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Gu J, Xu J, Jiao A, Cai N, Gu T, Wu P, Cheng X, Chen B, Chen Y, Liu X. Comprehensive analysis of single-cell transcriptomics and genetic factors reveals the mechanisms and preventive strategies for the progression from pulmonary fibrosis to lung cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 140:112803. [PMID: 39094357 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) leads to excessive deposition of fibrous connective tissue in the lungs, increasing the risk of lung cancer due to the enhanced activity of fibroblasts (FBs). Fibroblast-mediated collagen fiber deposition creates a tumor-like microenvironment, laying the foundation for tumorigenesis. Clinically, numerous cases of lung cancer induced by pulmonary fibrosis have been observed. In recent years, the study of nucleotide point mutations, which provide more detailed insights than gene expression, has made significant advancements, offering new perspectives for clinical research. METHODS We initially employed Mendelian randomization to ascertain that the initial stage of lung cancer induced by PF belongs to small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Subsequently, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) were identified by using pseudo-time series analysis as cell clusters with carcinogenic potential. We categorized FBs into four groups according to their cellular metabolism, and then analyzed the cellular communication between FBs and PNECs, as well as changes in intracellular pathways of PNECs. Additionally, we examined the characteristic genome of FBs which is significantly associated with PF and investigated the impact of FBs on immune cells in the PF microenvironment. Finally, we explored strategies for preventing the progression from PF to lung cancer. RESULTS The genetic features of cells with carcinogenic potential in PF tissues were revealed, characterized by upregulation of Achaete-Scute Family BHLH Transcription Factor 1 (ASCL1), Homeobox B2 (HOXB2), Teashirt Zinc Finger Homeobox 2 (TSHZ2), Insulinoma-associated 1 (INSM1), and reduced activity of RE1 Silencing Transcription Factor (REST). FBs characterized by high glycolysis and low tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycling played a key role in the progression of PF. The microenvironment of PF resembles the tumor microenvironment, providing a conducive immunosuppressive environment for the occurrence of cancer cells. In dendritic cells, rs9265808 is a susceptibility locus for progression from pulmonary fibrosis to lung cancer, mutations at this locus increase the expression of Complement Factor B (CFB), and excessive activation of the complement pathway is a crucial factor leading to lung cancer development in patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Ensuring adequate nutritional supply and physical function is one of the effective measures to prevent progression from pulmonary fibrosis to lung cancer. CONCLUSION CFB promotes lung cancer occurrence by inducing the accumulation and polarization of a large number of monocytes/macrophages in the lungs, driving disease progression by reducing the physical fitness of patients with pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Non-coding RNA and Metabolism in Cancer, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Long Non-coding RNA and Cancer Metabolism, Translational Research Institute of Henan Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiansheng Xu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Annan Jiao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ningning Cai
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tianrui Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pengcheng Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xinyu Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Bo Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Yang Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Non-coding RNA and Metabolism in Cancer, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Long Non-coding RNA and Cancer Metabolism, Translational Research Institute of Henan Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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2
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Jin L, Liu Y, Wu Y, Huang Y, Zhang D. REST Is Not Resting: REST/NRSF in Health and Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1477. [PMID: 37892159 PMCID: PMC10605157 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin modifications play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. The repressor element-1 (RE1) silencing transcription factor (REST), also known as neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) and X2 box repressor (XBR), was found to regulate gene transcription by binding to chromatin and recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes. Earlier studies revealed that REST plays an important role in the development and disease of the nervous system, mainly by repressing the transcription of neuron-specific genes. Subsequently, REST was found to be critical in other tissues, such as the heart, pancreas, skin, eye, and vascular. Dysregulation of REST was also found in nervous and non-nervous system cancers. In parallel, multiple strategies to target REST have been developed. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive summary of the research progress made over the past 28 years since the discovery of REST, encompassing both physiological and pathological aspects. These insights into the effects and mechanisms of REST contribute to an in-depth understanding of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of genes and their roles in the development and progression of disease, with a view to discovering potential therapeutic targets and intervention strategies for various related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Dianbao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Ponomaryova AA, Schegoleva AA, Gervas PA, Pancova OV, Gerashchenko TS, Zarubin AA, Perelmuter VM, Cherdyntseva NV, Denisov EV. DNA methylome analysis reveals potential alterations contributing to the progression of bronchial hyperplasia. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7941-7947. [PMID: 37480511 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell lung cancer (SCLC) arises from bronchial changes: basal cell hyperplasia (BCH), squamous metaplasia (SM), and dysplasia. However, the premalignant process preceding SCLC is not inevitable; it can stop at any of the bronchial lesions. Previously, we hypothesized that combinations of premalignant lesions observed in the small bronchi of SCLC patients can reflect the different "scenarios" of the premalignant process: BCHi-the stoppage at the stage of hyperplasia and BCHSM-the progression of hyperplasia to metaplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing we analyzed the DNA methylome of two forms of BCH: isolated BCH (BCHi) and BCH co-occurred with SM (BCHSM) in the small bronchi of SCLC patients. It was shown that BCHi harbored differentially methylated regions (DMRs) affecting genes associated with regulating phosphatase activity. In BCHSM, DMRs were found in genes involved in PI3K-Akt and AMPK signaling pathways. DMRs were also found to affect specific miRNA genes: miR-34a and miR-3648 in BCHi and miR-924 and miR-100 in BCHSM. CONCLUSIONS Thus, this study demonstrated the significant changes in DNA methylome between the isolated BCH and BCH combined with SM. The identified epigenetic alterations may underlie different "scenarios" of the premalignant process in the bronchial epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ponomaryova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - A A Schegoleva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - P A Gervas
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - O V Pancova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - T S Gerashchenko
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A A Zarubin
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V M Perelmuter
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N V Cherdyntseva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Denisov
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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Li L, Wang X, Hu K, Liu X, Qiu L, Bai C, Cui Y, Wang B, Wang Z, Wang H, Cheng R, Hua J, Hai L, Wang M, Liu M, Song Z, Xiao C, Li B. ZNF133 is a potent suppressor in breast carcinogenesis through dampening L1CAM, a driver for tumor progression. Oncogene 2023:10.1038/s41388-023-02731-5. [PMID: 37221223 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complexity and heterogeneity of breast cancer, the therapeutic effects of breast cancer treatment vary between subtypes. Breast cancer subtypes are classified based on the presence of molecular markers for estrogen or progesterone receptors and human epidermal growth factor 2. Thus, novel, comprehensive, and precise molecular indicators in breast carcinogenesis are urgently needed. Here, we report that ZNF133, a zinc-finger protein, is negatively associated with poor survival and advanced pathological staging of breast carcinomas. Moreover, ZNF133 is a transcription repressor physically associated with the KAP1 complex. It transcriptionally represses a cohort of genes, including L1CAM, that are critically involved in cell proliferation and motility. We also demonstrate that the ZNF133/KAP1 complex inhibits the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and suppresses breast cancer growth and metastasis in vivo by dampening the transcription of L1CAM. Taken together, the findings of our study confirm the value of ZNF133 and L1CAM levels in the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer, contribute to a deeper understanding of the regulation mechanism of ZNF133 for the first time, and provide a new therapeutic strategy and precise intervention target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Li
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China.
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Changsen Bai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Yanfen Cui
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Biyun Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Zhaosong Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Runfen Cheng
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Jialei Hua
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Linyue Hai
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Mengdie Wang
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Zian Song
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Chunhua Xiao
- First Surgical Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China.
| | - Binghui Li
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China.
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China.
