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Li C, Moro S, Shostak K, O'Reilly FJ, Donzeau M, Graziadei A, McEwen AG, Desplancq D, Poussin-Courmontagne P, Bachelart T, Fiskin M, Berrodier N, Pichard S, Brillet K, Orfanoudakis G, Poterszman A, Torbeev V, Rappsilber J, Davey NE, Chariot A, Zanier K. Molecular mechanism of IKK catalytic dimer docking to NF-κB substrates. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7692. [PMID: 39227404 PMCID: PMC11371828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) is a central regulator of NF-κB signaling. All IKK complexes contain hetero- or homodimers of the catalytic IKKβ and/or IKKα subunits. Here, we identify a YDDΦxΦ motif, which is conserved in substrates of canonical (IκBα, IκBβ) and alternative (p100) NF-κB pathways, and which mediates docking to catalytic IKK dimers. We demonstrate a quantitative correlation between docking affinity and IKK activity related to IκBα phosphorylation/degradation. Furthermore, we show that phosphorylation of the motif's conserved tyrosine, an event previously reported to promote IκBα accumulation and inhibition of NF-κB gene expression, suppresses the docking interaction. Results from integrated structural analyzes indicate that the motif binds to a groove at the IKK dimer interface. Consistently, suppression of IKK dimerization also abolishes IκBα substrate binding. Finally, we show that an optimized bivalent motif peptide inhibits NF-κB signaling. This work unveils a function for IKKα/β dimerization in substrate motif recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Li
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Stefano Moro
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Kateryna Shostak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, GIGA Cancer, University of Liege, CHU, Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Francis J O'Reilly
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariel Donzeau
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Andrea Graziadei
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alastair G McEwen
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) / INSERM UMR-S 1258 / CNRS UMR7104/ Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Dominique Desplancq
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre Poussin-Courmontagne
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) / INSERM UMR-S 1258 / CNRS UMR7104/ Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Thomas Bachelart
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Mert Fiskin
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Nicolas Berrodier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) / INSERM UMR-S 1258 / CNRS UMR7104/ Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Simon Pichard
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) / INSERM UMR-S 1258 / CNRS UMR7104/ Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Karl Brillet
- Institut Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), CNRS UPR9002, 2 allée Konrad Roentgen, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Georges Orfanoudakis
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Arnaud Poterszman
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) / INSERM UMR-S 1258 / CNRS UMR7104/ Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Vladimir Torbeev
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norman E Davey
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alain Chariot
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, GIGA Cancer, University of Liege, CHU, Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liege, Belgium
- WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Katia Zanier
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France.
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2
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Wang ZX, Liu B, Xie H, Liu X, Li X, Shi F, Ouyang S, Zhang YA. Crystal Structures of DNA-bound Fish IRF10 and IRF11 Reveal the Determinants of IFN Regulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 213:743-752. [PMID: 39058321 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) are transcription factors that mediate homeostatic mechanisms of host defense against pathogens. In addition to IRF1-9, which are conserved across vertebrates, teleost fishes have two other IRFs, IRF10 and IRF11. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), IRF10 represses the expression of IFNφ1 and IFNφ3, whereas IRF11 exerts the opposite effect. In this study, we found IRF10 could significantly inhibit the expression of IFNφ1 and IFNφ3 induced by IFN11 to synergistically regulate type I IFN expression. To clarify the synergistically regulatory mechanism of IRF10 and IRF11 in type I IFN expression, we determined and analyzed the crystal structures of the DNA-binding domains (DBDs) of zebrafish IRF10 and IRF11 bound to DNA, as well as IRF11 DBD in apo form. The interactions of IRF10-DBD and IRF11-DBD with DNA backbone were elaborated in detail. Further analysis showed that IRF10 and IRF11 have the same binding patterns and comparable affinities with the IFN-sensitive response elements of IFNφ1 and IFNφ3 promoters. Therefore, IRF10 could function as a controlling factor for IRF11 by competitive binding of the IFN-sensitive response elements to coregulate the host IFN response. Accordingly, similar to IRF1 and IRF2 in mammals, IRF10 and IRF11 act as another pair of negative and positive regulators to balance the antiviral responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haizhou Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangliang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fuqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Songying Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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3
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Zeng C, Zhu X, Li H, Huang Z, Chen M. The Role of Interferon Regulatory Factors in Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6874. [PMID: 38999981 PMCID: PMC11241258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) family comprises 11 members that are involved in various biological processes such as antiviral defense, cell proliferation regulation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Recent studies have highlighted the roles of IRF1-9 in a range of liver diseases, including hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), alcohol-induced liver injury, Con A-induced liver injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). IRF1 is involved in the progression of hepatic IRI through signaling pathways such as PIAS1/NFATc1/HDAC1/IRF1/p38 MAPK and IRF1/JNK. The regulation of downstream IL-12, IL-15, p21, p38, HMGB1, JNK, Beclin1, β-catenin, caspase 3, caspase 8, IFN-γ, IFN-β and other genes are involved in the progression of hepatic IRI, and in the development of HCC through the regulation of PD-L1, IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1, CXCL10, and CXCR3. In addition, IRF3-PPP2R1B and IRF4-FSTL1-DIP2A/CD14 pathways are involved in the development of NAFLD. Other members of the IRF family also play moderately important functions in different liver diseases. Therefore, given the significance of IRFs in liver diseases and the lack of a comprehensive compilation of their molecular mechanisms in different liver diseases, this review is dedicated to exploring the molecular mechanisms of IRFs in various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfei Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ziyin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Mingkai Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan 430060, China
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4
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Li Y, Hirano S, Sato K, Osawa M, Nagaoka H. Assessing Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 Complex Formation: Differential Behavior of Homocomplexes Versus Heterocomplexes Induced by Mutations. Biochemistry 2024; 63:767-776. [PMID: 38439718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a crucial transcription factor that plays a vital role in lymphocyte development, including in the fate-determining steps in terminal differentiation. It is also implicated in the development of lymphoid tumors such as multiple myeloma and adult T-cell leukemia. IRF4 can form a homodimer and multiple heterocomplexes with other transcription factors such as purine-rich box1 and activator protein 1. Each protein complex binds to specific DNA sequences to regulate a distinct set of genes. However, the precise relationship among these complex formations remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the abilities of IRF4 proteins with functional mutations in the IRF-association domain and autoinhibitory region to form complexes using luciferase reporter assays. The assays allowed us to selectively assess the activity of each complex. Our results revealed that certain IRF-association domain mutants, previously known to have impaired heterocomplex formation, maintained or even enhanced homodimer activity. This discrepancy suggests that the mutated amino acid residues selectively influence homodimer activity. Conversely, a phosphomimetic serine mutation in the autoinhibitory region displayed strong activating effects in all complexes. Furthermore, we observed that partner proteins involved in heterocomplex formation could disrupt the activity of the homodimer, suggesting a potential competition between homocomplexes and heterocomplexes. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanistic function of IRF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Setoka Hirano
- Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sato
- Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Masatake Osawa
- Department of Regeneration and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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5
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Custódio TF, Killer M, Yu D, Puente V, Teufel DP, Pautsch A, Schnapp G, Grundl M, Kosinski J, Löw C. Molecular basis of TASL recruitment by the peptide/histidine transporter 1, PHT1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5696. [PMID: 37709742 PMCID: PMC10502012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PHT1 is a histidine /oligopeptide transporter with an essential role in Toll-like receptor innate immune responses. It can act as a receptor by recruiting the adaptor protein TASL which leads to type I interferon production via IRF5. Persistent stimulation of this signalling pathway is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Understanding how PHT1 recruits TASL at the molecular level, is therefore clinically important for the development of therapeutics against SLE and other autoimmune diseases. Here we present the Cryo-EM structure of PHT1 stabilized in the outward-open conformation. By combining biochemical and structural modeling techniques we propose a model of the PHT1-TASL complex, in which the first 16 N-terminal TASL residues fold into a helical structure that bind in the central cavity of the inward-open conformation of PHT1. This work provides critical insights into the molecular basis of PHT1/TASL mediated type I interferon production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia F Custódio
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maxime Killer
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL, and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dingquan Yu
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL, and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Virginia Puente
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel P Teufel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Birkendorferstraße 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Alexander Pautsch
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Birkendorferstraße 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Gisela Schnapp
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Birkendorferstraße 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Marc Grundl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Birkendorferstraße 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Jan Kosinski
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Löw
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
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6
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Cytoplasmic localization of IRF5 induces Wnt5a/E-cadherin degradation and promotes gastric cancer cells metastasis. Cancer Gene Ther 2023:10.1038/s41417-023-00596-0. [PMID: 36782048 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
IRF5, a nucleoplasm shuttling protein, is a pivotal transcription factor regulating immune system activity. It's well known that immunosuppression is involved in the development of gastric cancer. However, no data exist for the expression and function of IRF5 in gastric cancer. This study demonstrated that IRF5 was cytoplasm-enriched in gastric cancer cells. IRF5 promoted gastric cancer cell migration, which involved the inhibition of Wnt5a and E-cadherin proteins expression. IRF5 (LA) localized in nucleus had no significant effect on Wnt5a and E-cadherin expressions, while mutation of IRF5 (ΔNLS), which prevents IRF5 nuclear translocation, had more impact on these inhibitory effects. In addition, degradation rates of both Wnt5a and E-cadherin were enhanced by resiquimod, an IRF5 agonist. Further in vivo experiments indicated that IRF5 knockout of gastric cancer cells repressed their pulmonary metastasis in nude mice. Finally, the expression and clinical significance of IRF5 were analyzed using gastric cancer tissue microarrays, which suggested that the expression of IRF5 varied procedurally in different progressive stages of gastric cancer. Our data revealed that IRF5 cytoplasmic localization were associated with Wnt5a and E-cadherin degradation and gastric cancer cell metastasis. Inhibiting IRF5 expression and/or its cytoplasmic localization may provide a novel target for gastric cancer therapy.
