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Acevedo S, Segovia MF, de la Fuente-Ortega E. Emerging Perspectives in Zinc Transporter Research in Prostate Cancer: An Updated Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:2026. [PMID: 38999774 PMCID: PMC11243615 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of zinc and zinc transporters families has been associated with the genesis and progression of prostate cancer. The prostate epithelium utilizes two types of zinc transporters, the ZIP (Zrt-, Irt-related Protein) and the ZnTs (Zinc Transporter), to transport zinc from the blood plasma to the gland lumen. ZIP transporters uptake zinc from extracellular space and organelle lumen, while ZnT transporters release zinc outside the cells or to organelle lumen. In prostate cancer, a commonly observed low zinc concentration in prostate tissue has been correlated with downregulations of certain ZIPs (e.g., ZIP1, ZIP2, ZIP3, ZIP14) and upregulations of specific ZnTs (e.g., ZnT1, ZnT9, ZnT10). These alterations may enable cancer cells to adapt to toxic high zinc levels. While zinc supplementation has been suggested as a potential therapy for this type of cancer, studies have yielded inconsistent results because some trials have indicated that zinc supplementation could exacerbate cancer risk. The reason for this discrepancy remains unclear, but given the high molecular and genetic variability present in prostate tumors, it is plausible that some zinc transporters-comprising 14 ZIP and 10 ZnT members-could be dysregulated in others patterns that promote cancer. From this perspective, this review highlights novel dysregulation, such as ZIP-Up/ZnT-Down, observed in prostate cancer cell lines for ZIP4, ZIP8, ZnT2, ZnT4, ZnT5, etc. Additionally, an in silico analysis of an available microarray from mouse models of prostate cancer (Nkx3.1;Pten) predicts similar dysregulation pattern for ZIP4, ZIP8, and ZnT2, which appear in early stages of prostate cancer progression. Furthermore, similar dysregulation patterns are supported by an in silico analysis of RNA-seq data from human cancer tumors available in cBioPortal. We discuss how these dysregulations of zinc transporters could impact zinc supplementation trials, particularly focusing on how the ZIP-Up/ZnT-Down dysregulation through various mechanisms might promote prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Acevedo
- Laboratorio Estrés Celular y Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
| | - María Fernanda Segovia
- Laboratorio Estrés Celular y Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
| | - Erwin de la Fuente-Ortega
- Laboratorio Estrés Celular y Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas y Otros Recursos Biológicos (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigación en Prevención y Tratamiento de Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles (NiPTEC), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
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2
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Martinez PA, Zanata SM, Nakao LS. Caveolae-mediated endocytosis of extracellular QSOX1b modulates the migration of fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 2024; 435:113906. [PMID: 38176465 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Quiescin/sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX1) is a secreted flavoprotein that modulates cellular proliferation, migration and adhesion, roles attributed to its ability to organize the extracellular matrix. We previously showed that exogenously added QSOX1b induces smooth muscle cells migration in a process that depends on its enzymatic activity and that is mediated by hydrogen peroxide derived from Nox1, a catalytic subunit of NAD(P)H oxidases. Here, we report that exogenous QSOX1b also stimulates the migration of L929 fibroblasts and that this effect is regulated by its endocytosis. The use of endocytosis inhibitors and caveolin 1-knockdown demonstrated that this endocytic pathway is caveola-mediated. QSOX1b colocalized with Nox1 in intracellular vesicles, as detected by confocal fluorescence, suggesting that extracellular QSOX1b is endocytosed with the transmembrane Nox1. These results reveal that endosomal QSOX1b is a novel intracellular redox regulator of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierina A Martinez
- Department of Basic Pathology, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Silvio M Zanata
- Department of Basic Pathology, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lia S Nakao
- Department of Basic Pathology, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
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3
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Liu ZJ, Zheng LS, Li CZ, Peng LX, Mei Y, Lang YH, Xu L, Meng DF, Peng XS, Wang MD, Xie DH, Guo LL, Ding LY, Huang BJ, Qian CN. Correlated with better prognosis, CSTA inhibits metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via suppressing AKT signaling through promoting METTL3 degradation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166696. [PMID: 36963524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is one of the main obstacles impeding the survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients, with the molecular mechanism underlying NPC metastasis still unclear. RESULTS In this study, Cystatin A (CSTA) was found downregulated in NPC tissues with metastasis compared with those without metastasis. Shorter overall survival and distant metastasis-free survival were found in NPC patients with lower CSTA expression. Using functional assays, we found that CSTA prevented both the in vitro motility of NPC cells and their ability to metastasize in vivo. Transcriptome sequencing and western blot analysis revealed that CSTA inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT. Moreover, activating AKT using AKT agonist SG79 rescued the motility of CSTA-overexpressing NPC cells, whereas, treatment with AKT inhibitor MK2206 inhibited the motility of CSTA-knockdown NPC cells. Mechanically, immunoprecipitation coupled mass spectrometry found that CSTA interacted with the N6-adenosine-methyltransferase subunit METTL3 and promoted its ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation following the upregulation of NKX3-1 and LHPP, which are negative regulators of AKT. Furthermore, knock-down of NKX3-1 and LHPP enhanced the motility of CSTA-overexpressing NPC cells. CONCLUSIONS The inhibitory effect of CSTA upon NPC metastasis mainly depended on suppressing AKT signaling by the upregulation of NKX3-1 and LHPP expression resulting from the binding between CSTA and METLL3. Our study suggests that the CSTA-METLL3-NKX3-1/LHPP-AKT axis could be of therapeutic value for inhibiting NPC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), Dongguan 523058, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- Medical School, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467021, Henan Province, China
| | - Li-Xia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yan Mei
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan-Hong Lang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Dong-Fang Meng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Xing-Si Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Ming-Dian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - De-Huan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ling-Ling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Liu-Yan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Bi-Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Haider M, Mahtani AU, Botrus B, Kenne FM, Master MF. Metastatic prostate cancer presenting as a posterior mediastinal mass: A rare presentation. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7107. [PMID: 36968347 PMCID: PMC10032036 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A 68‐year‐old African American male presented to the emergency department with back and abdominal pain. Imaging showed a posterior mediastinal mass interposed between the carina, the left main stem bronchus, and the descending thoracic aorta. Biopsy of the mass favored a metastatic prostate carcinoma, which is an extremely rare presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Haider
- Department of MedicineRichmond University Medical Center/Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Arun Umesh Mahtani
- Department of MedicineRichmond University Medical Center/Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Bachar Botrus
- Department of MedicineRichmond University Medical Center/Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Foma Munoh Kenne
- Department of Hematology/OncologyRichmond University Medical Center/Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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5
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Morova T, Ding Y, Huang CCF, Sar F, Schwarz T, Giambartolomei C, Baca S, Grishin D, Hach F, Gusev A, Freedman M, Pasaniuc B, Lack N. Optimized high-throughput screening of non-coding variants identified from genome-wide association studies. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 51:e18. [PMID: 36546757 PMCID: PMC9943666 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are localized in non-coding regions. A significant fraction of these variants impact transcription factors binding to enhancer elements and alter gene expression. To functionally interrogate the activity of such variants we developed snpSTARRseq, a high-throughput experimental method that can interrogate the functional impact of hundreds to thousands of non-coding variants on enhancer activity. snpSTARRseq dramatically improves signal-to-noise by utilizing a novel sequencing and bioinformatic approach that increases both insert size and the number of variants tested per loci. Using this strategy, we interrogated known prostate cancer (PCa) risk-associated loci and demonstrated that 35% of them harbor SNPs that significantly altered enhancer activity. Combining these results with chromosomal looping data we could identify interacting genes and provide a mechanism of action for 20 PCa GWAS risk regions. When benchmarked to orthogonal methods, snpSTARRseq showed a strong correlation with in vivo experimental allelic-imbalance studies whereas there was no correlation with predictive in silico approaches. Overall, snpSTARRseq provides an integrated experimental and computational framework to functionally test non-coding genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunc Morova
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Yi Ding
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Funda Sar
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Tommer Schwarz
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Claudia Giambartolomei
- Central RNA Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova 16163, Italy,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sylvan C Baca
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dennis Grishin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Faraz Hach
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada,Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Alexander Gusev
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew L Freedman
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA,The Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Department of Computational Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nathan A Lack
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 604 875 4411;
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6
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Abstract
NKX3.1 is a multifaceted protein with roles in prostate development and protection from oxidative stress. Acting as a pioneer factor, NKX3.1 interacts with chromatin at enhancers to help integrate androgen regulated signalling. In prostate cancer, NKX3.1 activity is frequently reduced through a combination of mutational and post-translational events. Owing to its specificity for prostate tissue, NKX3.1 has found use as an immunohistochemical marker in routine histopathology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Griffin
- Histopathology Department, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK .,Healthy Lifespan and Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - James W F Catto
- Academic Urology Unit, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Urology Department, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sherif El-Khamisy