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The NRSF/REST transcription factor in hallmarks of cancer: From molecular mechanisms to clinical relevance. Biochimie 2023; 206:116-134. [PMID: 36283507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), or neuron restrictive silencing factor (NRSF), was first identified as a repressor of neuronal genes in non-neuronal tissue. Interestingly, this transcription factor may act as a tumor suppressor or an oncogenic role in developing neuroendocrine and other tumors in patients. The hallmarks of cancer include six biological processes, including proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. In addition to two emerging hallmarks, the reprogramming of energy metabolism and evasion of the immune response are all implicated in the development of human tumors. It is essential to know the role of these processes as they will affect the outcome of alternatives for cancer treatment. Various studies in this review demonstrate that NRSF/REST affects the different hallmarks of cancer that could position NRSF/REST as an essential target in the therapy and diagnosis of certain types of cancer.
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6
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Wang G, Yang X, Qi M, Li M, Dong M, Xu R, Zhang C. Systematic analysis identifies REST as an oncogenic and immunological biomarker in glioma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3023. [PMID: 36810892 PMCID: PMC9944962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST) has been proposed to function as a transcription factor to silence gene transcription by binding to repressor element 1 (RE1), a highly conserved DNA motif. The functions of REST in various tumors have been studied, but its role and correlation with immune cell infiltration remains uncertain in gliomas. REST expression was analyzed in datasets of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and validated by the Gene Expression Omnibus and Human Protein Atlas databases. The clinical prognosis of REST was evaluated by clinical survival data of TCGA cohort and validated by Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas cohort. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) contributing to REST overexpression in glioma were identified by a combination of a series of in silico analyses, including expression analysis, correlation analysis, and survival analysis. The correlations between immune cell infiltration level and REST expression were analyzed by TIMER2 and GEPIA2 tools. Enrichment analysis of REST was performed using STRING and Metascape tools. The expression and function of predicted upstream miRNAs at REST and their association with glioma malignancy and migration were also confirmed in glioma cell lines. REST was highly expressed and associated with poorer overall survival and disease-specific survival in glioma and some other tumors. MiR-105-5p and miR-9-5p were identified as the most potential upstream miRNAs of REST in glioma patient cohort and experiments in vitro. REST expression was positively correlated with infiltration of immune cells and the expression of immune checkpoints such as PD1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in glioma. Furthermore, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) was a potential REST-related gene in glioma. Enrichment analysis of REST found chromatin organization and histone modification were the most significant enriched terms, and Hedgehog-Gli pathway might be involved in the effect of REST on the pathogenesis of glioma. Our study suggests REST to be an oncogenic gene and the biomarker of poor prognosis in glioma. High REST expression might affect the tumor microenvironment of glioma. More basic experiments and large clinical trials aimed at the carcinogenetic study of REST in glioma will be needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Xiaxin Yang
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Mei Qi
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Meng Li
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Meng Dong
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Rui Xu
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
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7
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Kwon M, Lee JH, Yoon Y, Pleasure SJ, Yoon K. The CRHR1/CREB/REST signaling cascade regulates mammalian embryonic neural stem cell properties. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55313. [PMID: 36413000 PMCID: PMC9900344 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) signaling pathway, mainly known as a critical initiator of humoral stress responses, has a role in normal neuronal physiology. However, despite the evidence of CRH receptor (CRHR) expression in the embryonic ventricular zone, the exact functions of CRH signaling in embryonic brain development have not yet been fully determined. In this study, we show that CRHR1 is required for the maintenance of neural stem cell properties, as assessed by in vitro neurosphere assays and cell distribution in the embryonic cortical layers following in utero electroporation. Identifying the underlying molecular mechanisms of CRHR1 action, we find that CRHR1 functions are accomplished through the increasing expression of the master transcription factor REST. Furthermore, luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays reveal that CRHR1-induced CREB activity is responsible for increased REST expression at the transcriptional level. Taken together, these findings indicate that the CRHR1/CREB/REST signaling cascade plays an important role downstream of CRH in the regulation of neural stem cells during embryonic brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mookwang Kwon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonSouth Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical ConvergenceSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonSouth Korea
| | - Youngik Yoon
- Department of Biopharmaceutical ConvergenceSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonSouth Korea
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonSouth Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical ConvergenceSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonSouth Korea
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8
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Duly AMP, Kao FCL, Teo WS, Kavallaris M. βIII-Tubulin Gene Regulation in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:851542. [PMID: 35573698 PMCID: PMC9096907 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.851542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule proteins form a dynamic component of the cytoskeleton, and play key roles in cellular processes, such as vesicular transport, cell motility and mitosis. Expression of microtubule proteins are often dysregulated in cancer. In particular, the microtubule protein βIII-tubulin, encoded by the TUBB3 gene, is aberrantly expressed in a range of epithelial tumours and is associated with drug resistance and aggressive disease. In normal cells, TUBB3 expression is tightly restricted, and is found almost exclusively in neuronal and testicular tissues. Understanding the mechanisms that control TUBB3 expression, both in cancer, mature and developing tissues will help to unravel the basic biology of the protein, its role in cancer, and may ultimately lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches to target this protein. This review is devoted to the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of TUBB3 in normal and cancerous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair M. P. Duly
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity C. L. Kao
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Australian Center for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wee Siang Teo
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Australian Center for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Center, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Australian Center for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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9
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Hermans BCM, Derks JL, Hillen LM, van der Baan I, van den Broek EC, von der Thüsen JH, van Suylen R, Atmodimedjo PN, den Toom TD, Coumans‐Stallinga C, Timens W, Dinjens WNM, Dubbink HJ, Speel EM, Dingemans AC. In-depth molecular analysis of combined and co-primary pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2022; 150:802-815. [PMID: 34674268 PMCID: PMC9298697 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Up to 14% of large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs) are diagnosed in continuity with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. In addition to these combined lesions, 1% to 7% of lung tumors present as co-primary tumors with multiple synchronous lesions. We evaluated molecular and clinicopathological characteristics of combined and co-primary LCNEC-adenocarcinoma (ADC) tumors. Ten patients with LCNEC-ADC (combined) and five patients with multiple synchronous ipsilateral LCNEC and ADC tumors (co-primary) were included. DNA was isolated from distinct tumor parts, and 65 cancer genes were analyzed by next generation sequencing. Immunohistochemistry was performed including neuroendocrine markers, pRb, Ascl1 and Rest. Pure ADC (N = 37) and LCNEC (N = 17) cases were used for reference. At least 1 shared mutation, indicating tumor clonality, was found in LCNEC- and ADC-parts of 10/10 combined tumors but only in 1/5 co-primary tumors. A range of identical mutations was observed in both parts of combined tumors: 8/10 contained ADC-related (EGFR/KRAS/STK11 and/or KEAP1), 4/10 RB1 and 9/10 TP53 mutations. Loss of pRb IHC was observed in 6/10 LCNEC- and 4/10 ADC-parts. The number and intensity of expression of Ascl1 and neuroendocrine markers increased from pure ADC (low) to combined ADC (intermediate) and combined and pure LCNEC (high). The opposite was true for Rest expression. In conclusion, all combined LCNEC-ADC tumors were clonally related indicating a common origin. A relatively high frequency of pRb inactivation was observed in both LCNEC- and ADC-parts, suggesting an underlying role in LCNEC-ADC development. Furthermore, neuroendocrine differentiation might be modulated by Ascl1(+) and Rest(-) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bregtje C. M. Hermans
- Department of Pulmonary DiseasesMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands,GROW—School for Oncology & Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Jules L. Derks
- Department of Pulmonary DiseasesMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands,GROW—School for Oncology & Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Lisa M. Hillen
- GROW—School for Oncology & Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of PathologyMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Irene van der Baan
- GROW—School for Oncology & Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of PathologyMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jan H. von der Thüsen
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Peggy N. Atmodimedjo
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - T. Dorine den Toom
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Cecile Coumans‐Stallinga
- GROW—School for Oncology & Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of PathologyMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Winand N. M. Dinjens
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus J. Dubbink
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ernst‐Jan M. Speel
- GROW—School for Oncology & Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of PathologyMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Anne‐Marie C. Dingemans
- Department of Pulmonary DiseasesMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands,GROW—School for Oncology & Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of PulmonologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
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10
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A reassessment of Jackson's checklist and identification of two Down syndrome sub-phenotypes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3104. [PMID: 35210468 PMCID: PMC8873406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is characterised by several clinical features including intellectual disability (ID) and craniofacial dysmorphisms. In 1976, Jackson and coll. identified a checklist of signs for clinical diagnosis of DS; the utility of these checklists in improving the accuracy of clinical diagnosis has been recently reaffirmed, but they have rarely been revised. The purpose of this work is to reassess the characteristic phenotypic signs and their frequencies in 233 DS subjects, following Jackson's checklist. 63.77% of the subjects showed more than 12 signs while none showed less than 5, confirming the effectiveness of Jackson's checklist for the clinical diagnosis of DS. An association between three phenotypic signs emerged, allowing us to distinguish two sub-phenotypes: Brachycephaly, short and broad Hands, short Neck (BHN), which is more frequent, and "non-BHN". The strong association of these signs might be interpreted in the context of the growth defects observed in DS children suggesting decreased cell proliferation. Lastly, cognitive assessments were investigated for 114 subjects. The lack of association between the presence of a physical sign or the number of signs present in a subject and cognitive skills disproves the stereotype that physical characteristics are predictive of degree of ID.
