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Pradhan AK, Rupprecht R, Rammes G. Translocator protein and neurodegeneration: insights from Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1090-1091. [PMID: 38989945 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Kumar Pradhan
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Intensivmedizin der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (Pradhan AK, Rammes G)
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany (Pradhan AK)
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (Rupprecht R)
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Intensivmedizin der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (Pradhan AK, Rammes G)
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2
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Naumenko N, Koivumäki JT, Lunko O, Tuomainen T, Leigh R, Rabiee M, Laurila J, Oksanen M, Lehtonen S, Koistinaho J, Tavi P. Presenilin-1 ΔE9 mutation associated sarcoplasmic reticulum leak alters [Ca 2+] i distribution in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 193:78-87. [PMID: 38851626 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in ubiquitously expressed presenilin genes (PSENs) lead to early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), but patients carrying the mutation also suffer from heart diseases. To elucidate the cardiac myocyte specific effects of PSEN ΔE9, we studied cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-CMs) from patients carrying AD-causing PSEN1 exon 9 deletion (PSEN1 ΔE9). When compared with their isogenic controls, PSEN1 ΔE9 cardiomyocytes showed increased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak that was resistant to blockage of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) by tetracaine or inositol-3-reseceptors (IP3Rs) by 2-ABP. The SR Ca2+ leak did not affect electrophysiological properties of the hiPSC-CMs, but according to experiments and in silico simulations the leak induces a diastolic buildup of [Ca2+] near the perinuclear SR and reduces the releasable Ca2+ during systole. This demonstrates that PSEN1 ΔE9 induced SR Ca2+ leak has specific effects in iPSC-CMs, reflecting their unique structural and calcium signaling features. The results shed light on the physiological and pathological mechanisms of PSEN1 in cardiac myocytes and explain the intricacies of comorbidity associated with AD-causing mutations in PSEN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Naumenko
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi T Koivumäki
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olesia Lunko
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi Tuomainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Robert Leigh
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mina Rabiee
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jalmari Laurila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna Oksanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sarka Lehtonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Tavi
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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3
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Rishabh, Rohilla M, Bansal S, Bansal N, Chauhan S, Sharma S, Goyal N, Gupta S. Estrogen signalling and Alzheimer's disease: Decoding molecular mechanisms for therapeutic breakthrough. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:3466-3490. [PMID: 38726764 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In females, Alzheimer's disease (AD) incidences increases as compared to males due to estrogen deficiency after menopause. Estrogen therapy is the mainstay therapy for menopause and associated complications. Estrogen, a hormone with multifaceted physiological functions, has been implicated in AD pathophysiology. Estrogen plays a crucial role in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and overall neuronal health by regulating various factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), intracellular calcium signalling, death domain-associated protein (Daxx) translocation, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel, Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor, estrogen-metabolising enzymes and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) protein polymorphisms. All these factors impact the physiology of postmenopausal women. Estrogen replacement therapies play an important treatment strategy to prevent AD after menopause. However, use of these therapies may lead to increased risks of breast cancer, venous thromboembolism and cardiovascular disease. Various therapeutic approaches have been used to mitigate the effects of estrogen on AD. These include hormone replacement therapy, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs), Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ)-Selective Agonists, Transdermal Estrogen Delivery, Localised Estrogen Delivery, Combination Therapies, Estrogen Metabolism Modulation and Alternative Estrogenic Compounds like genistein from soy, a notable phytoestrogen from plant sources. However, mechanism via which these approaches modulate AD in postmenopausal women has not been explained earlier thoroughly. Present review will enlighten all the molecular mechanisms of estrogen and estrogen replacement therapies in AD. Along-with this, the association between estrogen, estrogen-metabolising enzymes and ApoE protein polymorphisms will also be discussed in postmenopausal AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Manni Rohilla
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Seema Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Nitin Bansal
- Department of Pharmacy, Chaudhary Bansilal University, Bhiwani, India
| | - Samrat Chauhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sheenam Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Navjyoti Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, Haryana, India
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Li Y. Differential behaviors of calcium-induced calcium release in one dimensional dendrite by Nernst-Planck equation, cable model and pure diffusion model. Cogn Neurodyn 2024; 18:1285-1305. [PMID: 38826668 PMCID: PMC11143177 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-09952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The source and dynamics of calcium is the key factor that regulates dendritic integration. Apart from the voltage-gated and ligand-gated calcium influx, an important source of calcium is from inner store of endoplasmic reticulum with a regenerative process of calcium-induced calcium release (CICR). To trigger this process, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and calcium are needed to satisfy certain requirements. The aim of our paper is to investigate how the CICR depends on the dynamics of membrane potential. We utilize one dimensional dendritic model to calculate membrane potential by Nernst-Planck Equation (NPE) and cable model and Pure Diffusion (PD) model, computational simulations are carried out to inject the calcium influx by synaptic stimulation and to predict subsequent CICR and calcium wave propagation. Our results demonstrate that CICR initiation and calcium wave propagation have much difference between electro-diffusion process of NPE and cable model. We find that cable model has lower threshold of IP3 stimulation to trigger CICR but is more difficult for calcium propagation than NPE, PD model requires even higher threshold of IP3 to initiate CICR process and calcium duration is shorter than NPE; the regenerative calcium wave propagates with faster speed in NPE than that in cable model and in PD model. Our work addresses the important role of electro-diffusion dynamics of charged ions in regulating CICR process in dendritic structure; and provides theoretical predictions for neurological process which requires sustaining calcium for downstream signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyun Li
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, USA
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5
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Blaylock RL. Additive aluminum as a cause of induced immunoexcitoxicity resulting in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders: A biochemical, pathophysiological, and pharmacological analysis. Surg Neurol Int 2024; 15:171. [PMID: 38840623 PMCID: PMC11152537 DOI: 10.25259/sni_296_2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Much has been learned about the neurotoxicity of aluminum over the past several decades in terms of its ability to disrupt cellular function, result in slow accumulation, and the difficulty of its removal from cells. Newer evidence suggests a central pathophysiological mechanism may be responsible for much of the toxicity of aluminum and aluminofluoride compounds on the brain and spinal cord. This mechanism involves activation of the brain's innate immune system, primarily the microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages, with a release of neurotoxic concentrations of excitotoxins and proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and immune mediators. Many studies suggest that excitotoxicity plays a significant role in the neurotoxic action of several metals, including aluminum. Recently, researchers have found that while most of the chronic pathology involved in the observed neurodegenerative effects of these metals are secondary to prolonged inflammation, it is the enhancement of excitotoxicity by the immune mediators that are responsible for most of the metal's toxicity. This enhancement occurs through a crosstalk between cytokines and glutamate-related mechanisms. The author coined the name immunoexcitotoxicity to describe this process. This paper reviews the evidence linking immunoexcitotoxicity to aluminum's neurotoxic effects and that a slow accumulation of aluminum may be the cause of neurodevelopmental defects as well as neurodegeneration in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L. Blaylock
- Theoretical Neuroscience Research, LLC, Ridgeland, Mississippi, United States
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6
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Song Z, Wang KW, Hagar HTC, Chen HR, Kuan CY, Zhang K, Kuo MH. Hyperphosphorylated Tau Inflicts Intracellular Stress Responses that Are Mitigated by Apomorphine. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2653-2671. [PMID: 37919601 PMCID: PMC11043184 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal phosphorylation of the microtubule-binding protein tau in the brain is a key pathological marker for Alzheimer's disease and additional neurodegenerative tauopathies. However, how hyperphosphorylated tau causes cellular dysfunction or death that underlies neurodegeneration remains an unsolved question critical for the understanding of disease mechanism and the design of efficacious drugs. Using a recombinant hyperphosphorylated tau protein (p-tau) synthesized by the PIMAX approach, we examined how cells responded to the cytotoxic tau and explored means to enhance cellular resistance to tau attack. Upon p-tau uptake, the intracellular calcium levels rose promptly. Gene expression analyses revealed that p-tau potently triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unfolded protein response (UPR), ER stress-associated apoptosis, and pro-inflammation in cells. Proteomics studies showed that p-tau diminished heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an ER stress-associated anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress regulator, while stimulated the accumulation of MIOS and other proteins. p-Tau-induced ER stress-associated apoptosis and pro-inflammation are ameliorated by apomorphine, a brain-permeable prescription drug widely used to treat Parkinson's disease symptoms, and by overexpression of HO-1. Our results reveal probable cellular functions targeted by hyperphosphorylated tau. Some of these dysfunctions and stress responses have been linked to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. The observations that the ill effects of p-tau can be mitigated by a small compound and by overexpressing HO-1 that is otherwise diminished in the treated cells inform new directions of Alzheimer's disease drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Song
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Kuang-Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hsiao-Tien Chien Hagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hong-Ru Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Present address: Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, 112304
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Min-Hao Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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7
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Manoharan D, Wang LC, Chen YC, Li WP, Yeh CS. Catalytic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications: Exploiting Advanced Nanozymes for Therapeutics and Diagnostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400746. [PMID: 38683107 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic nanoparticles (CNPs) as heterogeneous catalyst reveals superior activity due to their physio-chemical features, such as high surface-to-volume ratio and unique optical, electric, and magnetic properties. The CNPs, based on their physio-chemical nature, can either increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level for tumor and antibacterial therapy or eliminate the ROS for cytoprotection, anti-inflammation, and anti-aging. In addition, the catalytic activity of nanozymes can specifically trigger a specific reaction accompanied by the optical feature change, presenting the feasibility of biosensor and bioimaging applications. Undoubtedly, CNPs play a pivotal role in pushing the evolution of technologies in medical and clinical fields, and advanced strategies and nanomaterials rely on the input of chemical experts to develop. Herein, a systematic and comprehensive review of the challenges and recent development of CNPs for biomedical applications is presented from the viewpoint of advanced nanomaterial with unique catalytic activity and additional functions. Furthermore, the biosafety issue of applying biodegradable and non-biodegradable nanozymes and future perspectives are critically discussed to guide a promising direction in developing span-new nanozymes and more intelligent strategies for overcoming the current clinical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divinah Manoharan
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Material and Medicinal Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Liu-Chun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Peng Li
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Material and Medicinal Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
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8
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Raïch I, Lillo J, Rebassa JB, Capó T, Cordomí A, Reyes-Resina I, Pallàs M, Navarro G. Dual Role of NMDAR Containing NR2A and NR2B Subunits in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4757. [PMID: 38731978 PMCID: PMC11084423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia worldwide. Given that learning and memory are impaired in this pathology, NMDA receptors (NMDARs) appear as key players in the onset and progression of the disease. NMDARs are glutamate receptors, mainly located at the post-synapse, which regulate voltage-dependent influx of calcium into the neurons. They are heterotetramers, and there are different subunits that can be part of the receptors, which are usually composed of two obligatory GluN1 subunits plus either two NR2A or two NR2B subunits. NR2A are mostly located at the synapse, and their activation is involved in the expression of pro-survival genes. Conversely, NR2B are mainly extrasynaptic, and their activation has been related to cell death and neurodegeneration. Thus, activation of NR2A and/or inactivation of NR2B-containing NMDARS has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy to treat AD. Here, we wanted to investigate the main differences between both subunits signalling in neuronal primary cultures of the cortex and hippocampus. It has been observed that Aβ induces a significant increase in calcium release and also in MAPK phosphorylation signalling in NR2B-containing NMDAR in cortical and hippocampal neurons. However, while NR2A-containing NMDAR decreases neuronal death and favours cell viability after Aβ treatment, NR2B-containing NMDAR shows higher levels of cytotoxicity and low levels of neuronal survival. Finally, it has been detected that NMDAR has no effect on pTau axonal transport. The present results demonstrate a different role between GluNA and GluNB subunits in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iu Raïch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (J.L.); (J.B.R.); (I.R.-R.)
