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Abtin S, Seyedaghamiri F, Aalidaeijavadi Z, Farrokhi AM, Moshrefi F, Ziveh T, Zibaii MI, Aliakbarian H, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Haghparast A. A review on the consequences of molecular and genomic alterations following exposure to electromagnetic fields: Remodeling of neuronal network and cognitive changes. Brain Res Bull 2024; 217:111090. [PMID: 39349259 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
The use of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is essential in daily life. Since 1970, concerns have grown about potential health hazards from EMF. Exposure to EMF can stimulate nerves and affect the central nervous system, leading to neurological and cognitive changes. However, current research results are often vague and contradictory. These effects include changes in memory and learning through changes in neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus, synapses and hippocampal neuritis, and changes in metabolism and neurotransmitter levels. Prenatal exposure to EMFs has negative effects on memory and learning, as well as changes in hippocampal neuron density and histomorphology of hippocampus. EMF exposure also affects the structure and function of glial cells, affecting gate dynamics, ion conduction, membrane concentration, and protein expression. EMF exposure affects gene expression and may change epigenetic regulation through effects on DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA biogenesis, and potentially leading to biological changes. Therefore, exposure to EMFs possibly leads to changes in cellular and molecular mechanisms in central nervous system and alter cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Abtin
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemehsadat Seyedaghamiri
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Aalidaeijavadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Farrokhi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazel Moshrefi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Ziveh
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Departments of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Aliakbarian
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, KN Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Basic Sciences, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Abbott JA, Wen H, Liu B, Gupta SS, Iacobucci GJ, Zheng W, Popescu GK. Allosteric inhibition of NMDA receptors by low dose ketamine. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02729-9. [PMID: 39237721 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Ketamine, a general anesthetic, has rapid and sustained antidepressant effects when administered at lower doses. Anesthetic levels of ketamine reduce excitatory transmission by binding deep into the pore of NMDA receptors where it blocks current influx. In contrast, the molecular targets responsible for antidepressant levels of ketamine remain controversial. We used electrophysiology, structure-based mutagenesis, and molecular and kinetic modeling to investigate the effects of ketamine on NMDA receptors across an extended range of concentrations. We report functional and structural evidence that, at nanomolar concentrations, ketamine interacts with membrane-accessible hydrophobic sites on NMDA receptors, which are distinct from the established pore-blocking site. These interactions stabilize receptors in pre-open states and produce an incomplete, voltage- and pH-dependent reduction in receptor gating. Notably, this allosteric inhibitory mechanism spares brief synaptic-like receptor activations and preferentially reduces currents from receptors activated tonically by ambient levels of neurotransmitters. We propose that the hydrophobic sites we describe here account for clinical effects of ketamine not shared by other NMDA receptor open-channel blockers such as memantine and represent promising targets for developing safe and effective neuroactive therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Abbott
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Han Wen
- Department of Physics, College of Biological Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Beiying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Sheila S Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Gary J Iacobucci
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Physics, College of Biological Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Gabriela K Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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3
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Liu Y, Shao D, Lou S, Kou Z. Structural prediction of GluN3 NMDA receptors. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1446459. [PMID: 39229618 PMCID: PMC11368749 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1446459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are heterotetrametric ion channels composed of two obligatory GluN1 subunits and two alternative GluN2 or GluN3 subunits, forming GluN1-N2, GluN1-N3, and GluN1-N2-N3 type of NMDA receptors. Extensive research has focused on the functional and structural properties of conventional GluN1-GluN2 NMDA receptors due to their early discovery and high expression levels. However, the knowledge of unconventional GluN1-N3 NMDA receptors remains limited. In this study, we modeled the GluN1-N3A, GluN1-N3B, and GluN1-N3A-N3B NMDA receptors using deep-learned protein-language predication algorithms AlphaFold and RoseTTAFold All-Atom. We then compared these structures with GluN1-N2 and GluN1-N3A receptor cryo-EM structures and found that GluN1-N3 receptors have distinct properties in subunit arrangement, domain swap, and domain interaction. Furthermore, we predicted the agonist- or antagonist-bound structures, highlighting the key molecular-residue interactions. Our findings shed new light on the structural and functional diversity of NMDA receptors and provide a new direction for drug development. This study uses advanced AI algorithms to model GluN1-N3 NMDA receptors, revealing unique structural properties and interactions compared to conventional GluN1-N2 receptors. By highlighting key molecular-residue interactions and predicting ligand-bound structures, our research enhances the understanding of NMDA receptor diversity and offers new insights for targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Liu
- Cancer Center, Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Da Shao
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shulei Lou
- Institute of Hospital Management, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Zengwei Kou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Schmidt CC, Tong R, Emptage NJ. GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing pre-synaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors differentially regulate action potential-evoked Ca 2+ influx via modulation of SK channels. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230222. [PMID: 38853550 PMCID: PMC11343232 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play a pivotal role in synaptic plasticity. While the functional role of post-synaptic NMDARs is well established, pre-synaptic NMDAR (pre-NMDAR) function is largely unexplored. Different pre-NMDAR subunit populations are documented at synapses, suggesting that subunit composition influences neuronal transmission. Here, we used electrophysiological recordings at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses partnered with Ca2+ imaging and glutamate uncaging at boutons of CA3 pyramidal neurones to reveal two populations of pre-NMDARs that contain either the GluN2A or GluN2B subunit. Activation of the GluN2B population decreases action potential-evoked Ca2+ influx via modulation of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, while activation of the GluN2A population does the opposite. Critically, the level of functional expression of the subunits is subject to homeostatic regulation, bidirectionally affecting short-term facilitation, thus providing a capacity for a fine adjustment of information transfer. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Long-term potentiation: 50 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C. Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QT, UK
| | - Rudi Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QT, UK
- Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QuebecH3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nigel J. Emptage
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QT, UK
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Carrillo E, Montaño Romero A, Gonzalez CU, Turcu AL, Chen SR, Chen H, Pan HL, Vázquez S, Twomey EC, Jayaraman V. Memantine Inhibits Calcium-Permeable AMPA Receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.02.601784. [PMID: 39005433 PMCID: PMC11245036 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.02.601784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Memantine is an US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug that selectively inhibits NMDA-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDARs) for treatment of dementia and Alzheimer's. NMDARs enable calcium influx into neurons and are critical for normal brain function. However, increasing evidence shows that calcium influx in neurological diseases is augmented by calcium-permeable AMPA-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Here, we demonstrate that these calcium-permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs) are inhibited by memantine. Electrophysiology unveils that memantine inhibition of CP-AMPARs is dependent on their calcium permeability and the presence of their neuronal auxiliary subunit transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs). Through cryo-electron microscopy we elucidate that memantine blocks CP-AMPAR ion channels in a unique mechanism of action from NMDARs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that memantine reverses a gain of function AMPAR mutation found in a patient with a neurodevelopmental disorder and inhibits CP-AMPARs in nerve injury. Our findings alter the paradigm for the memantine mechanism of action and provide a blueprint for therapeutic approaches targeting CP-AMPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Carrillo
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alejandra Montaño Romero
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Cuauhtemoc U. Gonzalez
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Andreea L. Turcu
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Hong Chen
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edward C. Twomey
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Beckman Center for Cryo-EM at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, 70170, USA
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Gautam D, Shields A, Krepps E, Ummear Raza M, Sivarao DV. Click train elicited local gamma synchrony: differing performance and pharmacological responsivity of primary auditory and prefrontal cortices. Brain Res 2024; 1841:149091. [PMID: 38897535 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Auditory neural networks in the brain naturally entrain to rhythmic stimuli. Such synchronization is an accessible index of local network performance as captured by EEG. Across species, click trains delivered ∼ 40 Hz show strong entrainment with primary auditory cortex (Actx) being a principal source. Imaging studies have revealed additional cortical sources, but it is unclear if they are functionally distinct. Since auditory processing evolves hierarchically, we hypothesized that local synchrony would differ between between primary and association cortices. In female SD rats (N = 12), we recorded 40 Hz click train-elicited gamma oscillations using epidural electrodes situated at two distinct sites; one above the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and another above the Actx, after dosing with saline (1 ml/kg, sc) or the NMDA antagonist, MK801 (0.025, 0.05 or 0.1 mpk), in a blocked crossover design. Post-saline, both regions showed a strong 40 Hz auditory steady state response (ASSR). The latencies for the N1 response were ∼ 16 ms (Actx) and ∼ 34 ms (PFC). Narrow band (38-42 Hz) gamma oscillations appeared rapidly (<40 ms from stim onset at Actx but in a more delayed fashion (∼200 ms) at PFC. MK801 augmented gamma synchrony at Actx while dose-dependently disrupting at the PFC. Event-related gamma (but not beta) coherence, an index of long-distance connectivity, was disrupted by MK801. In conclusion, local network gamma synchrony in a higher order association cortex performs differently from that of the primary auditory cortex. We discuss these findings in the context of evolving sound processing across the cortical hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshila Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Abby Shields
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Emily Krepps
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Muhammad Ummear Raza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Digavalli V Sivarao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States.