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11
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Guida N, Sanguigno L, Mascolo L, Calabrese L, Serani A, Molinaro P, Lau CG, Annunziato L, Formisano L. The Transcriptional Complex Sp1/KMT2A by Up-Regulating Restrictive Element 1 Silencing Transcription Factor Accelerates Methylmercury-Induced Cell Death in Motor Neuron-Like NSC34 Cells Overexpressing SOD1-G93A. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:771580. [PMID: 34899171 PMCID: PMC8662822 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.771580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) exposure has been related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of its neurotoxicity has been associated to an overexpression of the Restrictive Element 1 Silencing Transcription factor (REST). Herein, we evaluated the possibility that MeHg could accelerate neuronal death of the motor neuron-like NSC34 cells transiently overexpressing the human Cu2+/Zn2+superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene mutated at glycine 93 (SOD1-G93A). Indeed, SOD1-G93A cells exposed to 100 nM MeHg for 24 h showed a reduction in cell viability, as compared to cells transfected with empty vector or with unmutated SOD1 construct. Interestingly, cell survival reduction in SOD1-G93A cells was associated with an increase of REST mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, MeHg increased the expression of the transcriptional factor Sp1 and promoted its binding to REST gene promoter sequence. Notably, Sp1 knockdown reverted MeHg-induced REST increase. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that Sp1 physically interacted with the epigenetic writer Lysine-Methyltransferase-2A (KMT2A). Moreover, knocking-down of KMT2A reduced MeHg-induced REST mRNA and protein increase in SOD1-G93A cells. Finally, we found that MeHg-induced REST up-regulation triggered necropoptotic cell death, monitored by RIPK1 increased protein expression. Interestingly, REST knockdown or treatment with the necroptosis inhibitor Necrostatin-1 (Nec) decelerated MeH-induced cell death in SOD1-G93A cells. Collectively, this study demonstrated that MeHg hastens necroptotic cell death in SOD1-G93A cells via Sp1/KMT2A complex, that by epigenetic mechanisms increases REST gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Sanguigno
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Mascolo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Calabrese
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Serani
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - C Geoffrey Lau
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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12
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Pajarillo E, Digman A, Nyarko-Danquah I, Son DS, Soliman KFA, Aschner M, Lee E. Astrocytic transcription factor REST upregulates glutamate transporter EAAT2, protecting dopaminergic neurons from manganese-induced excitotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101372. [PMID: 34756885 PMCID: PMC8626589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to high levels of manganese (Mn) leads to manganism, a neurological disorder with similar symptoms to those inherent to Parkinson's disease. However, the underlying mechanisms of this pathological condition have yet to be established. Since the human excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) (glutamate transporter 1 in rodents) is predominantly expressed in astrocytes and its dysregulation is involved in Mn-induced excitotoxic neuronal injury, characterization of the mechanisms that mediate the Mn-induced impairment in EAAT2 function is crucial for the development of novel therapeutics against Mn neurotoxicity. Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) exerts protective effects in many neurodegenerative diseases. But the effects of REST on EAAT2 expression and ensuing neuroprotection are unknown. Given that the EAAT2 promoter contains REST binding sites, the present study investigated the role of REST in EAAT2 expression at the transcriptional level in astrocytes and Mn-induced neurotoxicity in an astrocyte–neuron coculture system. The results reveal that astrocytic REST positively regulates EAAT2 expression with the recruitment of an epigenetic modifier, cAMP response element-binding protein–binding protein/p300, to its consensus binding sites in the EAAT2 promoter. Moreover, astrocytic overexpression of REST attenuates Mn-induced reduction in EAAT2 expression, leading to attenuation of glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in the astrocyte–neuron coculture system. Our findings demonstrate that astrocytic REST plays a critical role in protection against Mn-induced neurotoxicity by attenuating Mn-induced EAAT2 repression and the ensuing excitotoxic dopaminergic neuronal injury. This indicates that astrocytic REST could be a potential molecular target for the treatment of Mn toxicity and other neurological disorders associated with EAAT2 dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Pajarillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Alexis Digman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Ivan Nyarko-Danquah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Deok-Soo Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition of the Institute for Personalized Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
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13
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Labrecque MP, Brown LG, Coleman IM, Lakely B, Brady NJ, Lee JK, Nguyen HM, Li D, Hanratty B, Haffner MC, Rickman DS, True LD, Lin DW, Lam HM, Alumkal JJ, Corey E, Nelson PS, Morrissey C. RNA splicing factors SRRM3 and SRRM4 distinguish molecular phenotypes of castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4736-4750. [PMID: 34312180 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is an increasingly common clinical feature arising from cellular plasticity. We recently characterized two mCRPC phenotypes with NE features: androgen receptor (AR)-positive NE-positive amphicrine prostate cancer (AMPC) and AR-negative small cell or neuroendocrine prostate cancer (SCNPC). Here, we interrogated the regulation of RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST), a transcriptional repressor of neuronal genes, and elucidated molecular programs driving AMPC and SCNPC biology. Analysis of prostate cancer (PC) cell lines, mCRPC specimens, and LuCaP patient-derived xenograft models detected alternative splicing of REST to REST4 and attenuated REST repressor activity in AMPC and SCNPC. The REST locus was also hypermethylated and REST expression was reduced in SCNPC. While serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein 4 (SRRM4) was previously implicated in alternative splicing of REST in mCRPC, we detected SRRM3 expression in REST4-positive, SRRM4-negative AMPC and SCNPC. In CRPC cell lines, SRRM3 induced alternative splicing of REST to REST4 and exacerbated the expression of REST-repressed genes. Furthermore, SRRM3 and SRRM4 expression defined molecular subsets of AMPC and SCNPC across species and tumor types. Two AMPC phenotypes and three SCNPC phenotypes were characterized, denoted either by REST attenuation and ASCL1 activity or by progressive activation of neuronal transcription factor programs, respectively. These results nominate SRRM3 as the principal REST splicing factor expressed in early NE differentiation and provide a framework to molecularly classify diverse NE phenotypes in mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilsa M Coleman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | | | | | - John K Lee
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | | | | | | | | | - David S Rickman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
| | | | | | - Hung-Ming Lam
- Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Joshi J Alumkal
- Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
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14
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Neuroendocrine-Related Circulating Transcripts in Small-Cell Lung Cancers: Detection Methods and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061339. [PMID: 33809582 PMCID: PMC8061767 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The recent implementation of techniques to study circulating tumor cells allowed a rapid increase in knowledge about the molecular basis of Small-Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), which appears to be more heterogeneous and dynamic than expected. Here, we present a summary of current knowledge and new findings about some of the neuroendocrine-related transcripts expressed in SCLC patients that could offer a great opportunity in distinguishing and managing different SCLC phenotypes. Abstract No well-established prognostic or predictive molecular markers of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) are currently available; therefore, all patients receive standard treatment. Adequate quantities and quality of tissue samples are frequently unavailable to perform a molecular analysis of SCLC, which appears more heterogeneous and dynamic than expected. The implementation of techniques to study circulating tumor cells could offer a suitable alternative to expand the knowledge of the molecular basis of a tumor. In this context, the advantage of SCLC circulating cells to express some specific markers to be explored in blood as circulating transcripts could offer a great opportunity in distinguishing and managing different SCLC phenotypes. Here, we present a summary of published data and new findings about the detection methods and potential application of a group of neuroendocrine related transcripts in the peripheral blood of SCLC patients. In the era of new treatments, easy and rapid detection of informative biomarkers in blood warrants further investigation, since it represents an important option to obtain essential information for disease monitoring and/or better treatment choices.
