martins
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, BR 316, Km 07, s/n CEP 67.030-000, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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Abbas A, Qiu F, Sikyta A, Fey PD, Florescu DF. Neuroinvasive West Nile virus infections after solid organ transplantation: Single center experience and systematic review. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13929. [PMID: 35980220 PMCID: PMC10078393 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNv) is a major cause of viral encephalitis in the United States. WNv infection is usually asymptomatic or a limited febrile illness in the immunocompetent hosts, although a small percentage can develop neuroinvasive disease. Neuroinvasive disease due to WNv in solid organ transplant recipients occurs at higher rates than observed in the general population and can have long term neurological sequalae. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all solid organ transplant recipients at our institution who tested positive for WNv from 2010 to 2018. Two reviewers performed electronic searches of Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library of literature of WNv infections in SOT. Descriptive statistics were performed on key variables. RESULTS Eight recipients (mean age 54, five males) were diagnosed with neuroinvasive WNv infection at our institution. Distribution of infection was as follows: five kidney transplants, one in each kidney-pancreas, liver, and lung. Diagnoses included meningitis (3), encephalitis (1), meningo-encephalitis (4). Median time from transplant to infection was 49.8 months (2.7-175.4). No infections were considered donor-derived. Five patients received treatment with IVIG. Six patients were alive at median follow-up of 49.5 months (21.7-116.8). We identified 29 studies published from 2002 to 2019. Median time from transplant to infection was 14.2 months, with similar allograft distribution; 53% were donor-derived infections. CONCLUSION WNv infections in solid organ transplant recipients can be a consequence of organ donation or can be acquired via the community. Infections can be more severe in SOT recipients and lead to neuroinvasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Abbas
- Infectious Diseases DivisionUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Fang Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public HealthUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Adia Sikyta
- Infectious Diseases DivisionUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Paul D. Fey
- Department of Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Diana F Florescu
- Infectious Diseases DivisionUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
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36
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Chakraborty S, Sen E, Basu A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 promotes neuronal apoptosis upon Japanese encephalitis virus infection. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:410-419. [PMID: 36590093 PMCID: PMC9795281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) in humans is primarily characterized by signs and symptoms including non-specific febrile illness, arthralgia, myalgia etc. followed by its resolution due to joint action of host innate and adaptive immunity. However, in selective cases, complications arise owing to invasion of central nervous system (CNS) by JEV. Patients being unable to control peripheral viral replication owing to differences in host genetics and immunity experience JEV-associated neurological complications manifested in the form of headache, nausea, meningoencephalitis, coma and eventual death. Entry of JEV into CNS activates complex cascade of events resulting in loss of neuronal physiology and thus CNS tissue integrity. In present study, we have demonstrated role played by JEV in modulation of neuronal pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) abundance and its effect upon neuronal health. Infection of neuron by JEV culminates into upregulation of PDK1 abundance. Albeit inhibition of JEV-induced PDK1-upregulation was accompanied by enhanced JEV propagation in neurons, abrogation of PDK1-upregulation was demonstrated to ameliorate neuronal apoptosis. PDK1 inhibition-associated reduction in neuronal death was observed to be associated with reduced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neurons. Our study hence provides a possible therapeutic target which upon modulation might help combat JEV infection-associated neuronal apoptosis via restoration of JEV-associated ROS generation.