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7
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The amino acid profile of Camelina sativa seeds correlates with the strongest immune response in dairy ewes. Animal 2022; 16:100621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Schauperl M, Denny RA. AI-Based Protein Structure Prediction in Drug Discovery: Impacts and Challenges. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:3142-3156. [PMID: 35727311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are the molecular machinery of the human body, and their malfunctioning is often responsible for diseases, making them crucial targets for drug discovery. The three-dimensional structure of a protein determines its biological function, its conformational state determines substrates, cofactors, and protein binding. Rational drug discovery employs engineered small molecules to selectively interact with proteins to modulate their function. To selectively target a protein and to design small molecules, knowing the protein structure with all its specific conformation is critical. Unfortunately, for a large number of proteins relevant for drug discovery, the three-dimensional structure has not yet been experimentally solved. Therefore, accurately predicting their structure based on their amino acid sequence is one of the grant challenges in biology. Recently, AlphaFold2, a machine learning application based on a deep neural network, was able to predict unknown structures of proteins with an unprecedented accuracy. Despite the impressive progress made by AlphaFold2, nature still challenges the field of structure prediction. In this Perspective, we explore how AlphaFold2 and related methods help make drug design more efficient. Furthermore, we discuss the roles of predicting domain-domain orientations, all relevant conformational states, the influence of posttranslational modifications, and conformational changes due to protein binding partners. We highlight where further improvements are needed for advanced machine learning methods to be successfully and frequently used in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schauperl
- Department of Computational Sciences HotSpot Therapeutics 50 Milk Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, United States
| | - Rajiah Aldrin Denny
- Department of Computational Sciences HotSpot Therapeutics 50 Milk Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, United States
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9
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Phalke S, Rivera-Correa J, Jenkins D, Flores Castro D, Giannopoulou E, Pernis AB. Molecular mechanisms controlling age-associated B cells in autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:79-100. [PMID: 35102602 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) have emerged as critical components of immune responses. Their inappropriate expansion and differentiation have increasingly been linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, aging-associated diseases, and infections. ABCs exhibit a distinctive phenotype and, in addition to classical B cell markers, often express the transcription factor T-bet and myeloid markers like CD11c; hence, these cells are also commonly known as CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells. Formation of ABCs is promoted by distinctive combinations of innate and adaptive signals. In addition to producing antibodies, these cells display antigen-presenting and proinflammatory capabilities. It is becoming increasingly appreciated that the ABC compartment exhibits a high degree of heterogeneity, plasticity, and sex-specific regulation and that ABCs can differentiate into effector progeny via several routes particularly in autoimmune settings. In this review, we will discuss the initial insights that have been obtained on the molecular machinery that controls ABCs and we will highlight some of the unique aspects of this control system that may enable ABCs to fulfill their distinctive role in immune responses. Given the expanding array of autoimmune disorders and pathophysiological settings in which ABCs are being implicated, a deeper understanding of this machinery could have important and broad therapeutic implications for the successful, albeit daunting, task of targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Phalke
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juan Rivera-Correa
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Jenkins
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Danny Flores Castro
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Evgenia Giannopoulou
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alessandra B Pernis
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Musick M, Yu X. Manipulation of the tumor immuno-microenvironment via TAM-targeted expression of transcription factors. Immunol Res 2022; 70:432-440. [PMID: 35486115 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) leads to cancer growth, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Immunomodulatory immunotherapy aims to skew the immunosuppressive TME back to an immune active state. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a critical component of the TME that are actively involved in tumor-specific inflammation and immunosuppression. TAMs exhibit a diverse range of phenotypes and functions, from pro-tumor to anti-tumor. The plasticity of TAMs makes them a promising target for immunotherapy, and TAM-targeted therapies via different strategies have shown great potential. This review discusses current TAM-specific delivery targets and genes of interest for TAM-reprogramming. As phagocytic cells, TAMs have several receptors that have been used to increase TAM-targeted in vivo delivery. Furthermore, a promising approach for reprogramming TAMs is to activate or suppress specific transcription factors in the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) families. Altering TAM transcription factor expression results in a potent shift in cytokine expression and overall TAM function potentially tipping the balance from an immunosuppressive to an immune active TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Musick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, SC, 29631, Clemson, USA.
| | - Xianzhong Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, SC, 29631, Clemson, USA
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11
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Bertho S, Herpin A, Jouanno E, Yano A, Bobe J, Parrinello H, Journot L, Guyomard R, Muller T, Swanson P, McKinney G, Williamson K, Meek M, Schartl M, Guiguen Y. A nonfunctional copy of the salmonid sex-determining gene ( sdY) is responsible for the “apparent” XY females in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6493265. [PMID: 35100376 PMCID: PMC8824802 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Many salmonids have a male heterogametic (XX/XY) sex determination system, and they are supposed to have a conserved master sex-determining gene (sdY) that interacts at the protein level with Foxl2 leading to the blockage of the synergistic induction of Foxl2 and Nr5a1 of the cyp19a1a promoter. However, this hypothesis of a conserved master sex-determining role of sdY in salmonids is challenged by a few exceptions, one of them being the presence of naturally occurring “apparent” XY Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, females. Here, we show that some XY Chinook salmon females have a sdY gene (sdY-N183), with 1 missense mutation leading to a substitution of a conserved isoleucine to an asparagine (I183N). In contrast, Chinook salmon males have both a nonmutated sdY-I183 gene and the missense mutation sdY-N183 gene. The 3-dimensional model of SdY-I183N predicts that the I183N hydrophobic to hydrophilic amino acid change leads to a modification in the SdY β-sandwich structure. Using in vitro cell transfection assays, we found that SdY-I183N, like the wild-type SdY, is preferentially localized in the cytoplasm. However, compared to wild-type SdY, SdY-I183N is more prone to degradation, its nuclear translocation by Foxl2 is reduced, and SdY-I183N is unable to significantly repress the synergistic Foxl2/Nr5a1 induction of the cyp19a1a promoter. Altogether, our results suggest that the sdY-N183 gene of XY Chinook females is nonfunctional and that SdY-I183N is no longer able to promote testicular differentiation by impairing the synthesis of estrogens in the early differentiating gonads of wild Chinook salmon XY females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Bertho
- INRAE, LPGP, Rennes 35000, France
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Hugues Parrinello
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier 34094, France
| | - Laurent Journot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier 34094, France
| | - René Guyomard
- GABI, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 75005, France
| | - Thomas Muller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Penny Swanson
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Garrett McKinney
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501, USA
| | | | - Mariah Meek
- Dept. of Integrative Biology, AgBio Research, and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Manfred Schartl
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wüerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany
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12
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Soto L, Li Z, Santoso CS, Berenson A, Ho I, Shen VX, Yuan S, Bass JIF. Compendium of human transcription factor effector domains. Mol Cell 2022; 82:514-526. [PMID: 34863368 PMCID: PMC8818021 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression by binding to DNA sequences and modulating transcriptional activity through their effector domains. Despite the central role of effector domains in TF function, there is a current lack of a comprehensive resource and characterization of effector domains. Here, we provide a catalog of 924 effector domains across 594 human TFs. Using this catalog, we characterized the amino acid composition of effector domains, their conservation across species and across the human population, and their roles in human diseases. Furthermore, we provide a classification system for effector domains that constitutes a valuable resource and a blueprint for future experimental studies of TF effector domain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Soto
- Escuela Profesional de Genética y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Perú
| | - Zhaorong Li
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
| | - Clarissa S Santoso
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston MA 02215,Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry Program, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
| | - Anna Berenson
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston MA 02215,Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry Program, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
| | - Isabella Ho
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
| | - Vivian X Shen
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
| | - Samson Yuan
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston MA 02215
| | - Juan I Fuxman Bass
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston MA 02215,Biology Department, Boston University, Boston MA 02215,Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry Program, Boston University, Boston MA 02215,correspondence:
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13
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Erlandsen H, Jecrois AM, Nichols JC, Cole JL, Royer WE. NADH/NAD + binding and linked tetrameric assembly of the oncogenic transcription factors CtBP1 and CtBP2. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:479-490. [PMID: 34997967 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The activation of oncogenic C-terminal binding Protein (CtBP) transcriptional activity is coupled with NAD(H) binding and homo-oligomeric assembly, although the level of CtBP assembly and nucleotide binding affinity continues to be debated. Here, we apply biophysical techniques to address these fundamental issues for CtBP1 and CtBP2. Our ultracentrifugation results unambiguously demonstrate that CtBP assembles into tetramers in the presence of saturating NAD+ or NADH with tetramer to dimer dissociation constants about 100 nm. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements of NAD(H) binding to CtBP show dissociation constants between 30 and 500 nm, depending on the nucleotide and paralog. Given cellular levels of NAD+ , CtBP is likely to be fully saturated with NAD under physiological concentrations suggesting that CtBP is unable to act as a sensor for NADH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Erlandsen
- Center for Open Research Resources & Equipment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Anne M Jecrois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jeffry C Nichols
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Chemistry Department, Worcester State University, MA, USA
| | - James L Cole
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, CT, USA
