1
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Koch M, Enzlein T, Chen S, Petit D, Lismont S, Zacharias M, Hopf C, Chávez‐Gutiérrez L. APP substrate ectodomain defines amyloid-β peptide length by restraining γ-secretase processivity and facilitating product release. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114372. [PMID: 37853914 PMCID: PMC10690472 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequential proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by γ-secretases generates amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and defines the proportion of short-to-long Aβ peptides, which is tightly connected to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Here, we study the mechanism that controls substrate processing by γ-secretases and Aβ peptide length. We found that polar interactions established by the APPC99 ectodomain (ECD), involving but not limited to its juxtamembrane region, restrain both the extent and degree of γ-secretases processive cleavage by destabilizing enzyme-substrate interactions. We show that increasing hydrophobicity, via mutation or ligand binding, at APPC99 -ECD attenuates substrate-driven product release and rescues the effects of Alzheimer's disease-associated pathogenic γ-secretase and APP variants on Aβ length. In addition, our study reveals that APPC99 -ECD facilitates the paradoxical production of longer Aβs caused by some γ-secretase inhibitors, which act as high-affinity competitors of the substrate. These findings assign a pivotal role to the substrate ECD in the sequential proteolysis by γ-secretases and suggest it as a sweet spot for the potential design of APP-targeting compounds selectively promoting its processing by these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Koch
- VIB/KU Leuven, VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
| | - Thomas Enzlein
- VIB/KU Leuven, VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS)Mannheim University of Applied SciencesMannheimGermany
| | - Shu‐Yu Chen
- Physics Department and Center of Functional Protein AssembliesTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Dieter Petit
- VIB/KU Leuven, VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
| | - Sam Lismont
- VIB/KU Leuven, VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Physics Department and Center of Functional Protein AssembliesTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS)Mannheim University of Applied SciencesMannheimGermany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Medical FacultyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
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2
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Roselli S, Satir TM, Camacho R, Fruhwürth S, Bergström P, Zetterberg H, Agholme L. APP-BACE1 Interaction and Intracellular Localization Regulate Aβ Production in iPSC-Derived Cortical Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3653-3668. [PMID: 37355492 PMCID: PMC10477112 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized pathologically by amyloid β (Aβ)-containing plaques. Generation of Aβ from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by two enzymes, β- and γ-secretase, has therefore been in the AD research spotlight for decades. Despite this, how the physical interaction of APP with the secretases influences APP processing is not fully understood. Herein, we compared two genetically identical human iPSC-derived neuronal cell types: low Aβ-secreting neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) and high Aβ-secreting mature neurons, as models of low versus high Aβ production. We investigated levels of substrate, enzymes and products of APP amyloidogenic processing and correlated them with the proximity of APP to β- and γ-secretase in endo-lysosomal organelles. In mature neurons, increased colocalization of full-length APP with the β-secretase BACE1 correlated with increased β-cleavage product sAPPβ. Increased flAPP/BACE1 colocalization was mainly found in early endosomes. In the same way, increased colocalization of APP-derived C-terminal fragment (CTF) with presenilin-1 (PSEN1), the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, was seen in neurons as compared to NPCs. Furthermore, most of the interaction of APP with BACE1 in low Aβ-secreting NPCs seemed to derive from CTF, the remaining APP part after BACE1 cleavage, indicating a possible novel product-enzyme inhibition. In conclusion, our results suggest that interaction of APP and APP cleavage products with their secretases can regulate Aβ production both positively and negatively. β- and γ-Secretases are difficult targets for AD treatment due to their ubiquitous nature and wide range of substrates. Therefore, targeting APP-secretase interactions could be a novel treatment strategy for AD. Colocalization of APP species with BACE1 in a novel model of low- versus high-Aβ secretion-Two genetically identical human iPSC-derived neuronal cell types: low Aβ-secreting neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) and high Aβ secreting mature neurons, were compared. Increased full-length APP (flAPP)/BACE1 colocalization in early endosomes was seen in neurons, while APP-CTF/BACE1 colocalization was much higher than flAPP/BACE1 colocalization in NPCs, although the cellular location was not determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Roselli
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Tugce Munise Satir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rafael Camacho
- Centre for Cellular Imaging, Core Facilities, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 7A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Fruhwürth
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Bergström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Building V3, Mölndal Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London Queen Square, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Units 1501-1502, 1512-1518, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Lotta Agholme
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Ortner M, Guschtschin-Schmidt N, Stelzer W, Muhle-Goll C, Langosch D. Permissive Conformations of a Transmembrane Helix Allow Intramembrane Proteolysis by γ-Secretase. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168218. [PMID: 37536392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The intramembrane protease γ-secretase activates important signaling molecules, such as Notch receptors. It is still unclear, however, how different elements within the primary structure of substrate transmembrane domains (TMDs) contribute to their cleavability. Using a newly developed yeast-based cleavage assay, we identified three crucial regions within the TMDs of the paralogs Notch1 and Notch3 by mutational and gain-of-function approaches. The AAAA or AGAV motifs within the N-terminal half of the TMDs were found to confer strong conformational flexibility to these TMD helices, as determined by mutagenesis coupled to deuterium/hydrogen exchange. Crucial amino acids within the C-terminal half may support substrate docking into the catalytic cleft of presenilin, the enzymatic subunit of γ-secretase. Further, residues close to the C-termini of the TMDs may stabilize a tripartite β-sheet in the substrate/enzyme complex. NMR structures reveal different extents of helix bending as well as an ability to adopt widely differing conformational substates, depending on the sequence of the N-terminal half. The difference in cleavability between Notch1 and Notch3 TMDs is jointly determined by the conformational repertoires of the TMD helices and the sequences of the C-terminal half, as suggested by mutagenesis and building molecular models. In sum, cleavability of a γ-secretase substrate is enabled by different functions of cooperating TMD regions, which deepens our mechanistic understanding of substrate/non-substrate discrimination in intramembrane proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ortner
- Chair of Biopolymer Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Nadja Guschtschin-Schmidt
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 4, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Walter Stelzer
- Chair of Biopolymer Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Claudia Muhle-Goll
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 4, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dieter Langosch
- Chair of Biopolymer Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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4
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Quan M, Cao S, Wang Q, Wang S, Jia J. Genetic Phenotypes of Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Potential Therapy. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:333-349. [PMID: 37589021 PMCID: PMC10425323 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Years of intensive research has brought us extensive knowledge on the genetic and molecular factors involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to the mutations in the three main causative genes of familial AD (FAD) including presenilins and amyloid precursor protein genes, studies have identified several genes as the most plausible genes for the onset and progression of FAD, such as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, sortilin-related receptor 1, and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter subfamily A member 7. The apolipoprotein E ε4 allele is reported to be the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD (SAD), and it also plays an important role in FAD. Here, we reviewed recent developments in genetic and molecular studies that contributed to the understanding of the genetic phenotypes of FAD and compared them with SAD. We further reviewed the advancements in AD gene therapy and discussed the future perspectives based on the genetic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Quan
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Shuman Cao
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Qi Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, 100053 China
- Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- Center of Alzheimer’s Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053 China
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5
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Zhang J, Cai F, Lu R, Xing X, Xu L, Wu K, Gong Z, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Xing M, Song W, Li JD. CNTNAP2 intracellular domain (CICD) generated by γ-secretase cleavage improves autism-related behaviors. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:219. [PMID: 37271769 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in children, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by deficits in language development, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors or inflexible interests. Contactin associated protein like 2 (CNTNAP2), encoding a single transmembrane protein (CNTNAP2) with 1331 amino acid residues, is a widely validated ASD-susceptible gene. Cntnap2-deficient mice also show core autism-relevant behaviors, including the social deficits and repetitive behavior. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying dysfunction CNTNAP2 and ASD remain elusive. In this study, we found a motif within the transmembrane domain of CNTNAP2 was highly homologous to the γ-secretase cleavage site of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), suggesting that CNTNAP2 may undergo proteolytic cleavage. Further biochemical analysis indicated that CNTNAP2 is cleaved by γ-secretase to produce the CNTNAP2 intracellular domain (CICD). Virally delivery of CICD to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in Cntnap2-deficient (Cntnap2-/-) mice normalized the deficit in the ASD-related behaviors, including social deficit and repetitive behaviors. Furthermore, CICD promoted the nuclear translocation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) to regulate the transcription of genes, such as Prader Willi syndrome gene Necdin. Whereas Necdin deficiency led to reduced social interaction in mice, virally expression of Necdin in the mPFC normalized the deficit in social preference of Cntnap2-/- mice. Our results thus reveal a critical function of CICD and highlight a role of the CNTNAP2-CASK-Necdin signaling pathway in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Furong Laboratory, Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Cai