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Lapish CC. Understanding How Acute Alcohol Impacts Neural Encoding in the Rodent Brain. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38858298 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2024_479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol impacts neural circuitry throughout the brain and has wide-ranging effects on the biophysical properties of neurons in these circuits. Articulating how these wide-ranging effects might eventually result in altered computational properties has the potential to provide a tractable working model of how alcohol alters neural encoding. This chapter reviews what is currently known about how acute alcohol influences neural activity in cortical, hippocampal, and dopaminergic circuits as these have been the primary focus of understanding how alcohol alters neural computation. While other neural systems have been the focus of exhaustive work on this topic, these brain regions are the ones where in vivo neural recordings are available, thus optimally suited to make the link between changes in neural activity and behavior. Rodent models have been key in developing an understanding of how alcohol impacts the function of these circuits, and this chapter therefore focuses on work from mice and rats. While progress has been made, it is critical to understand the challenges and caveats associated with experimental procedures, especially when performed in vivo, which are designed to answer this question and if/how to translate these data to humans. The hypothesis is discussed that alcohol impairs the ability of neural circuits to acquire states of neural activity that are transiently elevated and characterized by increased complexity. It is hypothesized that these changes are distinct from the traditional view of alcohol being a depressant of neural activity in the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Lapish
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Stark Neuroscience Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Montanucci L, Brünger T, Bhattarai N, Boßelmann CM, Kim S, Allen JP, Zhang J, Klöckner C, Fariselli P, May P, Lemke JR, Myers SJ, Yuan H, Traynelis SF, Lal D. Distances from ligands as main predictive features for pathogenicity and functional effect of variants in NMDA receptors. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.06.24306939. [PMID: 38766179 PMCID: PMC11100844 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.06.24306939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Genetic variants in genes GRIN1 , GRIN2A , GRIN2B , and GRIN2D , which encode subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), have been associated with severe and heterogeneous neurologic diseases. Missense variants in these genes can result in gain or loss of the NMDAR function, requiring opposite therapeutic treatments. Computational methods that predict pathogenicity and molecular functional effects are therefore crucial for accurate diagnosis and therapeutic applications. We assembled missense variants: 201 from patients, 631 from general population, and 159 characterized by electrophysiological readouts showing whether they can enhance or reduce the receptor function. This includes new functional data from 47 variants reported here, for the first time. We found that pathogenic/benign variants and variants that increase/decrease the channel function were distributed unevenly on the protein structure, with spatial proximity to ligands bound to the agonist and antagonist binding sites being key predictive features. Leveraging distances from ligands, we developed two independent machine learning-based predictors for NMDAR missense variants: a pathogenicity predictor which outperforms currently available predictors (AUC=0.945, MCC=0.726), and the first binary predictor of molecular function (increase or decrease) (AUC=0.809, MCC=0.523). Using these, we reclassified variants of uncertain significance in the ClinVar database and refined a previous genome-informed epidemiological model to estimate the birth incidence of molecular mechanism-defined GRIN disorders. Our findings demonstrate that distance from ligands is an important feature in NMDARs that can enhance variant pathogenicity prediction and enable functional prediction. Further studies with larger numbers of phenotypically and functionally characterized variants will enhance the potential clinical utility of this method.
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Bender PA, Chakraborty S, Durham RJ, Berka V, Carrillo E, Jayaraman V. Bi-directional allosteric pathway in NMDA receptor activation and modulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.16.589813. [PMID: 38659769 PMCID: PMC11042370 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.16.589813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are ionotropic glutamate receptors involved in learning and memory. NMDA receptors primarily comprise two GluN1 and two GluN2 subunits. The GluN2 subunit dictates biophysical receptor properties, including the extent of receptor activation and desensitization. GluN2A- and GluN2D-containing receptors represent two functional extremes. To uncover the conformational basis of their functional divergence, we utilized single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer to probe the extracellular domains of these receptor subtypes under resting and ligand-bound conditions. We find that the conformational profile of the GluN2 amino-terminal domain correlates with the disparate functions of GluN2A- and GluN2D-containing receptors. Changes at the pre-transmembrane segments inversely correlate with those observed at the amino-terminal domain, confirming direct allosteric communication between these domains. Additionally, binding of a positive allosteric modulator at the transmembrane domain shifts the conformational profile of the amino-terminal domain towards the active state, revealing a bidirectional allosteric pathway between extracellular and transmembrane domains.
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Chen F, Li L, Huang M, Wang Y, Wang L, Jin F, Yang L, Gao M, Li L, Wang Y, Zhou L, Yang J, Yao G, Li Q, Yang X. Natural product Kaji-ichigoside F1 exhibits rapid antidepression via activating the AMPA-BDNF-mTOR pathway and inhibiting the NMDAR-CaMKIIα pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155452. [PMID: 38422650 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a common and recurrent neuropsychiatric disorder. Recent studies have shown that the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) is involved in the pathophysiology of depression. Previous studies have found that Kaji-ichigoside F1 (KF1) has a protective effect against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity. However, the antidepressant mechanism of KF1 has not been confirmed yet. PURPOSE In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the rapid antidepressant activity of KF1 and explore the underlying mechanism. STUDY DESIGN First, we explored the effect of KF1 on NMDA-induced hippocampal neurons and the underlying mechanism. Second, depression was induced in C57BL/6 mice via chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and the immediate and persistent depression-like behavior was evaluated using the forced swimming test (FST) after a single administration of KF1. Third, the contributions of NMDA signaling to the antidepressant effect of KF1 were investigated using pharmacological interventions. Fourth, CUMS mice were treated with KF1 for 21 days, and then their depression-like behaviors and the underlying mechanism were further explored. METHODS The FST was used to evaluate immediate and persistent depression-like behavior after a single administration of KF1 with or without NMDA pretreatment. The effect of KF1 on depressive-like behavior was investigated in CUMS mice by treating them with KF1 once daily for 21 days through the sucrose preference test, FST, open field test, and tail suspension test. Then, the effects of KF1 on the morphology and molecular and functional phenotypes of primary neuronal cells and hippocampus of mice were investigated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, Nissl staining, propidium iodide staining, TUNEL staining, Ca2+ imaging, JC-1 staining, ELISA, immunofluorescence analysis, RT-PCR, and Western blot. RESULTS KF1 could effectively improve cellular viability, reduce apoptosis, inhibit the release of LDH and Ca2+, and increase the mitochondrial membrane potential and the number of dendritic spines numbers in hippocampal neurons. Moreover, behavioral tests showed that KF1 exerted acute and sustained antidepressant-like effects by reducing Glu-levels and ameliorating neuronal damage in the hippocampus. Additionally, in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that PSD95, Syn1, α-amino-3‑hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were upregulated at the protein level, and BDNF and AMPA were upregulated at the mRNA level. NR1 and NR2A showed the opposite trend. CONCLUSION These results confirm that KF1 exerts rapid antidepressant effects mainly by activating the AMPA-BDNF-mTOR pathway and inhibiting the NMDAR-CaMKIIα pathway. This study serves as a new reference for discovering rapid antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faju Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Liangqun Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Maoyang Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Yuankai Wang
- Huaxi District People,s Hospital, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Fengli Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Lishou Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Lilang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Lang Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Guanping Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Qiji Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Product Efficient Utilization in Guizhou, Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China.
