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Liu ZT, Liu MH, Xiong Y, Wang YJ, Bu XL. Crosstalk between bone and brain in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms, applications, and perspectives. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 38824621 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that involves multiple systems in the body. Numerous recent studies have revealed bidirectional crosstalk between the brain and bone, but the interaction between bone and brain in AD remains unclear. In this review, we summarize human studies of the association between bone and brain and provide an overview of their interactions and the underlying mechanisms in AD. We review the effects of AD on bone from the aspects of AD pathogenic proteins, AD risk genes, neurohormones, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), and the autonomic nervous system. Correspondingly, we elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the involvement of bone in the pathogenesis of AD, including bone-derived hormones, bone marrow-derived cells, bone-derived EVs, and inflammation. On the basis of the crosstalk between bone and the brain, we propose potential strategies for the management of AD with the hope of offering novel perspectives on its prevention and treatment. HIGHLIGHTS: The pathogenesis of AD, along with its consequent changes in the brain, may involve disturbing bone homeostasis. Degenerative bone disorders may influence the progression of AD through a series of pathophysiological mechanisms. Therefore, relevant bone intervention strategies may be beneficial for the comprehensive management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Ting Liu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ming-Han Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian-Le Bu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Ashraf AA, Aljuhani M, Hubens CJ, Jeandriens J, Parkes HG, Geraki K, Mahmood A, Herlihy AH, So PW. Inflammation subsequent to mild iron excess differentially alters regional brain iron metabolism, oxidation and neuroinflammation status in mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1393351. [PMID: 38836051 PMCID: PMC11148467 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1393351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron dyshomeostasis and neuroinflammation, characteristic features of the aged brain, and exacerbated in neurodegenerative disease, may induce oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration. In this study, the effects of potential priming with mild systemic iron injections on subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in adult C57Bl/6J mice were examined. After cognitive testing, regional brain tissues were dissected for iron (metal) measurements by total reflection X-ray fluorescence and synchrotron radiation X-Ray fluorescence-based elemental mapping; and iron regulatory, ferroptosis-related, and glia-specific protein analysis, and lipid peroxidation by western blotting. Microglial morphology and astrogliosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Iron only treatment enhanced cognitive performance on the novel object location task compared with iron priming and subsequent LPS-induced inflammation. LPS-induced inflammation, with or without iron treatment, attenuated hippocampal heme oxygenase-1 and augmented 4-hydroxynonenal levels. Conversely, in the cortex, elevated ferritin light chain and xCT (light chain of System Xc-) were observed in response to LPS-induced inflammation, without and with iron-priming. Increased microglial branch/process lengths and astrocyte immunoreactivity were also increased by combined iron and LPS in both the hippocampus and cortex. Here, we demonstrate iron priming and subsequent LPS-induced inflammation led to iron dyshomeostasis, compromised antioxidant function, increased lipid peroxidation and altered neuroinflammatory state in a brain region-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhaar Ahmad Ashraf
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manal Aljuhani
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal J Hubens
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jérôme Jeandriens
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Biology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Harold G Parkes
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kalotina Geraki
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Ayesha Mahmood
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Po-Wah So
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Shi T, Shen S, Shi Y, Wang Q, Zhang G, Lin J, Chen J, Bai F, Zhang L, Wang Y, Gong W, Shao X, Chen G, Yan W, Chen X, Ma Y, Zheng L, Qin J, Lu K, Liu N, Xu Y, Shi YS, Jiang Q, Guo B. Osteocyte-derived sclerostin impairs cognitive function during ageing and Alzheimer's disease progression. Nat Metab 2024; 6:531-549. [PMID: 38409606 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-00989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Ageing increases susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Serum levels of sclerostin, an osteocyte-derived Wnt-β-catenin signalling antagonist, increase with age and inhibit osteoblastogenesis. As Wnt-β-catenin signalling acts as a protective mechanism for memory, we hypothesize that osteocyte-derived sclerostin can impact cognitive function under pathological conditions. Here we show that osteocyte-derived sclerostin can cross the blood-brain barrier of old mice, where it can dysregulate Wnt-β-catenin signalling. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments show that abnormally elevated osteocyte-derived sclerostin impairs synaptic plasticity and memory in old mice of both sexes. Mechanistically, sclerostin increases amyloid β (Aβ) production through β-catenin-β-secretase 1 (BACE1) signalling, indicating a functional role for sclerostin in AD. Accordingly, high sclerostin levels in patients with AD of both sexes are associated with severe cognitive impairment, which is in line with the acceleration of Αβ production in an AD mouse model with bone-specific overexpression of sclerostin. Thus, we demonstrate osteocyte-derived sclerostin-mediated bone-brain crosstalk, which could serve as a target for developing therapeutic interventions against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Shi
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
| | - Siyu Shen
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yong Shi
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qianjin Wang
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guanqun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Xuzhou School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Jiaquan Lin
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yangyufan Wang
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wang Gong
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Shao
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Guiquan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjin Yan
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yuze Ma
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liming Zheng
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianghui Qin
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ke Lu
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Na Liu
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Stone Shi
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qing Jiang
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Baosheng Guo
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
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4
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Sung W, Noh MY, Nahm M, Kim YS, Ki CS, Kim YE, Kim HJ, Kim SH. Progranulin haploinsufficiency mediates cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregation with lysosomal abnormalities in human microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:47. [PMID: 38347588 PMCID: PMC10863104 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency due to progranulin gene (GRN) variants can cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with aberrant TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) accumulation. Despite microglial burden with TDP-43-related pathophysiology, direct microglial TDP-43 pathology has not been clarified yet, only emphasized in neuronal pathology. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate TDP-43 pathology in microglia of patients with PGRN haploinsufficiency. METHODS To design a human microglial cell model with PGRN haploinsufficiency, monocyte-derived microglia (iMGs) were generated from FTD-GRN patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (p.M1? and p.W147*) and three healthy controls. RESULTS iMGs from FTD-GRN patients with PGRN deficiency exhibited severe neuroinflammation phenotype and failure to maintain their homeostatic molecular signatures, along with impaired phagocytosis. In FTD-GRN patients-derived iMGs, significant cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregation and accumulation of lipid droplets with profound lysosomal abnormalities were observed. These pathomechanisms were mediated by complement C1q activation and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides considerable cellular and molecular evidence that loss-of-function variants of GRN in human microglia can cause microglial dysfunction with abnormal TDP-43 aggregation induced by inflammatory milieu as well as the impaired lysosome. Elucidating the role of microglial TDP-43 pathology in intensifying neuroinflammation in individuals with FTD due to PGRN deficiency and examining consequential effects on microglial dysfunction might yield novel insights into the mechanisms underlying FTD and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjae Sung