- Healthy Lifespan and Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Antao AM, Ramakrishna S, Kim KS. The Role of Nkx3.1 in Cancers and Stemness. Int J Stem Cells 2021; 14:168-179. [PMID: 33632988 PMCID: PMC8138659 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-known androgen-regulated homeobox gene, NKX3.1, is located on the short arm of chromosome 8. It is the first known prostate epithelium-specific marker, and is a transcription factor involved in development of the testes and prostate. In addition to specifying the prostate epithelium and maintaining normal prostate secretory function, Nkx3.1 is an established marker for prostate cancer. Over the years, however, this gene has been implicated in various other cancers, and technological advances have allowed determination of its role in other cellular functions. Nkx3.1 has also been recently identified as a factor capable of replacing Oct4 in cellular reprogramming. This review highlights the role of this tumor suppressor and briefly describes its functions, ranging from prostate development to maintenance of stemness and cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainsley Mike Antao
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Xie T, Song XL, Wang C, Yu YZ, Wang JQ, Chen ZS, Zhao SC. The role of androgen therapy in prostate cancer: from testosterone replacement therapy to bipolar androgen therapy. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1293-1301. [PMID: 33561465 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is the primary treatment for male testosterone deficiency. This therapy raises concerns over the risk of prostate cancer (PC), because testosterone has historically been considered the fuel for PC. We discuss the re-evaluation of the relationship between androgen and PC, and highlight the safety of TRT in the treatment of symptomatic men with testosterone deficiency who have low-risk disease after treatment for localized PC with surgery or radiation. Furthermore, we review the clinical application and potential mechanisms of bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) in the treatment of castration-resistant PC, emphasizing that much remains to be done before BAT can be broadly applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510500, China
| | - Xian-Lu Song
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Yu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing-Quan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
| | - Shan-Chao Zhao
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510500, China; Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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9
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Praharaj PP, Patra S, Panigrahi DP, Patra SK, Bhutia SK. Clusterin as modulator of carcinogenesis: A potential avenue for targeted cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188500. [PMID: 33385484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is an evolutionary conserved molecular chaperone present in different human tissues and fluids and established to be a significant cancer regulator. It controls several cancer-associated cellular events, including cancer cell proliferation, stemness, survival, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, therapy resistance, and inhibition of programmed cell death to support cancer growth and recurrence. This multifunctional role of CLU makes it an ideal target for cancer control. More importantly, genetic and antisense-mediated (OGX-011) inhibition of CLU enhances the anticancer potential of different FDA-approved chemotherapeutic drugs at the clinical level, improving patient's survival. In this review, we have discussed the detailed mechanism of CLU-mediated modulation of different cancer-associated signaling pathways. We have also provided updated information on the current preclinical and clinical findings that drive trials in various cancer types for potential targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Priyadarshi Praharaj
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Srimanta Patra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Debasna Pritimanjari Panigrahi
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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Li J, Xie H, Ying Y, Chen H, Yan H, He L, Xu M, Xu X, Liang Z, Liu B, Wang X, Zheng X, Xie L. YTHDF2 mediates the mRNA degradation of the tumor suppressors to induce AKT phosphorylation in N6-methyladenosine-dependent way in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:152. [PMID: 33121495 PMCID: PMC7599101 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modification in mRNA of humans. Emerging evidence has supported the fact that m6A is comprehensively involved in various diseases especially cancers. As a crucial reader, YTHDF2 usually mediates the degradation of m6A-modified mRNAs in m6A-dependent way. However, the function and mechanisms of m6A especially YTHDF2 in prostate cancer (PCa) still remain elusive. Methods To investigate the functions and mechanisms of YTHDF2 in PCa, in vitro, in vivo biofunctional assays and epigenetics experiments were performed. Endogenous expression silencing of YTHDF2 and METTL3 was established with lentivirus-based shRNA technique. Colony formation, flow cytometry and trans-well assays were performed for cell function identifications. Subcutaneous xenografts and metastatic mice models were combined with in vivo imaging system to investigate the phenotypes when knocking down YTHDF2 and METTL3. m6A RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) sequencing, mRNA sequencing, RIP-RT-qPCR and bioinformatics analysis were mainly used to screen and validate the direct common targets of YTHDF2 and METTL3. In addition, TCGA database was also used to analyze the expression pattern of YTHDF2, METTL3 and the common target LHPP in PCa, and their correlation with clinical prognosis. Results The upregulated YTHDF2 and METTL3 in PCa predicted a worse overall survival rate. Knocking down YTHDF2 or METTL3 markedly inhibited the proliferation and migration of PCa in vivo and in vitro. LHPP and NKX3–1 were identified as the direct targets of both YTHDF2 and METTL3. YTHDF2 directly bound to the m6A modification sites of LHPP and NKX3–1 to mediate the mRNA degradation. Knock-down of YTHDF2 or METTL3 significantly induced the expression of LHPP and NKX3–1 at both mRNA and protein level with inhibited phosphorylated AKT. Overexpression of LHPP and NKX3–1 presented the consistent phenotypes and AKT phosphorylation inhibition with knock-down of YTHDF2 or METTL3. Phosphorylated AKT was consequently confirmed as the downstream of METTL3/YTHDF2/LHPP/NKX3–1 to induce tumor proliferation and migration. Conclusion We propose a novel regulatory mechanism in which YTHDF2 mediates the mRNA degradation of the tumor suppressors LHPP and NKX3–1 in m6A-dependent way to regulate AKT phosphorylation-induced tumor progression in prostate cancer. We hope our findings may provide new concepts of PCa biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyun Xie
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufan Ying
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huaqing Yan
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liujia He
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingjie Xu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiangyi Zheng
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Liping Xie
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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11
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Cheaito K, Bahmad HF, Jalloul H, Hadadeh O, Msheik H, El-Hajj A, Mukherji D, Al-Sayegh M, Abou-Kheir W. Epidermal Growth Factor Is Essential for the Maintenance of Novel Prostate Epithelial Cells Isolated From Patient-Derived Organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:571677. [PMID: 33195205 PMCID: PMC7658326 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.571677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity among males worldwide. Deciphering the biological mechanisms and molecular pathways involved in PCa pathogenesis and progression has been hindered by numerous technical limitations mainly attributed to the limited number of cell lines available, which do not recapitulate the diverse phenotypes of clinical disease. Indeed, PCa has proven problematic to establish as cell lines in culture due to its heterogeneity which remains a challenge, despite the various in vitro and in vivo model systems available. Growth factors have been shown to play a central role in the complex regulation of cell proliferation among hormone sensitive tumors, such as PCa. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of novel patient-derived prostate epithelial (which we named as AUB-PrC) cells from organoids culture system. We also assessed the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in culturing those cells. We profiled the AUB-PrC cells isolated from unaffected and tumor patient samples via depicting their molecular and epithelial lineage features through immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), as well as through functional assays and transcriptomic profiling through RNA sequencing. In addition, by optimizing a previously established prostate organoids culture system, we were able to grow human prostate epithelial cells using growth medium and EGF only. With these data collected, we were able to gain insight at the molecular architecture of novel human AUB-PrC cells, which might pave the way for deciphering the mechanisms that lead to PCa development and progression, and ultimately improving prognostic abilities and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Cheaito
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hisham F Bahmad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hiba Jalloul
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ola Hadadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hiba Msheik
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Albert El-Hajj
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Deborah Mukherji
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed Al-Sayegh
- Biology Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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12
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Zheng W, Liu F, Du F, Yang F, Kou X, He Y, Feng H, Fan Q, Luo E, Min H, Miao J, Cui L, Cao Y. Characterization of a Sulfhydryl Oxidase From Plasmodium berghei as a Target for Blocking Parasite Transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:311. [PMID: 32670896 PMCID: PMC7332561 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX), present in a wide variety of eukaryotic species, catalyzes the insertion of disulfide bonds into unfolded, reduced proteins. Here we characterized the QSOX protein from the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei (PbQSOX), which is conserved in all sequenced malaria parasite species. The PbQSOX protein was not expressed in asexual erythrocytic stages, but was most abundantly expressed in ookinetes. Indirect immunofluorescence assays revealed PbQSOX was not only localized in cytoplasm of gametocytes, gametes and ookinetes, but also expressed on the surface of gametes and ookinetes. Western blot identified extracellular presence of PbQSOX in the culture medium of ookinetes suggestive of secretion. Pbqsox deletion (Δpbqsox) did not affect asexual intraerythrocytic development, but reduced exflagellation of male gametocytes as well as formation and maturation of ookinetes. Pbqsox deletion also led to a significant increase in the reduced thiol groups of ookinete surface proteins, suggesting that it may play a role in maintaining the integrity of disulfide bonds of surface proteins, which might be needed for ookinete development. Mosquitoes that fed on Δpbqsox-infected mice showed a significant reduction in ookinete and oocyst numbers compared to those fed on wild-type parasite-infected mice. Further, both polyclonal mouse antisera and a monoclonal antibody against the recombinant PbQSOX exhibited substantial transmission-blocking activities in in vitro and mosquito feeding assays, suggesting QSOX is a potential target for blocking parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Zheng
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolian Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Du
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Kou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Animal Quarantine, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yiwen He
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi Fan
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Dalian, China
| | - Enjie Luo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Min
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jun Miao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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13