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Renbin Lu
- Furong Laboratory, Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoliang Xing
- Furong Laboratory, Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health and Kangning Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Kunyang Wu
- Furong Laboratory, Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Zishan Gong
- Furong Laboratory, Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yun Zhang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Mengen Xing
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health and Kangning Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Weihong Song
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health and Kangning Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Jia-Da Li
- Furong Laboratory, Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
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6
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Hajjo R, Sabbah DA, Abusara OH, Al Bawab AQ. A Review of the Recent Advances in Alzheimer's Disease Research and the Utilization of Network Biology Approaches for Prioritizing Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12122975. [PMID: 36552984 PMCID: PMC9777434 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12122975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a polygenic multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that, after decades of research and development, is still without a cure. There are some symptomatic treatments to manage the psychological symptoms but none of these drugs can halt disease progression. Additionally, over the last few years, many anti-AD drugs failed in late stages of clinical trials and many hypotheses surfaced to explain these failures, including the lack of clear understanding of disease pathways and processes. Recently, different epigenetic factors have been implicated in AD pathogenesis; thus, they could serve as promising AD diagnostic biomarkers. Additionally, network biology approaches have been suggested as effective tools to study AD on the systems level and discover multi-target-directed ligands as novel treatments for AD. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology to provide a better understanding of disease pathogenesis hypotheses and decipher the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in disease development and progression. We also provide an overview of disease biomarkers and drug targets and suggest network biology approaches as new tools for identifying novel biomarkers and drugs. We also posit that the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence to mining Alzheimer's disease multi-omics data will facilitate drug and biomarker discovery efforts and lead to effective individualized anti-Alzheimer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carlina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- National Center for Epidemics and Communicable Disease Control, Amman 11118, Jordan
- Correspondence:
| | - Dima A. Sabbah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Osama H. Abusara
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Abdel Qader Al Bawab
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
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7
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Alexander C, Li T, Hattori Y, Chiu D, Frost GR, Jonas L, Liu C, Anderson CJ, Wong E, Park L, Iadecola C, Li YM. Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α binds and activates γ-secretase for Aβ production under hypoxia and cerebral hypoperfusion. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4264-4273. [PMID: 35764706 PMCID: PMC9722522 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic injury has been linked with increased risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). The underlying mechanism of this association is poorly understood. Here, we report distinct roles for hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α) in the regulation of BACE1 and γ-secretase activity, two proteases involved in the production of amyloid-beta (Aβ). We have demonstrated that Hif-1α upregulates both BACE1 and γ-secretase activity for Aβ production in brain hypoxia-induced either by cerebral hypoperfusion or breathing 10% O2. Hif-1α binds to γ-secretase, which elevates the amount of active γ-secretase complex without affecting the level of individual subunits in hypoxic-ischemic mouse brains. Additionally, the expression of full length Hif-1α increases BACE1 and γ-secretase activity in primary neuronal culture, whereas a transcriptionally incompetent Hif-1α variant only activates γ-secretase. These findings indicate that Hif-1α transcriptionally upregulates BACE1 and nontranscriptionally activates γ-secretase for Aβ production in hypoxic-ischemic conditions. Consequently, Hif-1α-mediated Aβ production may be an adaptive response to hypoxic-ischemic injury, subsequently leading to increased risk for AD. Preventing the interaction of Hif-1α with γ-secretase may therefore be a promising therapeutic strategy for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Alexander
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Programs of Neurosciences and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Programs of Neurosciences and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yorito Hattori
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danica Chiu
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georgia R Frost
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Programs of Neurosciences and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Jonas
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chenge Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Corey J Anderson
- Programs of Neurosciences and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eitan Wong
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laibaik Park
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Programs of Neurosciences and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Programs of Neurosciences and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Clusterin transduces Alzheimer-risk signals to amyloidogenesis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:325. [PMID: 36138003 PMCID: PMC9499966 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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9
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Kleffman K, Levinson G, Rose IVL, Blumenberg LM, Shadaloey SAA, Dhabaria A, Wong E, Galan-Echevarria F, Karz A, Argibay D, Von Itter R, Floristan A, Baptiste G, Eskow NM, Tranos JA, Chen J, Vega Y Saenz de Miera EC, Call M, Rogers R, Jour G, Wadghiri YZ, Osman I, Li YM, Mathews P, DeMattos R, Ueberheide B, Ruggles KV, Liddelow SA, Schneider RJ, Hernando E. Melanoma-secreted Amyloid Beta Suppresses Neuroinflammation and Promotes Brain Metastasis. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1314-1335. [PMID: 35262173 PMCID: PMC9069488 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in multiple cancer types and represents an unmet clinical need. The mechanisms that mediate metastatic cancer growth in the brain parenchyma are largely unknown. Melanoma, which has the highest rate of brain metastasis among common cancer types, is an ideal model to study how cancer cells adapt to the brain parenchyma. Our unbiased proteomics analysis of melanoma short-term cultures revealed that proteins implicated in neurodegenerative pathologies are differentially expressed in melanoma cells explanted from brain metastases compared to those derived from extracranial metastases. We showed that melanoma cells require amyloid beta (AB) for growth and survival in the brain parenchyma. Melanoma-secreted AB activates surrounding astrocytes to a pro-metastatic, anti-inflammatory phenotype and prevents phagocytosis of melanoma by microglia. Finally, we demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of AB decreases brain metastatic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kleffman
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Grace Levinson
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Indigo V L Rose
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | | | | | - Avantika Dhabaria
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research and Technology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York., New York, NY, United States
| | - Eitan Wong
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Alcida Karz
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Diana Argibay
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Gillian Baptiste
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - James A Tranos
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jenny Chen
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Melissa Call
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Robert Rogers
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - George Jour
- New York University, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Iman Osman
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Paul Mathews
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Ronald DeMattos
- Eli Lilly (United States), Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research and Technology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York., United States
| | - Kelly V Ruggles
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States
| | | | | | - Eva Hernando
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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10
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Lichtenthaler SF, Tschirner SK, Steiner H. Secretases in Alzheimer's disease: Novel insights into proteolysis of APP and TREM2. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 72:101-110. [PMID: 34689040 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Secretases are a group of proteases that are major drug targets considered for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Secretases do not only process the AD-linked neuronal amyloid precursor protein (APP) but also the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), thereby controlling microglial functions. This review highlights selected recent discoveries for the α-secretases a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) and a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), the β-secretase β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase and their link to AD. New genetic evidence strengthens the role of α-secretases in AD through cleavage of APP and TREM2. Novel proteins were linked to AD, which control α- and β-secretase activity through transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Finally, new opportunities but also challenges are discussed for pharmacologically targeting β- and γ-secretase cleavage of APP and α-secretase cleavage of TREM2 with the aim to prevent or treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Sarah K Tschirner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Steiner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany.