| | - William E Royer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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14
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Molecular interactions of IRF4 in B cell development and malignancies. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:1219-1227. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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15
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Ryzhakov G, Almuttaqi H, Corbin AL, Berthold DL, Khoyratty T, Eames HL, Bullers S, Pearson C, Ai Z, Zec K, Bonham S, Fischer R, Jostins-Dean L, Travis SPL, Kessler BM, Udalova IA. Defactinib inhibits PYK2 phosphorylation of IRF5 and reduces intestinal inflammation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6702. [PMID: 34795257 PMCID: PMC8602323 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulating factor 5 (IRF5) is a multifunctional regulator of immune responses, and has a key pathogenic function in gut inflammation, but how IRF5 is modulated is still unclear. Having performed a kinase inhibitor library screening in macrophages, here we identify protein-tyrosine kinase 2-beta (PTK2B/PYK2) as a putative IRF5 kinase. PYK2-deficient macrophages display impaired endogenous IRF5 activation, leading to reduction of inflammatory gene expression. Meanwhile, a PYK2 inhibitor, defactinib, has a similar effect on IRF5 activation in vitro, and induces a transcriptomic signature in macrophages similar to that caused by IRF5 deficiency. Finally, defactinib reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines in human colon biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis, as well as in a mouse colitis model. Our results thus implicate a function of PYK2 in regulating the inflammatory response in the gut via the IRF5 innate sensing pathway, thereby opening opportunities for related therapeutic interventions for inflammatory bowel diseases and other inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory Ryzhakov
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Almuttaqi
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair L Corbin
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothée L Berthold
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tariq Khoyratty
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley L Eames
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Bullers
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Pearson
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhichao Ai
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Zec
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bonham
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Jostins-Dean
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P L Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irina A Udalova
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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16
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Song S, De S, Nelson V, Chopra S, LaPan M, Kampta K, Sun S, He M, Thompson CD, Li D, Shih T, Tan N, Al-Abed Y, Capitle E, Aranow C, Mackay M, Clapp WL, Barnes BJ. Inhibition of IRF5 hyperactivation protects from lupus onset and severity. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6700-6717. [PMID: 32897883 PMCID: PMC7685739 DOI: 10.1172/jci120288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a central mediator of innate and adaptive immunity. Genetic variations within IRF5 are associated with a risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and mice lacking Irf5 are protected from lupus onset and severity, but how IRF5 functions in the context of SLE disease progression remains unclear. Using the NZB/W F1 model of murine lupus, we show that murine IRF5 becomes hyperactivated before clinical onset. In patients with SLE, IRF5 hyperactivation correlated with dsDNA titers. To test whether IRF5 hyperactivation is a targetable function, we developed inhibitors that are cell permeable, nontoxic, and selectively bind to the inactive IRF5 monomer. Preclinical treatment of NZB/W F1 mice with an inhibitor attenuated lupus pathology by reducing serum antinuclear autoantibodies, dsDNA titers, and the number of circulating plasma cells, which alleviated kidney pathology and improved survival. Clinical treatment of MRL/lpr and pristane-induced lupus mice with an inhibitor led to significant reductions in dsDNA levels and improved survival. In ex vivo human studies, the inhibitor blocked SLE serum-induced IRF5 activation and reversed basal IRF5 hyperactivation in SLE immune cells. We believe this study provides the first in vivo clinical support for treating patients with SLE with an IRF5 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Song
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Saurav De
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Victoria Nelson
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Samin Chopra
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Margaret LaPan
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Kyle Kampta
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Shan Sun
- Center for Molecular Innovation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Mingzhu He
- Center for Molecular Innovation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Cherrie D Thompson
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Tiffany Shih
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Natalie Tan
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Center for Molecular Innovation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Eugenio Capitle
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Meggan Mackay
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - William L Clapp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
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17
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Nichols JC, Schiffer CA, Royer WE. NAD(H) phosphates mediate tetramer assembly of human C-terminal binding protein (CtBP). J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100351. [PMID: 33524397 PMCID: PMC7949142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
C-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs) are cotranscriptional factors that play key roles in cell fate. We have previously shown that NAD(H) promotes the assembly of similar tetramers from either human CtBP1 and CtBP2 and that CtBP2 tetramer destabilizing mutants are defective for oncogenic activity. To assist structure-based design efforts for compounds that disrupt CtBP tetramerization, it is essential to understand how NAD(H) triggers tetramer assembly. Here, we investigate the moieties within NAD(H) that are responsible for triggering tetramer formation. Using multiangle light scattering (MALS), we show that ADP is able to promote tetramer formation of both CtBP1 and CtBP2, whereas AMP promotes tetramer assembly of CtBP1, but not CtBP2. Other NAD(H) moieties that lack the adenosine phosphate, including adenosine and those incorporating nicotinamide, all fail to promote tetramer assembly. Our crystal structures of CtBP1 with AMP reveal participation of the adenosine phosphate in the tetrameric interface, pinpointing its central role in NAD(H)-linked assembly. CtBP1 and CtBP2 have overlapping but unique roles, suggesting that a detailed understanding of their unique structural properties might have utility in the design of paralog-specific inhibitors. We investigated the different responses to AMP through a series of site-directed mutants at 13 positions. These mutations reveal a central role for a hinge segment, which we term the 120s hinge that connects the substrate with coenzyme-binding domains and influences nucleotide binding and tetramer assembly. Our results provide insight into suitable pockets to explore in structure-based drug design to interfere with cotranscriptional activity of CtBP in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry C Nichols
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Chemistry Department, Worcester State University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William E Royer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
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18
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Degen M, Girousi E, Feldmann J, Parisi L, La Scala GC, Schnyder I, Schaller A, Katsaros C. A Novel Van der Woude Syndrome-Causing IRF6 Variant Is Subject to Incomplete Non-sense-Mediated mRNA Decay Affecting the Phenotype of Keratinocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583115. [PMID: 33117810 PMCID: PMC7552806 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is a genetic syndrome that leads to typical phenotypic traits, including lower lip pits and cleft lip/palate (CLP). The majority of VWS-affected patients harbor a pathogenic variant in the gene encoding for the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6), a crucial regulator of orofacial development, epidermal differentiation and tissue repair. However, most of the underlying mechanisms leading from pathogenic IRF6 gene variants to phenotypes observed in VWS remain poorly understood and elusive. The availability of one VWS individual within our cohort of CLP patients allowed us to identify a novel VWS-causing IRF6 variant and to functionally characterize it. Using VWS patient-derived keratinocytes, we reveal that most of the mutated IRF6_VWS transcripts are subject to a non-sense-mediated mRNA decay mechanism, resulting in IRF6 haploinsufficiency. While moderate levels of IRF6_VWS remain detectable in the VWS keratinocytes, our data illustrate that the IRF6_VWS protein, which lacks part of its protein-binding domain and its whole C-terminus, is noticeably less stable than its wild-type counterpart. Still, it maintains transcription factor function. As we report and characterize a so far undescribed VWS-causing IRF6 variant, our results shed light on the physiological as well as pathological role of IRF6 in keratinocytes. This acquired knowledge is essential for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to VWS and CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Degen
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eleftheria Girousi
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Feldmann
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ludovica Parisi
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio C La Scala
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Schnyder
- University Clinic for Pediatric Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - André Schaller
- Division of Human Genetics, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christos Katsaros
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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19
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Jing T, Zhao B, Xu P, Gao X, Chi L, Han H, Sankaran B, Li P. The Structural Basis of IRF-3 Activation upon Phosphorylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1886-1896. [PMID: 32826280 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against bacterial and viral infections. The recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by the RIG-I-like receptors, TLRs, and cGAS leads to the induction of IFN-I by activating the transcription factor IRF-3. Although the mechanism of IRF-3 activation has been extensively studied, the structural basis of IRF-3 activation upon phosphorylation is not fully understood. In this study, we determined the crystal structures of phosphorylated human and mouse IRF-3 bound to CREB-binding protein (CBP), which reveal that phosphorylated IRF-3 forms a dimer via pSer386 (pSer379 in mouse IRF-3) and a downstream pLxIS motif. Size-exclusion chromatography and cell-based studies show that mutations of key residues interacting with pSer386 severely impair IRF-3 activation and IFN-β induction. By contrast, phosphorylation of Ser396 within the pLxIS motif of human IRF-3 only plays a moderate role in IRF-3 activation. The mouse IRF-3/CBP complex structure reveals that the mechanism of mouse IRF-3 activation is similar but distinct from human IRF-3. These structural and functional studies reveal the detailed mechanism of IRF-3 activation upon phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jing
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Baoyu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Pengbiao Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Xinsheng Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Lei Chi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843.,School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; and
| | - Huajun Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;
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20