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Su Q, Liu Y, Li Z, Yong VW, Xue M. Ion Channel Dysregulation Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:401-414. [PMID: 37755675 PMCID: PMC10912428 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to the brain after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results from numerous complex cellular mechanisms. At present, effective therapy for ICH is limited and a better understanding of the mechanisms of brain injury is necessary to improve prognosis. There is increasing evidence that ion channel dysregulation occurs at multiple stages in primary and secondary brain injury following ICH. Ion channels such as TWIK-related K+ channel 1, sulfonylurea 1 transient receptor potential melastatin 4 and glutamate-gated channels affect ion homeostasis in ICH. They in turn participate in the formation of brain edema, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and the generation of neurotoxicity. In this review, we summarize the interaction between ions and ion channels, the effects of ion channel dysregulation, and we discuss some therapeutics based on ion-channel modulation following ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Qiuyang Su
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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12
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Alexander SPH, Mathie AA, Peters JA, Veale EL, Striessnig J, Kelly E, Armstrong JF, Faccenda E, Harding SD, Davies JA, Aldrich RW, Attali B, Baggetta AM, Becirovic E, Biel M, Bill RM, Caceres AI, Catterall WA, Conner AC, Davies P, De Clerq K, Delling M, Di Virgilio F, Falzoni S, Fenske S, Fortuny-Gomez A, Fountain S, George C, Goldstein SAN, Grimm C, Grissmer S, Ha K, Hammelmann V, Hanukoglu I, Hu M, Ijzerman AP, Jabba SV, Jarvis M, Jensen AA, Jordt SE, Kaczmarek LK, Kellenberger S, Kennedy C, King B, Kitchen P, Liu Q, Lynch JW, Meades J, Mehlfeld V, Nicke A, Offermanns S, Perez-Reyes E, Plant LD, Rash L, Ren D, Salman MM, Sieghart W, Sivilotti LG, Smart TG, Snutch TP, Tian J, Trimmer JS, Van den Eynde C, Vriens J, Wei AD, Winn BT, Wulff H, Xu H, Yang F, Fang W, Yue L, Zhang X, Zhu M. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24: Ion channels. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180 Suppl 2:S145-S222. [PMID: 38123150 PMCID: PMC11339754 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24 is the sixth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews, mostly in tabular format, of the key properties of approximately 1800 drug targets, and over 6000 interactions with about 3900 ligands. There is an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide constitutes almost 500 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.16178. Ion channels are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: G protein-coupled receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2023, and supersedes data presented in the 2021/22, 2019/20, 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC-IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alistair A Mathie
- School of Engineering, Arts, Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, IP4 1QJ, UK
| | - John A Peters
- Neurosci-ence Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Emma L Veale
- Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Jörg Striessnig
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jane F Armstrong
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Simon D Harding
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Jamie A Davies
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Biel
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Davies
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | | | - Markus Delling
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chandy George
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Kotdaji Ha
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Annette Nicke
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research/JW Goethe University, Bad Nauheim/Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Dejian Ren
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinbin Tian
- University of Texas at Houston, Houston, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lixia Yue
- University of Connecticut, Farmington, USA
| | | | - Michael Zhu
- University of Texas at Houston, Houston, USA
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13
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Bagwe PV, Deshpande RD, Juhasz G, Sathaye S, Joshi SV. Uncovering the Significance of STEP61 in Alzheimer's Disease: Structure, Substrates, and Interactome. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3099-3113. [PMID: 37219664 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
STEP (STriatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase) is a brain-specific phosphatase that plays an important role in controlling signaling molecules involved in neuronal activity and synaptic development. The striatum is the main location of the STEP enzyme. An imbalance in STEP61 activity is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). It can contribute to the development of numerous neuropsychiatric diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), schizophrenia, fragile X syndrome (FXS), Huntington's disease (HD), alcoholism, cerebral ischemia, and stress-related diseases. The molecular structure, chemistry, and molecular mechanisms associated with STEP61's two major substrates, Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPAr) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), are crucial in understanding the relationship between STEP61 and associated illnesses. STEP's interactions with its substrate proteins can alter the pathways of long-term potentiation and long-term depression. Therefore, understanding the role of STEP61 in neurological illnesses, particularly Alzheimer's disease-associated dementia, can provide valuable insights for possible therapeutic interventions. This review provides valuable insights into the molecular structure, chemistry, and molecular mechanisms associated with STEP61. This brain-specific phosphatase controls signaling molecules involved in neuronal activity and synaptic development. This review can aid researchers in gaining deep insights into the complex functions of STEP61.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam V Bagwe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Radni D Deshpande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Gabor Juhasz
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU Global Hungary Ltd.), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sadhana Sathaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
| | - Shreerang V Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
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14
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Popescu G, Abbott J, Wen H, Liu B, Gupta S, Iacobucci G, Zheng W. Allosteric Site Mediates Inhibition of Tonic NMDA Receptor Activity by Low Dose Ketamine. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3304783. [PMID: 37790558 PMCID: PMC10543308 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3304783/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine, a general anesthetic, has rapid and sustained antidepressant effects when administered at lower doses. At anesthetic doses, ketamine causes a drastic reduction in excitatory transmission by lodging in the centrally located hydrophilic pore of the NMDA receptor, where it blocks ionic flow. In contrast, the molecular and cellular targets responsible for the antidepressant effects of ketamine remain controversial. Here, we report functional and structural evidence that, at nanomolar concentrations, ketamine interacts with membrane-accessible hydrophobic sites where it stabilizes desensitized receptors to cause an incomplete, voltage- and pH-dependent reduction in NMDA receptor activity. This allosteric mechanism spares brief receptor activations and reduces preferentially currents from tonically active receptors. The hydrophobic site is a promising target for safe and effective therapies against acute and chronic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Popescu
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences/University at Buffalo, SUNY
| | - Jamie Abbott
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences/University at Buffalo, SUN
| | | | | | - Sheila Gupta
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences/University at Buffalo, SUN
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15
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Rodrigues YE, Tigaret CM, Marie H, O'Donnell C, Veltz R. A stochastic model of hippocampal synaptic plasticity with geometrical readout of enzyme dynamics. eLife 2023; 12:e80152. [PMID: 37589251 PMCID: PMC10435238 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovering the rules of synaptic plasticity is an important step for understanding brain learning. Existing plasticity models are either (1) top-down and interpretable, but not flexible enough to account for experimental data, or (2) bottom-up and biologically realistic, but too intricate to interpret and hard to fit to data. To avoid the shortcomings of these approaches, we present a new plasticity rule based on a geometrical readout mechanism that flexibly maps synaptic enzyme dynamics to predict plasticity outcomes. We apply this readout to a multi-timescale model of hippocampal synaptic plasticity induction that includes electrical dynamics, calcium, CaMKII and calcineurin, and accurate representation of intrinsic noise sources. Using a single set of model parameters, we demonstrate the robustness of this plasticity rule by reproducing nine published ex vivo experiments covering various spike-timing and frequency-dependent plasticity induction protocols, animal ages, and experimental conditions. Our model also predicts that in vivo-like spike timing irregularity strongly shapes plasticity outcome. This geometrical readout modelling approach can be readily applied to other excitatory or inhibitory synapses to discover their synaptic plasticity rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Elias Rodrigues
- Université Côte d’AzurNiceFrance
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), CNRSValbonneFrance
- Inria Center of University Côte d’Azur (Inria)Sophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Cezar M Tigaret
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Innovation Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences,School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Hélène Marie
- Université Côte d’AzurNiceFrance
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), CNRSValbonneFrance
| | - Cian O'Donnell
- School of Computing, Engineering, and Intelligent Systems, Magee Campus, Ulster UniversityLondonderryUnited Kingdom
- School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Mathematics, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Romain Veltz
- Inria Center of University Côte d’Azur (Inria)Sophia AntipolisFrance
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16
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Rouzbeh N, Rau AR, Benton AJ, Yi F, Anderson CM, Johns MR, Jensen L, Lotti JS, Holley DC, Hansen KB. Allosteric modulation of GluN1/GluN3 NMDA receptors by GluN1-selective competitive antagonists. J Gen Physiol 2023; 155:e202313340. [PMID: 37078900 PMCID: PMC10125900 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202313340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors are critical for normal brain function and are implicated in central nervous system disorders. Structure and function of NMDA receptors composed of GluN1 and GluN3 subunits are less understood compared to those composed of GluN1 and GluN2 subunits. GluN1/3 receptors display unusual activation properties in which binding of glycine to GluN1 elicits strong desensitization, while glycine binding to GluN3 alone is sufficient for activation. Here, we explore mechanisms by which GluN1-selective competitive antagonists, CGP-78608 and L-689,560, potentiate GluN1/3A and GluN1/3B receptors by preventing glycine binding to GluN1. We show that both CGP-78608 and L-689,560 prevent desensitization of GluN1/3 receptors, but CGP-78608-bound receptors display higher glycine potency and efficacy at GluN3 subunits compared to L-689,560-bound receptors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that L-689,560 is a potent antagonist of GluN1FA+TL/3A receptors, which are mutated to abolish glycine binding to GluN1, and that this inhibition is mediated by a non-competitive mechanism involving binding to the mutated GluN1 agonist binding domain (ABD) to negatively modulate glycine potency at GluN3A. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that CGP-78608 and L-689,560 binding or mutations in the GluN1 glycine binding site promote distinct conformations of the GluN1 ABD, suggesting that the GluN1 ABD conformation influences agonist potency and efficacy at GluN3 subunits. These results uncover the mechanism that enables activation of native GluN1/3A receptors by application of glycine in the presence of CGP-78608, but not L-689,560, and demonstrate strong intra-subunit allosteric interactions in GluN1/3 receptors that may be relevant to neuronal signaling in brain function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirvan Rouzbeh