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Key Words
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CHOP, C/EBP Homologous protein
- CNS, central nervous system
- DCFDA, 5-(and-6)-chlromethyl-2′, 7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate
- ER-stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress
- JEV, Japanese Encephalitis Virus
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase
- PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase
- PDK1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1
- PERK, Protein Kinase RNA-like ER Kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- WNV, West Nile virus
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Khare B, Kuhn RJ. The Japanese Encephalitis Antigenic Complex Viruses: From Structure to Immunity. Viruses 2022; 14:2213. [PMID: 36298768 PMCID: PMC9607441 DOI: 10.3390/v14102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, several flaviviruses of concern that belong to different antigenic groups have expanded geographically. This has resulted in the presence of often more than one virus from a single antigenic group in some areas, while in Europe, Africa and Australia, additionally, multiple viruses belonging to the Japanese encephalitis (JE) serogroup co-circulate. Morphological heterogeneity of flaviviruses dictates antibody recognition and affects virus neutralization, which influences infection control. The latter is further impacted by sequential infections involving diverse flaviviruses co-circulating within a region and their cross-reactivity. The ensuing complex molecular virus-host interplay leads to either cross-protection or disease enhancement; however, the molecular determinants and mechanisms driving these outcomes are unclear. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology of four JE serocomplex viruses, parameters affecting flaviviral heterogeneity and antibody recognition, host immune responses and the current knowledge of the cross-reactivity involving JE serocomplex flaviviruses that leads to differential clinical outcomes, which may inform future preventative and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baldeep Khare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard J. Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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38
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de Rezende IM, Cenachi ARC, Costa TA, Oliveira GFG, Rabelo L, Menezes LM, Penido I, Pereira LS, Arruda MS, Gonç alves AP, Alves PA, Kroon EG, Calzavara-Silva CE, Ramalho DB, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, LaBeaud AD, Drumond BP. Wild-type Yellow fever virus in cerebrospinal fluid from fatal cases in Brazil, 2018. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 2:936191. [PMID: 37461745 PMCID: PMC10351615 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.936191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is the causative agent of yellow fever (YF), a hemorrhagic and viscerotropic acute disease. Severe YF has been described in approximately 15-25% of YF patients, with 20-50% of severe YF cases being fatal. Here we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected during the YF outbreak in Brazil in 2018, aiming to investigate CNS neuroinvasion in fatal YFV cases. YFV RNA was screened by RT-qPCR targeting the 3'UTR region of the YFV genome in CSF. CSF samples were tested for the presence of anti-YFV IgM and neutralizing antibodies, coupled with routine laboratory examinations. Among the 13 patients studied, we detected anti-YFV IgM in CSF from eight patients and YFV RNA in CSF from five patients. YFV RNA genomic load in CSF samples ranged from 1.75×103 to 5.42×103 RNA copies/mL. We genotyped YFV from three CSF samples that grouped with other YFV samples from the 2018 outbreak in Brazil within the South-American I genotype. Even though descriptions of neurologic manifestations due to wild type YFV (WT-YFV) infection are rare, since the last YF outbreak in Brazil in 2017-2018, a few studies have demonstrated WT-YFV RNA in CSF samples from YF fatal cases. Serological tests indicated the presence of IgM and neutralizing antibodies against YFV in CSF samples from two patients. Although the presence of viral RNA, IgM and neutralizing antibodies in CSF samples could indicate neuroinvasiveness, further studies are needed to better elucidate the role of YFV neuroinvasion and possible impacts in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Mauricio de Rezende
- Laboratory of Viruses, Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Thais Alkifeles Costa
- Laboratory of Viruses, Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Fernanda Garcia Oliveira
- Laboratory of Viruses, Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Livia Rabelo
- Eduardo de Menezes Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonardo Soares Pereira
- Eduardo de Menezes Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Bendigo Heath Hospital, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Matheus Soares Arruda
- Laboratory of Viruses, Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Augusto Alves
- Immunology of Viruses Diseases, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratory of Viruses, Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Integrated Group of Biomarkers Research, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andrea Teixeira-Carvalho
- Integrated Group of Biomarkers Research, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A. Desiree LaBeaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratory of Viruses, Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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de Albuquerque BHDR, de Oliveira MTFC, Aderaldo JF, de Medeiros Garcia Torres M, Lanza DCF. Human seminal virome: a panel based on recent literature. Basic Clin Androl 2022; 32:16. [PMID: 36064315 PMCID: PMC9444275 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-022-00165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The seminal virome and its implications for fertility remain poorly understood. To date, there are no defined panels for the detection of viruses of clinical interest in seminal samples. Results In this study, we characterized the human seminal virome based on more than 1,000 studies published over the last five years. Conclusions The number of studies investigating viruses that occur in human semen has increased, and to date, these studies have been mostly prospective or related to specific clinical findings. Through the joint analysis of all these studies, we have listed the viruses related to the worsening of seminal parameters and propose a new panel with the main viruses already described that possibly affect male fertility and health. This panel can assist in evaluating semen quality and serve as a tool for investigation in cases of infertility.