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11
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Leszek J, Mikhaylenko EV, Belousov DM, Koutsouraki E, Szczechowiak K, Kobusiak-Prokopowicz M, Mysiak A, Diniz BS, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Aliev G. The Links between Cardiovascular Diseases and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:152-169. [PMID: 32727331 PMCID: PMC8033981 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200729093724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The root cause of non-inherited Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown despite hundreds of research studies performed to attempt to solve this problem. Since proper prophylaxis remains the best strategy, many scientists have studied the risk factors that may affect AD development. There is robust evidence supporting the hypothesis that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) may contribute to AD progression, as the diseases often coexist. Therefore, a lack of well-defined diagnostic criteria makes studying the relationship between AD and CVD complicated. Additionally, inflammation accompanies the pathogenesis of AD and CVD, and is not only a consequence but also implicated as a significant contributor to the course of the diseases. Of note, АроЕε4 is found to be one of the major risk factors affecting both the cardiovascular and nervous systems. According to genome wide association and epidemiological studies, numerous common risk factors have been associated with the development of AD-related pathology. Furthermore, the risk of developing AD and CVDs appears to be increased by a wide range of conditions and lifestyle factors: hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, gut/oral microbiota, physical activity, and diet. This review summarizes the literature and provides possible mechanistic links between CVDs and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Leszek
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Psychiatry, Wrocław Medical University, Ul. Pasteura 10, 50-367, Wroclaw, Poland;, E-mail: and GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Tel: +1-210-442-8625 or +1-440-263-7461; E-mails: ,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Psychiatry, Wrocław Medical University, Ul. Pasteura 10, 50-367, Wroclaw, Poland;, E-mail: and GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Tel: +1-210-442-8625 or +1-440-263-7461; E-mails: ,
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12
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Yang G, Zhou R, Guo X, Yan C, Lei J, Shi Y. Structural basis of γ-secretase inhibition and modulation by small molecule drugs. Cell 2020; 184:521-533.e14. [PMID: 33373587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Development of γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) and modulators (GSMs) represents an attractive therapeutic opportunity for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancers. However, how these GSIs and GSMs target γ-secretase has remained largely unknown. Here, we report the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human γ-secretase bound individually to two GSI clinical candidates, Semagacestat and Avagacestat, a transition state analog GSI L685,458, and a classic GSM E2012, at overall resolutions of 2.6-3.1 Å. Remarkably, each of the GSIs occupies the same general location on presenilin 1 (PS1) that accommodates the β strand from amyloid precursor protein or Notch, interfering with substrate recruitment. L685,458 directly coordinates the two catalytic aspartate residues of PS1. E2012 binds to an allosteric site of γ-secretase on the extracellular side, potentially explaining its modulating activity. Structural analysis reveals a set of shared themes and variations for inhibitor and modulator recognition that will guide development of the next-generation substrate-selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology and Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology and Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuefei Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology and Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuangye Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology and Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianlin Lei
- Technology Center for Protein Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yigong Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology and Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
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13
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Dimeric Transmembrane Orientations of APP/C99 Regulate γ-Secretase Processing Line Impacting Signaling and Oligomerization. iScience 2020; 23:101887. [PMID: 33367225 PMCID: PMC7749410 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage by the β-secretase produces the C99 transmembrane (TM) protein, which contains three dimerization-inducing Gly-x-x-x-Gly motifs. We demonstrate that dimeric C99 TM orientations regulate the precise cleavage lines by γ-secretase. Of all possible dimeric orientations imposed by a coiled-coil to the C99 TM domain, the dimer containing the 33Gly-x-x-x-Gly37 motif in the interface promoted the Aβ42 processing line and APP intracellular domain-dependent gene transcription, including the induction of BACE1 mRNA, enhancing amyloidogenic processing and signaling. Another orientation exhibiting the 25Gly-x-x-x-Gly29 motif in the interface favored processing to Aβ43/40. It induced significantly less gene transcription, while promoting formation of SDS-resistant "Aβ-like" oligomers, reminiscent of Aβ peptide oligomers. These required both Val24 of a pro-β motif and the 25Gly-x-x-x-Gly29 interface. Thus, crossing angles imposed by precise dimeric orientations control γ-secretase initial cleavage at Aβ48 or Aβ49, linking the former to enhanced signaling and Aβ42 production.
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14
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Hur JY, Frost GR, Wu X, Crump C, Pan SJ, Wong E, Barros M, Li T, Nie P, Zhai Y, Wang JC, Tcw J, Guo L, McKenzie A, Ming C, Zhou X, Wang M, Sagi Y, Renton AE, Esposito BT, Kim Y, Sadleir KR, Trinh I, Rissman RA, Vassar R, Zhang B, Johnson DS, Masliah E, Greengard P, Goate A, Li YM. The innate immunity protein IFITM3 modulates γ-secretase in Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2020; 586:735-740. [PMID: 32879487 PMCID: PMC7919141 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is associated with Alzheimer's disease1, but the influence of immune activation on the production of amyloid-β is unknown2,3. Here we identify interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) as a γ-secretase modulatory protein, and establish a mechanism by which inflammation affects the generation of amyloid-β. Inflammatory cytokines induce the expression of IFITM3 in neurons and astrocytes, which binds to γ-secretase and upregulates its activity, thereby increasing the production of amyloid-β. The expression of IFITM3 is increased with ageing and in mouse models that express familial Alzheimer's disease genes. Furthermore, knockout of IFITM3 reduces γ-secretase activity and the formation of amyloid plaques in a transgenic mouse model (5xFAD) of early amyloid deposition. IFITM3 protein is upregulated in tissue samples from a subset of patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease that exhibit higher γ-secretase activity. The amount of IFITM3 in the γ-secretase complex has a strong and positive correlation with γ-secretase activity in samples from patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. These findings reveal a mechanism in which γ-secretase is modulated by neuroinflammation via IFITM3 and the risk of Alzheimer's disease is thereby increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeun Hur
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georgia R Frost
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Program of Neurosciences, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xianzhong Wu
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina Crump
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Si Jia Pan
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eitan Wong
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marilia Barros
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Program of Neurosciences, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pengju Nie
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yujia Zhai
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jen Chyong Wang
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia Tcw
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew McKenzie
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chen Ming
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xianxiao Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yotam Sagi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alan E Renton
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bianca T Esposito
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ivy Trinh
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert Vassar
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul Greengard
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Program of Neurosciences, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Luo W, Ip FCF, Fu G, Cheung K, Tian Y, Hu Y, Sinha A, Cheng EYL, Wu X, Bustos V, Greengard P, Li YM, Sinha SC, Ip NY. A Pentacyclic Triterpene from Ligustrum lucidum Targets γ-Secretase. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2827-2835. [PMID: 32786303 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta peptides generated by β-secretase- and γ-secretase-mediated successive cleavage of amyloid precursor protein are believed to play a causative role in Alzheimer's disease. Thus, reducing amyloid-beta generation by modulating γ-secretase remains a promising approach for Alzheimer's disease therapeutic development. Here, we screened fruit extracts of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. (Oleaceae) and identified active fractions that increase the C-terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein and reduce amyloid-beta production in a neuronal cell line. These fractions contain a mixture of two isomeric pentacyclic triterpene natural products, 3-O-cis- or 3-O-trans-p-coumaroyl maslinic acid (OCMA), in different ratios. We further demonstrated that trans-OCMA specifically inhibits γ-secretase and decreases amyloid-beta levels without influencing cleavage of Notch. By using photoactivatable probes targeting the subsites residing in the γ-secretase active site, we demonstrated that trans-OCMA selectively affects the S1 subsite of the active site in this protease. Treatment of Alzheimer's disease transgenic model mice with trans-OCMA or an analogous carbamate derivative of a related pentacyclic triterpene natural product, oleanolic acid, rescued the impairment of synaptic plasticity. This work indicates that the naturally occurring compound trans-OCMA and its analogues could become a promising class of small molecules for Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Fanny C. F. Ip
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, Shenzhen−Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518057
| | - Guangmiao Fu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kit Cheung
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yueqing Hu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anjana Sinha
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Elaine Y. L. Cheng
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xianzhong Wu
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Victor Bustos
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Paul Greengard
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Subhash C. Sinha
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Nancy Y. Ip
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, Shenzhen−Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518057