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Ballar Kirmizibayrak P, Erbaykent-Tepedelen B, Gozen O, Erzurumlu Y. Divergent Modulation of Proteostasis in Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1233:117-151. [PMID: 32274755 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteostasis regulates key cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, transcription, and apoptosis. The mechanisms by which proteostasis is regulated are crucial and the deterioration of cellular proteostasis has been significantly associated with tumorigenesis since it specifically targets key oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Androgens mediate one of the most central signaling pathways in all stages of PCa via the androgen receptor (AR). In addition to their regulation by hormones, PCa cells are also known to be highly secretory and are particularly prone to ER stress as proper ER function is essential. Alterations in various complex signaling pathways and cellular processes including cell cycle control, transcription, DNA repair, apoptosis, cell adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and angiogenesis are critical factors influencing PCa development through key molecular changes mainly by posttranslational modifications in PCa-related proteins, including AR, NKX3.1, PTEN, p53, cyclin D1, and p27. Several ubiquitin ligases like MDM2, Siah2, RNF6, CHIP, and substrate-binding adaptor SPOP; deubiquitinases such as USP7, USP10, USP26, and USP12 are just some of the modifiers involved in the regulation of these key proteins via ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Some ubiquitin-like modifiers, especially SUMOs, have been also closely associated with PCa. On the other hand, the proteotoxicity resulting from misfolded proteins and failure of ER adaptive capacity induce unfolded protein response (UPR) that is an indispensable signaling mechanism for PCa development. Lastly, ER-associated degradation (ERAD) also plays a crucial role in prostate tumorigenesis. In this section, the relationship between prostate cancer and proteostasis will be discussed in terms of UPS, UPR, SUMOylation, ERAD, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oguz Gozen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yalcin Erzurumlu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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14
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A mouse model of prostate cancer bone metastasis in a syngeneic immunocompetent host. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6845-6854. [PMID: 31839878 PMCID: PMC6901336 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the establishment of B6CaP, an allograft tumor line from a Hi-Myc transgenic mouse that had been backcrossed onto C57BL/6J background. This tumor line grows subcutaneously in wildtype C57BL/6J immunocompetent mice, expresses AR, and has a luminal cytokeratin profile. When digested into single cells and injected via intracardiac injection, B6CaP produces metastatic widespread metastases including frequent bone lesions. Metastatic lesions occur most often in the femur, spine, and skull, and have a mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic phenotype. B6CaP allografts are androgen dependent, and regress after castration. However, castration resistant tumors regrow after 4-6 months and can be maintained as androgen-independent clones. This is the first example of a prostate-derived tumor line that shows frequent metastasis to bone and grows in an immunocompetent host, making this model useful for studying mechanisms of bone metastasis and tumor immune response.
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15
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Singh D, Bharti A, Biswas D, Tewari M, Ansari MA, Singh S, Narayan G. Altered expression of NKX3.1 has significant prognostic value in gallbladder cancer. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Yu C, Hu K, Nguyen D, Wang ZA. From genomics to functions: preclinical mouse models for understanding oncogenic pathways in prostate cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2079-2102. [PMID: 31720076 PMCID: PMC6834478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has revealed numerous genomic alterations that induce aberrant signaling activities in prostate cancer (PCa). Among them are pathways affecting multiple cancer types, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, p53, Rb, Ras/Raf/MAPK, Myc, FGF, and Wnt signaling pathways, as well as ones that are prominent in PCa, including alterations in genes of AR signaling, the ETS family, NKX3.1, and SPOP. Cross talk among the oncogenic pathways can confer PCa resistance to therapy, particularly in advanced tumors, which are castration-resistant or show neuroendocrine features. Various experimental models, such as cancer cell lines, animal models, and patient-derived xenografts and organoids have been utilized to dissect PCa progression mechanisms. Here, we review the current preclinical mouse models for studying the most commonly altered pathways in PCa, with an emphasis on their interplays. We highlight the power of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) in translating genomic discoveries into understanding of the functions of these oncogenic events in vivo. Developing and analyzing PCa mouse models will undoubtedly continue to offer new insights into tumor biology and guide novel rationalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kevin Hu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Zhu A Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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17
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Hoter A, Rizk S, Naim HY. The Multiple Roles and Therapeutic Potential of Molecular Chaperones in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081194. [PMID: 31426412 PMCID: PMC6721600 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancer types in men worldwide. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that are widely implicated in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of many cancers. The role of HSPs in PCa is complex and their expression has been linked to the progression and aggressiveness of the tumor. Prominent chaperones, including HSP90 and HSP70, are involved in the folding and trafficking of critical cancer-related proteins. Other members of HSPs, including HSP27 and HSP60, have been considered as promising biomarkers, similar to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), for PCa screening in order to evaluate and monitor the progression or recurrence of the disease. Moreover, expression level of chaperones like clusterin has been shown to correlate directly with the prostate tumor grade. Hence, targeting HSPs in PCa has been suggested as a promising strategy for cancer therapy. In the current review, we discuss the functions as well as the role of HSPs in PCa progression and further evaluate the approach of inhibiting HSPs as a cancer treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Hoter
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Rizk
- School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Y Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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18
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Warszawski S, Borenstein Katz A, Lipsh R, Khmelnitsky L, Ben Nissan G, Javitt G, Dym O, Unger T, Knop O, Albeck S, Diskin R, Fass D, Sharon M, Fleishman SJ. Optimizing antibody affinity and stability by the automated design of the variable light-heavy chain interfaces. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007207. [PMID: 31442220 PMCID: PMC6728052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies developed for research and clinical applications may exhibit suboptimal stability, expressibility, or affinity. Existing optimization strategies focus on surface mutations, whereas natural affinity maturation also introduces mutations in the antibody core, simultaneously improving stability and affinity. To systematically map the mutational tolerance of an antibody variable fragment (Fv), we performed yeast display and applied deep mutational scanning to an anti-lysozyme antibody and found that many of the affinity-enhancing mutations clustered at the variable light-heavy chain interface, within the antibody core. Rosetta design combined enhancing mutations, yielding a variant with tenfold higher affinity and substantially improved stability. To make this approach broadly accessible, we developed AbLIFT, an automated web server that designs multipoint core mutations to improve contacts between specific Fv light and heavy chains (http://AbLIFT.weizmann.ac.il). We applied AbLIFT to two unrelated antibodies targeting the human antigens VEGF and QSOX1. Strikingly, the designs improved stability, affinity, and expression yields. The results provide proof-of-principle for bypassing laborious cycles of antibody engineering through automated computational affinity and stability design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Warszawski
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Rosalie Lipsh
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lev Khmelnitsky
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gili Ben Nissan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gabriel Javitt
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orly Dym
- Israel Structural Proteomics Center, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Unger
- Israel Structural Proteomics Center, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orli Knop
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shira Albeck
- Israel Structural Proteomics Center, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Diskin
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Deborah Fass
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Sharon
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sarel J. Fleishman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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19
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Shergalis A, Bankhead A, Luesakul U, Muangsin N, Neamati N. Current Challenges and Opportunities in Treating Glioblastoma. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:412-445. [PMID: 29669750 PMCID: PMC5907910 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, has a high mortality rate despite extensive efforts to develop new treatments. GBM exhibits both intra- and intertumor heterogeneity, lending to resistance and eventual tumor recurrence. Large-scale genomic and proteomic analysis of GBM tumors has uncovered potential drug targets. Effective and “druggable” targets must be validated to embark on a robust medicinal chemistry campaign culminating in the discovery of clinical candidates. Here, we review recent developments in GBM drug discovery and delivery. To identify GBM drug targets, we performed extensive bioinformatics analysis using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas project. We discovered 20 genes, BOC, CLEC4GP1, ELOVL6, EREG, ESR2, FDCSP, FURIN, FUT8-AS1, GZMB, IRX3, LITAF, NDEL1, NKX3-1, PODNL1, PTPRN, QSOX1, SEMA4F, TH, VEGFC, and C20orf166AS1 that are overexpressed in a subpopulation of GBM patients and correlate with poor survival outcomes. Importantly, nine of these genes exhibit higher expression in GBM versus low-grade glioma and may be involved in disease progression. In this review, we discuss these proteins in the context of GBM disease progression. We also conducted computational multi-parameter optimization to assess the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of small molecules in clinical trials for GBM treatment. Drug delivery in the context of GBM is particularly challenging because the BBB hinders small molecule transport. Therefore, we discuss novel drug delivery methods, including nanoparticles and prodrugs. Given the aggressive nature of GBM and the complexity of targeting the central nervous system, effective treatment options are a major unmet medical need. Identification and validation of biomarkers and drug targets associated with GBM disease progression present an exciting opportunity to improve treatment of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Shergalis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
| | - Armand Bankhead
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
| | - Urarika Luesakul
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
| | - Nongnuj Muangsin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
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20
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Baek JA, Song PH, Ko Y, Gu MJ. High expression of QSOX1 is associated with tumor invasiveness and high grades groups in prostate cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:964-967. [PMID: 29804717 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men, and biologically shows highly heterogeneous clinical outcomes, despite early detection. Therefore, the identification of novel molecular markers that are associated with biological aggressiveness is very important for prostatic cancer clinical outcome predictions and treatment choices. Here, we investigate quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1) expression and evaluate its clinicopathological significance and prognostic impact in prostate cancers, with immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. QSOX1 over-expression was observed in 12 (11.2%) of prostate cancers. High QSOX1 expression significantly associated with prostate cancer with vascular invasion, neural invasion, extra prostatic extension, higher pT stage, higher pathological tumor stage, higher prognostic grouping, and higher grades groups, but did not associated with worse overall survival. High QSOX1 expression correlates with tumor invasiveness and Gleason grade, reflects aggressive tumor features, and could be an important biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin A Baek