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Noh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyeop Nahm
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Terzioglu G, Young-Pearse TL. Microglial function, INPP5D/SHIP1 signaling, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:89. [PMID: 38017562 PMCID: PMC10685641 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genetic studies on Alzheimer's disease (AD) have brought microglia under the spotlight, as loci associated with AD risk are enriched in genes expressed in microglia. Several of these genes have been recognized for their central roles in microglial functions. Increasing evidence suggests that SHIP1, the protein encoded by the AD-associated gene INPP5D, is an important regulator of microglial phagocytosis and immune response. A recent study from our group identified SHIP1 as a negative regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human iPSC-derived microglial cells (iMGs). In addition, we found evidence for a connection between SHIP1 activity and inflammasome activation in the AD brain. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that induces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines as part of innate immune responses against pathogens and endogenous damage signals. Previously published studies have suggested that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in AD and contributes to AD-related pathology. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome in the context of AD-related inflammation. We then review the known intracellular functions of SHIP1, including its role in phosphoinositide signaling, interactions with microglial phagocytic receptors such as TREM2 and evidence for its intersection with NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Through rigorous examination of the intricate connections between microglial signaling pathways across several experimental systems and postmortem analyses, the field will be better equipped to tailor newly emerging therapeutic strategies targeting microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Terzioglu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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6
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Yoo Y, Neumayer G, Shibuya Y, Mader MMD, Wernig M. A cell therapy approach to restore microglial Trem2 function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1043-1053.e6. [PMID: 37541210 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains one of the grand challenges facing human society. Much controversy exists around the complex and multifaceted pathogenesis of this prevalent disease. Given strong human genetic evidence, there is little doubt, however, that microglia play an important role in preventing degeneration of neurons. For example, loss of function of the microglial gene Trem2 renders microglia dysfunctional and causes an early-onset neurodegenerative syndrome, and Trem2 variants are among the strongest genetic risk factors for AD. Thus, restoring microglial function represents a rational therapeutic approach. Here, we show that systemic hematopoietic cell transplantation followed by enhancement of microglia replacement restores microglial function in a Trem2 mutant mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Yoo
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gernot Neumayer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yohei Shibuya
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marius Marc-Daniel Mader
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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7
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Biundo F, Chitu V, Gökhan Ş, Chen E, Oppong-Asare J, Stanley ER. Trem2 Enhances Demyelination in the Csf1r+/- Mouse Model of Leukoencephalopathy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2094. [PMID: 37626591 PMCID: PMC10452898 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R)-related leukoencephalopathy (CRL) is a neurodegenerative disease that triggers early demyelination, leading to an adult-onset dementia. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is a microglial receptor that promotes the activation of microglia and phagocytic clearance of apoptotic neurons and myelin debris. We investigated the role of Trem2 in the demyelination observed in the Csf1r+/- mouse model of CRL. We show that elevation of Trem2 expression and callosal demyelination occur in 4-5-month-old Csf1r+/- mice, prior to the development of symptoms. Absence of Trem2 in the Csf1r+/- mouse attenuated myelin pathology and normalized microglial densities and morphology in the corpus callosum. Trem2 absence also prevented axonal degeneration and the loss of cortical layer V neurons observed in Csf1r+/- mice. Furthermore, the absence of Trem2 prevented the accumulation of myelin-derived lipids in Csf1r+/- macrophages and reduced the production of TNF-α after myelin engulfment. These data suggest that TREM2 contributes to microglial dyshomeostasis in CRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Şölen Gökhan
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Edward Chen
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jude Oppong-Asare
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - E. Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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8
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Petry P, Oschwald A, Kierdorf K. Microglial tissue surveillance: The never-resting gardener in the developing and adult CNS. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250232. [PMID: 37042800 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunosurveillance by microglia is a dynamic process in the central nervous system (CNS) with versatile functions to maintain tissue homeostasis and provide immune defense. A tightly controlled microglia network throughout the CNS parenchyma facilitates efficient immunosurveillance, where each cell guards a certain tissue territory. Each cell is constantly surveilling its environment and the surrounding cells, screening for pathogens but also removing cell debris and metabolites, grooming neighboring cells and facilitating cellular crosstalk. In the absence of inflammation, this "tissue surveillance" by microglia presents an essential process for CNS homeostasis and development. In this review, we provide a summary on different tissue surveillance functions mediated by microglia, the underlying molecular machineries, and how defects, such as genetic mutations, can alter these surveillance mechanisms and cause disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Petry
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Oschwald
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Tateishi H, Matsushima J, Kunitake H, Imamura Y, Kunitake Y, Murakawa T, Mawatari S, Kojima R, Fujii Y, Kikuchi J, Fukuchi J, Sakemura Y, Shiraishi T, Nagahama C, Maekawa T, Asami T, Mizoguchi Y, Monji A. Serum soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 was not altered by rTMS in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2023; 43:222-227. [PMID: 36907597 PMCID: PMC10275288 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is one of the most effective and minimally invasive treatments for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of rTMS in patients with TRD remains unclear. In recent years, the pathogenesis of depression has been closely associated with chronic inflammation and microglia are believed to play an important role in chronic inflammation. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) plays an important role in microglial neuroinflammatory regulation. In this study, we investigated the changes in peripheral soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) before and after rTMS treatment in patients with TRD. METHODS Twenty-six patients with TRD were enrolled in this frequency (10 Hz) rTMS study. Depressive symptoms, cognitive function, and serum sTREM2 concentrations were measured at baseline and the end of the 6-week rTMS treatment. RESULTS This study showed that rTMS ameliorated depressive symptoms and partially improved cognitive dysfunction in TRD. However, rTMS treatment did not alter serum sTREM2 levels. CONCLUSIONS This is the first sTREM2 study in patients with TRD who underwent rTMS treatment. These results suggest that serum sTREM2 may not be relevant for the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of rTMS in patients with TRD. Future studies should confirm the present findings using a larger patient sample and a sham rTMS procedure, as well as CSF sTREM2. Furthermore, a longitudinal study should be conducted to clarify the effects of rTMS on sTREM2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tateishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Jun Matsushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Hiroko Kunitake
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Yoshiomi Imamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Yutaka Kunitake
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Toru Murakawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Seiji Mawatari
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Ryohei Kojima
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Yuka Fujii