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15
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Ma M, Zhou Y, Sun R, Shi J, Tan Y, Yang H, Zhang M, Shen R, Xu L, Wang Z, Fei J. STAT3 and AKT signaling pathways mediate oncogenic role of NRSF in hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1063-1070. [PMID: 32556117 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) is a zinc finger protein that acts as a negative transcriptional regulator by recruiting histone deacetylases and other co-factors. It plays a crucial role in nervous system development and is recently reported to be involved in tumorigenesis in a tumor type-dependent manner; however, the role of NRSF in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here, we found that NRSF expression was up-regulated in 27 of 49 human HCC tissue samples examined. Additionally, mice with conditional NRSF-knockout in the liver exhibited a higher tolerance against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced acute liver injury and were less sensitive to DEN-induced HCC initiation. Our results showed that silencing NRSF in HepG2 cells using RNAi technology significantly inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation and severely hindered their migration and invasion potentials. Our results demonstrated that NRSF plays a pivotal role in promoting DEN-induced HCC initiation via a mechanism related to the STAT3 and AKT signaling pathways. Thus, NRSF could be a potential therapeutic target for treating human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunhe Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Sports and Health Research Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruilin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Jiahao Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yutong Tan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hua Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruling Shen
- Joint Laboratory for Model Organism, Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Leon Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhugang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Jian Fei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai 201318, China
- Joint Laboratory for Model Organism, Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai 201203, China
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16
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Shimojo M, Kasahara Y, Inoue M, Tsunoda SI, Shudo Y, Kurata T, Obika S. A gapmer antisense oligonucleotide targeting SRRM4 is a novel therapeutic medicine for lung cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7618. [PMID: 31110284 PMCID: PMC6527545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive neuroendocrine phenotype of the deadliest human lung cancers. However the therapeutic landscape for SCLC has not changed in over 30 years. Effective treatment and prognosis are needed to combat this aggressive cancer. Herein we report that Ser/Arg repetitive matrix 4 (SRRM4), a splicing activator, is abnormally expressed at high levels in SCLC and thus is a potential therapeutic target. We screened an effective gapmer antisense oligonucleotide (gASO) targeting SRRM4 in vitro which led to cell death of SCLC. Our gASO, which is stabilized by containing artificial nucleotides, effectively represses SRRM4 mRNA. We found that our gASO repressed SRRM4 synthesis leading to a dramatic tumor reduction in a lung cancer mouse model. We also analyzed miRNA microarray and found that the miR-4516 is abnormally increased in exosomes in the blood of SCLC patients. Treating with gASO suppressed tumors in the SCLC model mouse concurrently reduced plasma miR-4516. In conclusion this study reports that administration of an SRRM4-targeted gASO coupled with a novel miRNA diagnostic methodology represents a potential breakthrough in the therapeutic treatment of high mortality SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Shimojo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yuuya Kasahara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Masaki Inoue
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.,The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tsunoda
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.,The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Yoshie Shudo
- Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takayasu Kurata
- Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
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17
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Navarrete-Modesto V, Orozco-Suárez S, Alonso-Vanegas M, Feria-Romero IA, Rocha L. REST/NRSF transcription factor is overexpressed in hippocampus of patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 94:118-123. [PMID: 30903955 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Repressor Element-1 Silencing Transcription factor or Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor (REST/NRSF) is a zinc finger repressor transcription factor of the Kruppel family. Several studies in experimental models have shown that overexpression of REST/NRSF occurs after the induction of seizures. In the present study, the expression of REST/NRSF (messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein) was evaluated in the hippocampus of 28 patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and their correlation with clinical variables and comorbid anxiety and depression. The REST/NRSF protein expression was augmented in an age-dependent manner in the hippocampus of autopsied subjects. However, this condition was not observed in patients with MTLE, in whom overexpression of this transcription factor occurred at both the mRNA and protein levels. The correlations with clinical variables showed that the frequency of epileptic seizures was proportional to the protein expression of REST/NRSF. The results revealed that the overexpression of REST/NRSF was more evident in patients with MTLE without anxiety and depression. Our data indicate that the expression of REST/NRSF is modified in patients with MTLE. This condition has implications in the pathophysiology of this disorder, making it a potential candidate for the optimization of clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Navarrete-Modesto
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mario Alonso-Vanegas
- Departamento de Neurocirugía, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suarez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Iris A Feria-Romero
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Luisa Rocha
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Mexico.
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18
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Jin H, Liu P, Kong L, Fei X, Gao Y, Wu T, Sun D, Tan X. Identification of RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor as a Promoter of Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:291. [PMID: 31041193 PMCID: PMC6476950 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by its rapid progression and early metastasis. This requires further elucidation of the key promoters for its progression and metastasis. In this study, we identified REST as the hub gene of a gene module which is closely associated with cancer stage by weighted gene correlation network analysis. Validation with the TCGA database, western blot analysis of human pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1, Capan-2, SW-1990, and PANC-1) and immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded pancreatic cancer tissue sections showed that REST was enriched in tissue samples of advanced stage and metastatic phenotype cell lines. Survival analysis with the TCGA database and our own follow-up data suggested that patients with higher expression level of REST showed worse overall survival rate. In vitro functional experiments suggested that knockdown of REST suppressed proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cells. In vivo experiments (a subcutaneous BALB/c nude mouse model and a superior mesenteric vein injection BALB/c nude mouse model) suggested that knockdown of REST suppressed growth and metastasis of xenograft tumor. Finally, we investigated the underlying molecular mechanism of REST and identified REST as a potential downstream target of MAPK signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results of bioinformatic analysis, in vitro and in vivo functional analysis suggested that REST may serve as a promoter of metastasis in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Jin
- Department of Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Thyroid and Pancreatic Surgery Ward, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingming Kong
- Department of Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiang Fei
- Department of Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianyu Wu
- Department of Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Defeng Sun
- Department of Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Tan
- Thyroid and Pancreatic Surgery Ward, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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19
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Mampay M, Sheridan GK. REST: An epigenetic regulator of neuronal stress responses in the young and ageing brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 53:100744. [PMID: 31004616 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor REST (Repressor Element-1 Silencing Transcription factor) is a key modulator of the neuronal epigenome and targets genes involved in neuronal differentiation, axonal growth, vesicular transport, ion channel conductance and synaptic plasticity. Whilst its gene expression-modifying properties have been examined extensively in neuronal development, REST's response towards stress-induced neuronal insults has only recently been explored. Overall, REST appears to be an ideal candidate to fine-tune neuronal gene expression following different forms of cellular, neuropathological, psychological and physical stressors. Upregulation of REST is reportedly protective against premature neural stem cell depletion, neuronal hyperexcitability, oxidative stress, neuroendocrine system dysfunction and neuropathology. In contrast, neuronal REST activation has also been linked to neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Here, we highlight key findings and discrepancies surrounding our current understanding of REST's function in neuronal adaptation to stress and explore its potential role in neuronal stress resilience in the young and ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe Mampay
- Neuroimmunology & Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Graham K Sheridan
- Neuroimmunology & Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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20
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Xu X, Gu H, Wang Y, Wang J, Qin P. Autoencoder Based Feature Selection Method for Classification of Anticancer Drug Response. Front Genet 2019; 10:233. [PMID: 30972101 PMCID: PMC6445890 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer drug responses can be varied for individual patients. This difference is mainly caused by genetic reasons, like mutations and RNA expression. Thus, these genetic features are often used to construct classification models to predict the drug response. This research focuses on the feature selection issue for the classification models. Because of the vast dimensions of the feature space for predicting drug response, the autoencoder network was first built, and a subset of inputs with the important contribution was selected. Then by using the Boruta algorithm, a further small set of features was determined for the random forest, which was used to predict drug response. Two datasets, GDSC and CCLE, were used to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Xu
- Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Hong Gu
- Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Institute of Breast Disease, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Pan Qin
- Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Epigenetic regulator UHRF1 inactivates REST and growth suppressor gene expression via DNA methylation to promote axon regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E12417-E12426. [PMID: 30530687 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812518115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Injured peripheral sensory neurons switch to a regenerative state after axon injury, which requires transcriptional and epigenetic changes. However, the roles and mechanisms of gene inactivation after injury are poorly understood. Here, we show that DNA methylation, which generally leads to gene silencing, is required for robust axon regeneration after peripheral nerve lesion. Ubiquitin-like containing PHD ring finger 1 (UHRF1), a critical epigenetic regulator involved in DNA methylation, increases upon axon injury and is required for robust axon regeneration. The increased level of UHRF1 results from a decrease in miR-9. The level of another target of miR-9, the transcriptional regulator RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST), transiently increases after injury and is required for axon regeneration. Mechanistically, UHRF1 interacts with DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and H3K9me3 at the promoter region to repress the expression of the tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and REST. Our study reveals an epigenetic mechanism that silences tumor suppressor genes and restricts REST expression in time after injury to promote axon regeneration.