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Andrew R. Rau
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Avery J. Benton
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Feng Yi
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Carly M. Anderson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Mia R. Johns
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Loren Jensen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - James S. Lotti
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - David C. Holley
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Kasper B. Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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17
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Song J. Amygdala activity and amygdala-hippocampus connectivity: Metabolic diseases, dementia, and neuropsychiatric issues. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114647. [PMID: 37011482 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With rapid aging of the population worldwide, the number of people with dementia is dramatically increasing. Some studies have emphasized that metabolic syndrome, which includes obesity and diabetes, leads to increased risks of dementia and cognitive decline. Factors such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and central obesity in metabolic syndrome are associated with synaptic failure, neuroinflammation, and imbalanced neurotransmitter levels, leading to the progression of dementia. Due to the positive correlation between diabetes and dementia, some studies have called it "type 3 diabetes". Recently, the number of patients with cognitive decline due to metabolic imbalances has considerably increased. In addition, recent studies have reported that neuropsychiatric issues such as anxiety, depressive behavior, and impaired attention are common factors in patients with metabolic disease and those with dementia. In the central nervous system (CNS), the amygdala is a central region that regulates emotional memory, mood disorders, anxiety, attention, and cognitive function. The connectivity of the amygdala with other brain regions, such as the hippocampus, and the activity of the amygdala contribute to diverse neuropathological and neuropsychiatric issues. Thus, this review summarizes the significant consequences of the critical roles of amygdala connectivity in both metabolic syndromes and dementia. Further studies on amygdala function in metabolic imbalance-related dementia are needed to treat neuropsychiatric problems in patients with this type of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Piniella D, Zafra F. Functional crosstalk of the glycine transporter GlyT1 and NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2023; 232:109514. [PMID: 37003571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) constitute one of the main glutamate (Glu) targets in the central nervous system and are involved in synaptic plasticity, which is the molecular substrate of learning and memory. Hypofunction of NMDARs has been associated with schizophrenia, while overstimulation causes neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases or in stroke. The function of NMDARs requires coincidental binding of Glu along with other cellular signals such as neuronal depolarization, and the presence of other endogenous ligands that modulate their activity by allosterism. Among these allosteric modulators are zinc, protons and Gly, which is an obligatory co-agonist. These characteristics differentiate NMDARs from other receptors, and their structural bases have begun to be established in recent years. In this review we focus on the crosstalk between Glu and glycine (Gly), whose concentration in the NMDAR microenvironment is maintained by various Gly transporters that remove or release it into the medium in a regulated manner. The GlyT1 transporter is particularly involved in this task, and has become a target of great interest for the treatment of schizophrenia since its inhibition leads to an increase in synaptic Gly levels that enhances the activity of NMDARs. However, the only drug that has completed phase III clinical trials did not yield the expected results. Notwithstanding, there are additional drugs that continue to be investigated, and it is hoped that knowledge gained from the recently published 3D structure of GlyT1 may allow the rational design of more effective new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Piniella
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Francisco Zafra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
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19
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Huang TH, Lai MC, Chen YS, Huang CW. The Roles of Glutamate Receptors and Their Antagonists in Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030686. [PMID: 36979664 PMCID: PMC10045490 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency with a high mortality rate. When compared to chronic epilepsy, it is distinguished by the durability of seizures and frequent resistance to benzodiazepine (BZD). The Receptor Trafficking Hypothesis, which suggests that the downregulation of γ-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors, and upregulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors play major roles in the establishment of SE is the most widely accepted hypothesis underlying BZD resistance. NMDA and AMPA are ionotropic glutamate receptor families that have important excitatory roles in the central nervous system (CNS). They are both essential in maintaining the normal function of the brain and are involved in a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases, including epilepsy. Based on animal and human studies, antagonists of NMDA and AMPA receptors have a significant impact in ending SE; albeit most of them are not yet approved to be in clinically therapeutic guidelines, due to their psychomimetic adverse effects. Although there is still a dearth of randomized, prospective research, NMDA antagonists such as ketamine, magnesium sulfate, and the AMPA antagonist, perampanel, are regarded to be reasonable optional adjuvant therapies in controlling SE, refractory SE (RSE) or super-refractory SE (SRSE), though there are still a lack of randomized, prospective studies. This review seeks to summarize and update knowledge on the SE development hypothesis, as well as clinical trials using NMDA and AMPA antagonists in animal and human studies of SE investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsin Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
- Zhengxin Neurology & Rehabilitation Center, Tainan 70459, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shiue Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
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20
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Dumanska H, Veselovsky N. Protein kinase C mediates hypoxia-induced long-term potentiation of NMDA neurotransmission in the visual retinocollicular pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1141689. [PMID: 36909286 PMCID: PMC9998674 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1141689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of processes and mechanisms underlying the early stage of hypoxic injury of the retinocollicular pathway may be beneficial for the future prevention and treatment of navigation, orientation, and visual attention impairments. Previously, we have demonstrated that short-term hypoxia led to long-term potentiation (LTP) of NMDA neurotransmission in the background of long-term depression of GABAA retinocollicular transmission. Here, we sought to obtain insight into the mechanisms of hypoxia-induced LTP of NMDA retinocollicular neurotransmission and the role of the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway in it. To investigate these, we recorded pharmacologically isolated NMDA transmission in cocultivated pairs of rat retinal ganglion cells and superficial superior colliculus neurons under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, using the paired patch-clamp technique and method of fast local superfusion. We tested the involvement of the PKC by adding the potent and selective inhibitor chelerythrine chloride (ChC, 5 μM). We observed that hypoxia-induced LTP of NMDA neurotransmission is associated with the shortening of current kinetics. We also found that the PKC signaling pathway mediates hypoxia-induced LTP and associated shortening of NMDA currents. The ChC completely blocked the induction of LTP by hypoxia and associated kinetic changes. Contrary effects of ChC were observed with already induced LTP. ChC led to the reversal of LTP to the initial synaptic strength but the current kinetics remain irreversibly shortened. Our results show that ChC is a promising agent for the prevention and treatment of hypoxic injuries of NMDA retinocollicular neurotransmission and provide necessary electrophysiological basics for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dumanska
- Department of Neuronal Network Physiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nikolai Veselovsky
- Department of Neuronal Network Physiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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21
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Dendrocentric learning for synthetic intelligence. Nature 2022; 612:43-50. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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22
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Iacobucci GJ, Liu B, Wen H, Sincox B, Zheng W, Popescu GK. Complex functional phenotypes of NMDA receptor disease variants. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:5113-5123. [PMID: 36117210 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
NMDA receptors have essential roles in the physiology of central excitatory synapses and their dysfunction causes severe neuropsychiatric symptoms. Recently, a series of genetic variants have been identified in patients, however, functional information about these variants is sparse and their role in pathogenesis insufficiently known. Here we investigate the mechanism by which two GluN2A variants may be pathogenic. We use molecular dynamics simulation and single-molecule electrophysiology to examine the contribution of GluN2A subunit-residues, P552 and F652, and their pathogenic substitutions, P552R and F652V, affect receptor functions. We found that P552 and F652 interact during the receptors' normal activity cycle; the interaction stabilizes receptors in open conformations and is required for a normal electrical response. Engineering shorter side-chains at these positions (P552A and/or F652V) caused a loss of interaction energy and produced receptors with severe gating, conductance, and permeability deficits. In contrast, the P552R side chain resulted in stronger interaction and produced a distinct, yet still drastically abnormal electrical response. These results identify the dynamic contact between P552 and F652 as a critical step in the NMDA receptor activation, and show that both increased and reduced communication through this interaction cause dysfunction. Results show that subtle differences in NMDA receptor primary structure can generate complex phenotypic alterations whose binary classification is too simplistic to serve as a therapeutic guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Iacobucci
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Beiying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Han Wen
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Brittany Sincox
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Gabriela K Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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23