- Institut de Neurociències UB, Campus Mundet, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Jaume Lillo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (J.L.); (J.B.R.); (I.R.-R.)
- Institut de Neurociències UB, Campus Mundet, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Biel Rebassa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (J.L.); (J.B.R.); (I.R.-R.)
- Institut de Neurociències UB, Campus Mundet, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Toni Capó
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Arnau Cordomí
- Bioinformatics, Escola Superior de Comerç Internacional-University Pompeu Fabra (ESCI-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Irene Reyes-Resina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (J.L.); (J.B.R.); (I.R.-R.)
- Institut de Neurociències UB, Campus Mundet, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Institut de Neurociències UB, Campus Mundet, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Av Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (J.L.); (J.B.R.); (I.R.-R.)
- Institut de Neurociències UB, Campus Mundet, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
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9
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Everett J, Brooks J, Tjendana Tjhin V, Lermyte F, Hands-Portman I, Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G, Sadler PJ, O’Connor PB, Collingwood JF, Telling ND. Label-Free In Situ Chemical Characterization of Amyloid Plaques in Human Brain Tissues. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1469-1483. [PMID: 38501754 PMCID: PMC10995949 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid plaques and increased brain redox burdens are neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Altered metabolism of essential biometals is another feature of Alzheimer's, with amyloid plaques representing sites of disturbed metal homeostasis. Despite these observations, metal-targeting disease treatments have not been therapeutically effective to date. A better understanding of amyloid plaque composition and the role of the metals associated with them is critical. To establish this knowledge, the ability to resolve chemical variations at nanometer length scales relevant to biology is essential. Here, we present a methodology for the label-free, nanoscale chemical characterization of amyloid plaques within human Alzheimer's disease tissue using synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy. Our approach exploits a C-H carbon absorption feature, consistent with the presence of lipids, to visualize amyloid plaques selectively against the tissue background, allowing chemical analysis to be performed without the addition of amyloid dyes that alter the native sample chemistry. Using this approach, we show that amyloid plaques contain elevated levels of calcium, carbonates, and iron compared to the surrounding brain tissue. Chemical analysis of iron within plaques revealed the presence of chemically reduced, low-oxidation-state phases, including ferromagnetic metallic iron. The zero-oxidation state of ferromagnetic iron determines its high chemical reactivity and so may contribute to the redox burden in the Alzheimer's brain and thus drive neurodegeneration. Ferromagnetic metallic iron has no established physiological function in the brain and may represent a target for therapies designed to lower redox burdens in Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, ferromagnetic metallic iron has magnetic properties that are distinct from the iron oxide forms predominant in tissue, which might be exploitable for the in vivo detection of amyloid pathologies using magnetically sensitive imaging. We anticipate that this label-free X-ray imaging approach will provide further insights into the chemical composition of amyloid plaques, facilitating better understanding of how plaques influence the course of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Everett
- School
of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive,Stoke-on-Trent,Staffordshire ST4 7QB, U.K.
- School
of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Road,Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Jake Brooks
- School
of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Road,Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Vindy Tjendana Tjhin
- School
of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Road,Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Frederik Lermyte
- School
of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Road,Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ian Hands-Portman
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus,Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Germán Plascencia-Villa
- Department
of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - George Perry
- Department
of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road,Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road,Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Neil D. Telling
- School
of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive,Stoke-on-Trent,Staffordshire ST4 7QB, U.K.
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10
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Datta D, Perone I, Wijegunawardana D, Liang F, Morozov YM, Arellano J, Duque A, Xie Z, van Dyck CH, Joyce MKP, Arnsten AFT. Nanoscale imaging of pT217-tau in aged rhesus macaque entorhinal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: Evidence of interneuronal trafficking and early-stage neurodegeneration. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:2843-2860. [PMID: 38445818 PMCID: PMC11032534 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tau phosphorylated at threonine-217 (pT217-tau) is a novel fluid-based biomarker that predicts onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms, but little is known about how pT217-tau arises in the brain, as soluble pT217-tau is dephosphorylated post mortem in humans. METHODS We used multilabel immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy to examine the subcellular localization of early-stage pT217-tau in entorhinal and prefrontal cortices of aged macaques with naturally occurring tau pathology and assayed pT217-tau levels in plasma. RESULTS pT217-tau was aggregated on microtubules within dendrites exhibiting early signs of degeneration, including autophagic vacuoles. It was also seen trafficking between excitatory neurons within synapses on spines, where it was exposed to the extracellular space, and thus accessible to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/blood. Plasma pT217-tau levels increased across the age span and thus can serve as a biomarker in macaques. DISCUSSION These data help to explain why pT217-tau predicts degeneration in AD and how it gains access to CSF and plasma to serve as a fluid biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyadeep Datta
- Department of NeuroscienceYale UniversitySchool of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of PsychiatryYale UniversitySchool of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Isabella Perone
- Department of NeuroscienceYale UniversitySchool of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | | | - Feng Liang
- Department of AnesthesiaCritical Care and Pain MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yury M. Morozov
- Department of NeuroscienceYale UniversitySchool of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Jon Arellano
- Department of NeuroscienceYale UniversitySchool of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Department of NeuroscienceYale UniversitySchool of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Department of AnesthesiaCritical Care and Pain MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Mary Kate P. Joyce
- Department of NeuroscienceYale UniversitySchool of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Amy F. T. Arnsten
- Department of NeuroscienceYale UniversitySchool of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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11
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Duan L, Su L, He X, Du Y, Duan Y, Xu N, Wu R, Zhu Y, Shao R, Unverzagt FW, Hake AM, Jin Y, Gao S. Multi-element Exposure and Cognitive Function in Rural Elderly Chinese. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1401-1410. [PMID: 37715918 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between selenium (Se) based multi-element combined exposure and cognitive function in rural elderly individuals, a cross-sectional study was conducted. The study involved 416 older adults aged 60 and above, residing in four different areas of Enshi county, China, with varying soil Se levels. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed to measure the concentrations of Se, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) in whole blood. Nine standard cognitive tests were applied to assess cognitive function. Analysis of the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (LASSO), covariance (ANCOVA), and generalized linear model (GLM) were utilized to investigate the relationship between element exposure and cognitive function. The results of LASSO revealed that Se, Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca, and Pb were independently identified to be associated with cognition. Both ANCOVA and GLM demonstrated that Se and Ca were correlated with cognitive function. The multi-element model showed higher composite Z scores of 0.32 (95% CI: 0.09 to 0.55) for log-transformed Se (P = 0.007), 0.75 (95% CI: 0.01 to 1.49) for log-transformed Cu (P = 0.048), and a lower score of - 0.67 (95% CI: - 1.26 to - 0.08) for log-transformed Ca (P = 0.025). Furthermore, there was evidence that Se could counteract the negative impact of Ca on cognitive function (P for interaction = 0.031). Our findings suggested that higher levels of Se and Cu were associated with better cognitive function in the elderly and Se can counteract the cognitive damage caused by Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Duan
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Liqin Su
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Xiaohong He
- Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Yegang Du
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology & Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yanying Duan
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Ning Xu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Rangpeng Wu
- Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhu
- Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Ranqi Shao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Frederick W Unverzagt
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ann M Hake
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Yinlong Jin
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Sujuan Gao
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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12
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Fessel J. Personalized, Precision Medicine to Cure Alzheimer's Dementia: Approach #1. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3909. [PMID: 38612719 PMCID: PMC11012190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The goal of the treatment for Alzheimer's dementia (AD) is the cure of dementia. A literature review revealed 18 major elements causing AD and 29 separate medications that address them. For any individual with AD, one is unlikely to discern which major causal elements produced dementia. Thus, for personalized, precision medicine, all causal elements must be treated so that each individual patient will have her or his causal elements addressed. Twenty-nine drugs cannot concomitantly be administered, so triple combinations of drugs taken from that list are suggested, and each triple combination can be administered sequentially, in any order. Ten combinations given over 13 weeks require 2.5 years, or if given over 26 weeks, they require 5.0 years. Such sequential treatment addresses all 18 elements and should cure dementia. In addition, any comorbid risk factors for AD whose first presence or worsening was within ±1 year of when AD first appeared should receive appropriate, standard treatment together with the sequential combinations. The article outlines a randomized clinical trial that is necessary to assess the safety and efficacy of the proposed treatments; it includes a triple-drug Rx for equipoise. Clinical trials should have durations of both 2.5 and 5.0 years unless the data safety monitoring board (DSMB) determines earlier success or futility since it is uncertain whether three or six months of treatment will be curative in humans, although studies in animals suggest that the briefer duration of treatment might be effective and restore defective neural tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Fessel
- Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, 2069 Filbert Street, San Francisco, CA 94123, USA
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13
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Singh R, Kaur N, Choubey V, Dhingra N, Kaur T. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and its role in various neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res 2024; 1826:148742. [PMID: 38159591 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a critical cellular organelle, maintains cellular homeostasis by regulating calcium levels and orchestrating essential functions such as protein synthesis, folding, and lipid production. A pivotal aspect of ER function is its role in protein quality control. When misfolded proteins accumulate within the ER due to factors like protein folding chaperone dysfunction, toxicity, oxidative stress, or inflammation, it triggers the Unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR involves the activation of chaperones like calnexin, calreticulin, glucose-regulating protein 78 (GRP78), and Glucose-regulating protein 94 (GRP94), along with oxidoreductases like protein disulphide isomerases (PDIs). Cells employ the Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) mechanism to counteract protein misfolding. ERAD disruption causes the detachment of GRP78 from transmembrane proteins, initiating a cascade involving Inositol-requiring kinase/endoribonuclease 1 (IRE1), Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and Protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) pathways. The accumulation and deposition of misfolded proteins within the cell are hallmarks of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. These aberrant proteins disrupt normal neuronal signalling and contribute to impaired cellular homeostasis, including oxidative stress and compromised protein degradation pathways. In essence, ER stress is defined as the cellular response to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, encompassing a series of signalling pathways and molecular events that aim to restore cellular homeostasis. This comprehensive review explores ER stress and its profound implications for the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimaljot Singh
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinay Choubey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Neelima Dhingra
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Tanzeer Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India.