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Neuroendocrine Key Regulator Gene Expression in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Neoplasia 2018; 20:1227-1235. [PMID: 30414538 PMCID: PMC6226622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive non-melanoma skin cancer of the elderly which is associated with the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). MCC reveals a trilinear differentiation characterized by neuroendocrine, epithelial and pre/pro B-cell lymphocytic gene expression disguising the cellular origin of MCC. Here we investigated the expression of the neuroendocrine key regulators RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST), neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1) and the Achaete-scute homolog 1 (ASCL1) in MCC. All MCCs were devoid of REST and were positive for NeuroD1 expression. Only one MCC tissue revealed focal ASCL1 expression. This was confirmed in MCPyV-positive MCC cell lines. Of interest, MCPyV-negative cell lines did express REST. The introduction of REST expression in REST-negative, MCPyV-positive MCC cells downregulated the neuroendocrine gene expression. The lack of the neuroendocrine master regulator ASCL1 in almost all tested MCCs points to an important role of the absence of the negative regulator REST towards the MCC neuroendocrine phenotype. This is underlined by the expression of the REST-regulated microRNAs miR-9/9* in REST-negative MCC cell lines. These data might provide the basis for the understanding of neuroendocrine gene expression profile which is expected to help to elucidate the cellular origin of MCC.
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Deng P, Zuo Y, Feng S, Li Z, Chen W, Li H, Wang X. Knockdown of NRSF inhibits cell proliferation of ovarian cancer via activating Hippo pathway. Life Sci 2018; 215:73-79. [PMID: 30391650 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ovarian cancer is the most leading cause of deaths among gynecologic malignancies, and Neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) can be upregulated or downregulated according to the type of tumor. However, the expression and function of NRSF in ovarian cancer is still unknown. MAIN METHODS Expression of NRSF in normal ovary and ovarian cancer cells were evaluated by quantitative PCR (qPCR). NRSF expression in normal ovary and ovarian cancer tissue samples were examined by qPCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). MTT, colony formation, anchorage-independent growth assay were applied to examine the effect of NRSF on ovarian cancer cell proliferation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) labeling and flow cytometry assay were carried out to investigate the role of NRSF on cell cycle of ovarian cancer cells. Luciferase reporter assay and western blotting, immunofluorescence labeling were devoted to explore the mechanism by which NRSF contributes to proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. KEY FINDINGS The results demonstrated that NRSF is significantly upregulated in ovarian cancer cells and tissues and negatively related with the survival of patients with ovarian cancer, and knockout of NRSF inhibit proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Further analysis showed that NRSF can influence G1/S transition of cell cycle via regulating the transcription of Hippo pathway. SIGNIFICANCE Herein, our study suggest that NRSF is associated with the progression of ovarian cancer, and NRSF may be a valuable early detection marker of ovarian cancer and inhibiting NRSF expression may be an effective method to treat ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China; Department of Gynecology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Yan Zuo
- Department of Gynecology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Shuxian Feng
- Department of Gynecology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Zongtao Li
- Department of Gynecology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Wan Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Huawen Li
- Department of Gynecology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China; Department of Gynecology, The First Affliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China.
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Sertraline, chlorprothixene, and chlorpromazine characteristically interact with the REST-binding site of the corepressor mSin3, showing medulloblastoma cell growth inhibitory activities. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13763. [PMID: 30213984 PMCID: PMC6137095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of repressor-element 1 silencing transcription factor REST/NRSF is related to several neuropathies, including medulloblastoma, glioblastoma, Huntington’s disease, and neuropathic pain. Inhibitors of the interaction between the N-terminal repressor domain of REST/NRSF and the PAH1 domain of its corepressor mSin3 may ameliorate such neuropathies. In-silico screening based on the complex structure of REST/NRSF and mSin3 PAH1 yielded 52 active compounds, including approved neuropathic drugs. We investigated their binding affinity to PAH1 by NMR, and their inhibitory activity toward medulloblastoma cell growth. Interestingly, three antidepressant and antipsychotic medicines, sertraline, chlorprothixene, and chlorpromazine, were found to strongly bind to PAH1. Multivariate analysis based on NMR chemical shift changes in PAH1 residues induced by ligand binding was used to identify compound characteristics associated with cell growth inhibition. Active compounds showed a new chemo-type for inhibitors of the REST/NRSF-mSin3 interaction, raising the possibility of new therapies for neuropathies caused by dysregulation of REST/NRSF.