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Heinz LX, Lee J, Kapoor U, Kartnig F, Sedlyarov V, Papakostas K, César-Razquin A, Essletzbichler P, Goldmann U, Stefanovic A, Bigenzahn JW, Scorzoni S, Pizzagalli MD, Bensimon A, Müller AC, King FJ, Li J, Girardi E, Mbow ML, Whitehurst CE, Rebsamen M, Superti-Furga G. TASL is the SLC15A4-associated adaptor for IRF5 activation by TLR7-9. Nature 2020; 581:316-322. [PMID: 32433612 PMCID: PMC7610944 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a crucial role in the recognition of pathogens and initiation of immune responses1–3. Here we show that a previously uncharacterized protein encoded by CXorf21—a gene that is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus4,5—interacts with the endolysosomal transporter SLC15A4, an essential but poorly understood component of the endolysosomal TLR machinery also linked to autoimmune disease4,6–9. Loss of this type-I-interferon-inducible protein, which we refer to as ‘TLR adaptor interacting with SLC15A4 on the lysosome’ (TASL), abrogated responses to endolysosomal TLR agonists in both primary and transformed human immune cells. Deletion of SLC15A4 or TASL specifically impaired the activation of the IRF pathway without affecting NF-κB and MAPK signalling, which indicates that ligand recognition and TLR engagement in the endolysosome occurred normally. Extensive mutagenesis of TASL demonstrated that its localization and function relies on the interaction with SLC15A4. TASL contains a conserved pLxIS motif (in which p denotes a hydrophilic residue and x denotes any residue) that mediates the recruitment and activation of IRF5. This finding shows that TASL is an innate immune adaptor for TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 signalling, revealing a clear mechanistic analogy with the IRF3 adaptors STING, MAVS and TRIF10,11. The identification of TASL as the component that links endolysosomal TLRs to the IRF5 transcription factor via SLC15A4 provides a mechanistic explanation for the involvement of these proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus12–14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard X Heinz
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - JangEun Lee
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Utkarsh Kapoor
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Kartnig
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vitaly Sedlyarov
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstantinos Papakostas
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian César-Razquin
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Essletzbichler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Goldmann
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrijana Stefanovic
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes W Bigenzahn
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefania Scorzoni
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mattia D Pizzagalli
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ariel Bensimon
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - André C Müller
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - F James King
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Enrico Girardi
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Manuele Rebsamen
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria. .,Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Banga J, Srinivasan D, Sun CC, Thompson CD, Milletti F, Huang KS, Hamilton S, Song S, Hoffman AF, Qin YG, Matta B, LaPan M, Guo Q, Lu G, Li D, Qian H, Bolin DR, Liang L, Wartchow C, Qiu J, Downing M, Narula S, Fotouhi N, DeMartino JA, Tan SL, Chen G, Barnes BJ. Inhibition of IRF5 cellular activity with cell-penetrating peptides that target homodimerization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay1057. [PMID: 32440537 PMCID: PMC7228753 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) plays essential roles in pathogen-induced immunity downstream of Toll-, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, and retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors and is an autoimmune susceptibility gene. Normally, inactive in the cytoplasm, upon stimulation, IRF5 undergoes posttranslational modification(s), homodimerization, and nuclear translocation, where dimers mediate proinflammatory gene transcription. Here, we report the rational design of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) that disrupt IRF5 homodimerization. Biochemical and imaging analysis shows that IRF5-CPPs are cell permeable, noncytotoxic, and directly bind to endogenous IRF5. IRF5-CPPs were selective and afforded cell type- and species-specific inhibition. In plasmacytoid dendritic cells, inhibition of IRF5-mediated interferon-α production corresponded to a dose-dependent reduction in nuclear phosphorylated IRF5 [p(Ser462)IRF5], with no effect on pIRF5 levels. These data support that IRF5-CPPs function downstream of phosphorylation. Together, data support the utility of IRF5-CPPs as novel tools to probe IRF5 activation and function in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Banga
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | | | - Chia-Chi Sun
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Cherrie D. Thompson
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Francesca Milletti
- Roche Innovation Center New York, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kuo-Sen Huang
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Shannon Hamilton
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Su Song
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Ann F. Hoffman
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Yajuan Gu Qin
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Bharati Matta
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Margaret LaPan
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Qin Guo
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Gang Lu
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Dan Li
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Hong Qian
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - David R. Bolin
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Lena Liang
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Charles Wartchow
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Jin Qiu
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Michelle Downing
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Satwant Narula
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Nader Fotouhi
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Julie A. DeMartino
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Seng-Lai Tan
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
- Corresponding author. (B.J.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Betsy J. Barnes
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
- Corresponding author. (B.J.B.); (G.C.)
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22
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Shi L, Peng P, Zheng J, Wang Q, Tian Z, Wang H, Li T. I-Motif/miniduplex hybrid structures bind benzothiazole dyes with unprecedented efficiencies: a generic light-up system for label-free DNA nanoassemblies and bioimaging. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:1681-1690. [PMID: 31950160 PMCID: PMC7039006 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
I-motif DNAs have been widely employed as robust modulating components to construct reconfigurable DNA nanodevices that function well in acidic cellular environments. However, they generally display poor interactivity with fluorescent ligands under these complex conditions, illustrating a major difficulty in utilizing i-motifs as the light-up system for label-free DNA nanoassemblies and bioimaging. Towards addressing this challenge, here we devise new types of i-motif/miniduplex hybrid structures that display an unprecedentedly high interactivity with commonly-used benzothiazole dyes (e.g. thioflavin T). A well-chosen tetranucleotide, whose optimal sequence depends on the used ligand, is appended to the 5′-terminals of diverse i-motifs and forms a minimal parallel duplex thereby creating a preferential site for binding ligands, verified by molecular dynamics simulation. In this way, the fluorescence of ligands can be dramatically enhanced by the i-motif/miniduplex hybrids under complex physiological conditions. This provides a generic light-up system with a high signal-to-background ratio for programmable DNA nanoassemblies, illustrated through utilizing it for a pH-driven framework nucleic acid nanodevice manipulated in acidic cellular membrane microenvironments. It enables label-free fluorescence bioimaging in response to extracellular pH change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Pai Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhijin Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 551 63601813;
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23
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Kousa YA, Zhu H, Fakhouri WD, Lei Y, Kinoshita A, Roushangar RR, Patel NK, Agopian AJ, Yang W, Leslie EJ, Busch TD, Mansour TA, Li X, Smith AL, Li EB, Sharma DB, Williams TJ, Chai Y, Amendt BA, Liao EC, Mitchell LE, Bassuk AG, Gregory S, Ashley-Koch A, Shaw GM, Finnell RH, Schutte BC. The TFAP2A-IRF6-GRHL3 genetic pathway is conserved in neurulation. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1726-1737. [PMID: 30689861 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in IRF6, TFAP2A and GRHL3 cause orofacial clefting syndromes in humans. However, Tfap2a and Grhl3 are also required for neurulation in mice. Here, we found that homeostasis of Irf6 is also required for development of the neural tube and associated structures. Over-expression of Irf6 caused exencephaly, a rostral neural tube defect, through suppression of Tfap2a and Grhl3 expression. Conversely, loss of Irf6 function caused a curly tail and coincided with a reduction of Tfap2a and Grhl3 expression in tail tissues. To test whether Irf6 function in neurulation was conserved, we sequenced samples obtained from human cases of spina bifida and anencephaly. We found two likely disease-causing variants in two samples from patients with spina bifida. Overall, these data suggest that the Tfap2a-Irf6-Grhl3 genetic pathway is shared by two embryologically distinct morphogenetic events that previously were considered independent during mammalian development. In addition, these data suggest new candidates to delineate the genetic architecture of neural tube defects and new therapeutic targets to prevent this common birth defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A Kousa
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Division of Neurology, Childrens National Health System.,Center for Neuroscience Research, The Childrens Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Huiping Zhu
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yunping Lei
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Akira Kinoshita
- Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - A J Agopian
- Human Genetics Center, Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Leslie
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Tamer A Mansour
- Genetics PhD Program.,Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Edward B Li
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dhruv B Sharma
- Center for Statistical Training & Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Trevor J Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Eric C Liao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura E Mitchell
- Human Genetics Center, Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Simon Gregory
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allison Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gary M Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Brian C Schutte
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Microbiology and Molecular Genetics.,Genetics PhD Program.,Pediatrics and Human Development
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24
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The RIPK4-IRF6 signalling axis safeguards epidermal differentiation and barrier function. Nature 2019; 574:249-253. [PMID: 31578523 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the mammalian epidermis depends on a balance of proliferation and differentiation in the resident population of stem cells1. The kinase RIPK4 and the transcription factor IRF6 are mutated in severe developmental syndromes in humans, and mice lacking these genes display epidermal hyperproliferation and soft-tissue fusions that result in neonatal lethality2-5. Our understanding of how these genes control epidermal differentiation is incomplete. Here we show that the role of RIPK4 in mouse development requires its kinase activity; that RIPK4 and IRF6 expressed in the epidermis regulate the same biological processes; and that the phosphorylation of IRF6 at Ser413 and Ser424 primes IRF6 for activation. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), histone chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) of skin in wild-type and IRF6-deficient mouse embryos, we define the transcriptional programs that are regulated by IRF6 during epidermal differentiation. IRF6 was enriched at bivalent promoters, and IRF6 deficiency caused defective expression of genes that are involved in the metabolism of lipids and the formation of tight junctions. Accordingly, the lipid composition of the stratum corneum of Irf6-/- skin was abnormal, culminating in a severe defect in the function of the epidermal barrier. Collectively, our results explain how RIPK4 and IRF6 function to ensure the integrity of the epidermis and provide mechanistic insights into why developmental syndromes that are characterized by orofacial, skin and genital abnormalities result when this axis goes awry.