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14
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Çakır M, Saçmacı H. The relationship of salusins with Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, and acute ischemic stroke: A preliminary study. Neurosci Lett 2024; 824:137683. [PMID: 38350537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis play important roles in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), and Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS). Salusin-α and salusin-β peptides, which were shown to be present in many tissues, including the central nervous system, were also shown to be associated with apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In the present study, the relationship between Salusin-α and salusin-β peptides and AD, PD, and AIS were investigated. A total of 179 people were included in the present study, including 46 AD, 44 PD, 42 AIS, and 47 controls. Plasma Salusin-α and salusin-β levels were measured with the ELISA Method. The plasma salusin-β levels of AD, PD, and AIS patients were lower than the control group at significant levels (p < 0.05). It was also found that there were correlations between salusin-α and salusin-β levels and age, triglyceride, LDL-c, total cholesterol, and hemoglobin levels. In this study, we found that salusin- β, an endogenous neuropeptide, was associated with AD, PD and AIS. The low level of salusin-β in these diseases in which neuronal damage occurs may be related to the neuroprotective properties of this endogenous peptide. Further studies are needed to fully understand the relationship between salusin-β and the pathophysiology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Çakır
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yozgat Bozok, Yozgat, 66200, Turkey.
| | - Hikmet Saçmacı
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yozgat Bozok, Yozgat, 66200, Turkey.
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15
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Kaar A, Weir MP, Rae MG. Altered neuronal group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor- and endoplasmic reticulum-mediated Ca 2+ signaling in two rodent models of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2024; 823:137664. [PMID: 38309326 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Calcium mobilization from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induced by, for example, IP3 receptor (IP3R) stimulation, and its subsequent crosstalk with extracellular Ca2+ influx mediated through voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and neuronal store-operated calcium entry (nSOCE), is essential for normal neuronal signaling and cellular homeostasis. However, several studies suggest that chronic calcium dysregulation may play a key role in the onset and/or progression of neurodegenerative conditions, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, using early postnatal hippocampal tissue from two transgenic murine models of AD, we provide further evidence that not only are crucial calcium signaling pathways dysregulated, but also that such dysregulation occurs at very early stages of development. Utilizing epifluorescence calcium imaging, we investigated ER-, nSOCE- and VGCC-mediated calcium signaling in cultured primary hippocampal neurons from two transgenic rodent models of AD: 3xTg-AD mice (PS1M146V/APPSWE/TauP301L) and TgF344-AD rats (APPSWE/PS1ΔE9) between 2 and 9 days old. Our results reveal that, in comparison to control hippocampal neurons, those from 3xTg-AD mice possessed significantly greater basal ER calcium levels, as measured by larger responses to I-mGluR-mediated ER Ca2+ mobilization (amplitude; 4 (0-19) vs 21(12-36) a.u., non-Tg vs 3xTg-AD; median difference (95 % Cl) = 14 a.u. (11-18); p = 0.004)) but reduced nSOCE (15 (4-22) vs 8(5-11) a.u., non-Tg vs 3xTg-AD; median difference (95 % Cl) = -7 a.u. (-3- -10 a.u.); p < 0.0001). Furthermore, unlike non-Tg neurons, where depolarization enhanced the amplitude, duration and area under the curve (A.U.C.) of I-mGluR-evoked ER-mediated calcium signals when compared with basal conditions, this was not apparent in 3xTg-AD neurons. Whilst the amplitude of depolarization-enhanced I-mGluR-evoked ER-mediated calcium signals from both non-Tg F344 and TgF344-AD neurons was significantly enhanced relative to basal conditions, the A.U.C. and duration of responses were enhanced significantly upon depolarization in non-Tg F344, but not in TgF344-AD, neurons. Overall, the nature of basal I-mGluR-mediated calcium responses did not differ significantly between non-Tg F344 and TgF344-AD neurons. In summary, our results characterizing ER- and nSOCE-mediated calcium signaling in neurons demonstrate that ER Ca2+ dyshomeostasis is an early and potentially pathogenic event in familial AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Kaar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Megan P Weir
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mark G Rae
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland.
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16
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Jos S, Poulose R, Kambaru A, Gogoi H, Dalavaikodihalli Nanjaiah N, Padmanabhan B, Mehta B, Padavattan S. Tau-S214 Phosphorylation Inhibits Fyn Kinase Interaction and Increases the Decay Time of NMDAR-mediated Current. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168445. [PMID: 38218365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Fyn kinase SH3 domain interaction with PXXP motif in the Tau protein is implicated in AD pathology and is central to NMDAR function. Among seven PXXP motifs localized in proline-rich domain of Tau protein, tandem 5th and 6th PXXP motifs are critical to Fyn-SH3 domain interaction. Here, we report the crystal structure of Fyn-SH3 -Tau (207-221) peptide consisting of 5th and 6th PXXP motif complex to 1.01 Å resolution. Among five AD-specific phosphorylation sites encompassing the 5th and 6th PXXP motifs, only S214 residue showed interaction with SH3 domain. Biophysical studies showed that Tau (207-221) with S214-phosphorylation (pS214) inhibits its interaction with Fyn-SH3 domain. The individual administration of Tau (207-221) with/without pS214 peptides to a single neuron increased the decay time of evoked NMDA current response. Recordings of spontaneous NMDA EPSCs at +40 mV indicate an increase in frequency and amplitude of events for the Tau (207-221) peptide. Conversely, the Tau (207-221) with pS214 peptide exhibited a noteworthy amplitude increase alongside a prolonged decay time. These outcomes underscore the distinctive modalities of action associated with each peptide in the study. Overall, this study provides insights into how Tau (207-221) with/without pS214 affects the molecular framework of NMDAR signaling, indicating its involvement in Tau-related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Jos
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Roshni Poulose
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Archanalakshmi Kambaru
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Hemanga Gogoi
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | | | - Balasundaram Padmanabhan
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Bhupesh Mehta
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.
| | - Sivaraman Padavattan
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.
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17
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Bhattacharyya R, Jha BK. Analyzing fuzzy boundary value problems: a study on the influence of mitochondria and ER fluxes on calcium ions in neuron cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2024; 56:15-29. [PMID: 38064155 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-023-09994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Cytosolic-free calcium ions play an important role in various physical and physiological processes. A vital component of neural signaling is the free calcium ion concentration often known as the second messenger. There are many parameters that effect the cytosolic free calcium concentration like buffer, voltage-gated ion channels, Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria, etc. Mitochondria are small organelles located within the nervous system that are involved in processes within cells such as calcium homeostasis management, energy generation, response to stress, and cell demise pathways. In this work, a mathematical model with fuzzy boundary values has been developed to study the effect of Mitochondria and ER fluxes on free Calcium ions. The intended findings are displayed utilizing the physiological understanding that amyloid beta plaques and tangles of neurofibrillary fibers have been identified as the two main causes of AD. The key conclusion of the work is the investigation of [Formula: see text] for healthy cells and cells affected by Alzheimer's disease, which may aid in the study of such processes for computational scientists and medical practitioners. Also, it has been shown that when a unique solution is found for a specific precise problem, it also successfully deals with any underlying ambiguity within the problem by utilizing a technique based on the principles of linear transformation. Furthermore, the comparison between the analytical approach and the generalized hukuhara derivative approach is shown here, which illustrates the benefits of the analytical approach. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Bhattacharyya
- Department of Mathematics, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Brajesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Mathematics, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India.