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25
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Huang S, Wa Q, Pan J, Peng X, Ren D, Li Q, Dai Y, Yang Q, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhou W, Yuan D, Cao J, Li Y, He P, Tang Y. Transcriptional downregulation of miR-133b by REST promotes prostate cancer metastasis to bone via activating TGF-β signaling. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:779. [PMID: 30006541 PMCID: PMC6045651 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High avidity of bone metastasis is an important characteristic in prostate cancer (PCa). Downexpression of miR-133b has been reported to be implicated in the development, progression and recurrence in PCa. However, clinical significance and biological roles of miR-133b in bone metastasis of PCa remain unclear. Here we report that miR-133b is downregulated in PCa tissues and further decreased in bone metastatic PCa tissues. Downexpression of miR-133b positively correlates with advanced clinicopathological characteristics and shorter bone metastasis-free survival in PCa patients. Upregulating miR-133b inhibits invasion, migration in vitro and bone metastasis in vivo in PCa cells. Mechanistically, we find that miR-133b suppresses activity of TGF-β signaling via directly targeting TGF-β receptor I and II, which further inhibits bone metastasis of PCa cells. Our results further reveal that overexpression of REST contributes to miR-133b downexpression via transcriptional repression in PCa tissues. Importantly, silencing miR-133b enhances invasion and migration abilities in vitro and bone metastasis ability in vivo in REST-silenced PCa cells. The clinical correlation of miR-133b with TGFBRI, TGFBRII, REST and TGF-β signaling activity is verified in PCa tissues. Therefore, our results uncover a novel mechanism of miR-133b downexpression that REST transcriptionally inhibits miR-133b expression in PCa cells, and meanwhile support the notion that administration of miR-133b may serve as a rational regimen in the treatment of PCa bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingde Wa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical college, 563003, Zunyi, China
| | - Jincheng Pan
- Department of Urology Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiji Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhu Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Dan Yuan
- Department of Urology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Jiazheng Cao
- Department of Urology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Yuming Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Peiheng He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yubo Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
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Iuliano A, Occhipinti A, Angelini C, De Feis I, Liò P. Combining Pathway Identification and Breast Cancer Survival Prediction via Screening-Network Methods. Front Genet 2018; 9:206. [PMID: 29963073 PMCID: PMC6011013 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common invasive tumors causing high mortality among women. It is characterized by high heterogeneity regarding its biological and clinical characteristics. Several high-throughput assays have been used to collect genome-wide information for many patients in large collaborative studies. This knowledge has improved our understanding of its biology and led to new methods of diagnosing and treating the disease. In particular, system biology has become a valid approach to obtain better insights into breast cancer biological mechanisms. A crucial component of current research lies in identifying novel biomarkers that can be predictive for breast cancer patient prognosis on the basis of the molecular signature of the tumor sample. However, the high dimension and low sample size of data greatly increase the difficulty of cancer survival analysis demanding for the development of ad-hoc statistical methods. In this work, we propose novel screening-network methods that predict patient survival outcome by screening key survival-related genes and we assess the capability of the proposed approaches using METABRIC dataset. In particular, we first identify a subset of genes by using variable screening techniques on gene expression data. Then, we perform Cox regression analysis by incorporating network information associated with the selected subset of genes. The novelty of this work consists in the improved prediction of survival responses due to the different types of screenings (i.e., a biomedical-driven, data-driven and a combination of the two) before building the network-penalized model. Indeed, the combination of the two screening approaches allows us to use the available biological knowledge on breast cancer and complement it with additional information emerging from the data used for the analysis. Moreover, we also illustrate how to extend the proposed approaches to integrate an additional omic layer, such as copy number aberrations, and we show that such strategies can further improve our prediction capabilities. In conclusion, our approaches allow to discriminate patients in high-and low-risk groups using few potential biomarkers and therefore, can help clinicians to provide more precise prognoses and to facilitate the subsequent clinical management of patients at risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Iuliano
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Angelini
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Italia De Feis
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Liò
- Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Li C, Zou H, Wang Z, Tang X, Fan X, Zhang K, Liu J, Li Z. REST, not REST4, is a risk factor associated with radiotherapy plus chemotherapy efficacy in glioma. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:1363-1371. [PMID: 29861627 PMCID: PMC5968789 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s161602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background/aim Repressor element silencing transcription factor (REST) is a transcription repressor, expressed in several malignancies. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic values of REST and its splicing variant REST4 in glioma, and investigate the potential correlation between REST and REST4. Methods REST and REST4 expression values were evaluated by qRT-PCR in 89 patients with gliomas and 10 with normal brain tissues. Results Upregulation of REST was related to higher World Health Organization (WHO) grade, larger tumor size, higher ki67, and higher p53 positive rate. After radiotherapy+temozolomide (RT+TMZ) treatment, low REST expression patients could get better therapeutic efficacy (P=0.031). The positive rate of REST4 expression was only 13.5% in glioma tissues, and REST4 expression was not associated with clinical characteristics and REST expression in this study. Conclusions REST was a prognostic factor in glioma, while REST4 was not. REST expression can be a predictor in evaluating the survival outcome of gliomas patients treated with RT+TMZ after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuilin Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China
| | - Hecun Zou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China
| | - Xitang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China
| | - Jianqiu Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China
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Yu Y, Li S, Zhang H, Zhang X, Guo D, Zhang J. NRSF/REST levels are decreased in cholangiocellular carcinoma but not hepatocellular carcinoma compared with normal liver tissues: A tissue microarray study. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6592-6598. [PMID: 29725406 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF), also termed repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST), has been previously demonstrated to repress the expression of neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells, facilitating the controlled development and organization of nerve tissue. However, previous studies have reported NRSF/REST to be upregulated or downregulated in multiple types of carcinoma. Liver diseases are a major global health concern, with cirrhosis and liver carcinoma among the most common causes of mortality worldwide. A previous study demonstrated that there were >400 NRSF/REST target genes in mouse liver cells; however, the expression profile of NRSF/REST in human liver disease remains unclear. The present study examined NRSF/REST expression in human normal and liver carcinoma samples using tissue microarray immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that in normal liver tissues, NRSF/REST can be detected in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the cell; whereas in the liver carcinoma tissue, NRSF/REST is only detected in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, the number of samples with high levels of NRSF/REST was significantly lower in cholangiocellular carcinoma samples compared with normal tissues. Additionally, no detectable sex- or age-associated differences were identified in NRSF/REST expression among all the tissues examined. In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed nuclear loss of NRSF/REST in hepatic carcinomas and decreased expression of NRSF/REST in cholangiocellular carcinoma, indicating that the cytoplasmic translocation of NRSF/REST may be involved in liver tumorigenesis. A low expression level of NRSF/REST may be a novel biomarker for cholangiocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xuqing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Guo
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Jiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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Guida N, Laudati G, Serani A, Mascolo L, Molinaro P, Montuori P, Di Renzo G, Canzoniero LM, Formisano L. The neurotoxicant PCB-95 by increasing the neuronal transcriptional repressor REST down-regulates caspase-8 and increases Ripk1, Ripk3 and MLKL expression determining necroptotic neuronal death. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 142:229-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.06.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
A recent study identified SCYL1 as one of the components of the oncogenic STP axis, which promotes triple-negative breast cancer by regulating degradation of the REST tumor suppressor. Contrary to the findings of that study, herein we show by using 3 distinct genetic approaches that SCYL1 does not regulate REST turnover. Specifically, REST protein levels and turnover were identical in Scyl1+/+ and Scyl1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Similarly, targeted inactivation of SCYL1 in Hek293T cells by using CRIPSR-Cas9 technology did not affect REST steady-state level and turnover. Furthermore, RNA interference–mediated depletion of SCYL1 in Hek293T or MDA-MB-231 cells did not alter REST steady-state level and turnover. Together, our findings indicate that SCYL1 does not contribute to REST turnover and thus do not support a previous study suggesting a role for SCYL1 in mediating REST degradation.
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31
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Liang HM, Geng LJ, Shi XY, Zhang CG, Wang SY, Zhang GM. By up-regulating μ- and δ-opioid receptors, neuron-restrictive silencer factor knockdown promotes neurological recovery after ischemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:101012-101025. [PMID: 29254142 PMCID: PMC5731852 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) on proliferation of endogenous nerve stem cells (NSCs) and on μ- and δ-opioid receptor (MOR/DOR) expression in rats after cerebral ischemia. Among 100 rats subjected to cerebral ischemia, 20 rats were transfected with NRSF shRNA, and the remaining 80 were randomly assigned to normal, sham, model, and negative control (NC) groups. On days 7, 14, and 28 after ischemia and reperfusion, neurological function scores were assigned and a step-down passive avoidance test was conducted. Nerve function scores, step-down reaction periods, error times and apoptosis rates, as well as levels of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), BCL2-associated X protein (Bax), and NRSF expression were lower in the NRSF shRNA group than in the model and NC groups. By contrast, step-down latency, numbers of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells, MOR/DOR expression, and phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) were higher in the NRSF shRNA group than in the model and NC groups. These results suggest that by up-regulating MOR/DOR expression, NRSF knockdown accelerates recovery of neurological function after cerebral ischemia, at least in part by promoting NSC proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Liang
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Li-Jiao Geng
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Shi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Chao-Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Shu-Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Guang-Ming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
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Liu Y, Lv H, Wu X, Zhou J, Shi Y, Wen J. Demethylation of Repressor Element-1 Silencing Transcription (REST) Suppresses the Malignant Phenotype of Breast Cancer via MMP9. Oncol Res 2016; 25:445-454. [PMID: 27697091 PMCID: PMC7841195 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14747368729786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in females all over the world, mainly resulting from metastasis. Previous studies have revealed that repressor element-1 (RE-1) silencing transcription (REST) acted as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. However, the mechanism by which REST is regulated remains unknown, and its role in the metastasis in breast cancer cells remains unclear. In the present study, we showed that the expression of REST was lower in breast cancer samples than that of adjacent samples by immunohistochemical analysis, which may be due to hypermethylation of the REST promoter. Low REST levels are significantly associated with malignant progression in breast cancer patients. Additionally, we elucidated the functions of REST on proliferation and invasion in breast cancer cells. Lentivirus transfection was used to overexpress REST in human breast MDA-MB-231 cells. Then the biologic consequences of overexpressing REST in regard to cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were determined. Furthermore, we also determined matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) as a target of REST. These results demonstrate that downregulation of REST, a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, is associated with hypermethylation. Induced REST expression is capable of attenuating invasion ability of breast cancer cells, which may be a novel strategy for metastatic breast cancer treatment.