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Junko Fukuchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Yuta Sakemura
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Takumi Shiraishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Chika Nagahama
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Toshihiko Maekawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Toyoko Asami
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineSaga University HospitalSagaJapan
| | - Yoshito Mizoguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Akira Monji
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
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10
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Monfrini E, Arienti F, Rinchetti P, Lotti F, Riboldi GM. Brain Calcifications: Genetic, Molecular, and Clinical Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108995. [PMID: 37240341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many conditions can present with accumulation of calcium in the brain and manifest with a variety of neurological symptoms. Brain calcifications can be primary (idiopathic or genetic) or secondary to various pathological conditions (e.g., calcium-phosphate metabolism derangement, autoimmune disorders and infections, among others). A set of causative genes associated with primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) has now been identified, and include genes such as SLC20A2, PDGFB, PDGFRB, XPR1, MYORG, and JAM2. However, many more genes are known to be linked with complex syndromes characterized by brain calcifications and additional neurologic and systemic manifestations. Of note, many of these genes encode for proteins involved in cerebrovascular and blood-brain barrier functions, which both represent key anatomical structures related to these pathological phenomena. As a growing number of genes associated with brain calcifications is identified, pathways involved in these conditions are beginning to be understood. Our comprehensive review of the genetic, molecular, and clinical aspects of brain calcifications offers a framework for clinicians and researchers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Monfrini
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Arienti
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rinchetti
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases, Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Francesco Lotti
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases, Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Giulietta M Riboldi
- The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10017, USA
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11
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Brase L, You SF, D'Oliveira Albanus R, Del-Aguila JL, Dai Y, Novotny BC, Soriano-Tarraga C, Dykstra T, Fernandez MV, Budde JP, Bergmann K, Morris JC, Bateman RJ, Perrin RJ, McDade E, Xiong C, Goate AM, Farlow M, Sutherland GT, Kipnis J, Karch CM, Benitez BA, Harari O. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing of autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease and risk variant carriers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2314. [PMID: 37085492 PMCID: PMC10121712 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies of Alzheimer disease (AD) have prioritized variants in genes related to the amyloid cascade, lipid metabolism, and neuroimmune modulation. However, the cell-specific effect of variants in these genes is not fully understood. Here, we perform single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) on nearly 300,000 nuclei from the parietal cortex of AD autosomal dominant (APP and PSEN1) and risk-modifying variant (APOE, TREM2 and MS4A) carriers. Within individual cell types, we capture genes commonly dysregulated across variant groups. However, specific transcriptional states are more prevalent within variant carriers. TREM2 oligodendrocytes show a dysregulated autophagy-lysosomal pathway, MS4A microglia have dysregulated complement cascade genes, and APOEε4 inhibitory neurons display signs of ferroptosis. All cell types have enriched states in autosomal dominant carriers. We leverage differential expression and single-nucleus ATAC-seq to map GWAS signals to effector cell types including the NCK2 signal to neurons in addition to the initially proposed microglia. Overall, our results provide insights into the transcriptional diversity resulting from AD genetic architecture and cellular heterogeneity. The data can be explored on the online browser ( http://web.hararilab.org/SNARE/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Brase
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shih-Feng You
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ricardo D'Oliveira Albanus
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Yaoyi Dai
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brenna C Novotny
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carolina Soriano-Tarraga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Taitea Dykstra
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maria Victoria Fernandez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John P Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kristy Bergmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard J Perrin
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric McDade
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Greg T Sutherland
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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12
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Mordelt A, de Witte LD. Microglia-mediated synaptic pruning as a key deficit in neurodevelopmental disorders: Hype or hope? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 79:102674. [PMID: 36657237 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a consensus in the field that microglia play a prominent role in neurodevelopmental processes like synaptic pruning and neuronal network maturation. Thus, a current momentum of associating microglia deficits with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) emerged. This concept is challenged by rodent studies and clinical data. Intriguingly, reduced numbers of microglia or altered microglial functions do not necessarily lead to overt NDD phenotypes, and neuropsychiatric symptoms seem to develop primarily in adulthood. Hence, it remains open for discussion whether microglia are truly indispensable for healthy neurodevelopment. Here, we critically discuss the role of microglia in synaptic pruning and highlight area- and age dependency. We propose an updated model of microglia-mediated synaptic pruning in the context of NDDs and discuss the potential of targeting microglia for treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Mordelt
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Ahmad I, Subramani M. Microglia: Friends or Foes in Glaucoma? A Developmental Perspective. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:1210-1218. [PMID: 36426733 PMCID: PMC9801300 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the most prevalent form of optic neuropathy where a progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leads to irreversible loss of vision. The mechanism underlying glaucomatous degeneration remains poorly understood. However, evidence suggests that microglia, which regulate RGC numbers and synaptic integrity during development and provide homeostatic support in adults, may contribute to the disease process. Hence, microglia represent a valid cellular target for therapeutic approaches in glaucoma. Here, we provide an overview of the role of microglia in RGC development and degeneration in the backdrop of neurogenesis and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system and discuss how pathological recapitulation of microglia-mediated developmental mechanisms may help initiate or exacerbate glaucomatous degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- Corresponding author: Iqbal Ahmad, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Murali Subramani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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14
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Berdyński M, Ludwiczak J, Barczak A, Barcikowska-Kotowicz M, Kuźma-Kozakiewicz M, Dunin-Horkawicz S, Żekanowski C, Borzemska B. TREM2 Gene Compound Heterozygosity in Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:1211-1219. [PMID: 36031890 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homozygous variants of the TREM2 and TYROBP genes have been shown to be causative for multiple bone cysts and neurodegeneration leading to progressive dementia (NHD, Nasu-Hakola disease). OBJECTIVE To determine if biallelic variants of these genes and/or oligogenic inheritance could be responsible for a wider spectrum of neurodegenerative conditions. METHODS We analyzed 52 genes associated with neurodegenerative disorders using targeted next generation sequencing in a selected group of 29 patients (n = 14 Alzheimer's disease, n = 8 frontotemporal dementia, n = 7 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) carrying diverse already determined rare variants in exon 2 of TREM2. Molecular modeling was used to get an insight into the potential effects of the mutation. RESULTS We identified a novel mutation c.401_406delinsTCTAT; p.(Asp134Valfs*55) in exon 3 of TREM2 in an Alzheimer's disease patient also carrying the p.Arg62His TREM2 variant. Molecular modeling revealed that the identified mutation prevents anchoring of the TREM2 protein in the membrane, leaving the core of the Ig-like domain intact. CONCLUSION Our results expand the spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases, where the carriers of biallelic mutations in TREM2 have been described for Alzheimer's disease, and highlight the impact of variant burden in other genes on phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Berdyński