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16
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Hitzenberger M, Götz A, Menig S, Brunschweiger B, Zacharias M, Scharnagl C. The dynamics of γ-secretase and its substrates. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:86-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Barros M, Houlihan WJ, Paresi CJ, Brendel M, Rynearson KD, Lee CW, Prikhodko O, Cregger C, Chang G, Wagner SL, Gilchrist ML, Li YM. γ-Secretase Partitioning into Lipid Bilayers Remodels Membrane Microdomains after Direct Insertion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6569-6579. [PMID: 32432881 PMCID: PMC7887708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a multisubunit complex that catalyzes intramembranous cleavage of transmembrane proteins. The lipid environment forms membrane microdomains that serve as spatio-temporal platforms for proteins to function properly. Despite substantial advances in the regulation of γ-secretase, the effect of the local membrane lipid microenvironment on the regulation of γ-secretase is poorly understood. Here, we characterized and quantified the partitioning of γ-secretase and its substrates, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch, into lipid bilayers using solid-supported model membranes. Notch substrate is preferentially localized in the liquid-disordered (Ld) lipid domains, whereas APP and γ-secretase partition as single or higher complex in both phases but highly favor the ordered phase, especially after recruiting lipids from the ordered phase, indicating that the activity and specificity of γ-secretase against these two substrates are modulated by membrane lateral organization. Moreover, time-elapse measurements reveal that γ-secretase can recruit specific membrane components from the cholesterol-rich Lo phase and thus creates a favorable lipid environment for substrate recognition and therefore activity. This work offers insight into how γ-secretase and lipid modulate each other and control its activity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Barros
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - William J Houlihan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Chelsea J Paresi
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Matthew Brendel
- Molecular Cytology Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kevin D Rynearson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Olga Prikhodko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Cristina Cregger
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Steven L Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Research Biologist, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California 92161, United States
| | - M Lane Gilchrist
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, United States
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18
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Wolfe MS. Unraveling the complexity of γ-secretase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:3-11. [PMID: 31980377 PMCID: PMC7371508 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
γ-Secretase was initially defined as a proteolytic activity that cleaves within the transmembrane of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce the amyloid β-peptide of Alzheimer's disease. The discovery of mutations in APP and the presenilins associated with familial Alzheimer's disease and their effects on APP processing dovetailed with pharmacological studies on γ-secretase, leading to the revelation that presenilins are unprecedented membrane-embedded aspartyl proteases. Other members of what became known as the γ-secretase complex were subsequently identified. In parallel with these advances, connections between presenilins and Notch receptors essential to metazoan development became evident, resulting in the concurrent realization that γ-secretase also carries out intramembrane proteolysis of Notch as part of its signaling mechanism. Substantial progress has been made toward elucidating how γ-secretase carries out complex processing of transmembrane domains, how it goes awry in familial Alzheimer's disease, the scope of its substrates, and the atomic details of its structure. Critical questions remain for future study, toward further unraveling the complexity of this unique membrane-embedded proteolytic machine and its roles in biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wolfe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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19
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Mondal T, Mandal B. Engineered peptidic constructs metabolize amyloid β by self-assembly-driven reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4933-4936. [PMID: 30957830 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01582e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the unique mechanism of proteolytic maturation of host cell factor-1, we designed small peptide-based constructs that selectively recognized amyloid β (Aβ) and cleaved it in a non-catalytic manner initially around the α-secretase cleavage-site, thus termed as "artificial α-secretases". "Artificial α-secretases" also cleaved Aβ on the cleavage-sites of other Aβ processing enzymes by prolonged treatment, as evidenced by time-resolved MALDI-TOF-mass analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam-781039, India.
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20
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Tang TC, Kienlen-Campard P, Hu Y, Perrin F, Opsomer R, Octave JN, Constantinescu SN, Smith SO. Influence of the familial Alzheimer's disease-associated T43I mutation on the transmembrane structure and γ-secretase processing of the C99 peptide. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5854-5866. [PMID: 30755484 PMCID: PMC6463720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in the brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Upon β-secretase-mediated cleavage of the β C-terminal fragment (β-CTF) from the Aβ precursor protein, the γ-secretase complex produces the Aβ peptides associated with AD. The familial T43I mutation within the transmembrane domain of the β-CTF (also referred to as C99) increases the ratio between the Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides largely due to a decrease in Aβ40 formation. Aβ42 is the principal component of amyloid deposits within the brain parenchyma, and an increase in the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio is correlated with early-onset AD. Using NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, here we addressed how the T43I substitution influences the structure of C55, the minimal sequence containing the entire extracellular and transmembrane (TM) domains of C99 needed for γ-secretase processing. 13C NMR chemical shifts indicated that the T43I substitution increases helical structure within the TM domain of C55. These structural changes were associated with a shift of the C55 dimer to the monomer and an increase in the tilt of the TM helix relative to the membrane normal in the T43I mutant compared with that of WT C55. The A21G (Flemish) mutation was previously found to increase secreted Aβ40 levels; here, we combined this mutation in the extracellular domain of C99 with T43I and observed that the T43I/A21G double mutant decreases Aβ40 formation. We discuss how the observed structural changes in the T43I mutant may decrease Aβ40 formation and increase the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chun Tang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215
| | | | - Yi Hu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215
| | - Florian Perrin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Rémi Opsomer
- the Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Jean-Noël Octave
- the Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Steven O Smith
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215.
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21
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Bi C, Bi S, Li B. Processing of Mutant β-Amyloid Precursor Protein and the Clinicopathological Features of Familial Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2019; 10:383-403. [PMID: 31011484 PMCID: PMC6457050 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial disease involving many pathological mechanisms. Nonetheless, single pathogenic mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilin 1 or 2 can cause AD with almost all of the clinical and neuropathological features, and therefore, we believe an important mechanism of pathogenesis in AD could be revealed from examining pathogenic APP missense mutations. A comprehensive review of the literature, including clinical, neuropathological, cellular and animal model data, was conducted through PubMed and the databases of Alzforum mutations, HGMD, UniProt, and AD&FTDMDB. Pearson correlation analysis combining the clinical and neuropathological data and aspects of mutant APP processing in cellular models was performed. We find that an increase in Aβ42 has a significant positive correlation with the appearance of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and tends to cause an earlier age of AD onset, while an increase in Aβ40 significantly increases the age at death. The increase in the α-carboxyl terminal fragment (CTF) has a significantly negative correlation with the age of AD onset, and β-CTF has a similar effect without statistical significance. Animal models show that intracellular Aβ is critical for memory defects. Based on these results and the fact that amyloid plaque burden correlates much less well with cognitive impairment than do NFT counts, we propose a "snowball hypothesis": the accumulation of intraneuronal NFTs caused by extracellular Aβ42 and the increase in intraneuronal APP proteolytic products (CTFs and Aβs) could cause cellular organelle stress that leads to neurodegeneration in AD, which then resembles the formation of abnormal protein "snowballs" both inside and outside of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bi
- Washington Institute for Health Sciences, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Stephanie Bi
- Washington Institute for Health Sciences, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Washington Institute for Health Sciences, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
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22
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Abstract
γ-Secretase cleaves multiple transmembrane proteins, but little is known about how it controls its substrate specificity. γ-Secretase activating protein (GSAP) has been reported to differentially activate γ-secretase for APP and Notch cleavages. The mechanism by which GSAP regulates γ-secretase specificity is elusive. Here, we demonstrate that GSAP directly regulates γ-secretase activity and specificity. Furthermore, GSAP functions as a switch between two forms of γ-secretase that have different activities for APP and Notch substrates, leading to different specificities. These findings open a new avenue for drug development through targeting the specificity of modifying proteins. This work also suggests that the association of GSAP with aging, Alzheimer’s disease, and Down syndrome could be attributed to the function of GSAP in the regulation of γ-secretase. The mechanism by which γ-secretase activating protein (GSAP) regulates γ-secretase activity has not yet been elucidated. Here, we show that knockout of GSAP in cultured cells directly reduces γ-secretase activity for Aβ production, but not for Notch1 cleavage, suggesting that GSAP may induce a conformational change contributing to the specificity of γ-secretase. Furthermore, using an active-site–directed photoprobe with double cross-linking moieties, we demonstrate that GSAP modifies the orientation and/or distance of the PS1 N-terminal fragment and the PS1 C-terminal fragment, a region containing the active site of γ-secretase. This work offers insight into how GSAP regulates γ-secretase specificity.