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18
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O’Day DH. The Complex Interplay between Toxic Hallmark Proteins, Calmodulin-Binding Proteins, Ion Channels, and Receptors Involved in Calcium Dyshomeostasis in Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2024; 14:173. [PMID: 38397410 PMCID: PMC10886625 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium dyshomeostasis is an early critical event in neurodegeneration as exemplified by Alzheimer's (AD), Huntington's (HD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases. Neuronal calcium homeostasis is maintained by a diversity of ion channels, buffers, calcium-binding protein effectors, and intracellular storage in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lysosomes. The function of these components and compartments is impacted by the toxic hallmark proteins of AD (amyloid beta and Tau), HD (huntingtin) and PD (alpha-synuclein) as well as by interactions with downstream calcium-binding proteins, especially calmodulin. Each of the toxic hallmark proteins (amyloid beta, Tau, huntingtin, and alpha-synuclein) binds to calmodulin. Multiple channels and receptors involved in calcium homeostasis and dysregulation also bind to and are regulated by calmodulin. The primary goal of this review is to show the complexity of these interactions and how they can impact research and the search for therapies. A secondary goal is to suggest that therapeutic targets downstream from calcium dyshomeostasis may offer greater opportunities for success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danton H. O’Day
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada;
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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19
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Adams JA, Uryash A, Lopez JR. Harnessing Passive Pulsatile Shear Stress for Alzheimer's Disease Prevention and Intervention. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:387-401. [PMID: 38393906 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects more than 40 million people worldwide and is the leading cause of dementia. This disease is a challenge for both patients and caregivers and puts a significant strain on the global healthcare system. To address this issue, the Lancet Commission recommends focusing on reducing modifiable lifestyle risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and physical inactivity. Passive pulsatile shear stress (PPSS) interventions, which use devices like whole-body periodic acceleration, periodic acceleration along the Z-axis (pGz), and the Jogging Device, have shown significant systemic and cellular effects in preclinical and clinical models which address these modifiable risks factors. Based on this, we propose that PPSS could be a potential non-pharmacological and non-invasive preventive or therapeutic strategy for AD. We perform a comprehensive review of the biological basis based on all publications of PPSS using these devices and demonstrate their effects on the various aspects of AD. We draw from this comprehensive analysis to support our hypothesis. We then delve into the possible application of PPSS as an innovative intervention. We discuss how PPSS holds promise in ameliorating hypertension and diabetes while mitigating physical inactivity, potentially offering a holistic approach to AD prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Adams
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Arkady Uryash
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Jose R Lopez
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA
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20
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Chandran S, Binninger D. Role of Oxidative Stress, Methionine Oxidation and Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases (MSR) in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:21. [PMID: 38275641 PMCID: PMC10812627 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A major contributor to dementia seen in aging is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid beta (Aβ), a main component of senile plaques (SPs) in AD, induces neuronal death through damage to cellular organelles and structures, caused by oxidation of important molecules such as proteins by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hyperphosphorylation and accumulation of the protein tau in the microtubules within the brain also promote ROS production. Methionine, a residue of proteins, is particularly sensitive to oxidation by ROS. One of the enzyme systems that reverses the oxidative damage in mammalian cells is the enzyme system known as Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases (MSRs). The components of the MSR system, namely MSRA and MSRB, reduce oxidized forms of methionine (Met-(o)) in proteins back to methionine (Met). Furthermore, the MSRs scavenge ROS by allowing methionine residues in proteins to utilize their antioxidant properties. This review aims to improve the understanding of the role of the MSR system of enzymes in reducing cellular oxidative damage and AD pathogenesis, which may contribute to effective therapeutic approaches for AD by targeting the MSR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Chandran
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - David Binninger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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21
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Whitney K, Song WM, Sharma A, Dangoor DK, Farrell K, Krassner MM, Ressler HW, Christie TD, Walker RH, Nirenberg MJ, Zhang B, Frucht SJ, Riboldi GM, Crary JF, Pereira AC. Single-cell transcriptomic and neuropathologic analysis reveals dysregulation of the integrated stress response in progressive supranuclear palsy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.17.567587. [PMID: 38014079 PMCID: PMC10680842 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.17.567587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a sporadic neurodegenerative tauopathy variably affecting brainstem and cortical structures and characterized by tau inclusions in neurons and glia. The precise mechanism whereby these protein aggregates lead to cell death remains unclear. To investigate the contribution of these different cellular abnormalities to PSP pathogenesis, we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing and analyzed 45,559 high quality nuclei targeting the subthalamic nucleus and adjacent structures from human post-mortem PSP brains with varying degrees of pathology compared to controls. Cell-type specific differential expression and pathway analysis identified both common and discrete changes in numerous pathways previously implicated in PSP and other neurodegenerative disorders. This included EIF2 signaling, an adaptive pathway activated in response to diverse stressors, which was the top activated pathway in vulnerable cell types. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that activated eIF2α was positively correlated with tau pathology burden in vulnerable brain regions. Multiplex immunofluorescence localized activated eIF2α positivity to hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) positive neurons and ALDH1L1-positive astrocytes, supporting the increased transcriptomic EIF2 activation observed in these vulnerable cell types. In conclusion, these data provide insights into cell-type-specific pathological changes in PSP and support the hypothesis that failure of adaptive stress pathways play a mechanistic role in the pathogenesis and progression of PSP.
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22
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Datta D, Perone I, Wijegunawardana D, Liang F, Morozov YM, Arellano J, Duque A, Xie Z, van Dyck CH, Arnsten AFT. Nanoscale imaging of pT217-tau in aged rhesus macaque entorhinal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: Evidence of interneuronal trafficking and early-stage neurodegeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.566046. [PMID: 37986900 PMCID: PMC10659394 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION pT217-tau is a novel fluid-based biomarker that predicts onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms, but little is known about how pT217-tau arises in brain, as soluble pT217-tau is dephosphorylated postmortem in humans. METHODS We utilized multi-label immunofluorescence and immunoelectron-microscopy to examine the subcellular localization of early-stage pT217-tau in entorhinal and prefrontal cortices of aged macaques with naturally-occurring tau pathology and assayed pT217-tau levels in plasma. RESULTS pT217-tau was aggregated on microtubules within dendrites exhibiting early signs of degeneration, including autophagic vacuoles. It was also seen trafficking between excitatory neurons within synapses on spines, where it was exposed to the extracellular space, and thus accessible to CSF/blood. Plasma pT217-tau levels increased across the age-span and thus can serve as a biomarker in macaques. DISCUSSION These data help to explain why pT217-tau predicts degeneration in AD and how it gains access to CSF and plasma to serve as a fluid biomarker.
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Huang J, Xiao X, Zhang L, Gao S, Wang X, Yang J. The effect of serum calcium on the association of depression with infertility among U.S. women. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22220. [PMID: 38045116 PMCID: PMC10692812 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explored the association between depressive symptoms and infertility among U.S. women, and the effect of serum calcium on this association. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2018), relating to women aged 20-45 years. Depressive symptoms were determined using the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 scores ≥10), and interview data were used to identify self-reported infertility. Of 2708 women (mean age: 32.7 ± 7.5 years), 274 were depressed and 12.0 % self-reported being "ever-infertile." Depressive symptoms were associated with infertility in multivariable logistic regression (OR, 1.62; 95 % CI, 1.11-2.38). Depressive symptoms were associated with infertility among participants who were obese (OR, 1.68; 95 % CI, 1.03-2.74), had not received psychological counseling (OR, 1.60; 95 % CI, 1.03-2.50), were antidepressant users (OR 3.22; 95 % CI, 1.15-9.00), and had high serum calcium levels (OR, 2.05; 95 % CI, 1.25-3.35). A significant interaction between serum calcium and depression was observed for infertility (P = .038, interaction likelihood ratio test). In sensitivity analyses, the association between depressive symptoms and infertility remained after excluding women aged ≥35 years (OR, 1.87; 95 % CI, 1.08-3.23), lowering the cut-off for PHQ-9 scores (≥5) (OR, 1.48; 95 % CI, 1.12-1.96), excluding women with some gynecological diseases (OR, 1.63; 95 % CI, 1.07-2.49), and using inverse probability of treatment weighting (OR, 1.64; 95 % CI, 1.17-2.31). Conclusion Our findings indicate that depression is associated with infertility among U.S. women and serum calcium may have an effect on the association. Interventions such as serum calcium reduction, weight management and psychosocial counseling for infertility treatment in individuals with depression may be integrated into routine clinical practice. Additionally, more caution could be exercised when using antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Disease-Related Gene, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710061, China
- Ganzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Disease-Related Gene, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Linyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Disease-Related Gene, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Shanfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Disease-Related Gene, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Disease-Related Gene, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Disease-Related Gene, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710061, China
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Ankul SS, Chandran L, Anuragh S, Kaliappan I, Rushendran R, Vellapandian C. A systematic review of the neuropathology and memory decline induced by monosodium glutamate in the Alzheimer's disease-like animal model. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1283440. [PMID: 37942488 PMCID: PMC10627830 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1283440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review analyzes monosodium glutamate (MSG) in the Alzheimer's disease-like condition to enhance translational research. Our review seeks to understand how MSG affects the brain and causes degenerative disorders. Due to significant preclinical data linking glutamate toxicity to Alzheimer's disease and the lack of a comprehensive review or meta-analysis, we initiated a study on MSG's potential link. We searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, DOAJ, and Scopus for animal research and English language papers without time constraints. This study used the PRISMA-P framework and PICO technique to collect population, intervention or exposure, comparison, and result data. It was registered in PROSPERO as CRD42022371502. MSG affected mice's exploratory behaviors and short-term working memory. The brain, hippocampus, and cerebellar tissue demonstrated neuronal injury-related histological and histomorphometric changes. A total of 70% of MSG-treated mice had poor nesting behavior. The treated mice also had more hyperphosphorylated tau protein in their cortical and hippocampus neurons. Glutamate and glutamine levels in the brain increased with MSG, and dose-dependent mixed horizontal locomotor, grooming, and anxiety responses reduced. MSG treatment significantly decreased phospho-CREB protein levels, supporting the idea that neurons were harmed, despite the increased CREB mRNA expression. High MSG doses drastically lower brain tissue and serum serotonin levels. In conclusion, MSG showed AD-like pathology, neuronal atrophy, and short-term memory impairment. Further research with a longer time span and deeper behavioral characterization is needed. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier [CRD42022371502].