- Department of Neurogenetics and Functional Genomics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Ludwiczak
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Barczak
- Rare Diseases Research Platform, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Kuźma-Kozakiewicz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Dunin-Horkawicz
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Żekanowski
- Department of Neurogenetics and Functional Genomics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Borzemska
- Department of Neurogenetics and Functional Genomics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Bianchin MM, Snow Z. Primary microglia dysfunction or microgliopathy: A cause of dementias and other neurological or psychiatric disorders. Neuroscience 2022; 497:324-339. [PMID: 35760218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are unique cells in the central nervous system (CNS), being considered a sub-type of CNS macrophage. These cells monitor nearby micro-regions, having roles that far exceed immunological and scavengering functions, being fundamental for developing, protecting and maintaining the integrity of grey and white matter. Microglia might become dysfunctional, causing abnormal CNS functioning early or late in the life of patients, leading to neurologic or psychiatric disorders and premature death in some patients. Observations that the impairment of normal microglia function per se could lead to neurological or psychiatric diseases have been mainly obtained from genetic and molecular studies of Nasu-Hakola disease, caused by TYROBP or TREM2 mutations, and from studies of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (ALSP), caused by CSF1R mutations. These classical microgliopathies are being named here Microgliopathy Type I. Recently, mutations in TREM2 have also been associated with Alzheimer Disease. However, in Alzheimer Disease TREM2 allele variants lead to an impaired, but functional TREM2 protein, so that patients do not develop Nasu-Hakola disease but are at increased risk to develop other neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer Disease is the prototype of the neurodegenerative disorders associated with these TREM2 variants, named here the Microgliopathies Type II. Here, we review clinical, pathological and some molecular aspects of human diseases associated with primary microglia dysfunctions and briefly comment some possible therapeutic approaches to theses microgliopathies. We hope that our review might update the interesting discussion about the impact of intrinsic microglia dysfunctions in the genesis of some pathologic processes of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino Muxfeldt Bianchin
- Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences (BRAIN), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Centro de Tratamento de Epilepsia Refratária (CETER), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Division of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Zhezu Snow
- Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences (BRAIN), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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16
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Ferrer I. The Primary Microglial Leukodystrophies: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116341. [PMID: 35683020 PMCID: PMC9181167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary microglial leukodystrophy or leukoencephalopathy are disorders in which a genetic defect linked to microglia causes cerebral white matter damage. Pigmented orthochromatic leukodystrophy, adult-onset orthochromatic leukodystrophy associated with pigmented macrophages, hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with (axonal) spheroids, and adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) are different terms apparently used to designate the same disease. However, ALSP linked to dominantly inherited mutations in CSF1R (colony stimulating factor receptor 1) cause CSF-1R-related leukoencephalopathy (CRP). Yet, recessive ALSP with ovarian failure linked to AARS2 (alanyl-transfer (t)RNA synthase 2) mutations (LKENP) is a mitochondrial disease and not a primary microglial leukoencephalopathy. Polycystic membranous lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (PLOSL; Nasu–Hakola disease: NHD) is a systemic disease affecting bones, cerebral white matter, selected grey nuclei, and adipose tissue The disease is caused by mutations of one of the two genes TYROBP or TREM2, identified as PLOSL1 and PLOSL2, respectively. TYROBP associates with receptors expressed in NK cells, B and T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and microglia. TREM2 encodes the protein TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2), which forms a receptor signalling complex with TYROBP in macrophages and dendritic cells. Rather than pure microglial leukoencephalopathy, NHD can be considered a multisystemic “immunological” disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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17
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Papapetropoulos S, Pontius A, Finger E, Karrenbauer V, Lynch DS, Brennan M, Zappia S, Koehler W, Schoels L, Hayer SN, Konno T, Ikeuchi T, Lund T, Orthmann-Murphy J, Eichler F, Wszolek ZK. Adult-Onset Leukoencephalopathy With Axonal Spheroids and Pigmented Glia: Review of Clinical Manifestations as Foundations for Therapeutic Development. Front Neurol 2022; 12:788168. [PMID: 35185751 PMCID: PMC8850408 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.788168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive review of published literature was conducted to elucidate the genetics, neuropathology, imaging findings, prevalence, clinical course, diagnosis/clinical evaluation, potential biomarkers, and current and proposed treatments for adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP), a rare, debilitating, and life-threatening neurodegenerative disorder for which disease-modifying therapies are not currently available. Details on potential efficacy endpoints for future interventional clinical trials in patients with ALSP and data related to the burden of the disease on patients and caregivers were also reviewed. The information in this position paper lays a foundation to establish an effective clinical rationale and address the clinical gaps for creation of a robust strategy to develop therapeutic agents for ALSP, as well as design future clinical trials, that have clinically meaningful and convergent endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros Papapetropoulos
- Vigil Neuroscience, Inc, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth Finger
- Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Virginija Karrenbauer
- Neurology Medical Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David S. Lynch
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Ludger Schoels
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie N. Hayer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Takuya Konno
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Troy Lund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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18
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Nemes-Baran AD, White DR, DeSilva TM. Fractalkine-Dependent Microglial Pruning of Viable Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Regulates Myelination. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108047. [PMID: 32814050 PMCID: PMC7478853 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrogenesis occurs during early postnatal development, coincident with neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, raising the possibility that microglia-dependent pruning mechanisms that modulate neurons regulate myelin sheath formation. Here we show a population of ameboid microglia migrating from the ventricular zone into the corpus callosum during early postnatal development, termed “the fountain of microglia,” phagocytosing viable oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) before onset of myelination. Fractalkine receptor-deficient mice exhibit a reduction in microglial engulfment of viable OPCs, increased numbers of oligodendrocytes, and reduced myelin thickness but no change in axon number. These data provide evidence that microglia phagocytose OPCs as a homeostatic mechanism for proper myelination. A hallmark of hypomyelinating developmental disorders such as periventricular leukomalacia and of adult demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis is increased numbers of oligodendrocytes but failure to myelinate, suggesting that microglial pruning of OPCs may be impaired in pathological states and hinder myelination. Nemes-Baran et al. show that ameboid microglia engulf living oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) during brain development. Fractalkine receptor-deficient microglia exhibit a reduction in engulfment of OPCs, resulting in a surplus of oligodendrocytes and impaired myelination. These data provide evidence that microglia phagocytose OPCs as a homeostatic mechanism required for normal myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Nemes-Baran