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23
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Scholz D, Chernyshova Y, Ückert AK, Leist M. Reduced Aβ secretion by human neurons under conditions of strongly increased BACE activity. J Neurochem 2018; 147:256-274. [PMID: 29804308 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The initial step in the amyloidogenic cascade of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing is catalyzed by beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE), and this protease has increased activities in affected areas of Alzheimer's disease brains. We hypothesized that altered APP processing, because of augmented BACE activity, would affect the actions of direct and indirect BACE inhibitors. We therefore compared post-mitotic human neurons (LUHMES) with their BACE-overexpressing counterparts (BLUHMES). Although β-cleavage of APP was strongly increased in BLUHMES, they produced less full-length and truncated amyloid beta (Aβ) than LUHMES. Moreover, low concentrations of BACE inhibitors decreased cellular BACE activity as expected, but increased Aβ1-40 levels. Several other approaches to modulate BACE activity led to a similar, apparently paradoxical, behavior. For instance, reduction in intracellular acidification by bepridil increased Aβ production in parallel with decreased BACE activity. In contrast to BLUHMES, the respective control cells (LUHMES or BLUHMES with catalytically inactive BACE) showed conventional pharmacological responses. Other non-canonical neurochemical responses (so-called 'rebound effects') are well-documented for the Aβ pathway, especially for γ-secretase: a partial block of its activity leads to an increased Aβ secretion by some cell types. We therefore compared LUHMES and BLUHMES regarding rebound effects of γ-secretase inhibitors and found an Aβ rise in LUHMES but not in BLUHMES. Thus, different cellular factors are responsible for the γ-secretase- versus BACE-related Aβ rebound. We conclude that increased BACE activity, possibly accompanied by an altered cellular localization pattern, can dramatically influence Aβ generation in human neurons and affect pharmacological responses to secretase inhibitors. OPEN PRACTICES: Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge. For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Scholz
- Chair for in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yana Chernyshova
- Chair for in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Ückert
- Chair for in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Chair for in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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24
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Xi W, Hansmann UHE. Conversion between parallel and antiparallel β-sheets in wild-type and Iowa mutant Aβ 40 fibrils. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:045103. [PMID: 29390821 DOI: 10.1063/1.5016166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a variant of Hamilton-replica-exchange, we study for wild type and Iowa mutant Aβ40 the conversion between fibrils with antiparallel β-sheets and such with parallel β-sheets. We show that wild type and mutant form distinct salt bridges that in turn stabilize different fibril organizations. The conversion between the two fibril forms leads to the release of small aggregates that in the Iowa mutant may shift the equilibrium from fibrils to more toxic oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Xi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Ulrich H E Hansmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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25
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Pantelopulos GA, Straub JE, Thirumalai D, Sugita Y. Structure of APP-C99 1-99 and implications for role of extra-membrane domains in function and oligomerization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1698-1708. [PMID: 29702072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The 99 amino acid C-terminal fragment of Amyloid Precursor Protein APP-C99 (C99) is cleaved by γ-secretase to form Aβ peptide, which plays a critical role in the etiology of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The structure of C99 consists of a single transmembrane domain flanked by intra and intercellular domains. While the structure of the transmembrane domain has been well characterized, little is known about the structure of the flanking domains and their role in C99 processing by γ-secretase. To gain insight into the structure of full-length C99, REMD simulations were performed for monomeric C99 in model membranes of varying thickness. We find equilibrium ensembles of C99 from simulation agree with experimentally-inferred residue insertion depths and protein backbone chemical shifts. In thin membranes, the transmembrane domain structure is correlated with extra-membrane structural states and the extra-membrane domain structural states become less correlated to each other. Mean and variance of the transmembrane and G37G38 hinge angles are found to increase with thinning membrane. The N-terminus of C99 forms β-strands that may seed aggregation of Aβ on the membrane surface, promoting amyloid formation. In thicker membranes the N-terminus forms α-helices that interact with the nicastrin domain of γ-secretase. The C-terminus of C99 becomes more α-helical as the membrane thickens, forming structures that may be suitable for binding by cytoplasmic proteins, while C-terminal residues essential to cytotoxic function become α-helical as the membrane thins. The heterogeneous but discrete extra-membrane domain states analyzed here open the path to new investigations of the role of C99 structure and membrane in amyloidogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Aggregation and Misfolding at the Cell Membrane Interface edited by Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Pantelopulos
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215-2521, USA
| | - John E Straub
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215-2521, USA.
| | - D Thirumalai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
| | - Yuji Sugita
- Theoretical Molecular Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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26
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Siegel G, Gerber H, Koch P, Bruestle O, Fraering PC, Rajendran L. The Alzheimer's Disease γ-Secretase Generates Higher 42:40 Ratios for β-Amyloid Than for p3 Peptides. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1967-1976. [PMID: 28591569 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by intracerebral deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ). While Aβ40 is the most abundant form, neurotoxicity is mainly mediated by Aβ42. Sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases gives rise to full-length Aβ (Aβ1-x) and N-terminally truncated Aβ' (Aβ11-x) whereas cleavage by α- and γ-secretases leads to the shorter p3 peptides (Aβ17-x). We uncovered significantly higher ratios of 42- versus 40-ending variants for Aβ and Aβ' than for p3 secreted by mouse neurons and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons or produced in a cell-free γ-secretase assay with recombinant APP-CTFs. The 42:40 ratio was highest for Aβ', followed by Aβ and then p3. Mass spectrometry analysis of APP intracellular domains revealed differential processing of APP-C83, APP-C89, and APP-C99 by γ-secretase already at the ε-cleavage stage. This mechanistic insight could aid in developing substrate-targeted modulators of APP-C99 processing to specifically lower the Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio without compromising γ-secretase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Siegel
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren Campus, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Hermeto Gerber
- Foundation Eclosion, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates & Campus Biotech Innovation Park, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; Brain Mind Institute and School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany; LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Bruestle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany; LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick C Fraering
- Foundation Eclosion, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates & Campus Biotech Innovation Park, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; Brain Mind Institute and School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren Campus, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
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27
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Hu Y, Kienlen-Campard P, Tang TC, Perrin F, Opsomer R, Decock M, Pan X, Octave JN, Constantinescu SN, Smith SO. β-Sheet Structure within the Extracellular Domain of C99 Regulates Amyloidogenic Processing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17159. [PMID: 29215043 PMCID: PMC5719365 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial mutations in C99 can increase the total level of the soluble Aβ peptides produced by proteolysis, as well as the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, both of which are linked to the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. We show that the extracellular sequence of C99 forms β-sheet structure upon interaction with membrane bilayers. Mutations that disrupt this structure result in a significant increase in Aβ production and, in specific cases, result in an increase in the amount of Aβ42 relative to Aβ40. Fourier transform infrared and solid-state NMR spectroscopic studies reveal a central β-hairpin within the extracellular sequence comprising Y10-E11-V12 and L17-V18-F19 connected by a loop involving H13-H14-Q15. These results suggest how familial mutations in the extracellular sequence influence C99 processing and provide a structural basis for the development of small molecule modulators that would reduce Aβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | | | - Tzu-Chun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Florian Perrin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Rémi Opsomer
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Marie Decock
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Xiaoshu Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Jean-Noel Octave
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium.