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 42415 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Hyun Song
- Department of Urology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 2415 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungHwii Ko
- Department of Urology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 2415 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Gu
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 42415 Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Farina NH, Zingiryan A, Akech JA, Callahan CJ, Lu H, Stein JL, Languino LR, Stein GS, Lian JB. A microRNA/Runx1/Runx2 network regulates prostate tumor progression from onset to adenocarcinoma in TRAMP mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:70462-70474. [PMID: 27634876 PMCID: PMC5342565 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While decades of research have identified molecular pathways inducing and promoting stages of prostate cancer malignancy, studies addressing dynamic changes of cancer-related regulatory factors in a prostate tumor progression model are limited. Using the TRAMP mouse model of human prostate cancer, we address mechanisms of deregulation for the cancer-associated transcription factors, Runx1 and Runx2 by identifying microRNAs with reciprocal expression changes at six time points during 33 weeks of tumorigenesis. We molecularly define transition stages from PIN lesions to hyperplasia/neoplasia and progression to adenocarcinoma by temporal changes in expression of human prostate cancer markers, including the androgen receptor and tumor suppressors, Nkx3.1 and PTEN. Concomitant activation of PTEN, AR, and Runx factors occurs at early stages. At late stages, PTEN and AR are downregulated, while Runx1 and Runx2 remain elevated. Loss of Runx-targeting microRNAs, miR-23b-5p, miR-139-5p, miR-205-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-375-3p, miR-382-5p, and miR-384-5p, contribute to aberrant Runx expression in prostate tumors. Our studies reveal a Runx/miRNA interaction axis centered on PTEN-PI3K-AKT signaling. This regulatory network translates to mechanistic understanding of prostate tumorigenesis that can be developed for diagnosis and directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Farina
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Areg Zingiryan
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Akech
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Cody J Callahan
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Huimin Lu
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Lucia R Languino
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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22
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Reduced QSOX1 enhances radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3230-3241. [PMID: 29423042 PMCID: PMC5790459 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance is a major cause leads to treatment failure in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In our previous study, we identified that QSOX1 is a differentially expressed protein in NPC cell lines with variable radiosensitivities. The present study aimed to investigate the biological behavior of QSOX1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and its effect on radiosensitivity. The levels of QSOX1 detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in radioresistant NPC patient sera and tissue samples were markedly lower than those in radiosensitive samples. Small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) were employed to knock down endogenous QSOX1 expression in CNE-2 cells, and then, radiosensitivity, apoptosis, migration and invasion were assessed using colony formation, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, and transwell assays, respectively. Tumor growth and radioresistance were also evaluated using a xenograft model in nude mice. The shRNA-mediated knockdown of QSOX1 significantly increased cell survival under irradiation (IR) and weakened radiosensitivity, which was likely due to a reduction in the cell apoptosis rate after IR. Moreover, QSOX1 silencing led to the suppression of cellular migration and invasion. Similar results were obtained with the xenograft mouse model. Thus, targeting QSOX1 will provide a new avenue for increasing the sensitivity of NPC to radiotherapy.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clusterin (CLU) is a stress-activated, ATP-independent molecular chaperone, normally secreted from cells, that is up-regulated in Alzheimer disease and in many cancers. It plays important roles in protein homeostasis/proteostasis, inhibition of cell death pathways, and modulation of pro-survival signalling and transcriptional networks. Changes in the CLU gene locus are highly associated with Alzheimer disease, and many therapy-resistant cancers over-express CLU. The extensive post-translational processing and heterogeneous oligomerization of CLU have so far prevented any definitive structure determination. This in turn has meant that targeting CLU with small molecule inhibitors is challenging. Therefore, inhibiting CLU at the gene-expression level using siRNA or antisense is a valid approach to inhibit its function. Areas covered: This article reviews recent advances regarding the role of CLU in proteostasis, cellular trafficking, human diseases, and signalling pathways involved in oncogenesis. It addresses the rationale for CLU as a therapeutic target in cancer, and the current status of pre-clinical and clinical studies using CLU antisense inhibitor OGX011. Expert opinion: Discusses challenges facing the therapeutic targeting of CLU including rapid changes in the treatment landscape for prostate cancer with multiple new FDA approved drugs, selection of windows of intervention, and potential side effects when silencing CLU expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Wilson
- a School of Biological Sciences , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- b Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre , University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital , Vancouver , Canada
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24
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QSOX1 expression is associated with aggressive tumor features and reduced survival in breast carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:1485-1491. [PMID: 27562495 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The biological role of quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1) in tumor development is not well known, and its relation to breast cancer progression and prognosis is controversial. Here, our aim was to study the expression pattern and prognostic impact of QSOX1 in breast cancer, in relation to molecular subgroups and tumor cell proliferation. We examined a population-based series as part of the prospective Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program, including all women (50-69 years) diagnosed with breast cancer in one county of Norway during 1996-2003. QSOX1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays (n=458). Median follow-up time was 13 years. High expression of QSOX1 protein was associated with features of poor prognosis including high histologic grade, hormone receptor negativity, HER2 positivity, and increased tumor cell proliferation. High QSOX1 expression was further associated with reduced breast cancer-specific survival in both univariate and multivariate analysis, independent of molecular subtypes. High QSOX1 expression is a strong and independent factor of reduced survival in breast cancer, also reflected by elevated levels in more aggressive molecular subgroups. QSOX1 expression may represent a biomarker for aggressive disease and a potential treatment target.
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25
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Hanavan PD, Borges CR, Katchman BA, Faigel DO, Ho TH, Ma CT, Sergienko EA, Meurice N, Petit JL, Lake DF. Ebselen inhibits QSOX1 enzymatic activity and suppresses invasion of pancreatic and renal cancer cell lines. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18418-28. [PMID: 26158899 PMCID: PMC4621900 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1) is a highly conserved disulfide bond-generating enzyme that is overexpressed in diverse tumor types. Its enzymatic activity promotes the growth and invasion of tumor cells and alters extracellular matrix composition. In a nude mouse-human tumor xenograft model, tumors containing shRNA for QSOX1 grew significantly more slowly than controls, suggesting that QSOX1 supports a proliferative phenotype in vivo. High throughput screening experiments identified ebselen as an in vitro inhibitor of QSOX1 enzymatic activity. Ebselen treatment of pancreatic and renal cancer cell lines stalled tumor growth and inhibited invasion through Matrigel in vitro. Daily oral treatment with ebselen resulted in a 58% reduction in tumor growth in mice bearing human pancreatic tumor xenografts compared to controls. Mass spectrometric analysis of ebselen-treated QSOX1 mechanistically revealed that C165 and C237 of QSOX1 covalently bound to ebselen. This report details the anti-neoplastic properties of ebselen in pancreatic and renal cancer cell lines. The results here offer a “proof-of-principle” that enzymatic inhibition of QSOX1 may have clinical relevancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Hanavan
- School of Life Sciences, Mayo Clinic Collaborative Research Building, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Chad R Borges
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Benjamin A Katchman
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Thai H Ho
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Chen-Ting Ma
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eduard A Sergienko
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Douglas F Lake
- School of Life Sciences, Mayo Clinic Collaborative Research Building, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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26
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Korsten H, Ziel-van der Made ACJ, van Weerden WM, van der Kwast T, Trapman J, Van Duijn PW. Characterization of Heterogeneous Prostate Tumors in Targeted Pten Knockout Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147500. [PMID: 26807730 PMCID: PMC4726760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we generated a preclinical mouse prostate tumor model based on PSA-Cre driven inactivation of Pten. In this model homogeneous hyperplastic prostates (4-5m) developed at older age (>10m) into tumors. Here, we describe the molecular and histological characterization of the tumors in order to better understand the processes that are associated with prostate tumorigenesis in this targeted mouse Pten knockout model. The morphologies of the tumors that developed were very heterogeneous. Different histopathological growth patterns could be identified, including intraductal carcinoma (IDC), adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma, all strongly positive for the epithelial cell marker Cytokeratin (CK), and carcinosarcomas, which were negative for CK. IDC pattern was already detected in prostates of 7-8 month old mice, indicating that it could be a precursor stage. At more than 10 months IDC and carcinosarcoma were most frequently observed. Gene expression profiling discriminated essentially two molecular subtypes, denoted tumor class 1 (TC1) and tumor class 2 (TC2). TC1 tumors were characterized by high expression of epithelial markers like Cytokeratin 8 and E-Cadherin whereas TC2 tumors showed high expression of mesenchyme/stroma markers such as Snail and Fibronectin. These molecular subtypes corresponded with histological growth patterns: where TC1 tumors mainly represented adenocarcinoma/intraductal carcinoma, in TC2 tumors carcinosarcoma was the dominant growth pattern. Further molecular characterization of the prostate tumors revealed an increased expression of genes associated with the inflammatory response. Moreover, functional markers for senescence, proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis were higher expressed in tumors compared to hyperplasia. The highest expression of proliferation and angiogenesis markers was detected in TC2 tumors. Our data clearly showed that in the genetically well-defined PSA-Cre;Pten-loxP/loxP prostate tumor model, histopathological, molecular and biological heterogeneity occurred during later stages of tumor development.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemistry