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Affiliation(s)
- Singh S. Ankul
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmi Chandran
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Singh Anuragh
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ilango Kaliappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rapuru Rushendran
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chitra Vellapandian
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wang K, Mao W, Song X, Chen M, Feng W, Peng B, Chen Y. Reactive X (where X = O, N, S, C, Cl, Br, and I) species nanomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6957-7035. [PMID: 37743750 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00435f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbonyl, chlorine, bromine, and iodine species (RXS, where X = O, N, S, C, Cl, Br, and I) have important roles in various normal physiological processes and act as essential regulators of cell metabolism; their inherent biological activities govern cell signaling, immune balance, and tissue homeostasis. However, an imbalance between RXS production and consumption will induce the occurrence and development of various diseases. Due to the considerable progress of nanomedicine, a variety of nanosystems that can regulate RXS has been rationally designed and engineered for restoring RXS balance to halt the pathological processes of different diseases. The invention of radical-regulating nanomaterials creates the possibility of intriguing projects for disease treatment and promotes advances in nanomedicine. In this comprehensive review, we summarize, discuss, and highlight very-recent advances in RXS-based nanomedicine for versatile disease treatments. This review particularly focuses on the types and pathological effects of these reactive species and explores the biological effects of RXS-based nanomaterials, accompanied by a discussion and the outlook of the challenges faced and future clinical translations of RXS nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Weipu Mao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xinran Song
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
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26
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Parkkinen I, Their A, Asghar MY, Sree S, Jokitalo E, Airavaara M. Pharmacological Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure and Calcium Dynamics: Importance for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:959-978. [PMID: 37127349 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest organelle of the cell, composed of a continuous network of sheets and tubules, and is involved in protein, calcium (Ca2+), and lipid homeostasis. In neurons, the ER extends throughout the cell, both somal and axodendritic compartments, and is highly important for neuronal functions. A third of the proteome of a cell, secreted and membrane-bound proteins, are processed within the ER lumen and most of these proteins are vital for neuronal activity. The brain itself is high in lipid content, and many structural lipids are produced, in part, by the ER. Cholesterol and steroid synthesis are strictly regulated in the ER of the blood-brain barrier protected brain cells. The high Ca2+ level in the ER lumen and low cytosolic concentration is needed for Ca2+-based intracellular signaling, for synaptic signaling and Ca2+ waves, and for preparing proteins for correct folding in the presence of high Ca2+ concentrations to cope with the high concentrations of extracellular milieu. Particularly, ER Ca2+ is controlled in axodendritic areas for proper neurito- and synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity and remodeling. In this review, we cover the physiologic functions of the neuronal ER and discuss it in context of common neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on pharmacological regulation of ER Ca2+ Furthermore, we postulate that heterogeneity of the ER, its protein folding capacity, and ensuring Ca2+ regulation are crucial factors for the aging and selective vulnerability of neurons in various neurodegenerative diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ regulators are promising therapeutic targets for degenerative diseases for which efficacious drug therapies do not exist. The use of pharmacological probes targeting maintenance and restoration of ER Ca2+ can provide restoration of protein homeostasis (e.g., folding of complex plasma membrane signaling receptors) and slow down the degeneration process of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilmari Parkkinen
- Neuroscience Center (I.P., A.T., M.A.), Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy (I.P., M.A.), Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (M.Y.A., S.S., E.J.), and Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (E.J.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Their
- Neuroscience Center (I.P., A.T., M.A.), Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy (I.P., M.A.), Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (M.Y.A., S.S., E.J.), and Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (E.J.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Muhammad Yasir Asghar
- Neuroscience Center (I.P., A.T., M.A.), Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy (I.P., M.A.), Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (M.Y.A., S.S., E.J.), and Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (E.J.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sreesha Sree
- Neuroscience Center (I.P., A.T., M.A.), Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy (I.P., M.A.), Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (M.Y.A., S.S., E.J.), and Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (E.J.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Neuroscience Center (I.P., A.T., M.A.), Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy (I.P., M.A.), Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (M.Y.A., S.S., E.J.), and Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (E.J.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Neuroscience Center (I.P., A.T., M.A.), Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy (I.P., M.A.), Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (M.Y.A., S.S., E.J.), and Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (E.J.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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27
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Griffioen G. Calcium Dyshomeostasis Drives Pathophysiology and Neuronal Demise in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13243. [PMID: 37686048 PMCID: PMC10487569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review postulates that age-related neurodegeneration entails inappropriate activation of intrinsic pathways to enable brain plasticity through deregulated calcium (Ca2+) signalling. Ca2+ in the cytosol comprises a versatile signal controlling neuronal cell physiology to accommodate adaptive structural and functional changes of neuronal networks (neuronal plasticity) and, as such, is essential for brain function. Although disease risk factors selectively affect different neuronal cell types across age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), these appear to have in common the ability to impair the specificity of the Ca2+ signal. As a result, non-specific Ca2+ signalling facilitates the development of intraneuronal pathophysiology shared by age-related NDDs, including mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, impaired proteostasis, and decreased axonal transport, leading to even more Ca2+ dyshomeostasis. These core pathophysiological processes and elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels comprise a self-enforcing feedforward cycle inevitably spiralling toward high levels of cytosolic Ca2+. The resultant elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels ultimately gear otherwise physiological effector pathways underlying plasticity toward neuronal demise. Ageing impacts mitochondrial function indiscriminately of the neuronal cell type and, therefore, contributes to the feedforward cycle of pathophysiology development seen in all age-related NDDs. From this perspective, therapeutic interventions to safely restore Ca2+ homeostasis would mitigate the excessive activation of neuronal destruction pathways and, therefore, are expected to have promising neuroprotective potential.
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O’Day DH. Alzheimer's Disease beyond Calcium Dysregulation: The Complex Interplay between Calmodulin, Calmodulin-Binding Proteins and Amyloid Beta from Disease Onset through Progression. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6246-6261. [PMID: 37623212 PMCID: PMC10453589 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A multifactorial syndrome, Alzheimer's disease is the main cause of dementia, but there is no existing therapy to prevent it or stop its progression. One of the earliest events of Alzheimer's disease is the disruption of calcium homeostasis but that is just a prelude to the disease's devastating impact. Calcium does not work alone but must interact with downstream cellular components of which the small regulatory protein calmodulin is central, if not primary. This review supports the idea that, due to calcium dyshomeostasis, calmodulin is a dominant regulatory protein that functions in all stages of Alzheimer's disease, and these regulatory events are impacted by amyloid beta. Amyloid beta not only binds to and regulates calmodulin but also multiple calmodulin-binding proteins involved in Alzheimer's. Together, they act on the regulation of calcium dyshomeostasis, neuroinflammation, amyloidogenesis, memory formation, neuronal plasticity and more. The complex interactions between calmodulin, its binding proteins and amyloid beta may explain why many therapies have failed or are doomed to failure unless they are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danton H. O’Day
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada;
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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29
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Dahl R, Moore AC, Knight C, Mauger C, Zhang H, Schiltz GE, Koss WA, Bezprozvanny I. Positive Allosteric Modulator of SERCA Pump NDC-1173 Exerts Beneficial Effects in Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11057. [PMID: 37446234 PMCID: PMC10341805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of people worldwide. AD does not have a cure and most drug development efforts in the AD field have been focused on targeting the amyloid pathway based on the "amyloid cascade hypothesis". However, in addition to the amyloid pathway, substantial evidence also points to dysregulated neuronal calcium (Ca2+) signaling as one of the key pathogenic events in AD, and it has been proposed that pharmacological agents that stabilize neuronal Ca2+ signaling may act as disease-modifying agents in AD. In previous studies, we demonstrated that positive allosteric regulators (PAMs) of the Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) pump might act as such Ca2+ stabilizing agents. In the present study, we report the development of a novel SERCA PAM agent, compound NDC-1173. To test the effectiveness of this compound, we performed behavioral studies with the APP/PS1 transgenic AD mouse model. We also evaluated effects of this compound on expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress genes in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the SERCA pump is a potential novel therapeutic drug target and that NDC-1173 is a promising lead molecule for developing disease-modifying agents in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Dahl
- Neurodon, 9800 Connecticut Drive, Crown Point, IN 46307, USA;
| | - Amanda C. Moore
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.C.M.); (W.A.K.)
| | - Caitlynn Knight
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (C.K.); (H.Z.)
| | - Colleen Mauger
- Neurodon, 9800 Connecticut Drive, Crown Point, IN 46307, USA;
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (C.K.); (H.Z.)
| | - Gary E. Schiltz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wendy A. Koss
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.C.M.); (W.A.K.)