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Hou N, Peng C, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Hu Q. BRET-Based Self-Cleaving Biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Inhibitor Discovery. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0255921. [PMID: 35758897 PMCID: PMC9430692 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02559-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3C-like protease (3CLpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is an attractive drug target for developing antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. A few small molecule inhibitors of 3CLpro are in clinical trials for COVID-19 treatments, and more inhibitors are under development. One limiting factor for 3CLpro inhibitors development is that the cellular activities of such inhibitors should be evaluated in Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratories. Here, we design DNA-coded biosensors that can be used in BSL-2 laboratories to set up cell-based assays for 3CLpro inhibitor discovery. The biosensors were constructed by linking a green fluorescent protein (GFP2) to the N-terminus and a Renilla luciferase (RLuc8) to the C-terminus of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro, with the linkers derived from the cleavage sequences of 3CLpro. After overexpression of the biosensors in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells, 3CLpro can be released from GFP2 and RLuc by self-cleavage, resulting in a decrease of the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) signal. Using one of these biosensors, pBRET-10, we evaluated the cellular activities of several 3CLpro inhibitors. These inhibitors restored the BRET signal by blocking the proteolysis of pBRET-10, and their relative activities measured using pBRET-10 were consistent with their previously reported anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities. We conclude that the biosensor pBRET-10 is a useful tool for SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitor discovery. IMPORTANCE The virus proteases 3CLpro are validated drug targets for developing antivirals to treat coronavirus diseases, such as COVID-19. However, the development of 3CLpro inhibitors relies heavily on BSL-3 laboratories. Here, we report a series of BRET-based self-cleaving biosensors that can be used to set up cell-based assays to evaluate the cell permeability and cellular activity of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors in BSL-2 laboratories. The cell-based assay is suitable for high-throughput screening for 3CLpro inhibitors because of the simplicity and good reproducibility of our biosensors. The design strategy can also be used to design biosensors for other viral proteases for which the activation processes involve the self-cleavage of polyproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningke Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine; and Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine; and Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine; and Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuyao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine; and Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine; and Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Involvement of host microRNAs in flavivirus-induced neuropathology: An update. J Biosci 2022. [PMID: 36222134 PMCID: PMC9425815 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-022-00288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a spectrum of vector-borne RNA viruses that cause potentially severe diseases in humans including encephalitis, acute-flaccid paralysis, cognitive disorders and foetal abnormalities. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus (DENV) are globally emerging pathogens that lead to epidemics and outbreaks with continued transmission to newer geographical areas over time. In the past decade, studies have focussed on understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of these viruses in a bid to alleviate their disease burden. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded RNAs that have emerged as master-regulators of cellular gene expression. The dynamics of miRNAs within a cell have the capacity to modulate hundreds of genes and, consequently, their physiological manifestation. Increasing evidence suggests their role in host response to disease and infection including cell survival, intracellular viral replication and immune activation. In this review, we aim to comprehensively update published evidence on the role of miRNAs in host cells infected with the common neurotropic flaviviruses, with an increased focus on neuropathogenic mechanisms. In addition, we briefly cover therapeutic advancements made in the context of miRNA-based antiviral strategies.
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Latanova A, Starodubova E, Karpov V. Flaviviridae Nonstructural Proteins: The Role in Molecular Mechanisms of Triggering Inflammation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081808. [PMID: 36016430 PMCID: PMC9414172 DOI: 10.3390/v14081808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Flaviviridae family are posing a significant threat to human health worldwide. Many flaviviruses are capable of inducing severe inflammation in humans. Flaviviridae nonstructural proteins, apart from their canonical roles in viral replication, have noncanonical functions strongly affecting antiviral innate immunity. Among these functions, antagonism of type I IFN is the most investigated; meanwhile, more data are accumulated on their role in the other pathways of innate response. This review systematizes the last known data on the role of Flaviviridae nonstructural proteins in molecular mechanisms of triggering inflammation, with an emphasis on their interactions with TLRs and RLRs, interference with NF-κB and cGAS-STING signaling, and activation of inflammasomes.