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Donovan R White
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tara M DeSilva
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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19
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Du X, Penalva R, Little K, Kissenpfennig A, Chen M, Xu H. Deletion of Socs3 in LysM + cells and Cx3cr1 resulted in age-dependent development of retinal microgliopathy. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:9. [PMID: 33602265 PMCID: PMC7891019 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We generated a mouse model of primary microglial dysfunction by deleting two negative immune regulatory genes, Cx3cr1 and Socs3 (in LysM+ cells). This study aimed to understand how primary microglial dysfunction impacts retinal neurons during aging. METHODS The LysMCre-Socs3fl/flCx3cr1gfp/gfp double knockout (DKO), LysMCre-Socs3fl/fl, Cx3cr1gfp/gfp and Socs3fl/fl mice were maintained up to 12 months. Eyes were collected and processed for immunohistochemistry of IBA-1, cone arrestin, secretagogin, PKCα and GABA. Brain microglia from DKO and WT mice were stimulated with LPS + IFN-γ or IL-4. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, IL-12p40, IL-23p19, CCL2, CCL5, CXCL2, IL-10, CD206 and Arg1 were examined by qRT-PCR and protein production was measured by Luminex assay. Retinal explants from C57BL/6 J mice were co-cultured with microglia from DKO or WT mice for 24 h, after which the number of cone arrestin+ cells in retinal flatmount were quantified. RESULTS In 3-5 month old mice, the number of microglia in retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) were comparable in all strains of mice. The DKO mice had a significantly higher number of microglia in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) but significantly lower numbers of cone arrestin+, secretagogin+ and GABA+ cells compared to Socs3fl/fl and single KO mice. During aging, 57% of the DKO mice died before 12 months old. The 10-12 months old DKO mice had significantly higher numbers of microglia in GCL/IPL and OPL than age-matched Socs3fl/fl and single KO mice. The aged DKO mice developed retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) dysmorphology accompanied by subretinal microglial accumulation. The number of photoreceptors, bipolar cells (Secretagogin+ or PKCα+) and GABA+ amacrine cells was significantly lower in aged DKO mice compared to age-matched Socs3fl/fl and single KO mice. Microglia from DKO mice showed significantly higher levels of phagocytic activity and produced higher levels of TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2, CCL5, CXCL2 and CXCL10 compared to microglia from Socs3fl/fl mice. Co-culture of retinal explants with LPS + IFN-γ or IL-4 pre-treated DKO microglia significantly reduced cone photoreceptor survival. CONCLUSIONS The LysMCre-Socs3fl/flCx3cr1gfp/gfp DKO mice displayed primary microglial dysfunction and developed age-related retinal microgliopathy characterized by aggragated microglial activation and multiple retinal neuronal and RPE degeneration. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable. The article does not contain any results from human participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Du
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Rosana Penalva
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Karis Little
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Adrien Kissenpfennig
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mei Chen
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Heping Xu
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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20
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Safaiyan S, Besson-Girard S, Kaya T, Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Liu L, Ji H, Schifferer M, Gouna G, Usifo F, Kannaiyan N, Fitzner D, Xiang X, Rossner MJ, Brendel M, Gokce O, Simons M. White matter aging drives microglial diversity. Neuron 2021; 109:1100-1117.e10. [PMID: 33606969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging results in gray and white matter degeneration, but the specific microglial responses are unknown. Using single-cell RNA sequencing from white and gray matter separately, we identified white matter-associated microglia (WAMs), which share parts of the disease-associated microglia (DAM) gene signature and are characterized by activation of genes implicated in phagocytic activity and lipid metabolism. WAMs depend on triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) signaling and are aging dependent. In the aged brain, WAMs form independent of apolipoprotein E (APOE), in contrast to mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, in which microglia with the WAM gene signature are generated prematurely and in an APOE-dependent pathway similar to DAMs. Within the white matter, microglia frequently cluster in nodules, where they are engaged in clearing degenerated myelin. Thus, WAMs may represent a potentially protective response required to clear degenerated myelin accumulating during white matter aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Safaiyan
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Besson-Girard
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tuğberk Kaya
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hao Ji
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Schifferer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Garyfallia Gouna
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Fumere Usifo
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nirmal Kannaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Fitzner
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xianyuan Xiang
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz J Rossner
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ozgun Gokce
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany.
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21
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Lee JW, Lee IH, Iimura T, Kong SW. Two macrophages, osteoclasts and microglia: from development to pleiotropy. Bone Res 2021; 9:11. [PMID: 33568650 PMCID: PMC7875961 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are highly specialized to their tissue-specific microenvironments, activated by various inflammatory signals and modulated by genetic and environmental factors. Osteoclasts and microglia are distinct tissue-resident cells of the macrophage lineage in bone and brain that are responsible for pathological changes in osteoporosis and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), respectively. Osteoporosis is more frequently observed in individuals with AD compared to the prevalence in general population. Diagnosis of AD is often delayed until underlying pathophysiological changes progress and cause irreversible damages in structure and function of brain. As such earlier diagnosis and intervention of individuals at higher risk would be indispensable to modify clinical courses. Pleiotropy is the phenomenon that a genetic variant affects multiple traits and the genetic correlation between two traits could suggest a shared molecular mechanism. In this review, we discuss that the Pyk2-mediated actin polymerization pathway in osteoclasts and microglia in bone and brain, respectively, is the horizontal pleiotropic mediator of shared risk factors for osteoporosis and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - In-Hee Lee
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tadahiro Iimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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22
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Martins-Ferreira R, Leal B, Costa PP, Ballestar E. Microglial innate memory and epigenetic reprogramming in neurological disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 200:101971. [PMID: 33309803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are myeloid-derived cells recognized as brain-resident macrophages. They act as the first and main line of immune defense in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia have high phenotypic plasticity and are essential for regulating healthy brain homeostasis, and their dysregulation underlies the onset and progression of several CNS pathologies through impaired inflammatory responses. Aberrant microglial activation, following an inflammatory insult, is associated with epigenetic dysregulation in various CNS pathologies. Emerging data suggest that certain stimuli to myeloid cells determine enhanced or attenuated responses to subsequent stimuli. These phenomena, generally termed innate immune memory (IIM), are highly dependent on epigenetic reprogramming. Microglial priming has been reported in several neurological diseases and corresponds to a state of increased permissiveness or exacerbated response, promoted by continuous exposure to a chronic pro-inflammatory environment. In this article, we provide extensive evidence of these epigenetic-mediated phenomena under neurological conditions and discuss their contribution to pathogenesis and their clinical implications, including those concerning potential novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Martins-Ferreira
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Research Institute (IJC), 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Immunogenetics Lab, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS-UPorto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Barbara Leal