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (C.K.); (H.Z.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Vatsal VH, Jha BK, Singh TP. To study the effect of ER flux with buffer on the neuronal calcium. EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS 2023; 138:494. [PMID: 37304245 PMCID: PMC10240135 DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Calcium signaling is decisive for cellular functions. This calcium random walk stipulates neuronal functions. Calcium concentration could provoke gene transcription, apoptosis, neuronal plasticity, etc. A malformation in calcium could change the neuron's intracellular behavior. Calcium concentration balancing is a complex cellular mechanism. This occurrence can be handled with the Caputo fractional reaction-diffusion equation. In this mathematical modeling, we have included the STIM-Orai mechanism and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) flux, Inositol Triphosphate Receptor (IPR), SERCA, plasma membrane flux, voltage-gated calcium entry, and different buffer interactions. A hybrid integral transform and Green's function approach were taken to solve the initial boundary problem. A closed-form solution of a Mittag-Leffler family function plotted using MATLAB software. Different parameters impact changes in the spatiotemporal behavior of the calcium concentration. Specific roles of organelles involved in Alzheimer's disease-affected neurons are computed. Ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), and S100B protein effects are also observed. In all simulations, we can say S100B and the STIM-Orai effect cannot be neglected. This model lights up the different approaches for calcium signaling pathway simulation. As a consequence, we determine that a generalized reaction-diffusion approach is a better fit realistic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vora Hardagna Vatsal
- Department of Mathematics, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382007 Gujarat India
| | - Brajesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Mathematics, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382007 Gujarat India
| | - Tajinder Pal Singh
- Department of Mathematics, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382007 Gujarat India
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31
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Sharma A, Sari E, Lee Y, Patel S, Brenner M, Marambaud P, Wang P. Extracellular CIRP Induces Calpain Activation in Neurons via PLC-IP 3-Dependent Calcium Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3311-3328. [PMID: 36853429 PMCID: PMC10506840 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal calcium homeostasis, activation of protease calpain, generation of p25 and hyperactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurogenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. We have recently shown that extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) induces Cdk5 activation via p25. However, the precise molecular mechanism by which eCIRP regulates calcium signaling and calpain remains to be addressed. We hypothesized that eCIRP regulates p25 via Ca2+-dependent calpain activation. eCIRP increased calpain activity and decreased the endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin in Neuro 2a (N2a) cells. Calpain inhibition with calpeptin attenuated eCIRP-induced calpain activity and p25. eCIRP specifically upregulated cytosolic calpain 1, and calpain 1 silencing attenuated the eCIRP-induced increase in p25. eCIRP stimulation increased cytosolic free Ca2+, especially in hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells, which was attenuated by the eCIRP inhibitor Compound 23 (C23). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) inhibition using 2-aminoethoxy-diphenyl-borate or xestospongin-C (X-C), interleukin-6 receptor alpha (IL-6Rα)-neutralization, and phospholipase C (PLC) inhibition with U73122 attenuated eCIRP-induced Ca2+ increase, while Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane remained unaffected by eCIRP. Finally, C23, IL-6Rα antibody, U73122 and X-C attenuated eCIRP-induced p25 in HT-22 cells. In conclusion, the current study uncovers eCIRP-triggered Ca2+ release from ER stores in an IL-6Rα/PLC/IP3-dependent manner as a novel molecular mechanism underlying eCIRP's induction of Cdk5 activity and potential involvement in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Sharma
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Ezgi Sari
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Yongchan Lee
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Shivani Patel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Max Brenner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Philippe Marambaud
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- The Litwin-Zucker Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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32
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Waigi EW, Webb RC, Moss MA, Uline MJ, McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF. Soluble and insoluble protein aggregates, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and vascular dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases. GeroScience 2023; 45:1411-1438. [PMID: 36823398 PMCID: PMC10400528 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia refers to a particular group of symptoms characterized by difficulties with memory, language, problem-solving, and other thinking skills that affect a person's ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting about 6.2 million Americans aged 65 years and older. Likewise, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of disability and premature death, impacting 126.9 million adults in the USA, a number that increases with age. Consequently, CVDs and cardiovascular risk factors are associated with an increased risk of AD and cognitive impairment. They share important age-related cardiometabolic and lifestyle risk factors, that make them among the leading causes of death. Additionally, there are several premises and hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying the association between AD and CVD. Although AD and CVD may be considered deleterious to health, the study of their combination constitutes a clinical challenge, and investigations to understand the mechanistic pathways for the cause-effect and/or shared pathology between these two disease constellations remains an active area of research. AD pathology is propagated by the amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. These peptides give rise to small, toxic, and soluble Aβ oligomers (SPOs) that are nonfibrillar, and it is their levels that show a robust correlation with the extent of cognitive impairment. This review will elucidate the interplay between the effects of accumulating SPOs in AD and CVDs, the resulting ER stress response, and their role in vascular dysfunction. We will also address the potential underlying mechanisms, including the possibility that SPOs are among the causes of vascular injury in CVD associated with cognitive decline. By revealing common mechanistic underpinnings of AD and CVD, we hope that novel experimental therapeutics can be designed to reduce the burden of these devastating diseases. Graphical abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology leads to the release of Aβ peptides, and their accumulation in the peripheral organs has varying effects on various components of the cardiovascular system including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and vascular damage. Image created with BioRender.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Waigi
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Melissa A Moss
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mark J Uline
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Camilla Ferreira Wenceslau
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Li S, Ji X, Gao M, Huang B, Peng S, Wu J. Endogenous Amyloid-formed Ca 2+-permeable Channels in Aged 3xTg AD Mice. FUNCTION 2023; 4:zqad025. [PMID: 37342418 PMCID: PMC10278988 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid peptides (Aβ). However, whether Aβ itself is a key toxic agent in AD pathogenesis and the precise mechanism of Aβ-elicited neurotoxicity are still debated. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the Aβ channel/pore hypothesis could explain Aβ toxicity, because Aβ oligomers are able to disrupt membranes and cause edge-conductivity pores that may disrupt cell Ca2+ homeostasis and drive neurotoxicity in AD. However, all available data to support this hypothesis have been collected from "in vitro" experiments using high concentrations of exogenous Aβ. It is still unknown whether Aβ channels can be formed by endogenous Aβ in AD animal models. Here, we report an unexpected finding of the spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in aged 3xTg AD mice but not in age-matched wild-type mice. These spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations are sensitive to extracellular Ca2+, ZnCl2, and the Aβ channel blocker Anle138b, suggesting that these spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in aged 3xTg AD mice are mediated by endogenous Aβ-formed channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangtao Li
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ji
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Bing Huang
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Shuang Peng
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
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Nageeb Hasan SM, Clarke CL, McManamon Strand TP, Bambico FR. Putative pathological mechanisms of late-life depression and Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Res 2023:148423. [PMID: 37244602 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by progressive impairment in cognition and memory. AD is accompanied by several neuropsychiatric symptoms, with depression being the most prominent. Although depression has long been known to be associated with AD, controversial findings from preclinical and clinical studies have obscured the precise nature of this association. However recent evidence suggests that depression could be a prodrome or harbinger of AD. Evidence indicates that the major central serotonergic nucleus-the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)-shows very early AD pathology: neurofibrillary tangles made of hyperphosphorylated tau protein and degenerated neurites. AD and depression share common pathophysiologies, including functional deficits of the serotonin (5-HT) system. 5-HT receptors have modulatory effects on the progression of AD pathology i.e., reduction in Aβ load, increased hyper-phosphorylation of tau, decreased oxidative stress etc. Moreover, preclinical models show a role for specific channelopathies that result in abnormal regional activational and neuroplasticity patterns. One of these concerns the pathological upregulation of the small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channel in corticolimbic structure. This has also been observed in the DRN in both diseases. The SKC is a key regulator of cell excitability and long-term potentiation (LTP). SKC over-expression is positively correlated with aging and cognitive decline, and is evident in AD. Pharmacological blockade of SKCs has been reported to reverse symptoms of depression and AD. Thus, aberrant SKC functioning could be related to depression pathophysiology and diverts its late-life progression towards the development of AD. We summarize findings from preclinical and clinical studies suggesting a molecular linkage between depression and AD pathology. We also provide a rationale for considering SKCs as a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of AD-associated symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Nageeb Hasan
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B3Xs, Canada.
| | - Courtney Leigh Clarke
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B3Xs, Canada
| | | | - Francis Rodriguez Bambico
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B3Xs, Canada; Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T1R8, Canada
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Song Z, Wang KW, Hagar HTC, Chen HR, Kuan CY, Zhang K, Kuo MH. Hyperphosphorylated tau Inflicts Intracellular Stress Responses That Are Mitigated by Apomorphine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.13.540661. [PMID: 37292976 PMCID: PMC10245566 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.13.540661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Abnormal phosphorylation of the microtubule-binding protein tau in the brain is a key pathological marker for Alzheimer's disease and additional neurodegenerative tauopathies. However, how hyperphosphorylated tau causes cellular dysfunction or death that underlie neurodegeneration remains an unsolved question critical for the understanding of disease mechanism and the design of efficacious drugs. Methods Using a recombinant hyperphosphorylated tau protein (p-tau) synthesized by the PIMAX approach, we examined how cells responded to the cytotoxic tau and explored means to enhance cellular resistance to tau attack. Results Upon p-tau uptake, the intracellular calcium levels rose promptly. Gene expression analyses revealed that p-tau potently triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), ER stress-associated apoptosis, and pro-inflammation in cells. Proteomics studies showed that p-tau diminished heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an ER stress associated anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress regulator, while stimulated the accumulation of MIOS and other proteins. P-tau-induced ER stress-associated apoptosis and pro-inflammation are ameliorated by apomorphine, a brain-permeable prescription drug widely used to treat Parkinson's disease symptoms, and by overexpression of HO-1. Conclusion Our results reveal probable cellular functions targeted by hyperphosphorylated tau. Some of these dysfunctions and stress responses have been linked to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. The observations that the ill effects of p-tau can be mitigated by a small compound and by overexpressing HO-1 that is otherwise diminished in the treated cells inform new directions of Alzheimer's disease drug discovery.
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Garcia-Casas P, Rossini M, Filadi R, Pizzo P. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ signaling and Alzheimer's disease: Too much or too little? Cell Calcium 2023; 113:102757. [PMID: 37192560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, caused by poorly known pathogenic mechanisms and aggravated by delayed therapeutic intervention, that still lacks an effective cure. However, it is clear that some important neurophysiological processes are altered years before the onset of clinical symptoms, offering the possibility of identifying biological targets useful for implementation of new therapies. Of note, evidence has been provided suggesting that mitochondria, pivotal organelles in sustaining neuronal energy demand and modulating synaptic activity, are dysfunctional in AD samples. In particular, alterations in mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling have been proposed as causal events for neurodegeneration, although the exact outcomes and molecular mechanisms of these defects, as well as their longitudinal progression, are not always clear. Here, we discuss the importance of a correct mitochondrial Ca2+ handling for neuronal physiology and summarize the latest findings on dysfunctional mitochondrial Ca2+ pathways in AD, analysing possible consequences contributing to the neurodegeneration that characterizes the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Garcia-Casas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Michela Rossini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy; Study Centre for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy.