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Biomarkers
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Cadherins/analysis
- Carcinoma/chemistry
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinosarcoma/chemistry
- Carcinosarcoma/genetics
- Carcinosarcoma/pathology
- Cellular Senescence/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Epithelial Cells/chemistry
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Inflammation/genetics
- Keratins/analysis
- Male
- Mesoderm/chemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/deficiency
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/genetics
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/chemistry
- Prostatic Neoplasms/classification
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Stromal Cells/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Korsten
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wytske M. van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo van der Kwast
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Trapman
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra W. Van Duijn
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Tursynbay Y, Zhang J, Li Z, Tokay T, Zhumadilov Z, Wu D, Xie Y. Pim-1 kinase as cancer drug target: An update. Biomed Rep 2015; 4:140-146. [PMID: 26893828 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus-1 (Pim-1) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates multiple cellular functions such as cell cycle, cell survival, drug resistance. Aberrant elevation of Pim-1 kinase is associated with numerous types of cancer. Two distinct isoforms of Pim-1 (Pim-1S and Pim-1L) show distinct cellular functions. Pim-1S predominately localizes to the nucleus and Pim-1L localizes to plasma membrane for drug resistance. Recent studies show that mitochondrial Pim-1 maintains mitochondrial integrity. Pim-1 is emerging as a cancer drug target, particularly in prostate cancer. Recently the potent new functions of Pim-1 in immunotherapy, senescence bypass, metastasis and epigenetic dynamics have been found. The aim of the present updated review is to provide brief information regarding networks of Pim-1 kinase and focus on its recent advances as a novel drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yernar Tursynbay
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University School of Science and Technology, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Jinfu Zhang
- Institute of International Medical Research, Department of Urology and Andrology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Tursonjan Tokay
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Zhaxybay Zhumadilov
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Denglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Tong Ji Hospital, Tong Ji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Yingqiu Xie
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University School of Science and Technology, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
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28
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The flavo-oxidase QSOX1 supports vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation: Evidence for a role in neointima growth. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1334-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Renard-Penna R, Cancel-Tassin G, Comperat E, Roupret M, Mozer P, Cussenot O. Functional magnetic resonance imaging and molecular pathology at the crossroad of the management of early prostate cancer. World J Urol 2015; 33:929-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-015-1570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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30
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Xiang J, Bian C, Wang H, Huang S, Wu D. MiR-203 down-regulates Rap1A and suppresses cell proliferation, adhesion and invasion in prostate cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:8. [PMID: 25636908 PMCID: PMC4321708 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective Evidence supports an important role for miR-203 in the regulation of the proliferation, migration and invasion of prostate cancer (PCa) cells. However, the exact mechanisms of miR-203 in PCa are not entirely clear. Methods We examined the expression of miR-203 in prostate cancer tissues, adjacent normal tissues, PCa cell lines and normal prostate epithelial cells by qRT-PCR. Then, the effects of miR-203 or Rap1A on proliferation, adhesion and invasion of PCa cells were assayed using CKK-8, adhesion analysis, and transwell invasion assays. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to assess miR-203 binding to Rap1A mRNA. Tumor growth was assessed by subcutaneous inoculation of cells into BALB/c nude mice. Results Here, we confirmed that the expression of miR-203 was significantly downregulated in prostate cancer specimens compared with matched adjacent normal prostate specimens. Mechanistic dissection revealed that miR-203 mediated cell proliferation, adhesion and invasion in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo, as evidenced by reduced RAC1, p-PAK1, and p-MEK1 expression. In addition, we identified Rap1A as a direct target suppressed by miR-203, and there was an inverse relationship between the expression of miR-203 and Rap1A in PCa. Knockdown of Rap1A phenocopied the effects of miR-203 on PCa cell growth and invasion. Furthermore, Rap1A over-expression in PCa cells partially reversed the effects of miR-203-expression on cell adhesion and invasion. Conclusions These findings provide further evidence that a crucial role for miR-203 in inhibiting metastasis of PCa through the suppression of Rap1A expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0125-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xiang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, NO 389 Xinchun road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Cuidong Bian
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, NO 389 Xinchun road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- The Experimental Center of Basic Medical, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Shengsong Huang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, NO 389 Xinchun road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Denglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, NO 389 Xinchun road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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31
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Jablonska E, Vinceti M. Selenium and Human Health: Witnessing a Copernican Revolution? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2015; 33:328-68. [PMID: 26074278 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2015.1055163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In humans, selenium was hypothesized to lower the risk of several chronic diseases, mainly due to the antioxidant activity of selenium-containing proteins. Recent epidemiologic and laboratory studies, however, are changing our perception of the biological effects of this nutritionally essential trace element. We reviewed the most recent epidemiologic and biochemical literature on selenium, synthesizing the findings from these studies into a unifying view. Randomized trials have shown that selenium did not protect against cancer and other chronic diseases, but even increased the risk of specific neoplasms such as advanced prostate cancer and skin cancer, in addition to type 2 diabetes. Biochemical studies indicate that selenium may exert a broad pattern of toxic effects at unexpectedly low concentrations. Furthermore, its upregulation of antioxidant proteins (selenium-dependent and selenium-independent) may be a manifestation of self-induced oxidative stress. In conclusion, toxic effects of selenium species occur at lower concentrations than previously believed. Those effects may include a large range of proteomic changes and adverse health effects in humans. Since the effects of environmental exposure to this element on human health still remain partially unknown, but are potentially serious, the toxicity of selenium exposure should be further investigated and considered as a public health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jablonska
- a Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis , Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine , Lodz , Poland
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32
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Azad AA, Zoubeidi A, Gleave ME, Chi KN. Targeting heat shock proteins in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2014; 12:26-36. [DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2014.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Peprah E, Xu H, Tekola-Ayele F, Royal CD. Genome-wide association studies in Africans and African Americans: expanding the framework of the genomics of human traits and disease. Public Health Genomics 2014; 18:40-51. [PMID: 25427668 DOI: 10.1159/000367962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic research is one of the tools for elucidating the pathogenesis of diseases of global health relevance and paving the research dimension to clinical and public health translation. Recent advances in genomic research and technologies have increased our understanding of human diseases, genes associated with these disorders, and the relevant mechanisms. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have proliferated since the first studies were published several years ago and have become an important tool in helping researchers comprehend human variation and the role genetic variants play in disease. However, the need to expand the diversity of populations in GWAS has become increasingly apparent as new knowledge is gained about genetic variation. Inclusion of diverse populations in genomic studies is critical to a more complete understanding of human variation and elucidation of the underpinnings of complex diseases. In this review, we summarize the available data on GWAS in recent African ancestry populations within the western hemisphere (i.e. African Americans and peoples of the Caribbean) and continental African populations. Furthermore, we highlight ways in which genomic studies in populations of recent African ancestry have led to advances in the areas of malaria, HIV, prostate cancer, and other diseases. Finally, we discuss the advantages of conducting GWAS in recent African ancestry populations in the context of addressing existing and emerging global health conditions.
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TNFα-mediated loss of β-catenin/E-cadherin association and subsequent increase in cell migration is partially restored by NKX3.1 expression in prostate cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109868. [PMID: 25360740 PMCID: PMC4215977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation-induced carcinogenesis is associated with increased proliferation and migration/invasion of various types of tumor cells. In this study, altered β-catenin signaling upon TNFα exposure, and relation to loss of function of the tumor suppressor NKX3.1 was examined in prostate cancer cells. We used an in vitro prostate inflammation model to demonstrate altered sub-cellular localization of β-catenin following increased phosphorylation of Akt(S473) and GSK3β(S9). Consistently, we observed that subsequent increase in β-catenin transactivation enhanced c-myc, cyclin D1 and MMP2 expressions. Consequently, it was also observed that the β-catenin-E-cadherin association at the plasma membrane was disrupted during acute cytokine exposure. Additionally, it was demonstrated that disrupting cell-cell interactions led to increased migration of LNCaP cells in real-time migration assay. Nevertheless, ectopic expression of NKX3.1, which is degraded upon proinflammatory cytokine exposure in inflammation, was found to induce the degradation of β-catenin by inhibiting Akt(S473) phosphorylation, therefore, partially rescued the disrupted β-catenin-E-cadherin interaction as well as the cell migration in LNCaP cells upon cytokine exposure. As, the disrupted localization of β-catenin at the cell membrane as well as increased Akt(S308) priming phosphorylation was observed in human prostate tissues with prostatic inflammatory atrophy (PIA), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (H-PIN) and carcinoma lesions correlated with loss of NKX3.1 expression. Thus, the data indicate that the β-catenin signaling; consequently sub-cellular localization is deregulated in inflammation, associates with prostatic atrophy and PIN pathology.