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25
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Ban T, Sato GR, Tamura T. Regulation and role of the transcription factor IRF5 in innate immune responses and systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Immunol 2019; 30:529-536. [PMID: 29860420 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-5 (IRF5) plays an important role in innate immune responses via the TLR-MyD88 (Toll-like receptor - myeloid differentiation primary response 88) pathway. IRF5 is also involved in the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recent studies have identified new regulators, both positive and negative, which act on IRF5 activation events in the TLR-MyD88 pathway such as post-translational modifications, dimerization and nuclear translocation. A model of the causal relationship between IRF5 activation and SLE pathogenesis proposes that a loss of the negative regulation of IRF5 causes its hyperactivation, resulting in hyperproduction of type I interferons and other cytokines, and ultimately in the development of SLE. Importantly, to our knowledge, all murine models of SLE studied thus far have shown that IRF5 is required for the pathogenesis of SLE-like diseases. During the development of SLE-like diseases, IRF5 plays key roles in various cell types, including dendritic cells and B cells. It is noteworthy that the onset of SLE-like diseases can be inhibited by reducing the activity or amount of IRF5 by half. Therefore, IRF5 is an important therapeutic target of SLE, and selective suppression of its activity and expression may potentially lead to the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuma Ban
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Go R Sato
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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26
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A promising role of interferon regulatory factor 5 as an early warning biomarker for the development of human non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2019; 135:47-55. [PMID: 31447002 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85%-90% of lung cancer cases and is a covert disease lacking early symptoms. Since cancer is recognised as an inflammation-associated condition, we analysed the relationship between the expression of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), a key transcription factor controlling inflammatory responses, and NSCLC development with the aim of identifying a warning biomarker for early diagnosis of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of IRF5 and its associated inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-10, IP-10, and TNF-α in the peripheral blood of NSCLC patients (n = 66) and healthy controls (n = 42) was analysed by quantitative RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and a cytometric bead array. IRF5 protein expression in NSCLC tissues (n = 102) was detected by Western blotting. The diagnostic value of IRF5 expression was determined by a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS The protein levels of IRF5, IL-6, and IP-10 were significantly higher in the peripheral blood of NSCLC patients than in that of healthy controls. IP-10 levels in plasma and IL-10 mRNA expression in white blood cells (WBCs) were significantly upregulated in early-stage NSCLC, whereas plasma IL-6 and IL-10 were elevated in the progressive stage. IRF5 protein levels in WBCs were positively correlated with plasma IP-10 but negatively correlated with plasma IL-10. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein levels of IRF5 in WBCs were significantly elevated in patients with early stage NSCLC compared to those in the progressive stage. Additionally, IRF5 protein levels were significantly lower in NSCLC tumour tissues than those in normal lung tissues. CONCLUSIONS IRF5 levels in WBCs can be significantly upregulated in early stage NSCLC and were shown to have diagnostic value as an early warning biomarker of NSCLC development.
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27
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Thumbigere-Math V, Foster BL, Bachu M, Yoshii H, Brooks S, Coulter A, Chavez MB, Togi S, Neely AL, Deng Z, Mansky KC, Ozato K, Somerman MJ. Inactivating Mutation in IRF8 Promotes Osteoclast Transcriptional Programs and Increases Susceptibility to Tooth Root Resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1155-1168. [PMID: 30840779 PMCID: PMC6663587 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study to our knowledge to report a novel mutation in the interferon regulatory factor 8 gene (IRF8G388S ) associated with multiple idiopathic tooth root resorption, a form of periodontal disease. The IRF8G388S variant in the highly conserved C-terminal motif is predicted to alter the protein structure, likely impairing IRF8 function. Functional assays demonstrated that the IRF8G388S mutant promoted osteoclastogenesis and failed to inhibit NFATc1-dependent transcriptional activation when compared with IRF8WT control. Further, similar to subjects with heterozygous IRF8G388S mutation, Irf8+/- mice exhibited increased osteoclast activity in the mandibular alveolar bone surrounding molar teeth. Immunohistochemistry illustrated increased NFATc1 expression in the dentoalveolar region of Irf8-/- and Irf8+/- mice when compared with Irf8+/+ controls. Genomewide analyses revealed that IRF8 constitutively bound to regulatory regions of several thousand genes in osteoclast precursors, and genetic aberration of IRF8 significantly enhanced many osteoclast-specific transcripts. Collectively, this study delineates the critical role of IRF8 in defining osteoclast lineage and osteoclast transcriptional program, which may help in better understanding of various osteoclast-mediated disorders, including periodontal disease. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Thumbigere-Math
- Division of Periodontology, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian L. Foster
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mahesh Bachu
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hiroaki Yoshii
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Brooks
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alyssa Coulter
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael B. Chavez
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sumihito Togi
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anthony L. Neely
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Hygiene, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zuoming Deng
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kim C. Mansky
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martha J. Somerman
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Hoepel W, Newling M, Vogelpoel LTC, Sritharan L, Hansen IS, Kapsenberg ML, Baeten DLP, Everts B, den Dunnen J. FcγR-TLR Cross-Talk Enhances TNF Production by Human Monocyte-Derived DCs via IRF5-Dependent Gene Transcription and Glycolytic Reprogramming. Front Immunol 2019; 10:739. [PMID: 31024565 PMCID: PMC6464031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for initiation of adequate inflammatory responses, which critically depends on the cooperated engagement of different receptors. In addition to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) have recently been identified to be important in induction of inflammation by DCs. FcγRs that recognize IgG immune complexes, which are formed upon opsonization of pathogens, induce pro-inflammatory cytokine production through cross-talk with PRRs such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). While the physiological function of FcγR-TLR cross-talk is to provide protective immunity against invading pathogens, undesired activation of FcγR-TLR cross-talk, e.g., by autoantibodies, also plays a major role in the development of chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Yet, the molecular mechanisms of FcγR-TLR cross-talk are still largely unknown. Here, we identified that FcγR-TLR cross-talk-induced cytokine production critically depends on activation of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), which results from induction of two different pathways that converge on IRF5 activation. First, TLR stimulation induced phosphorylation of TBK1/IKKε, which is required for IRF5 phosphorylation and subsequent activation. Second, FcγR stimulation induced nuclear translocation of IRF5, which is essential for gene transcription by IRF5. We identified that IRF5 activation by FcγR-TLR cross-talk amplifies pro-inflammatory cytokine production by increasing cytokine gene transcription, but also by synergistically inducing glycolytic reprogramming, which is another essential process for induction of inflammatory responses by DCs. Combined, here we identified IRF5 as a pivotal component of FcγR-TLR cross-talk in human APCs. These data may provide new potential targets to suppress chronic inflammation in autoantibody-associated diseases that are characterized by undesired or excessive FcγR-TLR cross-talk, such as RA, systemic sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willianne Hoepel
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melissa Newling
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisa T C Vogelpoel
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lathees Sritharan
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ivo S Hansen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martien L Kapsenberg
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dominique L P Baeten
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Dunnen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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29
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Hong Y, Bai M, Qi X, Li C, Liang M, Li D, Cardona CJ, Xing Z. Suppression of the IFN-α and -β Induction through Sequestering IRF7 into Viral Inclusion Bodies by Nonstructural Protein NSs in Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Bunyavirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:841-856. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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The unusual rainbow trout sex determination gene hijacked the canonical vertebrate gonadal differentiation pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12781-12786. [PMID: 30463951 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803826115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary novelties require rewiring of transcriptional networks and/or the evolution of new gene functions. Sex determination (SD), one of the most plastic evolutionary processes, requires such novelties. Studies on the evolution of vertebrate SD revealed that new master SD genes are generally recruited from genes involved in the downstream SD regulatory genetic network. Only a single exception to this rule is currently known in vertebrates: the intriguing case of the salmonid master SD gene (sdY), which arose from duplication of an immune-related gene. This exception immediately posed the question of how a gene outside from the classical sex differentiation cascade could acquire its function as a male SD gene. Here we show that SdY became integrated in the classical vertebrate sex differentiation cascade by interacting with the Forkhead box domain of the female-determining transcription factor, Foxl2. In the presence of Foxl2, SdY is translocated to the nucleus where the SdY:Foxl2 complex prevents activation of the aromatase (cyp19a1a) promoter in cooperation with Nr5a1 (Sf1). Hence, by blocking a positive loop of regulation needed for the synthesis of estrogens in the early differentiating gonad, SdY disrupts a preset female differentiation pathway, consequently allowing testicular differentiation to proceed. These results also suggest that the evolution of unusual vertebrate master sex determination genes recruited from outside the classical pathway like sdY is strongly constrained by their ability to interact with the canonical gonadal differentiation pathway.