| | - Steven O Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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28
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Johnson DS, Li YM, Pettersson M, St George-Hyslop PH. Structural and Chemical Biology of Presenilin Complexes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a024067. [PMID: 28320827 PMCID: PMC5710098 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The presenilin proteins are the catalytic subunits of a tetrameric complex containing presenilin 1 or 2, anterior pharynx defective 1 (APH1), nicastrin, and PEN-2. Other components such as TMP21 may exist in a subset of specialized complexes. The presenilin complex is the founding member of a unique class of aspartyl proteases that catalyze the γ, ɛ, ζ site cleavage of the transmembrane domains of Type I membrane proteins including amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. Here, we detail the structural and chemical biology of this unusual enzyme. Taken together, these studies suggest that the complex exists in several conformations, and subtle long-range (allosteric) shifts in the conformation of the complex underpin substrate access to the catalytic site and the mechanism of action for allosteric inhibitors and modulators. Understanding the mechanics of these shifts will facilitate the design of γ-secretase modulator (GSM) compounds that modulate the relative efficiency of γ, ɛ, ζ site cleavage and/or substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Peter H. St George-Hyslop
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
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29
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Frost GR, Li YM. The role of astrocytes in amyloid production and Alzheimer's disease. Open Biol 2017; 7:170228. [PMID: 29237809 PMCID: PMC5746550 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by the presence of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and gliosis, activated glial cells, in the brain. It is thought that Aβ plaques trigger NFT formation, neuronal cell death, neuroinflammation and gliosis and, ultimately, cognitive impairment. There are increased numbers of reactive astrocytes in AD, which surround amyloid plaques and secrete proinflammatory factors and can phagocytize and break down Aβ. It was thought that neuronal cells were the major source of Aβ. However, mounting evidence suggests that astrocytes may play an additional role in AD by secreting significant quantities of Aβ and contributing to overall amyloid burden in the brain. Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain, and therefore even minor quantities of amyloid secretion from individual astrocytes could prove to be substantial when taken across the whole brain. Reactive astrocytes have increased levels of the three necessary components for Aβ production: amyloid precursor protein, β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretase. The identification of environmental factors, such as neuroinflammation, that promote astrocytic Aβ production, could redefine how we think about developing therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia R Frost
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Programs of Neurosciences, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Programs of Neurosciences, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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30
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Wong SL, To J, Santos J, Allam VSRR, Dalton JP, Djordjevic SP, Donnelly S, Padula MP, Sukkar MB. Proteomic Analysis of Extracellular HMGB1 Identifies Binding Partners and Exposes Its Potential Role in Airway Epithelial Cell Homeostasis. J Proteome Res 2017; 17:33-45. [PMID: 28976774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by airway epithelial cells is believed to play a crucial role in the initiation and development of chronic airway conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Intriguingly, the classic DAMP high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is detected in the culture supernatant of airway epithelial cells under basal conditions, indicating a role for HMGB1 in the regulation of epithelial cellular and immune homeostasis. To gain contextual insight into the potential role of HMGB1 in airway epithelial cell homeostasis, we used the orthogonal and complementary methods of high-resolution clear native electrophoresis, immunoprecipitation, and pull-downs coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to profile HMGB1 and its binding partners in the culture supernatant of unstimulated airway epithelial cells. We found that HMGB1 presents exclusively as a protein complex under basal conditions. Moreover, protein network analysis performed on 185 binding proteins revealed 14 that directly associate with HMGB1: amyloid precursor protein, F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1 (CAPZA1), glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ubiquitin, several members of the heat shock protein family (HSPA8, HSP90B1, HSP90AA1), XRCC5 and XRCC6, high mobility group A1 (HMGA1), histone 3 (H3F3B), the FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) complex constituents SUPT1H and SSRP1, and heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K (HNRNPK). These studies provide a new understanding of the extracellular functions of HMGB1 in cellular and immune homeostasis at the airway mucosal surface and could have implications for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Wong
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Joyce To
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jerran Santos
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Venkata Sita Rama Raju Allam
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - John P Dalton
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree institute, The University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Sheila Donnelly
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.,The ithree institute, The University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Maria B Sukkar
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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31
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Zhu B, Jiang L, Huang T, Zhao Y, Liu T, Zhong Y, Li X, Campos A, Pomeroy K, Masliah E, Zhang D, Xu H. ER-associated degradation regulates Alzheimer's amyloid pathology and memory function by modulating γ-secretase activity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1472. [PMID: 29133892 PMCID: PMC5684335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) is an important protein quality control system which maintains protein homeostasis. Constituents of the ERAD complex and its role in neurodegeneration are not yet fully understood. Here, using proteomic and FRET analyses, we demonstrate that the ER protein membralin is an ERAD component, which mediates degradation of ER luminal and membrane substrates. Interestingly, we identify nicastrin, a key component of the γ-secretase complex, as a membralin binding protein and membralin-associated ERAD substrate. We demonstrate a reduction of membralin mRNA and protein levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, the latter of which inversely correlates with nicastrin abundance. Furthermore, membralin deficiency enhances γ-secretase activity and neuronal degeneration. In a mouse AD model, downregulating membralin results in β-amyloid pathology, neuronal death, and exacerbates synaptic/memory deficits. Our results identify membralin as an ERAD component and demonstrate a critical role for ERAD in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - LuLin Jiang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Timothy Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tongfei Liu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yongwang Zhong
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Proteomics Facility, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth Pomeroy
- Proteomics Facility, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dongxian Zhang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
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Bhattacharjee P, Bera I, Chakraborty S, Ghoshal N, Bhattacharyya D. Aristolochic acid and its derivatives as inhibitors of snake venom L-amino acid oxidase. Toxicon 2017; 138:1-17. [PMID: 28803055 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) exerts toxicity by inducing hemorrhage, pneumorrhagia, pulmonary edema, cardiac edema, liver cell necrosis etc. Being well conserved, inhibitors of the enzyme may be synthesized using the template of the substrate, substrate binding site and features of the catalytic site of the enzyme. Previous findings showed that aristolochic acid (AA), a major constituent of Aristolochia indica, inhibits Russell's viper venom LAAO enzyme activity since, AA interacts with DNA and causes genotoxicity, derivatives of this compound were synthesized by replacing the nitro group to reduce toxicity while retaining the inhibitory potency. The interactions of AA and its derivatives with LAAO were followed by inhibition kinetics and surface plasmon resonance. Similar interactions with DNA were followed by absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. LAAO-induced cytotoxicity was evaluated by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell viability assays, confocal and epifluorescence microscopy. The hydroxyl (AA-OH) and chloro (AA-Cl) derivatives acted as inhibitors of LAAO but did not interact with DNA. The derivatives significantly reduced LAAO-induced ROS generation and cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines. Confocal images indicated that AA, AA-OH and AA-Cl interfered with the binding of LAAO to the cell membrane. AA-OH and AA-Cl significantly inhibited LAAO activity and reduced LAAO-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Bhattacharjee
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Indrani Bera
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Subhamoy Chakraborty
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Nanda Ghoshal
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Debasish Bhattacharyya
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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33
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Yan Y, Xu TH, Melcher K, Xu HE. Defining the minimum substrate and charge recognition model of gamma-secretase. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1412-1424. [PMID: 28414207 PMCID: PMC5630670 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an intramembrane aspartyl protease that cleaves the C99 fragment of amyloid precursor protein to generate extracellular Aβ peptides. These peptides can oligomerize and aggregate to form amyloid plaques, processes that are widely believed to be causal for Alzheimer's disease. In spite of this critical function, it remains unknown how γ-secretase recognizes C99 and its other substrates, including Notch. In this study we determined E22-K55 as the minimal C99 fragment that was sufficient and required for initial cleavage. Within this fragment, we identified four determinants: (i) a transferable extracellular determinant that differed between C99 and Notch, and which included negative charge in the case of C99, (ii) the amino acid sequence of the C-terminal half of the transmembrane helix, (iii) an invariant lysine or arginine at the intracellular membrane border, and (iv) a positive charge cluster that included the invariant lysine/arginine. We demonstrated that the charge clusters of C99 and Notch receptors could directly bind phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). The PIP2-binding cluster was required for γ-secretase cleavage, and modulation of membrane PIP2 levels strongly affected γ-secretase cleavage levels and the Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio, providing support for the importance of the PIP2 interaction in cells. Together, these studies provide critically needed insight into substrate recognition by γ-secretase.
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34
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Memantine inhibits β-amyloid aggregation and disassembles preformed β-amyloid aggregates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:158-163. [PMID: 28917837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Memantine, an uncompetitive glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is widely used as a medication for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously reported that chronic treatment of AD with memantine reduces the amount of insoluble β-amyloid (Aβ) and soluble Aβ oligomers in animal models of AD. The mechanisms by which memantine reduces Aβ levels in the brain were evaluated by determining the effect of memantine on Aβ aggregation using thioflavin T and transmission electron microscopy. Memantine inhibited the formation of Aβ(1-42) aggregates in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas amantadine, a structurally similar compound, did not affect Aβ aggregation at the same concentrations. Furthermore, memantine inhibited the formation of different types of Aβ aggregates, including Aβs carrying familial AD mutations, and disaggregated preformed Aβ(1-42) fibrils. These results suggest that the inhibition of Aβ aggregation and induction of Aβ disaggregation may be involved in the mechanisms by which memantine reduces Aβ deposition in the brain.