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35
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Toren P, Zoubeidi A. Targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway in prostate cancer: challenges and opportunities (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1793-801. [PMID: 25120209 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt pathway is an actively pursued therapeutic target in oncology. In prostate cancer, the activation of this pathway appears to be characteristic of many aggressive prostate cancers. Further, activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is more frequently observed as prostate cancer progresses toward a resistant, metastatic disease. Signalling from this pathway activates numerous survival, growth, metabolic and metastatic functions characteristic of aggressive cancer. Biomarkers of this pathway have correlated activation of this pathway to high grade disease and higher risk of disease progression. Therefore there is significant interest in developing effective strategies to target this pathway in prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the pre-clinical and clinical data relevant to targeting of the PI3K/Akt pathway in prostate cancer. In particular, we review the rationale and relevance of co-targeting approaches against the PI3K/Akt pathway. It is anticipated that through an improved understanding of the biology of the PI3K/Akt pathway in prostate cancer, relevant biomarkers and rationale combination therapies will optimize targeting of this pathway to improve outcomes among patients with aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Toren
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
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36
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1) is an enzyme that oxidizes thiols during protein folding, reducing molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. Tumor cells may take advantage of oxidative environments at different stages of tumorigenesis, but QSOX1 may also serve additional functions in tumors. RECENT ADVANCES Several groups have reported the over-expression of QSOX1 in breast, pancreas, and prostate cancers. A consensus is building that QSOX1 over-expression is important during tumor cell invasion, facilitating tumor cell migration at the tumor-stroma interface. As such, QSOX1 may be considered a prognostic indicator of metastatic potential or even indicate that cancer is present in a host. CRITICAL ISSUES However, some controversy exists between QSOX1 as a marker of poor or favorable outcome in breast cancer. More studies are required to reveal what advantage QSOX1 provides to breast and other types of cancer. More specifically, it is critical to learn which tumor types over-express QSOX1 and use its enzymatic activity to their advantage. FUTURE DIRECTIONS As interest increases in understanding the mechanisms of tumorigenesis within the extracellular matrix and how tumor cells influence fibroblasts and other stromal cells, QSOX1 may be revealed as an important player in cancer detection and prognosis. Defining the mechanism(s) of QSOX1 activity in tumors and in in vivo models will provide important insights into how to target QSOX1 with anti-neoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas F Lake
- 1 School of Life Sciences, ASU/Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona
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37
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Omori A, Miyagawa S, Ogino Y, Harada M, Ishii K, Sugimura Y, Ogino H, Nakagata N, Yamada G. Essential roles of epithelial bone morphogenetic protein signaling during prostatic development. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2534-44. [PMID: 24731097 PMCID: PMC4060178 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostate is a male sex-accessory organ. The prostatic epithelia consist primarily of basal and luminal cells that differentiate from embryonic urogenital sinus epithelia. Prostate tumors are believed to originate in the basal and luminal cells. However, factors that promote normal epithelial differentiation have not been well elucidated, particularly for bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling. This study shows that Bmp signaling prominently increases during prostatic differentiation in the luminal epithelia, which is monitored by the expression of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8. To elucidate the mechanism of epithelial differentiation and the function of Bmp signaling during prostatic development, conditional male mutant mouse analysis for the epithelial-specific Bmp receptor 1a (Bmpr1a) was performed. We demonstrate that Bmp signaling is indispensable for luminal cell maturation, which regulates basal cell proliferation. Expression of the prostatic epithelial regulatory gene Nkx3.1 was significantly reduced in the Bmpr1a mutants. These results indicate that Bmp signaling is a key factor for prostatic epithelial differentiation, possibly by controlling the prostatic regulatory gene Nkx3.1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Epithelium/pathology
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Phosphorylation
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate/pathology
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Smad Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Omori
- Department of Developmental Genetics (A.O., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (S.M., Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Science, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan; Department of Clinical Anatomy (M.H.), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8591, Japan; Department of Oncologic Pathology (K.I.), and Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology (Y.S.), Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan; Department of Animal Bioscience (H.O.), Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan; and Division of Reproductive Engineering (N.N.), Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Sun X, Fu X, Li J, Xing C, Frierson HF, Wu H, Ding X, Ju T, Cummings RD, Dong JT. Deletion of atbf1/zfhx3 in mouse prostate causes neoplastic lesions, likely by attenuation of membrane and secretory proteins and multiple signaling pathways. Neoplasia 2014; 16:377-89. [PMID: 24934715 PMCID: PMC4198693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The ATBF1/ZFHX3 gene at 16q22 is the second most frequently mutated gene in human prostate cancer and has reduced expression or mislocalization in several types of human tumors. Nonetheless, the hypothesis that ATBF1 has a tumor suppressor function in prostate cancer has not been tested. In this study, we examined the role of ATBF1 in prostatic carcinogenesis by specifically deleting Atbf1 in mouse prostatic epithelial cells. We also examined the effect of Atbf1 deletion on gene expression and signaling pathways in mouse prostates. Histopathologic analyses showed that Atbf1 deficiency caused hyperplasia and mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) primarily in the dorsal prostate but also in other lobes. Hemizygous deletion of Atbf1 also increased the development of hyperplasia and mPIN, indicating a haploinsufficiency of Atbf1. The mPIN lesions expressed luminal cell markers and harbored molecular changes similar to those in human PIN and prostate cancer, including weaker expression of basal cell marker cytokeratin 5 (Ck5), cell adhesion protein E-cadherin, and the smooth muscle layer marker Sma; elevated expression of the oncoproteins phospho-Erk1/2, phospho-Akt and Muc1; and aberrant protein glycosylation. Gene expression profiling revealed a large number of genes that were dysregulated by Atbf1 deletion, particularly those that encode for secretory and cell membrane proteins. The four signaling networks that were most affected by Atbf1 deletion included those centered on Erk1/2 and IGF1, Akt and FSH, NF-κB and progesterone and β-estradiol. These findings provide in vivo evidence that ATBF1 is a tumor suppressor in the prostate, suggest that loss of Atbf1 contributes to tumorigenesis by dysregulating membrane and secretory proteins and multiple signaling pathways, and provide a new animal model for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Pathology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Henry F Frierson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xiaokun Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322.