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Thompson CD, Matta B, Barnes BJ. Therapeutic Targeting of IRFs: Pathway-Dependence or Structure-Based? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2622. [PMID: 30515152 PMCID: PMC6255967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of master transcription factors that regulate pathogen-induced innate and acquired immune responses. Aberration(s) in IRF signaling pathways due to infection, genetic predisposition and/or mutation, which can lead to increased expression of type I interferon (IFN) genes, IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and other pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, has been linked to the development of numerous diseases, including (but not limited to) autoimmune and cancer. What is currently lacking in the field is an understanding of how best to therapeutically target these transcription factors. Many IRFs are regulated by post-translational modifications downstream of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and some of these modifications lead to activation or inhibition. We and others have been able to utilize structural features of the IRFs in order to generate dominant negative mutants that inhibit function. Here, we will review potential therapeutic strategies for targeting all IRFs by using IRF5 as a candidate targeting molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherrie D Thompson
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Bharati Matta
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
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Chow KT, Wilkins C, Narita M, Green R, Knoll M, Loo YM, Gale M. Differential and Overlapping Immune Programs Regulated by IRF3 and IRF5 in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3036-3050. [PMID: 30297339 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We examined the signaling pathways and cell type-specific responses of IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 5, an immune-regulatory transcription factor. We show that the protein kinases IKKα, IKKβ, IKKε, and TANK-binding kinase 1 each confer IRF5 phosphorylation/dimerization, thus extending the family of IRF5 activator kinases. Among primary human immune cell subsets, we found that IRF5 is most abundant in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Flow cytometric cell imaging revealed that IRF5 is specifically activated by endosomal TLR signaling. Comparative analyses revealed that IRF3 is activated in pDCs uniquely through RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling. Transcriptomic analyses of pDCs show that the partitioning of TLR7/IRF5 and RLR/IRF3 pathways confers differential gene expression and immune cytokine production in pDCs, linking IRF5 with immune regulatory and proinflammatory gene expression. Thus, TLR7/IRF5 and RLR-IRF3 partitioning serves to polarize pDC response outcome. Strategies to differentially engage IRF signaling pathways should be considered in the design of immunotherapeutic approaches to modulate or polarize the immune response for specific outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan T Chow
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; and
| | - Courtney Wilkins
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Miwako Narita
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata Prefecture 950-2181, Japan
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Megan Knoll
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109;
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109;
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Almuttaqi H, Udalova IA. Advances and challenges in targeting IRF5, a key regulator of inflammation. FEBS J 2018; 286:1624-1637. [PMID: 30199605 PMCID: PMC6563445 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) belongs to a family of transcription factors, originally implicated in antiviral responses and interferon production. However, studies conducted in different laboratories over the last decade have placed IRF5 as a central regulator of the inflammatory response. It has become clear that IRF5 contributes to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Given the role of IRF5 in physiology and disease, IRF5 represents a potential therapeutic target. However, despite a significant interest from the pharmaceutical industry, inhibitors that interfere with the IRF5 pathway remain elusive. Here, we review the advances made by various studies in targeting multiple steps of signalling leading to IRF5 activation with their therapeutic potential, and the possible complications of such strategies are discussed.
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Paul A, Tang TH, Ng SK. Interferon Regulatory Factor 9 Structure and Regulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1831. [PMID: 30147694 PMCID: PMC6095977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) is an integral transcription factor in mediating the type I interferon antiviral response, as part of the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3. However, the role of IRF9 in many important non-communicable diseases has just begun to emerge. The duality of IRF9’s role in conferring protection but at the same time exacerbates diseases is certainly puzzling. The regulation of IRF9 during these conditions is not well understood. The high homology of IRF9 DNA-binding domain to other IRFs, as well as the recently resolved IRF9 IRF-associated domain structure can provide the necessary insights for progressive inroads on understanding the regulatory mechanism of IRF9. This review sought to outline the structural basis of IRF9 that guides its regulation and interaction in antiviral immunity and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Paul
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Thean Hock Tang
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siew Kit Ng
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Kaur A, Lee LH, Chow SC, Fang CM. IRF5-mediated immune responses and its implications in immunological disorders. Int Rev Immunol 2018; 37:229-248. [PMID: 29985675 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1469629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are gene regulators that activate or repress target genes. One family of the transcription factors that have been extensively studied for their crucial role in regulating gene network in the immune system is the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). IRFs possess a novel turn-helix turn motif that recognizes a specific DNA consensus found in the promoters of many genes that are involved in immune responses. IRF5, a member of IRFs has recently gained much attention for its role in regulating inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases. Here, we discuss the role of IRF5 in regulating immune cells functions and how the dysregulation of IRF5 contributes to the pathogenesis of immune disorders. We also review the latest findings of potential IRF5 inhibitors that modulate IRF5 activity in the effort of developing therapeutic approaches for treating inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwinder Kaur
- a School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science , The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus , Selangor Darul , Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- c School of Pharmacy , Monash University Malaysia , Selangor Darul , Ehsan , Malaysia.,e Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Monash University Malaysia , Selangor Darul , Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Sek-Chuen Chow
- d School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Selangor Darul , Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Chee-Mun Fang
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science , The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus , Selangor Darul , Ehsan , Malaysia
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Bigley V, Maisuria S, Cytlak U, Jardine L, Care MA, Green K, Gunawan M, Milne P, Dickinson R, Wiscombe S, Parry D, Doffinger R, Laurence A, Fonseca C, Stoevesandt O, Gennery A, Cant A, Tooze R, Simpson AJ, Hambleton S, Savic S, Doody G, Collin M. Biallelic interferon regulatory factor 8 mutation: A complex immunodeficiency syndrome with dendritic cell deficiency, monocytopenia, and immune dysregulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:2234-2248. [PMID: 29128673 PMCID: PMC5986711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The homozygous K108E mutation of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is reported to cause dendritic cell (DC) and monocyte deficiency. However, more widespread immune dysfunction is predicted from the multiple roles ascribed to IRF8 in immune cell development and function. OBJECTIVE We sought to describe the effect on hematopoiesis and immunity of the compound heterozygous R83C/R291Q mutation of IRF8, which is present in a patient with recurrent viral infection, granuloproliferation, and intracerebral calcification. METHODS Variant IRF8 alleles were identified by means of exome sequencing, and their function was tested by using reporter assays. The cellular phenotype was studied in detail by using flow cytometry, functional immunologic assay transcriptional profiling, and antigen receptor profiling. RESULTS Both mutations affected conserved residues, and R291Q is orthologous to R294, which is mutated in the BXH2 IRF8-deficient mouse. R83C showed reduced nuclear translocation, and neither mutant was able to regulate the Ets/IRF composite element or interferon-stimulated response element, whereas R291Q retained BATF/JUN interactions. DC deficiency and monocytopenia were observed in blood, dermis, and lung lavage fluid. Granulocytes were consistently increased, dysplastic, and hypofunctional. Natural killer cell development and maturation were arrested. TH1, TH17, and CD8+ memory T-cell differentiation was significantly reduced, and T cells did not express CXCR3. B-cell development was impaired, with fewer memory cells, reduced class-switching, and lower frequency and complexity of somatic hypermutation. Cell-specific gene expression was widely disturbed in interferon- and IRF8-regulated transcripts. CONCLUSIONS This analysis defines the clinical features of human biallelic IRF8 deficiency, revealing a complex immunodeficiency syndrome caused by DC and monocyte deficiency combined with widespread immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venetia Bigley
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Sheetal Maisuria
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Urszula Cytlak
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Jardine
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Care
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kile Green
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Merry Gunawan
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Milne
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Dickinson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Wiscombe
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David Parry
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Arian Laurence
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Fonseca
- Cambridge Protein Arrays, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oda Stoevesandt
- Cambridge Protein Arrays, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gennery
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Cant
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Reuben Tooze
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - A John Simpson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sinisa Savic
- National Institute for Health Research-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit and Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Doody
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Collin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Wang X, Guo J, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Wang L, Hua S. Expression Levels of Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5) and Related Inflammatory Cytokines Associated with Severity, Prognosis, and Causative Pathogen in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3620-3630. [PMID: 29847542 PMCID: PMC6004935 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), which induces type I interferons (IFNs) and cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10, and interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)10, is a key transcription factor involved in controlling the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and responses to infection. Here, we carefully investigated the role of IRF5 in regulating immune responses to CAP. Material/Methods QRT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of IRF5, IL-6, IL-10, IP10, TNF-α, and IFN-α in the peripheral blood of 71 CAP patients and 31 healthy controls, as well as in the bronchoalveolar lavage cells of 20 patients with CAP and 23 patients with lung cancer (using samples from the unaffected lung). Flow cytometry was performed to detect the protein level of IRF5, and a CBA flex set was used to detect the levels of these cytokines in the volunteers. Results The expression levels of IRF5 and its related cytokines were significantly increased in CAP patients compared with the controls. Additionally, IRF5, IL-6, IL-10, and IP10 levels were found to be related with the severity of CAP. Furthermore, the levels of IRF5 and IFN-α increased significantly in the early phase of pneumonia caused by influenza virus infection. Conclusions IRF5 and its related inflammatory cytokines are associated with the severity, prognosis, and causative pathogen of CAP patients. This finding may provide new drug targets for the prevention and treatment of severe pneumonia caused by influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Yue Xiao