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Hyperoside alleviates toxicity of β-amyloid via endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial calcium signal transduction cascade in APP/PS1 double transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice. Redox Biol 2023; 61:102637. [PMID: 36821955 PMCID: PMC9975698 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a decline in cognitive function. The β-amyloid (Aβ) hypothesis suggests that Aβ peptides can spontaneously aggregate into β-fragment-containing oligomers and protofibrils, and this activation of the amyloid pathway alters Ca2+ signaling in neurons, leading to neurotoxicity and thus apoptosis of neuronal cells. In our study, a blood-brain barrier crossing flavonol glycoside hyperoside was identified with anti-Aβ aggregation, BACE inhibitory, and neuroprotective effect in cellular or APP/PSEN1 double transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice model. While our pharmacokinetic data confirmed that intranasal administration of hyperoside resulted in a higher bio-availability in mice brain, further in vivo studies revealed that it improved motor deficit, spatial memory and learning ability of APP/PSEN1 mice with reducing level of Aβ plaques and GFAP in the cortex and hippocampus. Bioinformatics, computational docking and in vitro assay results suggested that hyperoside bind to Aβ and interacted with ryanodine receptors, then regulated cellular apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) signaling pathway. Consistently, it was confirmed that hyperoside increased Bcl2, decreased Bax and cyto-c protein levels, and ameliorated neuronal cell death in both in vitro and in vivo model. By regulating Aβ-induced cell death via regulation on Ca2+ signaling cascade and mitochondrial membrane potential, our study suggested that hyperoside may work as a potential therapeutic agent or preventive remedy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Çakır M, Yüksel F, Mustafa Özkut M, Durhan M, Kaymak E, Tekin S, Çiğremiş Y. Neuroprotective effect of transient receptor potential Vanilloid 1 agonist capsaicin in Alzheimer’s disease model induced with okadaic acid. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:109925. [PMID: 37011502 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels was detected in many regions of the human and rat brain, including the cortex and hippocampus. TRPV1 channels have functions such as the modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity and the regulation of cognitive functions. Previous studies conducted with TRPV1 agonists and antagonists show that this channel is associated with the neurodegenerative process. In the present study, the purpose was to investigate the effects of capsaicin, which is a TRPV1 agonist, and capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist, in the Alzheimer's Disease (AD) model that was induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of okadaic acid (OKA). METHODS The AD-like experimental model was created with bilateral ICV OKA injection. Intraperitoneal capsaicin and capsazepine injections were administered to the treatment groups for 13 days and histological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed from the cortex and hippocampal CA3 regions of the brain. The Morris Water Maze Test was used for spatial memory measurement. RESULTS ICV OKA administration increased the levels of caspase-3, phosphorylated-tau-(ser396), Aβ, TNF-α, and IL1-β, from the cortex and hippocampal CA3 regions of the brain and decreased the phosphorylated-Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta-(ser9) levels. In addition, the OKA administration corrupted the spatial memory. The TRPV1 agonist capsaicin reversed the pathological changes induced by ICV OKA administration, but not the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine. CONCLUSIONS It was found in the study that the administration of the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin reduced neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and deterioration in spatial memory in the AD model induced by OKA.
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Kim J, Choi P, Park YT, Kim T, Ham J, Kim JC. The Cannabinoids, CBDA and THCA, Rescue Memory Deficits and Reduce Amyloid-Beta and Tau Pathology in an Alzheimer’s Disease-like Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076827. [PMID: 37047798 PMCID: PMC10095267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies related to hemp are focused on Cannabidiol (CBD) and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); however, up to 120 types of phytocannabinoids are present in hemp. Hemp leaves contain large amounts of Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), which are acidic variants of CBD and THC and account for the largest proportion of CBDA. In recent studies, CBDA exhibited anti-hyperalgesia and anti-inflammatory effects. THCA also showed anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects that may be beneficial for treating neurodegenerative diseases. CBDA and THCA can penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and affect the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to determine whether CBDA and THCA ameliorate Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like features in vitro and in vivo. The effect of CBDA and THCA was evaluated in the Aβ1–42-treated mouse model. We observed that Aβ1–42-treated mice had more hippocampal Aβ and p-tau levels, pathological markers of AD, and loss of cognitive function compared with PBS-treated mice. However, CBDA- and THCA-treated mice showed decreased hippocampal Aβ and p-tau and superior cognitive function compared with Aβ1–42-treated mice. In addition, CBDA and THCA lowered Aβ and p-tau levels, alleviated calcium dyshomeostasis, and exhibited neuroprotective effects in primary neurons. Our results suggest that CBDA and THCA have anti-AD effects and mitigate memory loss and resilience to increased hippocampal Ca2+, Aβ, and p-tau levels. Together, CBDA and THCA may be useful therapeutic agents for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilju Choi
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Park
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejung Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyeob Ham
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- NeoCannBio Co., Ltd., Gangneung 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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Yang F, Zhao J, Chen G, Han H, Hu S, Wang N, Wang J, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Dai B, Hou Y, Liu Y. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of hydrazones as dual inhibitors of ryanodine receptors and acetylcholinesterases for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106432. [PMID: 36841050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) implicates neuronal loss, plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation, and disturbed neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, which leads to severe dementia, memory loss, as well as thinking and behavioral perturbations that could ultimately lead to death. Calcium dysregulation and low acetylcholine levels are two main mechanisms implicated in Alzheimer's disease progression. Simultaneous inhibition of calcium oscillations (store overload-induced Ca2+ release [SOICR]) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by a single molecule may bring a new breath of hope for AD treatment. Here, we described some dantrolene derivatives as dual inhibitors of the ryanodine receptor and AChE. Two series of acylhydrazone/sulfonylhydrazone derivatives with aromaticgroup were designed and synthesized. In this study, the target compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit SOICR and AChE in vitro, using dantrolene and donepezil as positive controls. Compound 22a exhibited excellent and balanced inhibitory potency against SOICR (inhibition (%) = 90.1, IC50 = 0.162 μM) and AChE (inhibition (%) = 93.5, IC50 = 0.372 μM). Docking simulations showed that several preferred compounds could bind to the active sites of both the proteins, further validating the rationality of the design strategy. Potential therapeutic effects in AD were evaluated using the Barnes maze and Morris water maze tests, which demonstrated that compound 22a significantly improved memory and cognitive behavior in AD model mice. Moreover, it was also found that compound 22a could enhance synaptic strength by measuring hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in brain slices. These results suggested that the introduction of a sulfonyl-hydrazone scaffold and aromatic substitution to dantrolene derivatives provided a useful template for the development of potential chemical entities against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Jiangang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Hao Han
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Shuang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Ningwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Junqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Zihao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Baozhu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yunlei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Yajing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Wickline JL, Smith S, Shin R, Odfalk K, Sanchez J, Javors M, Ginsburg B, Hopp SC. L-type calcium channel antagonist isradipine age-dependently decreases plaque associated dystrophic neurites in 5XFAD mouse model. Neuropharmacology 2023; 227:109454. [PMID: 36740015 PMCID: PMC9987839 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that L-type calcium channel (LTCC) antagonists may reduce the incidence of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the neuroprotective mechanism of LTCC antagonists is unknown. Amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology disrupts intracellular calcium signaling, which regulates lysosomes and microglial responses. Neurons near Aβ plaques develop dystrophic neurites, which are abnormal swellings that accumulate lysosomes. Further, microglia accumulate around Aβ plaques and secrete inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that antagonism of LTCCs with isradipine would reduce Aβ plaque-associated dystrophic neurites and inflammatory microglia in the 5XFAD mouse model by restoring normal intracellular calcium regulation. To test this hypothesis, we treated 6- and 9-month-old 5XFAD mice with isradipine and tested behavior, examined Aβ plaques, microglia, and dystrophic neurites. We found that isradipine treatment age-dependently reduces dystrophic neurites and leads to trending decreases in Aβ but does not modulate plaque associated microglia regardless of age. Our findings provide insight into how antagonizing LTCCs alters specific cell types in the Aβ plaque environment, providing valuable information for potential treatment targets in future AD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Wickline
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sabrina Smith
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Riley Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kristian Odfalk
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jesse Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Martin Javors
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Brett Ginsburg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sarah C Hopp
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Petrushanko IY, Mitkevich VA, Makarov AA. Effect of β-amyloid on blood-brain barrier properties and function. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:183-197. [PMID: 37124923 PMCID: PMC10133432 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The deposition of beta-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates in the brain, accompanied by impaired cognitive function, is a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). An important role in this process is played by vascular disorders, in particular, a disturbance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB controls the entry of Aβ from plasma to the brain via the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and the removal of brain-derived Aβ via the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1). The balance between the input of Aβ to the brain from the periphery and its output is disturbed during AD. Aβ changes the redox-status of BBB cells, which in turn changes the functioning of mitochondria and disrupts the barrier function of endothelial cells by affecting tight junction proteins. Aβ oligomers have the greatest toxic effect on BBB cells, and oligomers are most rapidly transferred by transcytosis from the brain side of the BBB to the blood side. Both the cytotoxic effect of Aβ and the impairment of barrier function are partly due to the interaction of Aβ monomers and oligomers with membrane-bound RAGE. AD therapies based on the disruption of this interaction or the creation of decoys for Aβ are being developed. The question of the transfer of various Aβ isoforms through the BBB is important, since it can influence the development of AD. It is shown that the rate of input of Aβ40 and Aβ42 from the blood into the brain is different. The actual question of the transfer of pathogenic Aβ isoforms with post-translational modifications or mutations through the BBB still remains open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Yu. Petrushanko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Lia A, Sansevero G, Chiavegato A, Sbrissa M, Pendin D, Mariotti L, Pozzan T, Berardi N, Carmignoto G, Fasolato C, Zonta M. Rescue of astrocyte activity by the calcium sensor STIM1 restores long-term synaptic plasticity in female mice modelling Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1590. [PMID: 36949142 PMCID: PMC10033875 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium dynamics in astrocytes represent a fundamental signal that through gliotransmitter release regulates synaptic plasticity and behaviour. Here we present a longitudinal study in the PS2APP mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) linking astrocyte Ca2+ hypoactivity to memory loss. At the onset of plaque deposition, somatosensory cortical astrocytes of AD female mice exhibit a drastic reduction of Ca2+ signaling, closely associated with decreased endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ concentration and reduced expression of the Ca2+ sensor STIM1. In parallel, astrocyte-dependent long-term synaptic plasticity declines in the somatosensory circuitry, anticipating specific tactile memory loss. Notably, we show that both astrocyte Ca2+ signaling and long-term synaptic plasticity are fully recovered by selective STIM1 overexpression in astrocytes. Our data unveil astrocyte Ca2+ hypoactivity in neocortical astrocytes as a functional hallmark of early AD stages and indicate astrocytic STIM1 as a target to rescue memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Lia