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Srichawla BS. Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus (WNV) Encephalitis With Anton Syndrome: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e26264. [PMID: 35911357 PMCID: PMC9312882 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The West Nile virus (WNV) belongs to the genus of flaviviruses and is known to cause irreversible neurologic deficits. Neuroinvasive WNV cases continue to be rare and have a higher prevalence in South America, Africa, and Asia. Here we report a 55-year-old female from North America who presented with acute-onset encephalopathy, fever, myalgias, and Anton syndrome. Neuroradiographic findings included diffuse white matter abnormalities of both cortical and subcortical structures and the patient was diagnosed with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Further workup revealed WNV antibodies in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. Management of WNV encephalitis continues to be poor and thus the patient was referred to a long-term care facility. Furthermore, Anton syndrome is a rare focal neurologic deficit that has never been previously associated with the WNV. This case aims to highlight the epidemiology of WNV in the United States, the mechanisms of WNV encephalitis, and an overview of Anton syndrome.
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Li T, Ren Y, Zhang T, Zhai X, Wang X, Wang J, Xing B, Miao R, Li N, Wei L. Duck LGP2 Downregulates RIG-I Signaling Pathway-Mediated Innate Immunity Against Tembusu Virus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:916350. [PMID: 35784309 PMCID: PMC9241487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.916350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLR) has been demonstrated to play a critical role in activating downstream signaling in response to viral RNA. However, its role in ducks’ antiviral innate immunity is less well understood, and how gene-mediated signaling is regulated is unknown. The regulatory role of the duck laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (duLGP2) in the duck RIG-I (duRIG-I)-mediated antiviral innate immune signaling system was investigated in this study. In duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells, overexpression of duLGP2 dramatically reduced duRIG-I-mediated IFN-promotor activity and cytokine expression. In contrast, the knockdown of duLGP2 led to an opposite effect on the duRIG-I-mediated signaling pathway. We demonstrated that duLGP2 suppressed the duRIG-I activation induced by duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) infection. Intriguingly, when duRIG-I signaling was triggered, duLGP2 enhanced the production of inflammatory cytokines. We further showed that duLGP2 interacts with duRIG-I, and this interaction was intensified during DTMUV infection. In summary, our data suggest that duLGP2 downregulated duRIG-I mediated innate immunity against the Tembusu virus. The findings of this study will help researchers better understand the antiviral innate immune system’s regulatory networks in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
| | - Yanyan Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an City, China
| | - Xinyu Zhai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
| | - Jinchao Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
| | - Bin Xing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
| | - Runchun Miao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
| | - Ning Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
| | - Liangmeng Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an City, China
- *Correspondence: Liangmeng Wei,
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Bignon E, Marazzi M, Miclot T, Barone G, Monari A. Specific Recognition of the 5'-Untranslated Region of West Nile Virus Genome by Human Innate Immune System. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061282. [PMID: 35746753 PMCID: PMC9227302 DOI: 10.3390/v14061282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 proved the crucial importance of understanding how emerging viruses work and proliferate, in order to avoid the repetition of such a dramatic sanitary situation with unprecedented social and economic costs. West Nile Virus is a mosquito-borne pathogen that can spread to humans and induce severe neurological problems. This RNA virus caused recent remarkable outbreaks, notably in Europe, highlighting the need to investigate the molecular mechanisms of its infection process in order to design and propose efficient antivirals. Here, we resort to all-atom Molecular Dynamics simulations to characterize the structure of the 5′-untranslated region of the West Nile Virus genome and its specific recognition by the human innate immune system via oligoadenylate synthetase. Our simulations allowed us to map the interaction network between the viral RNA and the host protein, which drives its specific recognition and triggers the host immune response. These results may provide fundamental knowledge that can assist further antivirals’ design, including therapeutic RNA strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Bignon
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France;
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Marco Marazzi
- Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura Molecular (RESMOL), Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tom Miclot
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France;
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giampaolo Barone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Antonio Monari
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France;
- ITODYS, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (A.M.)