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Riche K, Lenard NR. Quercetin's Effects on Glutamate Cytotoxicity. Molecules 2022; 27:7620. [PMID: 36364448 PMCID: PMC9657878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The potentially therapeutic effects of the naturally abundant plant flavonoid quercetin have been extensively studied. An extensive body of literature suggests that quercetin's powerful antioxidant effects may relate to its ability to treat disease. Glutamate excitotoxicity occurs when a neuron is overstimulated by the neurotransmitter glutamate and causes dysregulation of intracellular calcium concentrations. Quercetin has been shown to be preventative against many forms of neuronal cell death resulting from glutamate excitotoxicity, such as oncosis, intrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition, ferroptosis, phagoptosis, lysosomal cell death, parthanatos, and death by reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation. The clinical importance for the attenuation of glutamate excitotoxicity arises from the need to deter the continuous formation of tissue infarction caused by various neurological diseases, such as ischemic stroke, seizures, neurodegenerative diseases, and trauma. This review aims to summarize what is known concerning glutamate physiology and glutamate excitotoxic pathophysiology and provide further insight into quercetin's potential to hinder neuronal death caused by cell death pathways activated by glutamate excitotoxicity. Quercetin's bioavailability may limit its use clinically, however. Thus, future research into ways to increase its bioavailability are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie R. Lenard
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Franciscan Missionaries of Our Lady University, 5414 Brittany Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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24
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Fish KN, Joffe ME. Targeting prefrontal cortex GABAergic microcircuits for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:936911. [PMID: 36105666 PMCID: PMC9465392 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.936911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing novel treatments for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) is of paramount importance for improving patient outcomes and alleviating the suffering related to the disease. A better understanding of the molecular and neurocircuit mechanisms through which alcohol alters brain function will be instrumental in the rational development of new efficacious treatments. Clinical studies have consistently associated the prefrontal cortex (PFC) function with symptoms of AUDs. Population-level analyses have linked the PFC structure and function with heavy drinking and/or AUD diagnosis. Thus, targeting specific PFC cell types and neural circuits holds promise for the development of new treatments. Here, we overview the tremendous diversity in the form and function of inhibitory neuron subtypes within PFC and describe their therapeutic potential. We then summarize AUD population genetics studies, clinical neurophysiology findings, and translational neuroscience discoveries. This study collectively suggests that changes in fast transmission through PFC inhibitory microcircuits are a central component of the neurobiological effects of ethanol and the core symptoms of AUDs. Finally, we submit that there is a significant and timely need to examine sex as a biological variable and human postmortem brain tissue to maximize the efforts in translating findings to new clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max E. Joffe
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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25
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Belin S, Maki BA, Catlin J, Rein BA, Popescu GK. Membrane Stretch Gates NMDA Receptors. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5672-5680. [PMID: 35705487 PMCID: PMC9302457 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0350-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDARs are ionotropic glutamate receptors widely expressed in the CNS, where they mediate phenomena as diverse as neurotransmission, information processing, synaptogenesis, and cellular toxicity. They function as glutamate-gated Ca2+-permeable channels, which require glycine as coagonist, and can be modulated by many diffusible ligands and cellular cues, including mechanical stimuli. Previously, we found that, in cultured astrocytes, shear stress initiates NMDAR-mediated Ca2+ entry in the absence of added agonists, suggesting that more than being mechanosensitive, NMDARs may be mechanically activated. Here, we used controlled expression of rat recombinant receptors and noninvasive on-cell single-channel current recordings to show that mild membrane stretch can substitute for the neurotransmitter glutamate in gating NMDAR currents. Notably, stretch-activated currents maintained the hallmark features of the glutamate-gated currents, including glycine-requirement, large unitary conductance, high Ca2+ permeability, and voltage-dependent Mg2+ blockade. Further, we found that the stretch-gated current required the receptor's intracellular domain. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that mechanical forces can gate endogenous NMDAR currents even in the absence of synaptic glutamate release, which has important implications for understanding mechanotransduction and the physiological and pathologic effects of mechanical forces on cells of the CNS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that, in addition to enhancing currents elicited with low agonist concentrations, membrane stretch can gate NMDARs in the absence of the neurotransmitter glutamate. Stretch-gated currents have the principal hallmarks of the glutamate-gated currents, including requirement for glycine, large Na+ conductance, high Ca2+ permeability, and voltage-dependent Mg2+ block. Therefore, results suggest that mechanical forces can initiate cellular processes presently attributed to glutamatergic neurotransmission, such as synaptic plasticity and cytotoxicity. Given the ubiquitous presence of mechanical forces in the CNS, this discovery identifies NMDARs as possibly important mechanotransducers during development and across the lifespan, and during pathologic processes, such as those associated with traumatic brain injuries, shaken infant syndrome, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Belin
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Bruce A Maki
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - James Catlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Benjamin A Rein
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Gabriela K Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York 14214
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26
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Sun Z, Li Q, Li X, Shi Y, Nan C, Jin Q, Wang X, Zhuo Y, Zhao Z. Casein kinase 2 attenuates brain injury induced by intracerebral hemorrhage via regulation of NR2B phosphorylation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:911973. [PMID: 35928572 PMCID: PMC9345180 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.911973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common cerebrovascular disease with high incidence, disability, and mortality. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a serine/threonine kinase with hundreds of identified substrates and plays an important role in many diseases. This study aimed to explore whether CK2 plays protective roles in ICH-induced neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress through regulation NR2B phosphorylation. Methods CK2 expression level of brain tissues taken from ICH patients was determined by immunoblotting. Neurons from embryonic rat and astrocytes from newborn rats were cultured and treated by Hemoglobin chloride (Hemin). The proliferation of astrocytes, the apoptosis and oxidative stress of neurons and the inflammatory factors of astrocytes were detected. CK2 expression was determined in ICH model rats. The effects of CK2 overexpression plasmid (pc-CK2) on neurobehavioral defects and brain water content in ICH rats were observed. Results CK2 expression in ICH patients was down-regulated. Overexpression of CK2 promoted the astrocyte proliferation, inhibited neuronal apoptosis, and reduced astrocyte-mediated inflammation. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B (NR2B) reversed the effects of pc-CK2 on neurons and astrocytes. CK2 phosphorylated NR2B at the S1480 site, down-regulated the expression of NR2B and interfered with the interaction between NR2B and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95). In vivo experiments showed that the expression of CK2 decreased and the expression of NR2B increased in ICH rats. Furthermore, pc-CK2 attenuated neurobehavioral defects, brain water content and neuronal damage in ICH rats. Conclusion CK2 phosphorylated NR2B, down-regulated the expression of NR2B, interfered with the interaction between NR2B and PSD95, alleviated inflammatory reactions, inhibited neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress after ICH. CK2 and NR2B may be new potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of ICH. However, the limitation of this study is that we only investigated the regulation of NR2B by CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qiyao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Handan City, Handan, China
| | - Yunpeng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chengrui Nan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qianxu Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yayu Zhuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zongmao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Zongmao Zhao,
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27
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Antonello PC, Varley TF, Beggs J, Porcionatto M, Sporns O, Faber J. Self-organization of in vitro neuronal assemblies drives to complex network topology. eLife 2022; 11:74921. [PMID: 35708741 PMCID: PMC9203058 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent self-organization plays an important role in the formation of specific and stereotyped connectivity patterns in neural circuits. By combining neuronal cultures, and tools with approaches from network neuroscience and information theory, we can study how complex network topology emerges from local neuronal interactions. We constructed effective connectivity networks using a transfer entropy analysis of spike trains recorded from rat embryo dissociated hippocampal neuron cultures between 6 and 35 days in vitro to investigate how the topology evolves during maturation. The methodology for constructing the networks considered the synapse delay and addressed the influence of firing rate and population bursts as well as spurious effects on the inference of connections. We found that the number of links in the networks grew over the course of development, shifting from a segregated to a more integrated architecture. As part of this progression, three significant aspects of complex network topology emerged. In agreement with previous in silico and in vitro studies, a small-world architecture was detected, largely due to strong clustering among neurons. Additionally, the networks developed in a modular topology, with most modules comprising nearby neurons. Finally, highly active neurons acquired topological characteristics that made them important nodes to the network and integrators of modules. These findings leverage new insights into how neuronal effective network topology relates to neuronal assembly self-organization mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila C Antonello
- Department of Biochemistry - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas F Varley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States.,Department of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - John Beggs
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Marimélia Porcionatto
- Department of Biochemistry - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Jean Faber
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Zhang YY, Liu F, Lin J, Li YL, Fang ZH, Zhou C, Li CJ, Shen JF. Activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor contributes to orofacial neuropathic and inflammatory allodynia by facilitating calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II phosphorylation in mice. Brain Res Bull 2022; 185:174-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Park DK, Stein IS, Zito K. Ion flux-independent NMDA receptor signaling. Neuropharmacology 2022; 210:109019. [PMID: 35278420 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NMDA receptors play vital roles in a broad array of essential brain functions, from synaptic transmission and plasticity to learning and memory. Historically, the fundamental roles of NMDARs were attributed to their specialized properties of ion flux. More recently, it has become clear that NMDARs also signal in an ion flux-independent manner. Here, we review these non-ionotropic NMDAR signaling mechanisms that have been reported to contribute to a broad array of neuronal functions and dysfunctions including synaptic transmission and plasticity, cell death and survival, and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K Park
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Ivar S Stein
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Karen Zito
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.