- Immunogenetics Lab, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS-UPorto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pinho Costa
- Immunogenetics Lab, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS-UPorto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Esteban Ballestar
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Research Institute (IJC), 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
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23
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Morse SV, Boltersdorf T, Chan TG, Gavins FNE, Choi JJ, Long NJ. In vivo delivery of a fluorescent FPR2/ALX-targeted probe using focused ultrasound and microbubbles to image activated microglia. RSC Chem Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00140f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted imaging agent labels activated microglia when delivered into the brain with focused ultrasound and microbubbles – a tool to investigate inflammation in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamara Boltersdorf
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London
- UK
| | - Tiffany G. Chan
- Department of Bioengineering
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - James J. Choi
- Department of Bioengineering
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London
- UK
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24
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Stadelmann C, Timmler S, Barrantes-Freer A, Simons M. Myelin in the Central Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Pathology. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1381-1431. [PMID: 31066630 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes generate multiple layers of myelin membrane around axons of the central nervous system to enable fast and efficient nerve conduction. Until recently, saltatory nerve conduction was considered the only purpose of myelin, but it is now clear that myelin has more functions. In fact, myelinating oligodendrocytes are embedded in a vast network of interconnected glial and neuronal cells, and increasing evidence supports an active role of oligodendrocytes within this assembly, for example, by providing metabolic support to neurons, by regulating ion and water homeostasis, and by adapting to activity-dependent neuronal signals. The molecular complexity governing these interactions requires an in-depth molecular understanding of how oligodendrocytes and axons interact and how they generate, maintain, and remodel their myelin sheaths. This review deals with the biology of myelin, the expanded relationship of myelin with its underlying axons and the neighboring cells, and its disturbances in various diseases such as multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Furthermore, we will highlight how specific interactions between astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia contribute to demyelination in hereditary white matter pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
| | - Sebastian Timmler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
| | - Alonso Barrantes-Freer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
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25
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Oosterhof N, Chang IJ, Karimiani EG, Kuil LE, Jensen DM, Daza R, Young E, Astle L, van der Linde HC, Shivaram GM, Demmers J, Latimer CS, Keene CD, Loter E, Maroofian R, van Ham TJ, Hevner RF, Bennett JT. Homozygous Mutations in CSF1R Cause a Pediatric-Onset Leukoencephalopathy and Can Result in Congenital Absence of Microglia. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:936-947. [PMID: 30982608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are CNS-resident macrophages that scavenge debris and regulate immune responses. Proliferation and development of macrophages, including microglia, requires Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R), a gene previously associated with a dominant adult-onset neurological condition (adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia). Here, we report two unrelated individuals with homozygous CSF1R mutations whose presentation was distinct from ALSP. Post-mortem examination of an individual with a homozygous splice mutation (c.1754-1G>C) demonstrated several structural brain anomalies, including agenesis of corpus callosum. Immunostaining demonstrated almost complete absence of microglia within this brain, suggesting that it developed in the absence of microglia. The second individual had a homozygous missense mutation (c.1929C>A [p.His643Gln]) and presented with developmental delay and epilepsy in childhood. We analyzed a zebrafish model (csf1rDM) lacking Csf1r function and found that their brains also lacked microglia and had reduced levels of CUX1, a neuronal transcription factor. CUX1+ neurons were also reduced in sections of homozygous CSF1R mutant human brain, identifying an evolutionarily conserved role for CSF1R signaling in production or maintenance of CUX1+ neurons. Since a large fraction of CUX1+ neurons project callosal axons, we speculate that microglia deficiency may contribute to agenesis of the corpus callosum via reduction in CUX1+ neurons. Our results suggest that CSF1R is required for human brain development and establish the csf1rDM fish as a model for microgliopathies. In addition, our results exemplify an under-recognized form of phenotypic expansion, in which genes associated with well-recognized, dominant conditions produce different phenotypes when biallelically mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Oosterhof
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irene J Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Laura E Kuil
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dana M Jensen
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ray Daza
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Erica Young
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Lee Astle
- Department of Laboratory and Pathology, Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Herma C van der Linde
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caitlin S Latimer
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Emily Loter
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK; Department of Neuromuscular Disorders and Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tjakko J van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James T Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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26
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Anderson SR, Vetter ML. Developmental roles of microglia: A window into mechanisms of disease. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:98-117. [PMID: 30444278 PMCID: PMC6328295 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are engineers of the central nervous system (CNS) both in health and disease. In addition to the canonical immunological roles of clearing damaging entities and limiting the spread of toxicity and death, microglia remodel the CNS throughout life. While they have been extensively studied in disease and injury, due to their highly variable functions, their precise role in these contexts still remains uncertain. Over the past decade, we have greatly expanded our understanding of microglial function, including their essential homeostatic roles during development. Here, we review these developmental roles, identify parallels in disease, and speculate whether developmental mechanisms re-emerge in disease and injury. Developmental Dynamics 248:98-117, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Anderson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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27
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Linnartz-Gerlach B, Bodea LG, Klaus C, Ginolhac A, Halder R, Sinkkonen L, Walter J, Colonna M, Neumann H. TREM2 triggers microglial density and age-related neuronal loss. Glia 2018; 67:539-550. [PMID: 30548312 PMCID: PMC6590266 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) signals via the activatory membrane adaptor molecule TYROBP. Genetic variants or mutations of TREM2 or TYROBP have been linked to inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging. The typical aging process goes along with microglial changes and mild neuronal loss, but the exact contribution of TREM2 is still unclear. Aged TREM2 knock‐out mice showed decreased age‐related neuronal loss in the substantia nigra and the hippocampus. Transcriptomic analysis of the brains of 24 months old TREM2 knock‐out mice revealed 211 differentially expressed genes mostly downregulated and associated with complement activation and oxidative stress response pathways. Consistently, 24 months old TREM2 knock‐out mice showed lower transcription of microglial (Aif1 and Tmem119), oxidative stress markers (Inos, Cyba, and Cybb) and complement components (C1qa, C1qb, C1qc, C3, C4b, Itgam, and Itgb2), decreased microglial numbers and expression of the microglial activation marker Cd68, as well as accumulation of oxidized lipids. Cultured microglia of TREM2 knock‐out mice showed reduced phagocytosis and oxidative burst. Thus, microglial TREM2 contributes to age‐related microglial changes, phagocytic oxidative burst, and loss of neurons with possible detrimental effects during physiological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Linnartz-Gerlach