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sansevero
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Angela Chiavegato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Miriana Sbrissa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Diana Pendin
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Letizia Mariotti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Berardi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giorgio Carmignoto
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Cristina Fasolato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Micaela Zonta
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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44
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Li Z, Min S, Alliey-Rodriguez N, Giase G, Cheng L, Craig DW, Faulkner GJ, Asif H, Liu C, Gershon ES. Single-neuron whole genome sequencing identifies increased somatic mutation burden in Alzheimer's disease related genes. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 123:222-232. [PMID: 36599749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of somatic mutations in human neurons is associated with aging and neurodegeneration. To shed light on the somatic mutational burden in Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurons and get more insight into the role of somatic mutations in AD pathogenesis, we performed single-neuron whole genome sequencing to detect genome-wide somatic mutations (single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and Indels) in 96 single prefrontal cortex neurons from 8 AD patients and 8 elderly controls. We found that the mutational burden is ∼3000 somatic mutations per neuron genome in elderly subjects. AD patients have increased somatic mutation burden in AD-related annotation categories, including AD risk genes and differentially expressed genes in AD neurons. Mutational signature analysis showed somatic SNVs (sSNVs) primarily caused by aging and oxidative DNA damage processes but no significant difference was detected between AD and controls. Additionally, functional somatic mutations identified in AD patients showed significant enrichment in several AD-related pathways, including AD pathway, Notch-signaling pathway and Calcium-signaling pathway. These findings provide genetic insights into how somatic mutations may alter the function of single neurons and exert their potential roles in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongchang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital; Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shishi Min
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital; Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ney Alliey-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gina Giase
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lijun Cheng
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Wesley Craig
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey J Faulkner
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Huma Asif
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital; Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Benfeito S, Fernandes C, Chavarria D, Barreiro S, Cagide F, Sequeira L, Teixeira J, Silva R, Remião F, Oliveira PJ, Uriarte E, Borges F. Modulating Cytotoxicity with Lego-like Chemistry: Upgrading Mitochondriotropic Antioxidants with Prototypical Cationic Carrier Bricks. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1835-1851. [PMID: 36716281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although the lipophilic triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) cation is widely used to target antioxidants to mitochondria, TPP+-based derivatives have shown cytotoxicity in several biological in vitro models. We confirmed that Mito.TPP is cytotoxic to both human neuronal (SH-SY5Y) and hepatic (HepG2) cells, decreasing intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, leading to mitochondrial membrane depolarization and reduced mitochondrial mass after 24 h. We surpassed this concern using nitrogen-derived cationic carriers (Mito.PICO, Mito.ISOQ, and Mito.IMIDZ). As opposed to Mito.TPP, these novel compounds were not cytotoxic to SH-SY5Y and HepG2 cells up to 50 μM and after 24 h of incubation. All of the cationic derivatives accumulated inside the mitochondrial matrix and acted as neuroprotective agents against iron(III), hydrogen peroxide, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide insults. The overall data showed that nitrogen-based cationic carriers can modulate the biological performance of mitochondria-directed antioxidants and are an alternative to the TPP cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Benfeito
- CIQUP-IMS─Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fernandes
- CIQUP-IMS─Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Chavarria
- CIQUP-IMS─Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Barreiro
- CIQUP-IMS─Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB─Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO─Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cagide
- CIQUP-IMS─Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lisa Sequeira
- CIQUP-IMS─Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- CNC─Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB─Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB─Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO─Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- Associate Laboratory i4HB─Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO─Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC─Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB─Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 7500912 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS─Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Cellular prion protein offers neuroprotection in astrocytes submitted to amyloid β oligomer toxicity. Mol Cell Biochem 2022:10.1007/s11010-022-04631-w. [PMID: 36576715 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC), in its native conformation, performs numerous cellular and cognitive functions in brain tissue. However, despite the cellular prion research in recent years, there are still questions about its participation in oxidative and neurodegenerative processes. This study aims to elucidate the involvement of PrPC in the neuroprotection cascade in the presence of oxidative stressors. For that, astrocytes from wild-type mice and knockout to PrPC were subjected to the induction of oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and with the toxic oligomer of the amyloid β protein (AβO). We observed that the presence of PrPC showed resistance in the cell viability of astrocytes. It was also possible to monitor changes in basic levels of metals and associate them with an induced damage condition, indicating the precise role of PrPC in metal homeostasis, where the absence of PrPC leads to metallic unbalance, culminating in cellular vulnerability to oxidative stress. Increased caspase 3, p-Tau, p53, and Bcl2 may establish a relationship between a PrPC and an induced damage condition. Complementarily, it has been shown that PrPC prevents the internalization of AβO and promotes its degradation under oxidative stress induction, thus preventing protein aggregation in astrocytes. It was also observed that the presence of PrPC can be related to translocating SOD1 to cell nuclei under oxidative stress, probably controlling DNA damage. The results of this study suggest that PrPC acts against oxidative stress activating the cellular response and defense by displaying neuroprotection to neurons and ensuring the functionality of astrocytes.
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Bezprozvanny I. Alzheimer's disease - Where do we go from here? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 633:72-76. [PMID: 36344168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russia.
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48
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Hu X, Jin X, Cao X, Liu B. The Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome Is a Cellular Ageing Regulator. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315327. [PMID: 36499653 PMCID: PMC9740938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a complicated cellular component that plays significant roles in regulating the cell cycle process of eukaryotic organisms. The spatiotemporal regulation mechanisms of APC/C in distinct cell cycle transitions are no longer mysterious, and the components of this protein complex are gradually identified and characterized. Given the close relationship between the cell cycle and lifespan, it is urgent to understand the roles of APC/C in lifespan regulation, but this field still seems to have not been systematically summarized. Furthermore, although several reviews have reported the roles of APC/C in cancer, there are still gaps in the summary of its roles in other age-related diseases. In this review, we propose that the APC/C is a novel cellular ageing regulator based on its indispensable role in the regulation of lifespan and its involvement in age-associated diseases. This work provides an extensive review of aspects related to the underlying mechanisms of APC/C in lifespan regulation and how it participates in age-associated diseases. More comprehensive recognition and understanding of the relationship between APC/C and ageing and age-related diseases will increase the development of targeted strategies for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (B.L.)
| | - Beidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (B.L.)
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49
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The STIM1/2-Regulated Calcium Homeostasis Is Impaired in Hippocampal Neurons of the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314810. [PMID: 36499137 PMCID: PMC9738900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of age-related dementia. Neuronal calcium homeostasis impairment may contribute to AD. Here we demonstrated that voltage-gated calcium (VGC) entry and store-operated calcium (SOC) entry regulated by calcium sensors of intracellular calcium stores STIM proteins are affected in hippocampal neurons of the 5xFAD transgenic mouse model. We observed excessive SOC entry in 5xFAD mouse neurons, mediated by STIM1 and STIM2 proteins with increased STIM1 contribution. There were no significant changes in cytoplasmic calcium level, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bulk calcium levels, or expression levels of STIM1 or STIM2 proteins. The potent inhibitor BTP-2 and the FDA-approved drug leflunomide reduced SOC entry in 5xFAD neurons. In turn, excessive voltage-gated calcium entry was sensitive to the inhibitor of L-type calcium channels nifedipine but not to the T-type channels inhibitor ML218. Interestingly, the depolarization-induced calcium entry mediated by VGC channels in 5xFAD neurons was dependent on STIM2 but not STIM1 protein in cells with replete Ca2+ stores. The result gives new evidence on the VGC channel modulation by STIM2. Overall, the data demonstrate the changes in calcium signaling of hippocampal neurons of the AD mouse model, which precede amyloid plaque accumulation or other signs of pathology manifestation.
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50
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Arnst N, Redolfi N, Lia A, Bedetta M, Greotti E, Pizzo P. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Signaling and Bioenergetics in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:3025. [PMID: 36551781 PMCID: PMC9775979 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a hereditary and sporadic neurodegenerative illness defined by the gradual and cumulative loss of neurons in specific brain areas. The processes that cause AD are still under investigation and there are no available therapies to halt it. Current progress puts at the forefront the "calcium (Ca2+) hypothesis" as a key AD pathogenic pathway, impacting neuronal, astrocyte and microglial function. In this review, we focused on mitochondrial Ca2+ alterations in AD, their causes and bioenergetic consequences in neuronal and glial cells, summarizing the possible mechanisms linking detrimental mitochondrial Ca2+ signals to neuronal death in different experimental AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Arnst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Annamaria Lia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Martina Bedetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
- Study Centre for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
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