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30
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Bai F, Hu N, Yang R, Qu LY, Ma S, Huang J, Wang JH, Yang BF, Li CL. Tongmai granules improve rat hippocampal injury by regulating TLR4/MyD88/AP-1 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114874. [PMID: 34838942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tongmai granules (TMG) is composed of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Radix puerariae Lobata., and Ligusticum chuanxiong hort. TMG is mainly used for ischemic cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction and cerebral ischemia. TMG is a kind of traditional compound granule, which has a protective effect on brain injury. However, the potential protective mechanism of the TMG has not been elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY TMG has a good effect on brain injury, but its brain protective mechanism is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to confirm the neuroprotective mechanism of TMG, reveal its target genes and identify the active components of TMG. MATERIALS AND METHODS High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify the fingerprint of TMG. UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE was used to analyze the base peak intensity (BPI) chromatograms of TMG. TMG was pre-administered for one week, brain injury and edema were induced by injection of glutamate (Glu) into the lateral ventricles of rats. HE staining was used to investigate the pathological damage caused by Glu in the hippocampus of rats, and the RNA-seq was used to analyze the changes of different genes before and after TMG treatment. Finally, changes of related proteins were analyzed by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and other molecular biological methods. Dosage of TMG were set to 0.6 g/kg, 1.2 g/kg and 2.4 g/kg. RESULTS We found that TMG contained many active components, including salvianolic acid, puerarin, ferulic acid, etc. TMG could improve cerebral edema and brain injury induced by Glu. After TMG treatment, differential gene analysis showed that differential genes were significantly enriched in toll-like receptor signaling pathway. qRT-PCR validation results were consistent with RNA-Seq analysis results. Combined with Western blot analysis, we found that TMG ultimately regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines by affecting the TLR4/MyD88/AP-1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we combined TMG with RNA-seq analysis to demonstrate that TMG may play a neuroprotective role by regulating Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and down-regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokine. TMG may become a kind of traditional Chinese medicine with neuroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ran Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Li-Yuan Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Shuang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Bao-Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Chun-Li Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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31
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Butler MG, Moreno-De-Luca D, Persico AM. Actionable Genomics in Clinical Practice: Paradigmatic Case Reports of Clinical and Therapeutic Strategies Based upon Genetic Testing. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020323. [PMID: 35205368 PMCID: PMC8872067 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical settings, the information provided by genetic testing can explain the triggers and processes underlying clinical presentations, such as neurodevelopmental disorders, in up to one third of affected individuals. However, translating this knowledge into better and more personalized clinical management to many appears a distant target. This article presents three paradigmatic cases to exemplify how this translational effort can, at least in some instances, be undertaken today with very positive results: (a) a young girl carrying a chr. 16p11.2 duplication can be screened using targeted exams and undertake therapeutic/preventive interventions related to her genetic diagnosis; (b) a 13-year-old boy with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder carries a chr. 11q14.1 deletion, partly spanning the DLG2 gene important for synaptic function, and gained over 20 I.Q. points ostensibly due to carbolithium, prescribed in the absence of affective symptoms, exclusively following the pathophysiology pointed out by the genetic results; (c) a 58-year-old woman carries a COL3A1 gene variant responsible for the vascular form of Ehler–Danlos syndrome with colon rupture. Detection of this variant in six members of her extended family allows for better clinical management of the proband and targeted genetic counselling for family members at risk of this connective tissue disorder. The unprecedented flow of genetic information available today through new technologies, if interpreted in the light of current knowledge in clinical diagnosis and care of those with connective tissue disorders and neurodevelopmental disturbances, in biology and in neuropsychopharmacology, can promote better clinical and pharmacological treatment, disease surveillance, and management provided and incorporated into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G. Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Daniel Moreno-De-Luca
- Genomic Psychiatry Consultation Service, Verrecchia Clinic for Children with Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Bradley Hospital, East Providence, RI 02915, USA;
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Antonio M. Persico
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Program, Modena University Hospital, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence:
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32
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Montgomery DP, Hayden DJ, Chaloner FA, Cooke SF, Bear MF. Stimulus-Selective Response Plasticity in Primary Visual Cortex: Progress and Puzzles. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:815554. [PMID: 35173586 PMCID: PMC8841555 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.815554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulus-selective response plasticity (SRP) is a robust and lasting modification of primary visual cortex (V1) that occurs in response to exposure to novel visual stimuli. It is readily observed as a pronounced increase in the magnitude of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) recorded in response to phase-reversing grating stimuli in neocortical layer 4. The expression of SRP at the individual neuron level is equally robust, but the qualities vary depending on the neuronal type and how activity is measured. This form of plasticity is highly selective for stimulus features such as stimulus orientation, spatial frequency, and contrast. Several key insights into the significance and underlying mechanisms of SRP have recently been made. First, it occurs concomitantly and shares core mechanisms with behavioral habituation, indicating that SRP reflects the formation of long-term familiarity that can support recognition of innocuous stimuli. Second, SRP does not manifest within a recording session but only emerges after an off-line period of several hours that includes sleep. Third, SRP requires not only canonical molecular mechanisms of Hebbian synaptic plasticity within V1, but also the opposing engagement of two key subclasses of cortical inhibitory neuron: the parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing GABAergic interneurons. Fourth, pronounced shifts in the power of cortical oscillations from high frequency (gamma) to low frequency (alpha/beta) oscillations provide respective readouts of the engagement of these inhibitory neuronal subtypes following familiarization. In this article we will discuss the implications of these findings and the outstanding questions that remain to gain a deeper understanding of this striking form of experience-dependent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Montgomery
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Dustin J. Hayden
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Francesca A. Chaloner
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (CNDD), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel F. Cooke
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (CNDD), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark F. Bear
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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33
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Lin YH, Wu H, Jia B, Zhang M, Chan HS. Assembly of model postsynaptic densities involves interactions auxiliary to stoichiometric binding. Biophys J 2022; 121:157-171. [PMID: 34637756 PMCID: PMC8758407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of functional biomolecular condensates often involves liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins with multiple modular domains, which can be folded or conformationally disordered to various degrees. To understand the LLPS-driving domain-domain interactions, a fundamental question is how readily the interactions in the condensed phase can be inferred from interdomain interactions in dilute solutions. In particular, are the interactions leading to LLPS exclusively those underlying the formation of discrete interdomain complexes in homogeneous solutions? We address this question by developing a mean-field LLPS theory of two stoichiometrically constrained solute species. The theory is applied to the neuronal proteins SynGAP and PSD-95, whose complex coacervate serves as a rudimentary model for neuronal postsynaptic densities (PSDs). The predicted phase behaviors are compared with experiments. Previously, a three SynGAP/two PSD-95 ratio was determined for SynGAP/PSD-95 complexes in dilute solutions. However, when this 3:2 stoichiometry is uniformly imposed in our theory encompassing both dilute and condensed phases, the tie-line pattern of the predicted SynGAP/PSD-95 phase diagram differs drastically from that obtained experimentally. In contrast, theories embodying alternate scenarios postulating auxiliary SynGAP-PSD-95 as well as SynGAP-SynGAP and PSD-95-PSD-95 interactions, in addition to those responsible for stoichiometric SynGAP/PSD-95 complexes, produce tie-line patterns consistent with experiment. Hence, our combined theoretical-experimental analysis indicates that weaker interactions or higher-order complexes beyond the 3:2 stoichiometry, but not yet documented, are involved in the formation of SynGAP/PSD-95 condensates, imploring future efforts to ascertain the nature of these auxiliary interactions in PSD-like LLPS and underscoring a likely general synergy between stoichiometric, structurally specific binding and stochastic, multivalent "fuzzy" interactions in the assembly of functional biomolecular condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haowei Wu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bowen Jia
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China,School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China,Corresponding author
| | - Hue Sun Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Corresponding author
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Carrillo E, Gonzalez CU, Berka V, Jayaraman V. Delta glutamate receptors are functional glycine- and ᴅ-serine-gated cation channels in situ. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk2200. [PMID: 34936451 PMCID: PMC8694607 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Delta receptors are members of the ionotropic glutamate receptor superfamily and form trans-synaptic connections by interacting with the extracellular scaffolding protein cerebellin-1 and presynaptic transmembrane protein neurexin-1β. Unlike other family members, however, direct agonist-gated ion channel activity has not been recorded in delta receptors. Here, we show that the GluD2 subtype of delta receptor forms cation-selective channels when bound to cerebellin-1 and neurexin-1β. Using fluorescence lifetime measurements and chemical cross-linking, we reveal that tight packing of the amino-terminal domains of GluD2 permits glycine- and d-serine–induced channel openings. Thus, cerebellin-1 and neurexin-1β act as biological cross-linkers to stabilize the extracellular domains of GluD2 receptors, allowing them to function as ionotropic excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Carrillo
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cuauhtemoc U. Gonzalez
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vladimir Berka
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Corresponding author.
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35
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Costas-Ferreira C, Faro LRF. Systematic Review of Calcium Channels and Intracellular Calcium Signaling: Relevance to Pesticide Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13376. [PMID: 34948173 PMCID: PMC8704302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides of different chemical classes exert their toxic effects on the nervous system by acting on the different regulatory mechanisms of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. Pesticides have been shown to alter Ca2+ homeostasis, mainly by increasing its intracellular concentration above physiological levels. The pesticide-induced Ca2+ overload occurs through two main mechanisms: the entry of Ca2+ from the extracellular medium through the different types of Ca2+ channels present in the plasma membrane or its release into the cytoplasm from intracellular stocks, mainly from the endoplasmic reticulum. It has also been observed that intracellular increases in the Ca2+ concentrations are maintained over time, because pesticides inhibit the enzymes involved in reducing its levels. Thus, the alteration of Ca2+ levels can lead to the activation of various signaling pathways that generate oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and, finally, neuronal death. In this review, we also discuss some proposed strategies to counteract the detrimental effects of pesticides on Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilian R. F. Faro
- Departamento de Biología Funcional y Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
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36
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Postnikova TY, Diespirov GP, Amakhin DV, Vylekzhanina EN, Soboleva EB, Zaitsev AV. Impairments of Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus of Young Rats during the Latent Phase of the Lithium-Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413355. [PMID: 34948152 PMCID: PMC8705146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) causes persistent abnormalities in the functioning of neuronal networks, often resulting in worsening epileptic seizures. Many details of cellular and molecular mechanisms of seizure-induced changes are still unknown. The lithium–pilocarpine model of epilepsy in rats reproduces many features of human temporal lobe epilepsy. In this work, using the lithium–pilocarpine model in three-week-old rats, we examined the morphological and electrophysiological changes in the hippocampus within a week following pilocarpine-induced seizures. We found that almost a third of the neurons in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus died on the first day, but this was not accompanied by impaired synaptic plasticity at that time. A diminished long-term potentiation (LTP) was observed following three days, and the negative effect of SE on plasticity increased one week later, being accompanied by astrogliosis. The attenuation of LTP was caused by the weakening of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent signaling. NMDAR-current was more than two-fold weaker during high-frequency stimulation in the post-SE rats than in the control group. Application of glial transmitter D-serine, a coagonist of NMDARs, allows the enhancement of the NMDAR-dependent current and the restoration of LTP. These results suggest that the disorder of neuron–astrocyte interactions plays a critical role in the impairment of synaptic plasticity.