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Lino A, Erickson TA, Nolan MS, Murray KO, Ronca SE. A Preliminary Study of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Depression Following West Nile Virus Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060650. [PMID: 35745504 PMCID: PMC9230011 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic flavivirus that can cause acute febrile illness leading to neuroinvasive disease. Depression is a well-described outcome following infection, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are unknown. Proinflammatory cytokines play important roles in WNV infection, but their role in depression post-WNV remains unstudied. This research aimed to retrospectively evaluate associations between proinflammatory cytokines and new onset depression in a WNV cohort. Participants with asymptomatic WNV infection were significantly less likely to report new onset depression when compared to those with symptomatic disease. Participants with encephalitis and obesity were significantly more likely to report new onset depression post-infection. Based on univariate analysis of 15 antiviral or proinflammatory cytokines, depression was associated with elevated MCP-1 and decreased TNFα, whereas G-CSF was significantly elevated in those with a history of neuroinvasive WNV. However, no cytokines were statistically significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method. While symptomatic WNV infection, encephalitis, and obesity were associated with new onset depression following infection, the role of proinflammatory cytokines requires additional studies. Further research involving paired acute-convalescent samples, larger sample sizes, and additional data points would provide additional insight into the impact of the inflammatory response on WNV-mediated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Lino
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.L.); (T.A.E.)
| | - Timothy A. Erickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.L.); (T.A.E.)
| | - Melissa S. Nolan
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Kristy O. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.L.); (T.A.E.)
- Correspondence: (K.O.M.); (S.E.R.)
| | - Shannon E. Ronca
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.L.); (T.A.E.)
- Correspondence: (K.O.M.); (S.E.R.)
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Hruškovicová J, Bhide K, Petroušková P, Tkáčová Z, Mochnáčová E, Čurlík J, Bhide M, Kulkarni A. Engineering the Single Domain Antibodies Targeting Receptor Binding Motifs Within the Domain III of West Nile Virus Envelope Glycoprotein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:801466. [PMID: 35432292 PMCID: PMC9012491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.801466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne neurotrophic flavivirus causing mild febrile illness to severe encephalitis and acute flaccid paralysis with long-term or permanent neurological disorders. Due to the absence of targeted therapy or vaccines, there is a growing need to develop effective anti-WNV therapy. In this study, single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) were developed against the domain III (DIII) of WNV’s envelope glycoprotein to interrupt the interaction between DIII and the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMEC). The peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the llama immunized with recombinant DIIIL297–S403 (rDIII) were used to generate a variable heavy chain only (VHH)-Escherichia coli library, and phage display was performed using the M13K07ΔpIII Hyperphages system. Phages displaying sdAbs against rDIII were panned with the synthetic analogs of the DIII receptor binding motifs, DIII-1G299–K307 and DIII-2V371–R388, and the VHH gene from the eluted phages was subcloned into E. coli SHuffle. Soluble sdAbs purified from 96 E. coli SHuffle clones were screened to identify 20 candidates strongly binding to the synthetic analogs of DIII-1G299–K307 and DIII-2V371–R388 on a dot blot assay. Among them, sdAbA1, sdAbA6, sdAbA9, and sdAbA10 blocked the interaction between rDIII and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) on Western blot and cell ELISA. However, optimum stability during the overexpression was noticed only for sdAbA10 and it also neutralized the WNV–like particles (WNV-VLP) in the Luciferase assay with an half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 1.48 nm. Furthermore, the hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity of sdAbA10 were assessed by a hemolytic assay and XTT-based hBMEC proliferation assay resulting in 0.1% of hemolytic activity and 82% hBMEC viability, respectively. Therefore, the sdAbA10 targeting DIII-2V371–R388 of the WNV envelope glycoprotein is observed to be suitable for in vivo trials as a specific therapy for WNV–induced neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hruškovicová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Patrícia Petroušková
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Tkáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Evelína Mochnáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ján Čurlík
- Department of Breeding and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Ecology and Cynology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Amod Kulkarni,