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Tumor suppressor genes and their underlying interactions in paclitaxel resistance in cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:13. [PMID: 26900348 PMCID: PMC4761208 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Paclitaxel (PTX) is frequently used in the clinical treatment of solid tumors. But the PTX-resistance is a great obstacle in cancer treatment. Exploration of the mechanisms of drug resistance suggests that tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) play a key role in the response of chemotherapeutic drugs. TSGs, a set of genes that are often inactivated in cancers, can regulate various biological processes. In this study, an overview of the contribution of TSGs to PTX resistance and their underlying relationship in cancers are reported by using GeneMANIA, a web-based tool for gene/protein function prediction. Methods Using PubMed online database and Google web site, the terms “paclitaxel resistance” or “taxol resistance” or “drug resistance” or “chemotherapy resistance”, and “cancer” or “carcinoma”, and “tumor suppressor genes” or “TSGs” or “negative regulated protein” or “antioncogenes” were searched and analyzed. GeneMANIA data base was used to predict gene/protein interactions and functions. Results We identified 22 TSGs involved in PTX resistance, including BRCA1, TP53, PTEN, APC, CDKN1A, CDKN2A, HIN-1, RASSF1, YAP, ING4, PLK2, FBW7, BLU, LZTS1, REST, FADD, PDCD4, TGFBI, ING1, Bax, PinX1 and hEx. The TSGs were found to have direct and indirect relationships with each other, and thus they could contribute to PTX resistance as a group. The varied expression status and regulation function of the TSGs on cell cycle in different cancers might play an important role in PTX resistance. Conclusion A further understanding of the roles of tumor suppressor genes in drug resistance is an important step to overcome chemotherapy tolerance. Tumor suppressor gene therapy targets the altered genes and signaling pathways and can be a new strategy to reverse chemotherapy resistance.
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Nechiporuk T, McGann J, Mullendorff K, Hsieh J, Wurst W, Floss T, Mandel G. The REST remodeling complex protects genomic integrity during embryonic neurogenesis. eLife 2016; 5:e09584. [PMID: 26745185 PMCID: PMC4728133 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The timely transition from neural progenitor to post-mitotic neuron requires down-regulation and loss of the neuronal transcriptional repressor, REST. Here, we have used mice containing a gene trap in the Rest gene, eliminating transcription from all coding exons, to remove REST prematurely from neural progenitors. We find that catastrophic DNA damage occurs during S-phase of the cell cycle, with long-term consequences including abnormal chromosome separation, apoptosis, and smaller brains. Persistent effects are evident by latent appearance of proneural glioblastoma in adult mice deleted additionally for the tumor suppressor p53 protein (p53). A previous line of mice deleted for REST in progenitors by conventional gene targeting does not exhibit these phenotypes, likely due to a remaining C-terminal peptide that still binds chromatin and recruits co-repressors. Our results suggest that REST-mediated chromatin remodeling is required in neural progenitors for proper S-phase dynamics, as part of its well-established role in repressing neuronal genes until terminal differentiation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09584.001 In the brain, cells called neurons connect to each other to form complex networks through which information is rapidly processed. These cells start to form in the developing brains of animal embryos when “neural” stem cells divide in a process called neurogenesis. For this process to proceed normally, particular genes in the stem cells have to be switched on or off at different times. This ensures that the protein products of the genes are only made when they are needed. Proteins called transcription factors can bind to DNA to activate or inactivate particular genes; for example, a transcription factor called REST inactivates thousands of genes that are needed by neurons. During neurogenesis, the production of REST normally declines, and some studies have shown that if the production of this protein is artificially increased, the formation of neurons is delayed. However, other studies suggest that REST may not play a major role in neurogenesis. Here, Nechiporuk et al. re-examine the role of REST in mice. The experiments used genetically modified mice in which the gene that encodes REST was prematurely switched off in neural stem cells. Compared with normal mice, these mutant mice had much smaller brains that contained fewer neurons because the stem cells stopped dividing earlier than normal. Unexpectedly, many genes that are normally switched off by REST, were not significantly changed, while genes that are not normally regulated by REST – such as the gene that encodes a protein called p53 – were active. It is known from previous work that p53 is expressed when cells are exposed to harmful conditions that can damage DNA. This helps to prevent cells from becoming cancerous. Nechiporuk et al. found that cells that lacked REST had higher levels of DNA damage than normal cells due to errors during the process of copying DNA before a cell divides. Furthermore, when both REST and p53 were absent, the neural stem cells became cancerous and formed tumors in the mice. Nechiporuk et al.’s findings suggest that REST protects the DNA of genes that are needed for neurons to form and work properly. The new challenge is to understand where in the genome the damage is occurring. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09584.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilla Nechiporuk
- Vollum Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - James McGann
- Vollum Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Karin Mullendorff
- Vollum Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Jenny Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Floss
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gail Mandel
- Vollum Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
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Mahamdallie SS, Hanks S, Karlin KL, Zachariou A, Perdeaux ER, Ruark E, Shaw CA, Renwick A, Ramsay E, Yost S, Elliott A, Birch J, Capra M, Gray J, Hale J, Kingston J, Levitt G, McLean T, Sheridan E, Renwick A, Seal S, Stiller C, Sebire N, Westbrook TF, Rahman N. Mutations in the transcriptional repressor REST predispose to Wilms tumor. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1471-4. [PMID: 26551668 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wilms tumor is the most common childhood renal cancer. To identify mutations that predispose to Wilms tumor, we are conducting exome sequencing studies. Here we describe 11 different inactivating mutations in the REST gene (encoding RE1-silencing transcription factor) in four familial Wilms tumor pedigrees and nine non-familial cases. Notably, no similar mutations were identified in the ICR1000 control series (13/558 versus 0/993; P < 0.0001) or in the ExAC series (13/558 versus 0/61,312; P < 0.0001). We identified a second mutational event in two tumors, suggesting that REST may act as a tumor-suppressor gene in Wilms tumor pathogenesis. REST is a zinc-finger transcription factor that functions in cellular differentiation and embryonic development. Notably, ten of 11 mutations clustered within the portion of REST encoding the DNA-binding domain, and functional analyses showed that these mutations compromise REST transcriptional repression. These data establish REST as a Wilms tumor predisposition gene accounting for ∼2% of Wilms tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Hanks
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kristen L Karlin
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anna Zachariou
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Elise Ruark
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Chad A Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander Renwick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emma Ramsay
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Shawn Yost
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anna Elliott
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jillian Birch
- Paediatric and Familial Cancer Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Capra
- Haematology Oncology-National Paediatric Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juliet Gray
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Juliet Hale
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Haematology and Oncology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Judith Kingston
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gill Levitt
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Thomas McLean
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- Yorkshire Clinical Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Anthony Renwick
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sheila Seal
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Neil Sebire
- Department of Histopathology and Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Thomas F Westbrook
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nazneen Rahman
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
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36
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Altevogt P, Doberstein K, Fogel M. L1CAM in human cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1565-76. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Altevogt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Kai Doberstein
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mina Fogel
- Central Laboratories; Kaplan Medical Center; Rehovot Israel