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Wu Y, Fu Q, Huang X, Luo Y, Wan S, Peng M, Su S, Xu X, Li Y, Li X, Sun D, Ke C. NWD1 facilitates synaptic transmission and contributes to neuropathic pain. Neuropharmacology 2021; 205:108919. [PMID: 34902349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is the most common symptom for which patients seek medical attention. Existing treatments to control pain are largely ineffective because of poor understanding the underlying mechanisms. Synaptic plasticity is fundamental to the spinal sensitivity of neuropathic pain. In the present study, we showed that SNL induced significant allodynia and hyperalgesia as well as upregulation of Nwd1 and GluN2B, which were reversed by knockdown of NWD1. Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that SNL enhanced synaptic transmission, which was prevented by knockdown of NWD1. In vitro experiments showed that knockdown of NWD1 inhibited dendritic growth and synaptogenesis. Taken together, our results suggest that NWD1 enhances synaptic transmission and contributes to the development of neuropathic pain by enhancing GluN2B synaptic expression and anchor and promoting excitatory synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiong Wu
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiaochu Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Huang
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yifan Luo
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengjun Wan
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Minjing Peng
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shanchun Su
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueqin Xu
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongsheng Sun
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Changbin Ke
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.
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38
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Ni R. Positron Emission Tomography in Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease Amyloidosis: Translational Implications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1179. [PMID: 34832961 PMCID: PMC8623863 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis that recapitulate cerebral amyloid-beta pathology have been widely used in preclinical research and have greatly enabled the mechanistic understanding of Alzheimer's disease and the development of therapeutics. Comprehensive deep phenotyping of the pathophysiological and biochemical features in these animal models is essential. Recent advances in positron emission tomography have allowed the non-invasive visualization of the alterations in the brain of animal models and in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These tools have facilitated our understanding of disease mechanisms and provided longitudinal monitoring of treatment effects in animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. In this review, we focus on recent positron emission tomography studies of cerebral amyloid-beta accumulation, hypoglucose metabolism, synaptic and neurotransmitter receptor deficits (cholinergic and glutamatergic system), blood-brain barrier impairment, and neuroinflammation (microgliosis and astrocytosis) in animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. We further propose the emerging targets and tracers for reflecting the pathophysiological changes and discuss outstanding challenges in disease animal models and future outlook in the on-chip characterization of imaging biomarkers towards clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH & University of Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
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39
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Babaei P. NMDA and AMPA receptors dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174310. [PMID: 34265291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by cognitive dysfunction and synaptic failure. The current therapeutic approaches are mainly focused on symptomatic treatment and possess limited effectiveness in addressing the pathophysiology of AD. It is known that neurodegeneration is negatively correlated with synaptic plasticity. This negative correlation highlights glutamatergic neurotransmission via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors and (AMPA) receptors as a critical mediator of synaptic plasticity. Despite this favorable role, extensive extracellular glutamate concentration induces excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration. NMDA receptors containing GluN2A subunits are located at synaptic sites, implicated in the protective pathways. In comparison, GluN2B containing receptors are located mainly at extrasynaptic sites and increase neuronal vulnerability. AMPA receptors are consistently endocytosed and recycled back to the membrane. An increase in the rate of endocytosis has been implicated as a part of AD pathophysiology through inducing long-term depression (LTD) and synaptic disintegration. In the present review, we focused on the mechanisms of glutamatergic system dysregulation in AD, particularly on its interaction with amyloid-beta. We concluded that assigning a specific role to an individual subtype of either NMDA receptors or AMPA receptors might be an oversimplification as they are not static receptors. Therefore, any imbalance between synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors and a reduced number of surface AMPA receptors will lead to synaptopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Babaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Cellular &Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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40
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Hansen KB, Wollmuth LP, Bowie D, Furukawa H, Menniti FS, Sobolevsky AI, Swanson GT, Swanger SA, Greger IH, Nakagawa T, McBain CJ, Jayaraman V, Low CM, Dell'Acqua ML, Diamond JS, Camp CR, Perszyk RE, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:298-487. [PMID: 34753794 PMCID: PMC8626789 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These ligand-gated ion channels are critical to brain function and are centrally implicated in numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. There are different classes of iGluRs with a variety of receptor subtypes in each class that play distinct roles in neuronal functions. The diversity in iGluR subtypes, with their unique functional properties and physiologic roles, has motivated a large number of studies. Our understanding of receptor subtypes has advanced considerably since the first iGluR subunit gene was cloned in 1989, and the research focus has expanded to encompass facets of biology that have been recently discovered and to exploit experimental paradigms made possible by technological advances. Here, we review insights from more than 3 decades of iGluR studies with an emphasis on the progress that has occurred in the past decade. We cover structure, function, pharmacology, roles in neurophysiology, and therapeutic implications for all classes of receptors assembled from the subunits encoded by the 18 ionotropic glutamate receptor genes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Glutamate receptors play important roles in virtually all aspects of brain function and are either involved in mediating some clinical features of neurological disease or represent a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of this class of receptors will advance our understanding of many aspects of brain function at molecular, cellular, and system levels and provide new opportunities to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Derek Bowie
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Frank S Menniti
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Sharon A Swanger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chris J McBain
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chad R Camp
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
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Lou S, Cui S. Drug treatment of epilepsy: From serendipitous discovery to evolutionary mechanisms. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:3366-3391. [PMID: 34514980 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210910124727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder caused by abnormal firing of neurons. Up to now, using antiepileptic drugs is the main method of epilepsy treatment. The development of antiepileptic drugs lasted for centuries. In general, most agents entering clinical practice act on the balance mechanisms of brain "excitability-inhibition". More specifically, they target voltage-gated ion channels, GABAergic transmission and glutamatergic transmission. In recent years, some novel drugs representing new mechanisms of action have been discovered. Although there are about 30 available drugs in the market, it is still in urgent need of discovering more effective and safer drugs. The development of new antiepileptic drugs is into a new era: from serendipitous discovery to evolutionary mechanism-based design. This article presents an overview of drug treatment of epilepsy, including a series of traditional and novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengying Lou
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. China
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Wang H, Lv S, Stroebel D, Zhang J, Pan Y, Huang X, Zhang X, Paoletti P, Zhu S. Gating mechanism and a modulatory niche of human GluN1-GluN2A NMDA receptors. Neuron 2021; 109:2443-2456.e5. [PMID: 34186027 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are glutamate-gated calcium-permeable ion channels that are widely implicated in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Here, we report a gallery of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the human GluN1-GluN2A NMDA receptor at an overall resolution of 4 Å in complex with distinct ligands or modulators. In the full-length context of GluN1-GluN2A receptors, we visualize the competitive antagonists bound to the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of GluN1 and GluN2A subunits, respectively. We reveal that the binding of positive allosteric modulator shortens the distance between LBDs and the transmembrane domain (TMD), which further stretches the opening of the gate. In addition, we unexpectedly visualize the binding cavity of the "foot-in-the-door" blocker 9-aminoacridine within the LBD-TMD linker region, differing from the conventional "trapping" blocker binding site at the vestibule within the TMD. Our study provides molecular insights into the crosstalk between LBDs and TMD during channel activation, inhibition, and allosteric transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiyun Lv
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - David Stroebel
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jinbao Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yijie Pan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xuejing Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Center of Cryo Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Shujia Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China.