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Du Pont KE, McCullagh M, Geiss BJ. Conserved motifs in the flavivirus NS3 RNA helicase enzyme. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2022; 13:e1688. [PMID: 34472205 PMCID: PMC8888775 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a major health concern because over half of the world population is at risk of infection and there are very few antiviral therapeutics to treat diseases resulting from infection. Replication is an essential part of the flavivirus survival. One of the viral proteins, NS3 helicase, is critical for unwinding the double stranded RNA intermediate during flaviviral replication. The helicase performs the unwinding of the viral RNA intermediate structure in an ATP-dependent manner. NS3 helicase is a member of the Viral/DEAH-like subfamily of the superfamily 2 helicase containing eight highly conserved structural motifs (I, Ia, II, III, IV, IVa, V, and VI) localized between the ATP-binding and RNA-binding pockets. Of these structural motifs only three are well characterized for function in flaviviruses (I, II, and VI). The roles of the other structural motifs are not well understood for NS3 helicase function, but comparison of NS3 with other superfamily 2 helicases within the viral/DEAH-like, DEAH/RHA, and DEAD-box subfamilies can be used to elucidate the roles of these structural motifs in the flavivirus NS3 helicase. This review aims to summarize the role of each conserved structural motif within flavivirus NS3 in RNA helicase function. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Du Pont
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Martin McCullagh
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Brian J. Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Mishra B, Aduri R. The RNA Secondary Structure Analysis Reveals Potential for Emergence of Pathogenic Flaviviruses. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:10-29. [PMID: 34694573 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus is divided into four groups: Mosquito-borne flaviviruses, Tick-borne flaviviruses, no-known vector flaviviruses, and Insect specific flaviviruses. Millions of people are affected worldwide every year due to the flaviviral infections. The 5' UTR of the RNA genome plays a critical role in the biology of flaviviruses. To explore any correlation between the topology of the 5' UTR and pathogenesis, a global scale study of the RNA secondary structure of different groups of flaviviruses has been conducted. We found that most of the pathogenic flaviviruses, irrespective of their mode of transmission, tend to form a Y shaped topology in the Stem loop A of the 5' UTR. Some of the current non-pathogenic flaviviruses were also observed to form Y shaped structure. Based on this study, it has been proposed that the flaviviruses having the Y shaped topology in their 5' UTR regions may have the potential to become pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhudutta Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K K Birla Goa campus, Zuarinagar, South Goa, 403726, India
- Department of Zoology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar Campus, Khurda, Jatni, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Raviprasad Aduri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K K Birla Goa campus, Zuarinagar, South Goa, 403726, India.
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Martin MF, Maarifi G, Abiven H, Seffals M, Mouchet N, Beck C, Bodet C, Lévèque N, Arhel NJ, Blanchet FP, Simonin Y, Nisole S. Usutu virus escapes langerin-induced restriction to productively infect human Langerhans cells, unlike West Nile virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:761-774. [PMID: 35191820 PMCID: PMC8903762 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2045875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are phylogenetically close emerging arboviruses and constitute a global public health threat. Since USUV and WNV are transmitted by mosquitoes, the first immune cells they encounter are skin-resident dendritic cells, the most peripheral outpost of immune defense. This unique network is composed of Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal DCs, which reside in the epidermis and the dermis, respectively. Using human skin explants, we show that while both viruses can replicate in keratinocytes, they can also infect resident DCs with distinct tropism: WNV preferentially infects DCs in the dermis, whereas USUV has a greater propensity to infect LCs. Using both purified human epidermal LCs (eLCs) and monocyte derived LCs (MoLCs), we confirm that LCs sustain a faster and more efficient replication of USUV than WNV and that this correlates with a more intense innate immune response to USUV compared with WNV. Next, we show that ectopic expression of the LC-specific C-type lectin receptor (CLR), langerin, in HEK293T cells allows WNV and USUV to bind and enter, but supports the subsequent replication of USUV only. Conversely, blocking or silencing langerin in MoLCs or eLCs made them resistant to USUV infection, thus demonstrating that USUV uses langerin to enter and replicate in LCs. Altogether, our results demonstrate that LCs constitute privileged target cells for USUV in human skin, because langerin favours its entry and replication. Intriguingly, this suggests that USUV efficiently escapes the antiviral functions of langerin, which normally safeguards LCs from most viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Martin
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Abiven
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Marine Seffals
- Plateforme H2P2, Université de Rennes 1, Biosit, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Mouchet
- Plateforme H2P2, Université de Rennes 1, Biosit, Rennes, France
| | - Cécile Beck
- UMR1161 Virologie, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Charles Bodet
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Lévèque
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie J Arhel
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien P Blanchet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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