- Neural Regeneration, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University Hospital of Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Liviu-Gabriel Bodea
- Neural Regeneration, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University Hospital of Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christine Klaus
- Neural Regeneration, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University Hospital of Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aurélien Ginolhac
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Rashi Halder
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Lasse Sinkkonen
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marco Colonna
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Immunology, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Harald Neumann
- Neural Regeneration, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University Hospital of Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Konno T, Kasanuki K, Ikeuchi T, Dickson DW, Wszolek ZK. CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy: A major player in primary microgliopathies. Neurology 2018; 91:1092-1104. [PMID: 30429277 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of CSF1R gene mutations in families with hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids in 2012, more than 70 different mutations have been identified around the world. Through the analyses of mutation carriers, CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy has been distinctly characterized clinically, radiologically, and pathologically. Typically, patients present with frontotemporal dementia-like phenotype in their 40s-50s, accompanied by motor symptoms, including pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs. Women tend to develop the clinical symptoms at a younger age than men. On brain imaging, in addition to white matter abnormalities, thinning of the corpus callosum, diffusion-restricted lesions in the white matter, and brain calcifications are hallmarks. Primary axonopathy followed by demyelination was suggested by pathology. Haploinsufficiency of colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) is evident in a patient with a frameshift mutation, facilitating the establishment of Csf1r haploinsufficient mouse model. These mice develop clinical, radiologic, and pathologic phenotypes consistent with those of human patients with CSF1R mutations. In vitro, perturbation of CSF1R signaling is shown in cultured cells expressing mutant CSF1R. However, the underlying mechanisms by which CSF1R mutations selectively lead to white matter degeneration remains to be elucidated. Given that CSF1R mainly expresses in microglia, CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy is representative of primary microgliopathies, of which microglia have a pivotal and primary role in pathogenesis. In this review, we address the current knowledge of CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy and discuss the putative pathophysiology, with a focus on microglia, as well as future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Konno
- From the Departments of Neurology (T.K., Z.K.W.) and Neuroscience (K.K., D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.I.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan. Dr. Konno is currently with the Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Koji Kasanuki
- From the Departments of Neurology (T.K., Z.K.W.) and Neuroscience (K.K., D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.I.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan. Dr. Konno is currently with the Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- From the Departments of Neurology (T.K., Z.K.W.) and Neuroscience (K.K., D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.I.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan. Dr. Konno is currently with the Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- From the Departments of Neurology (T.K., Z.K.W.) and Neuroscience (K.K., D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.I.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan. Dr. Konno is currently with the Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Zbigniew K Wszolek
- From the Departments of Neurology (T.K., Z.K.W.) and Neuroscience (K.K., D.W.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Molecular Genetics (T.I.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan. Dr. Konno is currently with the Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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Köseoğlu E, Tepgeç F, Yetkin MF, Uyguner O, Ekinci A, Abdülrezzak Ü, Hanağasi H. Nasu Hakola Disease: A Rare Cause of Dementia and Cystic Bone Lesions, Report of a New Turkish Family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 55:98-102. [PMID: 30042649 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2017.19484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of young-onset progressive dementia is an issue that requires effort. Recording the family history and careful clinical evaluation are useful tools in the diagnosis. In case of genetic bases, definitive diagnosis requires molecular analysis. We report consanguineous two patients presenting with young-onset progressive dementia characterized by behavioral changes and with bone cysts. Concomitant bone pathology and inheritance pattern directed us to investigate TREM2 gene, for differential diagnosis, which resulted with the identification of a causative mutation that confirmed the diagnosis of Nasu Hakola disease. The mutation (c.113A>G) is the same for a Turkish family with Nasu Hakola disease reported before. But the presence of bone cysts and absence of epilepsy in our patients are the different findings. Molecular analysis should be considered in patients with young age onset behavioral and cognitive deficits, with white matter lesions in brain magnetic resonance imaging, if especially associated with cystic bone lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Köseoğlu
- Department of Neurology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fatih Tepgeç
- Department of Molecular Genetics, İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Yetkin
- Department of Neurology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Oya Uyguner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayten Ekinci
- Department of Psychology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ümmühan Abdülrezzak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Haşmet Hanağasi
- Department of Neurology, İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Ontogeny and homeostasis of CNS myeloid cells. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:385-392. [PMID: 28323268 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells in the central nervous system (CNS) represent a heterogeneous class of innate immune cells that contribute to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis differentially during development and adulthood. The subsets of CNS myeloid cells identified so far, including parenchymal microglia and non-parenchymal meningeal, perivascular and choroid-plexus macrophages, as well as disease-associated monocytes, have classically been distinguished on the basis of their surface epitope expression, localization and morphology. However, studies using cell-specific targeting, in vivo imaging, single-cell expression analysis and other sophisticated tools have now increased the depth of knowledge of this immune-cell compartment and call for reevaluation of the traditional views on the origin, fate and function of distinct CNS myeloid subsets. The concepts of CNS macrophage biology that are emerging from these new insights have broad implications for the understanding and treatment of CNS diseases.
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A novel mutation in TREM2 gene causing Nasu-Hakola disease and review of the literature. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 53:194.e13-194.e22. [PMID: 28214109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nasu-hakola disease (NHD) is a rare disease characterized by bone cysts and fractures, frontal lobe syndrome, and progressive presenile dementia. NHD may be the prototype of primary microglial disorders of the CNS or, as they have been coined, "microgliopathies". Mutations in TREM2 and TYROBP genes are known to cause NHD. Interestingly, recent evidence-associated rare genetic variants of TREM2 gene with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. Here, we report a 33-year-old Greek female with phenotype suggestive of NHD. Full gene sequencing of the TREM2 and TYROBP genes revealed a novel mutation in exon 2 of TREM2 gene, namely c.244G>T (p.W50C) and heterozygosity in the parents and her brother. This report extends the range of TREM2 mutations that cause NHD phenotype. In addition, we provide a comprehensive review of all reported in the literature TREM2 gene mutations and the respective wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that highlights the importance of considering TREM2 gene mutations in a variety of neurodegenerative phenotypes.
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32
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Salsano E. Leukodystrophy or genetic leukoencephalopathy? Nature does not make leaps. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:491-3. [PMID: 25748346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Salsano
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," via Celoria 11, Milano 20133, Italy.