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35
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Dormán G, Nakamura H, Pulsipher A, Prestwich GD. The Life of Pi Star: Exploring the Exciting and Forbidden Worlds of the Benzophenone Photophore. Chem Rev 2016; 116:15284-15398. [PMID: 27983805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread applications of benzophenone (BP) photochemistry in biological chemistry, bioorganic chemistry, and material science have been prominent in both academic and industrial research. BP photophores have unique photochemical properties: upon n-π* excitation at 365 nm, a biradicaloid triplet state is formed reversibly, which can abstract a hydrogen atom from accessible C-H bonds; the radicals subsequently recombine, creating a stable covalent C-C bond. This light-directed covalent attachment process is exploited in many different ways: (i) binding/contact site mapping of ligand (or protein)-protein interactions; (ii) identification of molecular targets and interactome mapping; (iii) proteome profiling; (iv) bioconjugation and site-directed modification of biopolymers; (v) surface grafting and immobilization. BP photochemistry also has many practical advantages, including low reactivity toward water, stability in ambient light, and the convenient excitation at 365 nm. In addition, several BP-containing building blocks and reagents are commercially available. In this review, we explore the "forbidden" (transitions) and excitation-activated world of photoinduced covalent attachment of BP photophores by touring a colorful palette of recent examples. In this exploration, we will see the pros and cons of using BP photophores, and we hope that both novice and expert photolabelers will enjoy and be inspired by the breadth and depth of possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Dormán
- Targetex llc , Dunakeszi H-2120, Hungary.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged , Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Abigail Pulsipher
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States.,Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology - Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
| | - Glenn D Prestwich
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology - Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
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36
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Bhavaraju M, Phillips M, Bowman D, Aceves-Hernandez JM, Hansmann UHE. Binding of ACE-inhibitors to in vitro and patient-derived amyloid-β fibril models. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:015101. [PMID: 26747819 DOI: 10.1063/1.4938261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, no drugs exist that can prevent or reverse Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative disease associated with the presence, in the brain, of plaques that are composed of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides. Recent studies suggest that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, a set of drugs used to treat hypertension, may inhibit amyloid formation in vitro. In the present study, we investigate through computer simulations the binding of ACE inhibitors to patient-derived Aβ fibrils and contrast it with that of ACE inhibitors binding to in vitro generated fibrils. The binding affinities of the ACE inhibitors are compared with that of Congo red, a dye that is used to identify amyloid structures and that is known to be a weak inhibitor of Aβ aggregation. We find that ACE inhibitors have a lower binding affinity to the patient-derived fibrils than to in vitro generated ones. For patient-derived fibrils, their binding affinities are even lower than that of Congo red. Our observations raise doubts on the hypothesis that these drugs inhibit fibril formation in Alzheimer patients by interacting directly with the amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikanthan Bhavaraju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Malachi Phillips
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Deborah Bowman
- Department of Biology, Langston University, Langston, Oklahoma 73050, USA
| | - Juan M Aceves-Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de Mexico, 15740, Mexico
| | - Ulrich H E Hansmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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37
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Crump CJ, Murrey HE, Ballard TE, am Ende CW, Wu X, Gertsik N, Johnson DS, Li YM. Development of Sulfonamide Photoaffinity Inhibitors for Probing Cellular γ-Secretase. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1166-73. [PMID: 27253220 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a multiprotein complex that catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis associated with Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Here, we have developed potent sulfonamide clickable photoaffinity probes that target γ-secretase in vitro and in cells by incorporating various photoreactive groups and walking the clickable alkyne handle to different positions around the molecule. We found that benzophenone is preferred over diazirine as a photoreactive group within the sulfonamide scaffold for labeling γ-secretase. Intriguingly, the placement of the alkyne at different positions has little effect on probe potency but has a significant impact on the efficiency of labeling of γ-secretase. Moreover, the optimized clickable photoprobe, 163-BP3, was utilized as a cellular probe to effectively assess the target engagement of inhibitors with γ-secretase in primary neuronal cells. In addition, biotinylated 163-BP3 probes were developed and used to capture the native γ-secretase complex in the 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPSO) solubilized state. Taken together, these next generation clickable and biotinylated sulfonamide probes offer new tools to study γ-secretase in biochemical and cellular systems. Finally, the data provide insights into structural features of the sulfonamide inhibitor binding site in relation to the active site and into the design of clickable photoaffinity probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J. Crump
- Chemical
Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Heather E. Murrey
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - T. Eric Ballard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher W. am Ende
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Xianzhong Wu
- Chemical
Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Natalya Gertsik
- Chemical
Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical
Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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38
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Gilchrist ML, Ahn K, Li YM. Imaging and Functional Analysis of γ-Secretase and Substrate in a Proteolipobead System with an Activity-Based Probe. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1303-11. [PMID: 26699370 PMCID: PMC4911041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of intramembranal protease catalysis demands the generation of intact biomembrane assemblies with structural integrity and lateral mobility. Here, we report the development of a microsphere supported-biomembrane platform enabling characterization of γ-secretase and substrate within proteolipobead assemblies via microscopy and flow cytometry. The active enzyme loading levels were tracked using an activity-based probe, with the biomembranes delineated by carbocyanine lipid reporters. Proteolipobeads formed from HeLa proteoliposomes gave rise to homogeneous distributions of active γ-secretase within supported biomembranes with native-like fluidity. The substrate loading into supported biomembranes was detergent-dependent, as evidenced by even colocalization of substrate and lipid tracers in confocal 3D imaging of individual proteolipobeads. Moreover, the loading level was tunable with bulk substrate concentration. γ-Secretase substrate cleavage and its inhibition within γ-secretase proteolipobeads were observed. This platform offers a means to visualize enzyme and substrate loading, activity, and inhibition in a controllable biomembrane microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Lane Gilchrist
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, 140th Street and Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Kwangwook Ahn
- Chemistry Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemistry Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, United States
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39
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Youn K, Lee J, Ho CT, Jun M. Discovery of polymethoxyflavones from black ginger ( Kaempferia parviflora ) as potential β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitors. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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40
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Nicastrin functions to sterically hinder γ-secretase-substrate interactions driven by substrate transmembrane domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:E509-18. [PMID: 26699478 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512952113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an intramembrane-cleaving protease that processes many type-I integral membrane proteins within the lipid bilayer, an event preceded by shedding of most of the substrate's ectodomain by α- or β-secretases. The mechanism by which γ-secretase selectively recognizes and recruits ectodomain-shed substrates for catalysis remains unclear. In contrast to previous reports that substrate is actively recruited for catalysis when its remaining short ectodomain interacts with the nicastrin component of γ-secretase, we find that substrate ectodomain is entirely dispensable for cleavage. Instead, γ-secretase-substrate binding is driven by an apparent tight-binding interaction derived from substrate transmembrane domain, a mechanism in stark contrast to rhomboid--another family of intramembrane-cleaving proteases. Disruption of the nicastrin fold allows for more efficient cleavage of substrates retaining longer ectodomains, indicating that nicastrin actively excludes larger substrates through steric hindrance, thus serving as a molecular gatekeeper for substrate binding and catalysis.