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
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Bellesis AG, Jecrois AM, Hayes JA, Schiffer CA, Royer WE. Assembly of human C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) into tetramers. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9101-9112. [PMID: 29700119 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
C-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1) and CtBP2 are transcriptional coregulators that repress numerous cellular processes, such as apoptosis, by binding transcription factors and recruiting chromatin-remodeling enzymes to gene promoters. The NAD(H)-linked oligomerization of human CtBP is coupled to its co-transcriptional activity, which is implicated in cancer progression. However, the biologically relevant level of CtBP assembly has not been firmly established; nor has the stereochemical arrangement of the subunits above that of a dimer. Here, multi-angle light scattering (MALS) data established the NAD+- and NADH-dependent assembly of CtBP1 and CtBP2 into tetramers. An examination of subunit interactions within CtBP1 and CtBP2 crystal lattices revealed that both share a very similar tetrameric arrangement resulting from assembly of two dimeric pairs, with specific interactions probably being sensitive to NAD(H) binding. Creating a series of mutants of both CtBP1 and CtBP2, we tested the hypothesis that the crystallographically observed interdimer pairing stabilizes the solution tetramer. MALS data confirmed that these mutants disrupt both CtBP1 and CtBP2 tetramers, with the dimer generally remaining intact, providing the first stereochemical models for tetrameric assemblies of CtBP1 and CtBP2. The crystal structure of a subtle destabilizing mutant suggested that small structural perturbations of the hinge region linking the substrate- and NAD-binding domains are sufficient to weaken the CtBP1 tetramer. These results strongly suggest that the tetramer is important in CtBP function, and the series of CtBP mutants reported here can be used to investigate the physiological role of the tetramer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Bellesis
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and.,the Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610
| | - Anne M Jecrois
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and
| | - Janelle A Hayes
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and
| | - William E Royer
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 and
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Staller MV, Holehouse AS, Swain-Lenz D, Das RK, Pappu RV, Cohen BA. A High-Throughput Mutational Scan of an Intrinsically Disordered Acidic Transcriptional Activation Domain. Cell Syst 2018; 6:444-455.e6. [PMID: 29525204 PMCID: PMC5920710 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional activation domains are essential for gene regulation, but their intrinsic disorder and low primary sequence conservation have made it difficult to identify the amino acid composition features that underlie their activity. Here, we describe a rational mutagenesis scheme that deconvolves the function of four activation domain sequence features-acidity, hydrophobicity, intrinsic disorder, and short linear motifs-by quantifying the activity of thousands of variants in vivo and simulating their conformational ensembles using an all-atom Monte Carlo approach. Our results with a canonical activation domain from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor Gcn4 reconcile existing observations into a unified model of its function: the intrinsic disorder and acidic residues keep two hydrophobic motifs from driving collapse. Instead, the most-active variants keep their aromatic residues exposed to the solvent. Our results illustrate how the function of intrinsically disordered proteins can be revealed by high-throughput rational mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max V Staller
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alex S Holehouse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Devjanee Swain-Lenz
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rahul K Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Rohit V Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Barak A Cohen
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Corrected and Republished from: The COP9 Signalosome Interacts with and Regulates Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 Protein Stability. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:38/3/e00493-17. [PMID: 29339435 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00493-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) exerts crucial functions in the regulation of host immunity against extracellular pathogens, DNA damage-induced apoptosis, death receptor signaling, and macrophage polarization. Tight regulation of IRF5 is thus warranted for an efficient response to extracellular stressors and for limiting autoimmune and inflammatory responses. Here we report that the COP9 signalosome (CSN), a general modulator of diverse cellular and developmental processes, associates constitutively with IRF5 and promotes its protein stability. The constitutive CSN/IRF5 interaction was identified using proteomics and confirmed by endogenous immunoprecipitations. The CSN/IRF5 interaction occurred on the carboxyl and amino termini of IRF5; a single internal deletion (Δ455-466) was found to significantly reduce IRF5 protein stability. CSN3 was identified as a direct interacting partner of IRF5, and knockdown of this subunit with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) resulted in enhanced degradation. Degradation was further augmented by knockdown of CSN1 and CSN3 together. The ubiquitin E1 inhibitor UBEI-41 or the proteasome inhibitor MG132 prevented IRF5 degradation, supporting that its stability is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Importantly, activation of IRF5 by the death receptor ligand tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) resulted in enhanced degradation via loss of the CSN/IRF5 interaction. This study defines the CSN as a new interacting partner of IRF5 that controls its stability.
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Sy BT, Hoan NX, Tong HV, Meyer CG, Toan NL, Song LH, Bock CT, Velavan TP. Genetic variants of interferon regulatory factor 5 associated with chronic hepatitis B infection. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:248-256. [PMID: 29375210 PMCID: PMC5768943 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i2.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate possible effects of IRF5 polymorphisms in the 3’ UTR region of the IFR5 locus on susceptibility to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and progression of liver diseases among clinically classified Vietnamese patients.
METHODS Four IFR5 SNPs (rs13242262A/T, rs77416878C/T, rs10488630A/G, and rs2280714T/C) were genotyped in clinically classified HBV patients [chronic hepatitis B (CHB). n = 99; liver cirrhosis (LC), n = 131; hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), n = 149] and in 242 healthy controls by direct sequencing and TaqMan real-time PCR assays.
RESULTS Comparing patients and controls, no significant association was observed for the four IFR5 variants. However, the alleles rs13242262T and rs10488630G contributed to an increased risk of liver cirrhosis (LC vs CHB: OR = 1.5, 95%CI: 1.1-2.3, adjusted P = 0.04; LC vs CHB: OR = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.1-2.6, adjusted P = 0.019). Haplotype IRF5*TCGT constructed from 4 SNPs was observed frequently in LC compared to CHB patients (OR = 2.1, 95%CI: 1.2-3.3, adjusted P = 0.008). Haplotype IRF5*TCAT occurred rather among CHB patients than in the other HBV patient groups (LC vs CHB: OR = 0.4, 95%CI: 0.2-0.8, adjusted P = 0.03; HCC vs CHB: OR = 0.3, 95%CI: 0.15-0.7, adjusted P = 0.003). The IRF5*TCAT haplotype was also associated with increased levels of ALT, AST and bilirubin.
CONCLUSION Our study shows that IFR5 variants may contribute as a host factor in determining the pathogenesis in chronic HBV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Tien Sy
- Vietnamese-German Center of Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nghiem Xuan Hoan
- Vietnamese-German Center of Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Hoang Van Tong
- Vietnamese-German Center of Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Christian G Meyer
- Vietnamese-German Center of Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Vietnamese-German Center of Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Huu Song
- Vietnamese-German Center of Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Claus-Thomas Bock
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin 13302, Germany
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Vietnamese-German Center of Excellence in Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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42
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Marsili G, Perrotti E, Remoli AL, Acchioni C, Sgarbanti M, Battistini A. IFN Regulatory Factors and Antiviral Innate Immunity: How Viruses Can Get Better. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 36:414-32. [PMID: 27379864 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family consists of transcriptional regulators that exert multifaceted and versatile functions in multiple biological processes. Their crucial role as central mediators in the establishment and execution of host immunity in response to pathogen-derived signals downstream pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) makes IRFs a hallmark of the host antiviral response. They function as hub molecules at the crossroad of different signaling pathways for the induction of interferon (IFN) and inflammatory cytokines, as well as of antiviral and immunomodulatory genes even in an IFN-independent manner. By regulating the development and activity of immune cells, IRFs also function as a bridge between innate and adaptive responses. As such, IRFs represent attractive and compulsive targets in viral strategies to subvert antiviral signaling. In this study, we discuss current knowledge on the wide array of strategies put in place by pathogenic viruses to evade, subvert, and/or hijack these essential components of host antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marsili
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Edvige Perrotti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Remoli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Acchioni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Battistini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
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43
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Structural basis of STAT2 recognition by IRF9 reveals molecular insights into ISGF3 function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E601-E609. [PMID: 29317535 PMCID: PMC5789952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718426115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines interact with their receptors and activate JAK–STAT signaling pathways that lead to changes in gene expression. In mammals, there are seven STATs that have arisen due to gene duplication and genetic drift. STATs have similar DNA binding specificity, and how individual STATs have subfunctionalized to regulate very specific cytokine responses in cells is poorly understood. Here we describe X-ray structures that show how one STAT family member, STAT2, specifically pairs with a member of the IRF family of transcription factors, IRF9. Despite overall structural similarity among STAT and IRF family members, surface features in the interacting domains of IRF9 and STAT2 have diverged to enable specific interaction between these family members and to enable the antiviral response. Cytokine signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway controls multiple cellular responses including growth, survival, differentiation, and pathogen resistance. An expansion in the gene regulatory repertoire controlled by JAK/STAT signaling occurs through the interaction of STATs with IRF transcription factors to form ISGF3, a complex that contains STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9 and regulates expression of IFN-stimulated genes. ISGF3 function depends on selective interaction between IRF9, through its IRF-association domain (IAD), with the coiled-coil domain (CCD) of STAT2. Here, we report the crystal structures of the IRF9–IAD alone and in a complex with STAT2–CCD. Despite similarity in the overall structure among respective paralogs, the surface features of the IRF9–IAD and STAT2–CCD have diverged to enable specific interaction between these family members. We derive a model for the ISGF3 complex bound to an ISRE DNA element and demonstrate that the observed interface between STAT2 and IRF9 is required for ISGF3 function in cells.