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Disodium pentaborate decahydrate (DPD) induced apoptosis by decreasing hTERT enzyme activity and disrupting F-actin organization of prostate cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:1531-8. [PMID: 24122279 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal and cell culture studies have showed that boron and its derivatives may be promising anticancer agents in prostate cancer treatment. Thus, DU145 cells were treated with disodium pentaborate decahydrate (DPD) for 24, 48, and 72 h in order to investigate the inhibitor effect and mechanisms of DPD. Then, cell proliferation, telomerase enzyme activity, actin polymerization, and apoptosis were detected by WST-1 assay, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence labeling, and flow cytometry, respectively. We found that DPD inhibited the growth of human prostate cancer cell line DU145 at the concentration of 3.5 mM for 24 h. Our results demonstrated that 7 mM of DPD treatment prevented the telomerase enzyme activity at the rate of 38 %. Furthermore, DPD has an apoptotic effect on DU145 cells which were examined by labeling DNA breaks. With 7 mM of DPD treatment, 8, 14, and 41 % of apoptotic cells were detected for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Additionally, immunofluorescence labeling showed that the normal organization of actin filaments was disrupted in DPD-exposed cells, which is accompanied by the alteration of cell shape and by apoptosis in targeted cells. Taken together, the results indicate that DPD may exert its cytotoxicity at least partly by interfering with the dynamic properties of actin polymerization and decreasing the telomerase activity. Eventually, for the first time, the results of this study showed that DPD suppressed the activity of telomerase in DU145 cells, and therefore, we suggested that DPD could be an important agent for its therapeutic potential in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Israel BA, Jiang L, Gannon SA, Thorpe C. Disulfide bond generation in mammalian blood serum: detection and purification of quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:129-35. [PMID: 24468475 PMCID: PMC3960832 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive new plate-reader assay has been developed showing that adult mammalian blood serum contains circulating soluble sulfhydryl oxidase activity that can introduce disulfide bonds into reduced proteins with the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. The activity was purified 5000-fold to >90% homogeneity from bovine serum and found by mass spectrometry to be consistent with the short isoform of quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1). This FAD-dependent enzyme is present at comparable activity levels in fetal and adult commercial bovine sera. Thus cell culture media that are routinely supplemented with either fetal or adult bovine sera will contain this facile catalyst of protein thiol oxidation. QSOX1 is present at approximately 25 nM in pooled normal adult human serum. Examination of the unusual kinetics of QSOX1 toward cysteine and glutathione at low micromolar concentrations suggests that circulating QSOX1 is unlikely to significantly contribute to the oxidation of these monothiols in plasma. However, the ability of QSOX1 to rapidly oxidize conformationally mobile protein thiols suggests a possible contribution to the redox status of exofacial and soluble proteins in blood plasma. Recent proteomic studies showing that plasma QSOX1 can be utilized in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and acute decompensated heart failure, together with the overexpression of this secreted enzyme in a number of solid tumors, suggest that the robust QSOX assay developed here may be useful in the quantitation of enzyme levels in a wide range of biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Lingxi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Shawn A Gannon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Colin Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Poillet L, Pernodet N, Boyer-Guittaut M, Adami P, Borg C, Jouvenot M, Delage-Mourroux R, Despouy G. QSOX1 inhibits autophagic flux in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86641. [PMID: 24475161 PMCID: PMC3901705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The QSOX1 protein (Quiescin Sulfhydryl oxidase 1) catalyzes the formation of disulfide bonds and is involved in the folding and stability of proteins. More recently, QSOX1 has been associated with tumorigenesis and protection against cellular stress. It has been demonstrated in our laboratory that QSOX1 reduces proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and reduces tumor growth in vivo. In addition, QSOX1 expression has been shown to be induced by oxidative or ER stress and to prevent cell death linked to these stressors. Given the function of QSOX1 in these two processes, which have been previously linked to autophagy, we wondered whether QSOX1 might be regulated by autophagy inducers and play a role in this catabolic process. To answer this question, we used in vitro models of breast cancer cells in which QSOX1 was overexpressed (MCF-7) or extinguished (MDA-MB-231). We first showed that QSOX1 expression is induced following amino acid starvation and maintains cellular homeostasis. Our results also indicated that QSOX1 inhibits autophagy through the inhibition of autophagosome/lysosome fusion. Moreover, we demonstrated that inhibitors of autophagy mimic the effect of QSOX1 on cell invasion, suggesting that its role in this process is linked to the autophagy pathway. Previously published data demonstrated that extinction of QSOX1 promotes tumor growth in NOG mice. In this study, we further demonstrated that QSOX1 null tumors present lower levels of the p62 protein. Altogether, our results demonstrate for the first time a role of QSOX1 in autophagy in breast cancer cells and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Poillet
- Université de Franche-Comté, Estrogènes, Expression Génique et Pathologies du Système Nerveux Central, U.F.R. Sciences et Techniques, Besançon, Doubs, France
| | - Nicolas Pernodet
- Université de Franche-Comté, Estrogènes, Expression Génique et Pathologies du Système Nerveux Central, U.F.R. Sciences et Techniques, Besançon, Doubs, France
| | - Michaël Boyer-Guittaut
- Université de Franche-Comté, Estrogènes, Expression Génique et Pathologies du Système Nerveux Central, U.F.R. Sciences et Techniques, Besançon, Doubs, France
| | - Pascale Adami
- Université de Franche-Comté, Estrogènes, Expression Génique et Pathologies du Système Nerveux Central, U.F.R. Sciences et Techniques, Besançon, Doubs, France
| | - Christophe Borg
- Université de Franche-Comté, Inserm UMR 1098, Relation Hôte Greffon et Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, Doubs, France
| | - Michèle Jouvenot
- Université de Franche-Comté, Estrogènes, Expression Génique et Pathologies du Système Nerveux Central, U.F.R. Sciences et Techniques, Besançon, Doubs, France
| | - Régis Delage-Mourroux
- Université de Franche-Comté, Estrogènes, Expression Génique et Pathologies du Système Nerveux Central, U.F.R. Sciences et Techniques, Besançon, Doubs, France
| | - Gilles Despouy
- Université de Franche-Comté, Estrogènes, Expression Génique et Pathologies du Système Nerveux Central, U.F.R. Sciences et Techniques, Besançon, Doubs, France
- * E-mail:
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Thangapazham R, Saenz F, Katta S, Mohamed AA, Tan SH, Petrovics G, Srivastava S, Dobi A. Loss of the NKX3.1 tumorsuppressor promotes the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene expression in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:16. [PMID: 24418414 PMCID: PMC3897978 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In normal prostate epithelium the TMPRSS2 gene encoding a type II serine protease is directly regulated by male hormones through the androgen receptor. In prostate cancer ERG protooncogene frequently gains hormonal control by seizing gene regulatory elements of TMPRSS2 through genomic fusion events. Although, the androgenic activation of TMPRSS2 gene has been established, little is known about other elements that may interact with TMPRSS2 promoter sequences to modulate ERG expression in TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion context. METHODS Comparative genomic analyses of the TMPRSS2 promoter upstream sequences and pathway analyses were performed by the Genomatix Software. NKX3.1 and ERG genes expressions were evaluated by immunoblot or by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays in response to siRNA knockdown or heterologous expression. QRT-PCR assay was used for monitoring the gene expression levels of NKX3.1-regulated genes. Transcriptional regulatory function of NKX3.1 was assessed by luciferase assay. Recruitment of NKX3.1 to its cognate elements was monitored by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS Comparative analysis of the TMPRSS2 promoter upstream sequences among different species revealed the conservation of binding sites for the androgen inducible NKX3.1 tumor suppressor. Defects of NKX3.1, such as, allelic loss, haploinsufficiency, attenuated expression or decreased protein stability represent established pathways in prostate tumorigenesis. We found that NKX3.1 directly binds to TMPRSS2 upstream sequences and negatively regulates the expression of the ERG protooncogene through the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion. CONCLUSIONS These observations imply that the frequently noted loss-of-function of NKX3.1 cooperates with the activation of TMPRSS2-ERG fusions in prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Albert Dobi
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniform Services University of the Health Sciences, 1530 East Jefferson Street, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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Israel BA, Kodali VK, Thorpe C. Going through the barrier: coupled disulfide exchange reactions promote efficient catalysis in quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:5274-84. [PMID: 24379406 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.536219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) family of enzymes generates disulfide bonds in peptides and proteins with the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. Determination of the potentials of the redox centers in Trypanosoma brucei QSOX provides a context for understanding catalysis by this facile oxidant of protein thiols. The CXXC motif of the thioredoxin domain is comparatively oxidizing (E'0 of -144 mV), consistent with an ability to transfer disulfide bonds to a broad range of thiol substrates. In contrast, the proximal CXXC disulfide in the ERV (essential for respiration and vegetative growth) domain of TbQSOX is strongly reducing (E'0 of -273 mV), representing a major apparent thermodynamic barrier to overall catalysis. Reduction of the oxidizing FAD cofactor (E'0 of -153 mV) is followed by the strongly favorable reduction of molecular oxygen. The role of a mixed disulfide intermediate between thioredoxin and ERV domains was highlighted by rapid reaction studies in which the wild-type CGAC motif in the thioredoxin domain of TbQSOX was replaced by the more oxidizing CPHC or more reducing CGPC sequence. Mixed disulfide bond formation is accompanied by the generation of a charge transfer complex with the flavin cofactor. This provides thermodynamic coupling among the three redox centers of QSOX and avoids the strongly uphill mismatch between the formal potentials of the thioredoxin and ERV disulfides. This work identifies intriguing mechanistic parallels between the eukaryotic QSOX enzymes and the DsbA/B system catalyzing disulfide bond generation in the bacterial periplasm and suggests that the strategy of linked disulfide exchanges may be exploited in other catalysts of oxidative protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Israel
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
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Abstract
QSOX1 (quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1) efficiently catalyses the insertion of disulfide bonds into a wide range of proteins. The enzyme is mechanistically well characterized, but its subcellular location and the identity of its protein substrates remain ill-defined. The function of QSOX1 is likely to involve disulfide formation in proteins entering the secretory pathway or outside the cell. In the present study, we show that this enzyme is efficiently secreted from mammalian cells despite the presence of a transmembrane domain. We identify internal cleavage sites and demonstrate that the protein is processed within the Golgi apparatus to yield soluble enzyme. As a consequence of this efficient processing, QSOX1 is probably functional outside the cell. Also, QSOX1 forms a dimer upon cleavage of the C-terminal domain. The processing of QSOX1 suggests a novel level of regulation of secretion of this potent disulfide catalyst and producer of hydrogen peroxide.