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41
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Lei X, Yu J, Niu Q, Liu J, Fraering PC, Wu F. The FDA-approved natural product dihydroergocristine reduces the production of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid-β peptides. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16541. [PMID: 26567970 PMCID: PMC4644980 DOI: 10.1038/srep16541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Known γ-secretase inhibitors or modulators display an undesirable pharmacokinetic profile and toxicity and have therefore not been successful in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease (AD). So far, no compounds from natural products have been identified as direct inhibitors of γ-secretase. To search for bioactive molecules that can reduce the amount of amyloid-beta peptides (Aβ) and that have better pharmacokinetics and an improved safety profile, we completed a screen of ~400 natural products by using cell-based and cell-free γ-secretase activity assays. We identified dihydroergocristine (DHEC), a component of an FDA- (Food and Drug Administration)-approved drug, to be a direct inhibitor of γ-secretase. Micromolar concentrations of DHEC substantially reduced Aβ levels in different cell types, including a cell line derived from an AD patient. Structure-activity relationship studies implied that the key moiety for inhibiting γ-secretase is the cyclized tripeptide moiety of DHEC. A Surface Plasmon Resonance assay showed that DHEC binds directly to γ-secretase and Nicastrin, with equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) of 25.7 nM and 9.8 μM, respectively. This study offers DHEC not only as a new chemical moiety for selectively modulating the activity of γ-secretase but also a candidate for drug repositioning in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Lei
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Patrick C. Fraering
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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42
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Wang X, Perumalsamy H, Kwon HW, Na YE, Ahn YJ. Effects and possible mechanisms of action of acacetin on the behavior and eye morphology of Drosophila models of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16127. [PMID: 26530776 PMCID: PMC4632086 DOI: 10.1038/srep16127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The human β-amyloid (Aβ) cleaving enzyme (BACE-1) is a target for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatments. This study was conducted to determine if acacetin extracted from the whole Agastache rugosa plant had anti-BACE-1 and behavioral activities in Drosophila melanogaster AD models and to determine acacetin's mechanism of action. Acacetin (100, 300, and 500 μM) rescued amyloid precursor protein (APP)/BACE1-expressing flies and kept them from developing both eye morphology (dark deposits, ommatidial collapse and fusion, and the absence of ommatidial bristles) and behavioral (motor abnormalities) defects. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that acacetin reduced both the human APP and BACE-1 mRNA levels in the transgenic flies, suggesting that it plays an important role in the transcriptional regulation of human BACE-1 and APP. Western blot analysis revealed that acacetin reduced Aβ production by interfering with BACE-1 activity and APP synthesis, resulting in a decrease in the levels of the APP carboxy-terminal fragments and the APP intracellular domain. Therefore, the protective effect of acacetin on Aβ production is mediated by transcriptional regulation of BACE-1 and APP, resulting in decreased APP protein expression and BACE-1 activity. Acacetin also inhibited APP synthesis, resulting in a decrease in the number of amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Haribalan Perumalsamy
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kwon
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Na
- R&D Coordination Division, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P.R. China
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43
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Gertsik N, Chau DM, Li YM. γ-Secretase Inhibitors and Modulators Induce Distinct Conformational Changes in the Active Sites of γ-Secretase and Signal Peptide Peptidase. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1925-31. [PMID: 26030233 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) and modulators (GSMs) are at the frontline of cancer and Alzheimer's disease research, respectively. While both are therapeutically promising, not much is known about their interactions with proteins other than γ-secretase. Signal peptide peptidase (SPP), like γ-secretase, is a multispan transmembrane aspartyl protease that catalyzes regulated intramembrane proteolysis. We used active site-directed photophore walking probes to study the effects of different GSIs and GSMs on the active sites of γ-secretase and SPP and found that nontransition state GSIs inhibit labeling of γ-secretase by activity-based probes but enhance labeling of SPP. The opposite is true of GSMs, which have little effect on the labeling of γ-secretase but diminish labeling of SPP. These results demonstrate that GSIs and GSMs are altering the structure of not only γ-secretase but also SPP, leading to potential changes in enzyme activity and specificity that may impact the clinical outcomes of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Gertsik
- Molecular
Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - De-Ming Chau
- Molecular
Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Clinical
Genetics Unit Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Molecular
Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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44
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van der Kant R, Goldstein LSB. Cellular functions of the amyloid precursor protein from development to dementia. Dev Cell 2015; 32:502-15. [PMID: 25710536 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key player in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Aβ fragments of APP are the major constituent of AD-associated amyloid plaques, and mutations or duplications of the gene coding for APP can cause familial AD. Here we review the roles of APP in neuronal development, signaling, intracellular transport, and other aspects of neuronal homeostasis. We suggest that APP acts as a signaling nexus that transduces information about a range of extracellular conditions, including neuronal damage, to induction of intracellular signaling events. Subtle disruptions of APP signaling functions may be major contributors to AD-causing neuronal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik van der Kant
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Lawrence S B Goldstein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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45
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Cooperative roles of hydrophilic loop 1 and the C-terminus of presenilin 1 in the substrate-gating mechanism of γ-secretase. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2646-56. [PMID: 25673856 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3164-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a multisubunit protease complex that is responsible for generating amyloid-β peptides, which are associated with Alzheimer disease. The catalytic subunit of γ-secretase is presenilin 1 (PS1), which contains an initial substrate-binding site that is distinct from the catalytic site. Processive cleavage is suggested in the intramembrane-cleaving mechanism of γ-secretase. However, it largely remains unknown as to how γ-secretase recognizes its substrate during proteolysis. Here, we identified that the α-helical structural region of hydrophilic loop 1 (HL1) and the C-terminal region of human PS1 are distinct substrate-binding sites. Mutational analyses revealed that substrate binding to the HL1 region is critical for both ε- and γ-cleavage, whereas binding to the C-terminal region hampers γ-cleavage. Moreover, we propose that substrate binding triggers conformational changes in PS1, rendering it suitable for catalysis. Our data provide new insights into the complicated catalytic mechanism of PS1.
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46
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Gertsik N, Chiu D, Li YM. Complex regulation of γ-secretase: from obligatory to modulatory subunits. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 6:342. [PMID: 25610395 PMCID: PMC4285130 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a four subunit, 19-pass transmembrane enzyme that cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP), catalyzing the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides that form amyloid plaques, which contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. γ-Secretase also cleaves Notch, among many other type I transmembrane substrates. Despite its seemingly promiscuous enzymatic capacity, γ-secretase activity is tightly regulated. This regulation is a function of many cellular entities, including but not limited to the essential γ-secretase subunits, nonessential (modulatory) subunits, and γ-secretase substrates. Regulation is also accomplished by an array of cellular events, such as presenilin (active subunit of γ-secretase) endoproteolysis and hypoxia. In this review we discuss how γ-secretase is regulated with the hope that an advanced understanding of these mechanisms will aid in the development of effective therapeutics for γ-secretase-associated diseases like AD and Notch-addicted cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Gertsik
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA ; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, NY, USA
| | - Danica Chiu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA ; Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, NY, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA ; Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, NY, USA
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47
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Youn K, Lee J, Yun EY, Ho CT, Karwe MV, Jeong WS, Jun M. Biological evaluation and in silico docking study of γ-linolenic acid as a potential BACE1 inhibitor. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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48
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Abstract
Presenilin is a membrane-embedded intramembrane-cleaving protease with a conserved catalytic G×GD motif. It is the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, which plays critical roles in developmental biology and the molecular etiology of Alzheimer disease, together with three membrane protein cofactors, nicastrin, Aph-1 and Pen-2. Biochemical and enzymatic analyses have revealed that γ-secretase executes two types of proteolytic activities on a single substrate; an endopeptidase-like cleavage followed by carboxypeptidase-like processive cleavage. Utilizing small molecule inhibitors/modulators together with the substituted cysteine accessibility method, we identified certain residues and regions of presenilin that contribute to the formation of a catalytic pore structure within the lipid bilayer required for its intramembrane-cleaving activity. Recently, determination of the crystal structure of the archaeal presenilin homologue has confirmed the intramembranous location of the two conserved and essential aspartates. In this review, I will introduce the recent progresses in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action of this atypical protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Tomita
- Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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49
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Abstract
In this issue of Structure, Tang and colleagues probe how the Flemish mutation in amyloid precursor protein (APP) affects its conformation and cleavage by γ-secretase. They provide molecular insight into how an extracellular inhibitory element and cholesterol interactions affect the generation of Aβ peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Kai Lin
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Patrick C A van der Wel
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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50
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Straub JE, Thirumalai D. Membrane-Protein Interactions Are Key to Understanding Amyloid Formation. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:633-635. [PMID: 26276620 DOI: 10.1021/jz500054d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John E Straub
- †Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - D Thirumalai
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Biophysics Program, Institute for Physical Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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