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44
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Parada-Sanchez MT, Chu EY, Cox LL, Undurty SS, Standley JM, Murray JC, Cox TC. Disrupted IRF6-NME1/2 Complexes as a Cause of Cleft Lip/Palate. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1330-1338. [PMID: 28767310 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517723615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations and common polymorphisms in interferon regulatory factor 6 ( IRF6) are associated with both syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of cleft lip/palate (CLP). To date, much of the focus on this transcription factor has been on identifying its direct targets and the gene regulatory network in which it operates. Notably, however, IRF6 is found predominantly in the cytoplasm, with its import into the nucleus tightly regulated like other members of the IRF family. To provide further insight into the role of IRF6 in the pathogenesis of CLP, we sought to identify direct IRF6 protein interactors using a combination of yeast 2-hybrid screens and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Using this approach, we identified NME1 and NME2, well-known regulators of Rho-type GTPases, E-cadherin endocytosis, and epithelial junctional remodeling, as bona fide IRF6 partner proteins. The NME proteins co-localize with IRF6 in the cytoplasm of primary palatal epithelial cells in vivo, and their interaction with IRF6 is significantly enhanced by phosphorylation of key serine residues in the IRF6 C-terminus. Furthermore, CLP associated IRF6 missense mutations disrupt the ability of IRF6 to bind the NME proteins and result in elevated activation of Rac1 and RhoA, compared to wild-type IRF6, when ectopically expressed in 293T epithelial cells. Significantly, we also report the identification of 2 unique missense mutations in the NME proteins in patients with CLP (NME1 R18Q in an IRF6 and GRHL3 mutation-negative patient with van der Woude syndrome and NME2 G71V in a patient with nonsyndromic CLP). Both variants disrupted the ability of the respective proteins to interact with IRF6. The data presented suggest an important role for cytoplasmic IRF6 in regulating the availability or localization of the NME1/2 complex and thus the dynamic behavior of epithelia during lip/palate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Parada-Sanchez
- 1 School of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,2 Departments of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E Y Chu
- 2 Departments of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L L Cox
- 3 Departments of Pediatrics (Craniofacial Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,4 Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S S Undurty
- 5 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J M Standley
- 5 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J C Murray
- 5 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - T C Cox
- 3 Departments of Pediatrics (Craniofacial Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,4 Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,6 Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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45
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Xiao Y, Lu W, Li X, Zhao P, Yao Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Lin Z, Yu Y, Hua S, Wang L. An oligodeoxynucleotide with AAAG repeats significantly attenuates burn-induced systemic inflammatory responses via inhibiting interferon regulatory factor 5 pathway. Mol Med 2017; 23:166-176. [PMID: 28620671 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that an oligodeoxynucleotide with AAAG repeats (AAAG ODN) rescued mice from fatal acute lung injury (ALI) induced by influenza virus and inhibited production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the injured lungs. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Upon the bioinformatic analysis revealing that the AAAG ODN is consensus to interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) binding site in the cis-regulatory elements of proinflammatory cytokines, we tried to explore whether the AAAG ODN could attenuate burn injury induced systemic inflammatory responses via inhibiting IRF5 pathway. Using the mouse model with sterile systemic inflammation induced by burn injury, we found that AAAG ODN prolonged the life span of the mice, decreased the expression of IRF5 at injured skin, reduced the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in blood and injured skin, and attenuated the ALI. Furthermore, AAAG ODN could bind IRF5 and inhibit the nuclear translocation of IRF5 in THP-1 cells. The data suggested that the AAAG ODN could act as a cytoplasmic decoy capable of interfering the function of IRF5, and be developed as a drug candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xiao
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in First Hospital, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wenting Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in First Hospital, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in First Hospital, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Peiyan Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in First Hospital, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yun Yao
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in First Hospital, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in First Hospital, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in First Hospital, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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Sato G, Ban T, Tamura T. Phos-tag Immunoblot Analysis for Detecting IRF5 Phosphorylation. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2295. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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47
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Chaikuad A, Bullock AN. Structural Basis of Intracellular TGF-β Signaling: Receptors and Smads. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a022111. [PMID: 27549117 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family receptors activates an intracellular phosphorylation-dependent signaling cascade that culminates in Smad transcriptional activation and turnover. Structural studies have identified a number of allosteric mechanisms that control the localization, conformation, and oligomeric state of the receptors and Smads. Such mechanisms dictate the ordered binding of substrate and adaptor proteins that determine the directionality of the signaling process. Activation of the pathway has been illustrated by the various structures of the receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads) with SARA, Smad4, and YAP, respectively, whereas mechanisms of down-regulation have been elucidated by the structural complexes of FKBP12, Ski, and Smurf1. Interesting parallels have emerged between the R-Smads and the Forkhead-associated (FHA) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-associated domains, as well as the Hippo pathway. However, important questions remain as to the mechanism of Smad-independent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apirat Chaikuad
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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48
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Pestivirus Npro Directly Interacts with Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Monomer and Dimer. J Virol 2016; 90:7740-7. [PMID: 27334592 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00318-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription factor involved in the activation of type I alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) in response to viral infection. Upon viral infection, the IRF3 monomer is activated into a phosphorylated dimer, which induces the transcription of interferon genes in the nucleus. Viruses have evolved several ways to target IRF3 in order to subvert the innate immune response. Pestiviruses, such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV), target IRF3 for ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. This is mediated by the viral protein N(pro) that interacts with IRF3, but the molecular details for this interaction are largely unknown. We used recombinant N(pro) and IRF3 proteins and show that N(pro) interacts with IRF3 directly without additional proteins and forms a soluble 1:1 complex. The full-length IRF3 but not merely either of the individual domains is required for this interaction. The interaction between N(pro) and IRF3 is not dependent on the activation state of IRF3, since N(pro) binds to a constitutively active form of IRF3 in the presence of its transcriptional coactivator, CREB-binding protein (CBP). The results indicate that the N(pro)-binding site on IRF3 encompasses a region that is unperturbed by the phosphorylation and subsequent activation of IRF3 and thus excludes the dimer interface and CBP-binding site. IMPORTANCE The pestivirus N-terminal protease, N(pro), is essential for evading the host's immune system by facilitating the degradation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). However, the nature of the N(pro) interaction with IRF3, including the IRF3 species (inactive monomer versus activated dimer) that N(pro) targets for degradation, is largely unknown. We show that classical swine fever virus N(pro) and porcine IRF3 directly interact in solution and that full-length IRF3 is required for interaction with N(pro) Additionally, N(pro) interacts with a constitutively active form of IRF3 bound to its transcriptional cofactor, the CREB-binding protein. This is the first study to demonstrate that N(pro) is able to bind both inactive IRF3 monomer and activated IRF3 dimer and thus likely targets both IRF3 species for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.
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Abstract
Macrophages and their counterparts in the central nervous system, the microglia, detect and subsequently clear microbial pathogens and injured tissue. These phagocytic cells alter and adapt their phenotype depending on their prime activity, i.e., whether they participate in acute defence against pathogenic organisms ('M1'-phenotype) or in clearing damaged tissues and performing repair activities ('M2'-phenotype). Stimulation of pattern recognition receptors by viruses (vaccines), bacterial membrane components (e.g., LPS), alcohol, or long-chain saturated fatty acids promotes M1-polarization. Vaccine or LPS administration to healthy human subjects can result in sickness symptoms and low mood. Alcohol abuse and abdominal obesity are recognized as risk factors for depression. In the M1-polarized form, microglia and macrophages generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals to eradicate microbial pathogens. Inadvertently, also tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) may become oxidized. This is an irreversible reaction that generates neopterin, a recognized biomarker for depression. BH4 is a critical cofactor for the synthesis of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin, and its loss could explain some of the symptoms of depression. Based on these aspects, the suppression of M1-polarization would limit the inadvertent catabolism of BH4. In the current review, we evaluate the evidence that antidepressant treatments (monoamine reuptake inhibitors, PDE4 inhibitors, lithium, valproate, agomelatine, tianeptine, electroconvulsive shock, and vagus nerve stimulation) inhibit LPS-induced microglia/macrophage M1-polarization. Consequently, we propose that supplementation with BH4 could limit the reduction in central monoamine synthesis and might represent an effective treatment for depressed mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Kalkman
- Neuroscience Research, NIBR, Fabrikstrasse 22-3.001.02, Basel 4002, Switzerland.
| | - Dominik Feuerbach
- Neuroscience Research, NIBR, Fabrikstrasse 22-3.001.02, Basel 4002, Switzerland
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50
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Zhu Y, Qi C, Shan S, Zhang F, Li H, An L, Yang G. Characterization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and its expression in response to viral and bacterial challenges. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:127. [PMID: 27350041 PMCID: PMC4924235 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), one of the most economically valuable commercial farming fish species in China, is often infected by a variety of viruses. As the first line of defence against microbial pathogens, the innate immune system plays a crucial role in teleost fish, which are lower vertebrates. Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a key molecule in antiviral immunity that regulating the expression of IFN and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is necessary to gain more insight into the common carp IFN system and the function of fish IRF5 in the antiviral and antibacterial response. Results In the present study, we characterized the cDNA and genomic sequence of the IRF5 gene in common carp, and analysed tissue distribution and expression profile of this gene in response to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) treatment. The common carp IRF5 (ccIRF5) gene is 5790 bp in length and is composed of 9 exons and 8 introns. The open reading frame (ORF) of ccIRF5 is 1554 bp, and encodes 517 amino acid protein. The putative ccIRF5 protein shares identity (65.4–90.0 %) with other fish IRF5s and contains a DNA binding domain (DBD), a middle region (MR), an IRF-associated domain (IAD), a virus activated domain (VAD) and two nuclear localization signals (NLSs) similar to those found in vertebrate IRF5. Phylogenetic analysis clustered ccIRF5 into the IRF5 subfamily with other vertebrate IRF5 and IRF6 genes. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that ccIRF5 mRNA was expressed in all examined tissues of healthy carps, with high levels observed in the gills and the brain. After poly I:C challenge, expression levels of ccIRF5, tumour-necrosis factor α (ccTNFα) and two IFN stimulated genes [ISGs (ccISG5 and ccPKR)] were up-regulated in seven immune-related tissues (liver, spleen, head kidney, foregut, hindgut, skin and gills). Furthermore, all four genes were up-regulated in vitro upon poly I:C and LPS challenges. Conclusions Our findings suggest that IRF5 might play an important role in regulating the antiviral and antibacterial response in fish. These results could provide a clue for preventing common carp infection by pathogenic microorganisms present in the aquatic environment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0750-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenchen Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fumiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Liguo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
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