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45
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Leclerc D, Lévesque N, Cao Y, Deng L, Wu Q, Powell J, Sapienza C, Rozen R. Genes with aberrant expression in murine preneoplastic intestine show epigenetic and expression changes in normal mucosa of colon cancer patients. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:1171-81. [PMID: 24169962 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of early genetic/epigenetic changes in colorectal cancer would aid in diagnosis and prognosis. To identify these changes in human preneoplastic tissue, we first studied our mouse model in which Mthfr⁺/⁻ BALB/c mice fed folate-deficient diets develop intestinal tumors in contrast to Mthfr⁺/⁺ BALB/c mice fed control diets. Transcriptome profiling was performed in normal intestine from mice with low or high tumor susceptibility. We identified 12 upregulated and 51 downregulated genes in tumor-prone mice. Affected pathways included retinoid acid synthesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, apoptosis and inflammation. We compared murine candidates from this microarray analysis, and murine candidates from an earlier strain-based comparison, with a set of human genes that we had identified in previous methylome profiling of normal human colonic mucosa, from colorectal cancer patients and controls. From the extensive list of human methylome candidates, our approach uncovered five orthologous genes that had shown changes in murine expression profiles (PDK4, SPRR1A, SPRR2A, NR1H4, and PYCARD). The human orthologs were assayed by bisulfite-pyrosequencing for methylation at 14 CpGs. All CpGs exhibited significant methylation differences in normal mucosa between colorectal cancer patients and controls; expression differences for these genes were also observed. PYCARD and NR1H4 methylation differences showed promise as markers for presence of polyps in controls. We conclude that common pathways are disturbed in preneoplastic intestine in our animal model and morphologically normal mucosa of patients with colorectal cancer, and present an initial version of a DNA methylation-based signature for human preneoplastic colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leclerc
- Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, 4060 Ste-Catherine West, Room 200, Montreal, Canada H3Z 2Z3.
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Fonseca-Alves CE, Rodrigues MMP, de Moura VMBD, Rogatto SR, Laufer-Amorim R. Alterations of C-MYC, NKX3.1, and E-cadherin expression in canine prostate carcinogenesis. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:1250-6. [PMID: 24030851 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The dog (canis lupus familiaris) is the only other species besides humans that develop spontaneous prostatic carcinomas (PCa) at a high frequency. The canine model is primarily utilized for the study of the PCa molecular mechanisms and provides a natural animal model for the study of potential therapies. In humans, the PCa frequently exhibits mutations in the C-MYC and a reduced expression of the E-cadherin and NKX3.1 proteins. This study's objective was to evaluate the NKX3.1, C-MYC, and E-cadherin expression in the canine normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) and PCa and to verify differences in expression and subcellular localization of these proteins in the prostatic carcinogenesis. A tissue microarray (TMA) slide was constructed, and immunohistochemistry with antibodies raised against C-MYC, NKX3.1, E-cadherin and p63 was performed using the peroxidase and DAB methods. The C-MYC protein expression was elevated in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the canine PCa and PIA compared with the normal prostate (P = 0.004. The NKX3.1 protein expression was reduced in 94.75% of the PCa and 100% of the PIA compared with the normal prostate (P = 0.0022). In fact, the expression of E-cadherin trended towards a decrease in carcinomas when compared to normal prostate and PIA. By immunohistochemistry, more p63-positive basal cells were observed in the PCa and PIA when compared with the normal prostate (P = 0.0002). This study has demonstrated that the carcinogenesis of canine prostatic tissue may be related to basal cell proliferation, the gain of C-MYC function and the loss of NKX3.1 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in US males. Clinically, locally confined disease is treated surgically and/or with radiation therapy. Invasive disease, however, must be treated with pharmacological inhibitors of androgen receptor (AR) activity, since disease progression is fundamentally reliant on AR activation. However, despite initially effective treatment options, recurrent castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) often occurs due to aberrant reactivation of AR. Additionally, it is appreciated that many other signaling molecules, such as transcription factors, oncogenes, and tumor suppressors, are often perturbed and significantly contribute to PCa initiation and progression to incurable disease. Understanding the interplay between AR signaling and other signaling networks altered in PCa will advance therapeutic approaches. Overall, comprehension of the molecular composition promoting neoplastic growth and formation of CRPC is paramount for developing durable treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Schrecengost
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Zielinski R, Chi KN. Custirsen (OGX-011): a second-generation antisense inhibitor of clusterin in development for the treatment of prostate cancer. Future Oncol 2013; 8:1239-51. [PMID: 23130925 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clusterin is a stress-induced cytoprotective chaperone that confers broad-spectrum treatment resistance and is overexpressed across a number of cancers. custirsen (OGX-011) is a promising novel second-generation antisense inhibitor of clusterin in clinical development. This article describes the mechanism of action and safety profile of OGX-011 and details the Phase I and II results in human solid organ malignancies. Two Phase III registration trials are currently under recruitment evaluating OGX-011 in combination with chemotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. These studies not only have the potential to significantly alter the standard of care in prostate cancer, but would also endorse a new class of targets and targeted therapy approach for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zielinski
- Bristish Columbia Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4E6, Canada
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Trougakos IP. The molecular chaperone apolipoprotein J/clusterin as a sensor of oxidative stress: implications in therapeutic approaches - a mini-review. Gerontology 2013; 59:514-23. [PMID: 23689375 DOI: 10.1159/000351207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organisms are constantly exposed to physiological and environmental stresses and therefore require an efficient surveillance of genome and proteome quality in order to prevent disruption of homeostasis. Central to the intra- and extracellular proteome surveillance system are the molecular chaperones that contribute to both proteome maintenance and clearance. The conventional protein product of the apolipoprotein J/clusterin (CLU) gene is a heterodimeric secreted glycoprotein (also termed as sCLU) with a ubiquitous expression in human tissues. CLU exerts a small heat shock protein-like stress-induced chaperone activity and has been functionally implicated in numerous physiological processes as well as in ageing and most age-related diseases including tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular and metabolic syndromes. OBJECTIVE The CLU gene is differentially regulated by a wide variety of stimuli due to the combined presence of many distinct regulatory elements in its promoter that make it an extremely sensitive cellular biosensor of environmental and/or oxidative stress. Downstream to CLU gene induction, the CLU protein seems to actively intervene in pathological states of increased oxidative injury due to its chaperone-related property to inhibit protein aggregation and precipitation (a main feature of oxidant injury), as well as due to its reported distribution in both extra- and, most likely, intracellular compartments. CONCLUSION On the basis of these findings, CLU has emerged as a unique regulator of cellular proteostasis. Nevertheless, it seemingly exerts a dual function in pathology. For instance, in normal cells and during early phases of carcinogenesis, CLU may inhibit tumor progression as it contributes to suppression of proteotoxic stress. In advanced neoplasia, however, it may offer a significant survival advantage in the tumor by suppressing many therapeutic stressors and enhancing metastasis. This review will critically present a synopsis of recent novel findings that relate to the function of this amazing molecule and support the notion that CLU is a biosensor of oxidative injury; a common link between ageing and all pathologies where CLU has been implicated. Potential future perspectives, implications and opportunities for translational research and the development of new therapies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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50
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Katchman BA, Ocal IT, Cunliffe HE, Chang YH, Hostetter G, Watanabe A, LoBello J, Lake DF. Expression of quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 is associated with a highly invasive phenotype and correlates with a poor prognosis in Luminal B breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R28. [PMID: 23536962 PMCID: PMC3738157 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1) oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to form disulfide bonds in proteins. Tumor specific expression of QSOX1 has been reported for numerous tumor types. In this study, we investigate QSOX1 as a marker of breast tumor progression and evaluate the role of QSOX1 as it relates to breast tumor growth and metastasis. Methods Correlation of QSOX1 expression with breast tumor grade, subtype and estrogen receptor (ER) status was gathered through informatic analysis using the "Gene expression based Outcome for Breast cancer Online" (GOBO) web-based tool. Expression of QSOX1 protein in breast tumors tissue microarray (TMA) and in a panel of breast cancer cell lines was used to confirm our informatics analysis. To investigate malignant cell mechanisms for which QSOX1 might play a key role, we suppressed QSOX1 protein expression using short hairpin (sh) RNA in ER+ Luminal A-like MCF7, ER+ Luminal B-like BT474 and ER- Basal-like BT549 breast cancer cell lines. Results GOBO analysis revealed high levels of QSOX1 RNA expression in ER+ subtypes of breast cancer. In addition, Kaplan Meyer analyses revealed QSOX1 RNA as a highly significant predictive marker for both relapse and poor overall survival in Luminal B tumors. We confirmed this finding by evaluation of QSOX1 protein expression in breast tumors and in a panel of breast cancer cell lines. Expression of QSOX1 in breast tumors correlates with increasing tumor grade and high Ki-67 expression. Suppression of QSOX1 protein slowed cell proliferation as well as dramatic inhibition of MCF7, BT474 and BT549 breast tumor cells from invading through Matrigel™ in a modified Boyden chamber assay. Inhibition of invasion could be rescued by the exogenous addition of recombinant QSOX1. Gelatin zymography indicated that QSOX1 plays an important role in the function of MMP-9, a key mediator of breast cancer invasive behavior. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that QSOX1 is a novel biomarker for risk of relapse and poor survival in Luminal B breast cancer, and has a pro-proliferative and pro-invasive role in malignant progression partly mediated through a decrease in MMP-9 functional activity.
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