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Edmonson C, Ziats MN, Rennert OM. Altered glial marker expression in autistic post-mortem prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. Mol Autism 2014; 5:3. [PMID: 24410870 PMCID: PMC3914711 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cellular mechanism(s) underlying autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are not completely understood, but ASDs are thought to ultimately result from disrupted synaptogenesis. However, studies have also shown that glial cell numbers and function are abnormal in post-mortem brain tissue from autistic patients. Direct assessment of glial cells in post-mortem human brain tissue is technically challenging, limiting glial research in human ASD studies. Therefore, we attempted to determine if glial cell-type specific markers may be altered in autistic brain tissue in a manner that is consistent with known cellular findings, such that they could serve as a proxy for glial cell numbers and/or activation patterns. Methods We assessed the relative expression of five glial-specific markers and two neuron-specific markers via qRT-PCR. We studied tissue samples from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and cerebellum of nine post-mortem autistic brain samples and nine neurologically-normal controls. Relative fold-change in gene expression was determined using the ΔΔCt method normalized to housekeeping gene β-actin, with a two-tailed Student’s t-test P <0.05 between groups considered as significant. Results Both astrocyte- and microglial-specific markers were significantly more highly expressed in autistic PFC as compared to matched controls, while in the cerebellum only astrocyte markers were elevated in autistic samples. In contrast, neuron-specific markers showed significantly lower expression in both the PFC and cerebellum of autistic patients as compared to controls. Conclusions These results are in line with previous findings showing increased glial cell numbers and up-regulation of glial cell gene expression in autistic post-mortem brain tissue, particularly in the PFC, as well as decreased number of neurons in both the PFC and cerebellum of autistic patients. The concordance of these results with cell-level studies in post-mortem autistic brain tissue suggests that expression of glial cell-type specific markers may serve as a useful alternative to traditional cellular characterization methods, especially when appropriately-preserved post-mortem tissue is lacking. Additionally, these results demonstrate abnormal glial-specific gene expression in autistic brains, supporting previous studies that have observed altered glial cell numbers or activation patterns in ASDs. Future work should directly assess the correlation between cell-type specific marker levels and cell number and activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Edmonson
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Building 49, Room 2C078, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Mark N Ziats
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Building 49, Room 2C078, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,University of Cambridge, Robinson College, Grange Rd, Cambridgeshire CB3 9AN, UK.,Baylor College of Medicine MSTP, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Owen M Rennert
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Building 49, Room 2C078, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Morris GP, Clark IA, Zinn R, Vissel B. Microglia: a new frontier for synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and neurodegenerative disease research. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 105:40-53. [PMID: 23850597 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We focus on emerging roles for microglia in synaptic plasticity, cognition and disease. We outline evidence that ramified microglia, traditionally thought to be functionally "resting" (i.e. quiescent) in the normal brain, in fact are highly dynamic and plastic. Ramified microglia continually and rapidly extend processes, contact synapses in an activity and experience dependent manner, and play a functionally dynamic role in synaptic plasticity, possibly through release of cytokines and growth factors. Ramified microglial also contribute to structural plasticity through the elimination of synapses via phagocytic mechanisms, which is necessary for normal cognition. Microglia have numerous mechanisms to monitor neuronal activity and numerous mechanisms also exist to prevent them transitioning to an activated state, which involves retraction of their surveying processes. Based on the evidence, we suggest that maintaining the ramified state of microglia is essential for normal synaptic and structural plasticity that supports cognition. Further, we propose that change of their ramified morphology and function, as occurs in inflammation associated with numerous neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, disrupts their intricate and essential synaptic functions. In turn altered microglia function could cause synaptic dysfunction and excess synapse loss early in disease, initiating a range of pathologies that follow. We conclude that the future of learning and memory research depends on an understanding of the role of non-neuronal cells and that this should include using sophisticated molecular, cellular, physiological and behavioural approaches combined with imaging to causally link the role of microglia to brain function and disease including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Morris
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Zhang B, Gaiteri C, Bodea LG, Wang Z, McElwee J, Podtelezhnikov AA, Zhang C, Xie T, Tran L, Dobrin R, Fluder E, Clurman B, Melquist S, Narayanan M, Suver C, Shah H, Mahajan M, Gillis T, Mysore J, MacDonald ME, Lamb JR, Bennett DA, Molony C, Stone DJ, Gudnason V, Myers AJ, Schadt EE, Neumann H, Zhu J, Emilsson V. Integrated systems approach identifies genetic nodes and networks in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Cell 2013; 153:707-20. [PMID: 23622250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1179] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The genetics of complex disease produce alterations in the molecular interactions of cellular pathways whose collective effect may become clear through the organized structure of molecular networks. To characterize molecular systems associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), we constructed gene-regulatory networks in 1,647 postmortem brain tissues from LOAD patients and nondemented subjects, and we demonstrate that LOAD reconfigures specific portions of the molecular interaction structure. Through an integrative network-based approach, we rank-ordered these network structures for relevance to LOAD pathology, highlighting an immune- and microglia-specific module that is dominated by genes involved in pathogen phagocytosis, contains TYROBP as a key regulator, and is upregulated in LOAD. Mouse microglia cells overexpressing intact or truncated TYROBP revealed expression changes that significantly overlapped the human brain TYROBP network. Thus the causal network structure is a useful predictor of response to gene perturbations and presents a framework to test models of disease mechanisms underlying LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Jaarsma D, van der Pluijm I, van der Horst GT, Hoeijmakers JH. Cockayne syndrome pathogenesis: Lessons from mouse models. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 134:180-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Béchade C, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Bessis A. Microglial control of neuronal activity. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:32. [PMID: 23543873 PMCID: PMC3610058 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine-tuning of neuronal activity was thought to be a neuron-autonomous mechanism until the discovery that astrocytes are active players of synaptic transmission. The involvement of astrocytes has changed our understanding of the roles of non-neuronal cells and shed new light on the regulation of neuronal activity. Microglial cells are the macrophages of the brain and they have been mostly investigated as immune cells. However, recent data discussed in this review support the notion that, similarly to astrocytes, microglia are involved in the regulation of neuronal activity. For instance, in most, if not all, brain pathologies a strong temporal correlation has long been known to exist between the pathological activation of microglia and dysfunction of neuronal activity. Recent studies have convincingly shown that alteration of microglial function is responsible for pathological neuronal activity. This causal relationship has also been demonstrated in mice bearing loss-of-function mutations in genes specifically expressed by microglia. In addition to these long-term regulations of neuronal activity, recent data show that microglia can also rapidly regulate neuronal activity, thereby acting as partners of neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Béchade
- Institut de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Inserm U1025, CNRS UMR8197 Paris, France
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Nasu-hakola syndrome: an unusual cause of pathological fractures. Case Rep Orthop 2012; 2012:817189. [PMID: 23227394 PMCID: PMC3505912 DOI: 10.1155/2012/817189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasu-Hakola syndrome is a hereditary cause of pathological fractures. Uniquely, patients also develop neuropsychiatric symptoms and signs. The disease is ultimately fatal. We propose a management strategy for pathological fractures in sufferers based on the stage of the disease.
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Mutations in the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) gene cause hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids. Nat Genet 2011; 44:200-5. [PMID: 22197934 PMCID: PMC3267847 DOI: 10.1038/ng.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS) is an autosomal dominantly inherited central nervous system white matter disease with variable clinical presentations including personality and behavioral changes, dementia, depression, parkinsonism, seizures, and others1,2. We combined genome-wide linkage analysis with exome sequencing and identified 14 different mutations affecting the tyrosine kinase domain of the colony stimulating factor receptor 1 (encoded by CSF1R) in 14 families affected by HDLS. In one kindred, the de novo occurrence of the mutation was confirmed. Follow-up sequencing analyses identified an additional CSF1R mutation in a patient clinically diagnosed with corticobasal syndrome (CBS). In vitro, CSF-1 stimulation resulted in the rapid autophosphorylation of selected tyrosine-residues in the kinase domain of wild-type but not mutant CSF1R, suggesting that HDLS may result from a partial loss of CSF1R function. Since CSF1R is a critical mediator of microglial proliferation and differentiation in the brain, our findings suggest an important role for microglial dysfunction in HDLS pathogenesis.
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