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Mahaman YAR, Huang F, Embaye KS, Wang X, Zhu F. The Implication of STEP in Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Impairments in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:680118. [PMID: 34195199 PMCID: PMC8236946 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.680118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) is a tyrosine phosphatase that has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, and many other neurological diseases. The protein level and activity of STEP have been found to be elevated in most of these disorders, and specifically in AD as a result of dysregulation of different pathways including PP2B/DARPP32/PP1, PKA as well as impairments of both proteasomal and lysosomal systems. The upregulation in STEP leads to increased binding to, and dephosphorylation of, its substrates which are mainly found to be synaptic plasticity and thus learning and memory related proteins. These proteins include kinases like Fyn, Pyk2, ERK1/2 and both NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits GluN2B and GluA2. The dephosphorylation of these molecules results in inactivation of these kinases and internalization of NMDA and AMPA receptor complexes leading to synapse loss and cognitive impairments. In this study, we aim to review STEP regulation and its implications in AD as well as other neurological disorders and then summarize data on targeting STEP as therapeutic strategy in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacoubou Abdoul Razak Mahaman
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kidane Siele Embaye
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feiqi Zhu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Shine JM, Müller EJ, Munn B, Cabral J, Moran RJ, Breakspear M. Computational models link cellular mechanisms of neuromodulation to large-scale neural dynamics. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:765-776. [PMID: 33958801 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Decades of neurobiological research have disclosed the diverse manners in which the response properties of neurons are dynamically modulated to support adaptive cognitive functions. This neuromodulation is achieved through alterations in the biophysical properties of the neuron. However, changes in cognitive function do not arise directly from the modulation of individual neurons, but are mediated by population dynamics in mesoscopic neural ensembles. Understanding this multiscale mapping is an important but nontrivial issue. Here, we bridge these different levels of description by showing how computational models parametrically map classic neuromodulatory processes onto systems-level models of neural activity. The ensuing critical balance of systems-level activity supports perception and action, although our knowledge of this mapping remains incomplete. In this way, quantitative models that link microscale neuronal neuromodulation to systems-level brain function highlight gaps in knowledge and suggest new directions for integrating theoretical and experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Shine
- Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Center for Complex Systems, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eli J Müller
- Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Center for Complex Systems, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brandon Munn
- Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Center for Complex Systems, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joana Cabral
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Michael Breakspear
- School of Psychology, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia. .,School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
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Stroebel D, Mony L, Paoletti P. Glycine agonism in ionotropic glutamate receptors. Neuropharmacology 2021; 193:108631. [PMID: 34058193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the vertebrate CNS. Classified as AMPA, kainate, delta and NMDA receptors, iGluRs are central drivers of synaptic plasticity widely considered as a major cellular substrate of learning and memory. Surprisingly however, five out of the eighteen vertebrate iGluR subunits do not bind glutamate but glycine, a neurotransmitter known to mediate inhibitory neurotransmission through its action on pentameric glycine receptors (GlyRs). This is the case of GluN1, GluN3A, GluN3B, GluD1 and GluD2 subunits, all also binding the D amino acid d-serine endogenously present in many brain regions. Glycine and d-serine action and affinities broadly differ between glycinergic iGluR subtypes. On 'conventional' GluN1/GluN2 NMDA receptors, glycine (or d-serine) acts in concert with glutamate as a mandatory co-agonist to set the level of receptor activity. It also regulates the receptor's trafficking and expression independently of glutamate. On 'unconventional' GluN1/GluN3 NMDARs, glycine acts as the sole agonist directly triggering opening of excitatory glycinergic channels recently shown to be physiologically relevant. On GluD receptors, d-serine on its own mediates non-ionotropic signaling involved in excitatory and inhibitory synaptogenesis, further reinforcing the concept of glutamate-insensitive iGluRs. Here we present an overview of our current knowledge on glycine and d-serine agonism in iGluRs emphasizing aspects related to molecular mechanisms, cellular function and pharmacological profile. The growing appreciation of the critical influence of glycine and d-serine on iGluR biology reshapes our understanding of iGluR signaling diversity and complexity, with important implications in neuropharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stroebel
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Laetitia Mony
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France.
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Li J, Song G, Jin Q, Liu L, Yang L, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhao Z. The α2δ-1/NMDA receptor complex is involved in brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1366-1375. [PMID: 34032393 PMCID: PMC8283164 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a common cerebrovascular disease, seriously threatens human health and has severe secondary injuries, while existing treatment methods have many limitations. α2δ‐1 is a subunit of voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) and can act on glutamate receptor N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) to relieve neuropathic pain. Methods We first performed ICH modeling on WT mice and Cacna2d1 knockout (KO) mice. The expression levels of GluN1 and α2δ‐1 were measured by Western blot and q‐PCR, and the interaction between the two proteins was evaluated by co‐precipitation. The neuronal apoptosis was detected by the TUNEL assay, and the expression levels of inflammatory factors were assessed by ELISA. The nerve functions of mice were evaluated using behavioral experiments including corner turn test and forelimb use asymmetry. Cerebral hematoma was indicated by brain water content and lesion volume. Results ICH up‐regulated the expression levels of α2δ‐1 and GluN1. KO of Cacna2d1 significantly reduced the ICH‐induced apoptosis. The treatment of gabapentin on α2δ‐1 also significantly reduced the occurrence of apoptosis. KO of Cacna2d1 also reduced the ICH‐induced levels of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, neural functions were also significantly improved. Conclusion Cacna2d1 KO alleviates cerebral hematoma in ICH mice, exhibits a significant regulating effect on its secondary injuries such as neuronal apoptosis and inflammation, and restores the nerve functions of ICH mice. Loss of Cacna2d1 can provide useful therapeutic clues for ICH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Guoqiang Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Qianxu Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Yuanyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Zongmao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
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Takamura Y, Kakuta H. In Vivo Receptor Visualization and Evaluation of Receptor Occupancy with Positron Emission Tomography. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5226-5251. [PMID: 33905258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is useful for noninvasive in vivo visualization of disease-related receptors, for evaluation of receptor occupancy to determine an appropriate drug dosage, and for proof-of-concept of drug candidates in translational research. For these purposes, the specificity of the PET tracer for the target receptor is critical. Here, we review work in this area, focusing on the chemical structures of reported PET tracers, their Ki/Kd values, and the physical properties relevant to target receptor selectivity. Among these physical properties, such as cLogP, cLogD, molecular weight, topological polar surface area, number of hydrogen bond donors, and pKa, we focus especially on LogD and LogP as important physical properties that can be easily compared across a range of studies. We discuss the success of PET tracers in evaluating receptor occupancy and consider likely future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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NMDA Receptors Enhance the Fidelity of Synaptic Integration. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0396-20.2020. [PMID: 33468538 PMCID: PMC7932188 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0396-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory synaptic transmission in many neurons is mediated by two coexpressed ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes, AMPA and NMDA receptors, that differ in kinetics, ion selectivity, and voltage-sensitivity. AMPA receptors have fast kinetics and are voltage-insensitive, while NMDA receptors have slower kinetics and increased conductance at depolarized membrane potentials. Here, we report that the voltage dependency and kinetics of NMDA receptors act synergistically to stabilize synaptic integration of EPSPs across spatial and voltage domains. Simulations of synaptic integration in simplified and morphologically realistic dendritic trees revealed that the combined presence of AMPA and NMDA conductances reduce the variability of somatic responses to spatiotemporal patterns of excitatory synaptic input presented at different initial membrane potentials and/or in different dendritic domains. This moderating effect of the NMDA conductance on synaptic integration was robust across a wide range of AMPA-to-NMDA ratios, and results from synergistic interaction of NMDA kinetics (which reduces variability across membrane potential) and voltage dependence (which favors stabilization across dendritic location). When combined with AMPA conductance, the NMDA conductance compensates for voltage-dependent and impedance-dependent changes in synaptic driving force, and distance-dependent attenuation of synaptic potentials arriving at the axon, to increase the fidelity of synaptic integration and EPSP-spike coupling across both neuron state (i.e., initial membrane potential) and dendritic location of synaptic input. Thus, synaptic NMDA receptors convey advantages for synaptic integration that are independent of, but fully compatible with, their importance for coincidence detection and synaptic plasticity.
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Irollo E, Luchetta J, Ho C, Nash B, Meucci O. Mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4283-4303. [PMID: 33585975 PMCID: PMC8164580 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is characterized by cognitive and behavioral deficits in people living with HIV. HAND is still common in patients that take antiretroviral therapies, although they tend to present with less severe symptoms. The continued prevalence of HAND in treated patients is a major therapeutic challenge, as even minor cognitive impairment decreases patient’s quality of life. Therefore, modern HAND research aims to broaden our understanding of the mechanisms that drive cognitive impairment in people with HIV and identify promising molecular pathways and targets that could be exploited therapeutically. Recent studies suggest that HAND in treated patients is at least partially induced by subtle synaptodendritic damage and disruption of neuronal networks in brain areas that mediate learning, memory, and executive functions. Although the causes of subtle neuronal dysfunction are varied, reversing synaptodendritic damage in animal models restores cognitive function and thus highlights a promising therapeutic approach. In this review, we examine evidence of synaptodendritic damage and disrupted neuronal connectivity in HAND from clinical neuroimaging and neuropathology studies and discuss studies in HAND models that define structural and functional impairment of neurotransmission. Then, we report molecular pathways, mechanisms, and comorbidities involved in this neuronal dysfunction, discuss new approaches to reverse neuronal damage, and highlight current gaps in knowledge. Continued research on the manifestation and mechanisms of synaptic injury and network dysfunction in HAND patients and experimental models will be critical if we are to develop safe and effective therapies that reverse subtle neuropathology and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Irollo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Jared Luchetta
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Chunta Ho
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Bradley Nash
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA. .,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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Iacobucci GJ, Wen H, Helou M, Liu B, Zheng W, Popescu GK. Cross-subunit interactions that stabilize open states mediate gating in NMDA receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2007511118. [PMID: 33384330 PMCID: PMC7812756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007511118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors are excitatory channels with critical functions in the physiology of central synapses. Their activation reaction proceeds as a series of kinetically distinguishable, reversible steps, whose structural bases are currently under investigation. Very likely, the earliest steps include glutamate binding to glycine-bound receptors and subsequent constriction of the ligand-binding domain. Later, three short linkers transduce this movement to open the gate by mechanical pulling on transmembrane helices. Here, we used molecular and kinetic simulations and double-mutant cycle analyses to show that a direct chemical interaction between GluN1-I642 (on M3 helix) and GluN2A-L550 (on L1-M1 linker) stabilizes receptors after they have opened and thus represents one of the structural changes that occur late in the activation reaction. This native interaction extends the current decay, and its absence causes deficits in charge transfer by GluN1-I642L, a pathogenic human variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Iacobucci
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Han Wen
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Matthew Helou
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Beiying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Gabriela K Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14203;
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