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Rockowitz S, Zheng D. Significant expansion of the REST/NRSF cistrome in human versus mouse embryonic stem cells: potential implications for neural development. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:5730-43. [PMID: 25990720 PMCID: PMC4499139 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have employed cross-species comparisons of transcription factor binding, reporting significant regulatory network 'rewiring' between species. Here, we address how a transcriptional repressor targets and regulates neural genes differentially between human and mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We find that the transcription factor, Repressor Element 1 Silencing Transcription factor (REST; also called neuron restrictive silencer factor) binds to a core group of ∼1200 syntenic genomic regions in both species, with these conserved sites highly enriched with co-factors, selective histone modifications and DNA hypomethylation. Genes with conserved REST binding are enriched with neural functions and more likely to be upregulated upon REST depletion. Interestingly, we identified twice as many REST peaks in human ESCs compared to mouse ESCs. Human REST cistrome expansion involves additional peaks in genes targeted by REST in both species and human-specific gene targets. Genes with expanded REST occupancy in humans are enriched for learning or memory functions. Analysis of neurological disorder associated genes reveals that Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and oxidative stress genes are particularly enriched with human-specific REST binding. Overall, our results demonstrate that there is substantial rewiring of human and mouse REST cistromes, and that REST may have human-specific roles in brain development and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Rockowitz
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Yazawa T. Recent advances in histogenesis research of lung neuroendocrine cancers: Evidence obtained from functional analyses of primitive neural/neuroendocrine cell-specific transcription factors. Pathol Int 2015; 65:277-85. [PMID: 25708144 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma (SmCC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LENEC) are categorized as neuroendocrine cancers (NECs) of the lung and have extremely poor prognoses. The lack of an effective therapeutic strategy against SmCC and LCNEC is a serious issue. Because the regulation of the cellular phenotype is complicated by the actions of various transcription factors, investigations into the function of neural/neuroendocrine cell-specific transcription factors are important for elucidating the cellular characteristics and histogenesis of SmCC and LCNEC and for establishing innovative therapeutic strategies against them. In this review, the functions of ASCL1, NeuroD1, REST, TTF1, and class III/IV POU, that are specifically and highly expressed in lung NECs, are introduced. These transcription factors transactivate and/or transrepress various genes and are involved in neural progenitor phenotyping, neuroendocrine and stem cell marker expression, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Based on the evidence that certain carcinoids express ASCL1, NeuroD1, TTF1, and class III/IV POU and that lung NECs can develop from non-NE cells/non-NEC cells, the relationships among lung NECs, carcinoid tumors, and non-NECs are discussed. Finally, a model of the histogenesis of lung NECs in view of similarities in the expression of primitive neural/neuroendocrine cell-specific transcription factors is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yazawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Epping MT, Lunardi A, Nachmani D, Castillo-Martin M, Thin TH, Cordon-Cardo C, Pandolfi PP. TSPYL2 is an essential component of the REST/NRSF transcriptional complex for TGFβ signaling activation. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1353-62. [PMID: 25613376 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
REST/NRSF is a transcriptional repressor of neuronal genes that has been implicated in development and cancer. In epithelial tissues, REST acts as a tumor suppressor and in breast cancer, loss of REST is associated with disease recurrence and poor prognosis. Here, we identify TSPYL2 (also known as CDA1 and DENTT) as a novel component of the REST protein complex. We show that REST and TSPYL2 are regulators of TGFβ signaling and that cell-cycle arrest induced by TGFβ requires both REST and TSPYL2. Importantly, knockdown of REST or TSPYL2 resulted in transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the TSPYL2/REST complex promotes TGFβ signaling by repressing the expression of genes, such as the proto-oncogene neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor C (TrkC). These data provide insight into the role of REST as a tumor suppressor in epithelial tissues through the regulation of the TGFβ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Epping
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Lunardi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Nachmani
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Castillo-Martin
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - T H Thin
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - P P Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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NRSF: an Angel or a Devil in Neurogenesis and Neurological Diseases. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 56:131-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Karlin KL, Mondal G, Hartman JK, Tyagi S, Kurley SJ, Bland CS, Hsu TYT, Renwick A, Fang JE, Migliaccio I, Callaway C, Nair A, Dominguez-Vidana R, Nguyen DX, Osborne CK, Schiff R, Yu-Lee LY, Jung SY, Edwards DP, Hilsenbeck SG, Rosen JM, Zhang XHF, Shaw CA, Couch FJ, Westbrook TF. The oncogenic STP axis promotes triple-negative breast cancer via degradation of the REST tumor suppressor. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1318-32. [PMID: 25453754 PMCID: PMC4427000 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the molecular networks that drive breast cancer has led to therapeutic interventions and improved patient survival. However, the aggressive triple-negative breast cancer subtype (TNBC) remains recalcitrant to targeted therapies because its molecular etiology is poorly defined. In this study, we used a forward genetic screen to discover an oncogenic network driving human TNBC. SCYL1, TEX14, and PLK1 ("STP axis") cooperatively trigger degradation of the REST tumor suppressor protein, a frequent event in human TNBC. The STP axis induces REST degradation by phosphorylating a conserved REST phospho-degron and bridging REST interaction with the ubiquitin-ligase βTRCP. Inhibition of the STP axis leads to increased REST protein levels and impairs TNBC transformation, tumor progression, and metastasis. Expression of the STP axis correlates with low REST protein levels in human TNBCs and poor clinical outcome for TNBC patients. Our findings demonstrate that the STP-REST axis is a molecular driver of human TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Karlin
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gourish Mondal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jessica K Hartman
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Siddhartha Tyagi
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah J Kurley
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chris S Bland
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tiffany Y T Hsu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexander Renwick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Justin E Fang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ilenia Migliaccio
- The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Celetta Callaway
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amritha Nair
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rocio Dominguez-Vidana
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Don X Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - C Kent Osborne
- The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rachel Schiff
- The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sung Y Jung
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Susan G Hilsenbeck
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chad A Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Thomas F Westbrook
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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miR-21-3p is a positive regulator of L1CAM in several human carcinomas. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:455-66. [PMID: 25149066 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Expression of L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) occurs frequently in human cancers and is associated with poor prognosis in cancers such as ovarian, endometrial, breast, renal cell carcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. L1CAM promotes cell motility, invasion, chemoresistance and metastasis formation. Elucidating genetic processes involved in the expression of L1CAM in cancers is of considerable importance. Transcription factors such as SLUG, β-catenin/TCF-LEF, PAX8 and VHL have been implicated in the re-activation of L1CAM in various types of cancers. There is increasing evidence that micro-RNAs can also have strong effects on gene expression. Here we have identified miR-21-3p as a positive regulator of L1CAM expression. Over-expression of miR-21-3p (miR-21*) but not the complementary sequence miR-21-5p (miR-21) could strongly augment L1CAM expression in renal, endometrial and ovarian carcinoma derived cell lines by an unknown mechanism involving transcriptional activation of the L1CAM gene. In patient cohorts from renal, endometrial and ovarian cancers we observed a strong positive correlation of L1CAM and miR-21-3p expressions. Although L1CAM alone was a reliable marker for overall and disease free survival, the combination of L1CAM and miR-21-3p expressions strongly enhanced the predictive power. Our findings shed new light on the complex regulation of L1CAM in cancers and advocate the use of L1CAM/miR-21-3p for diagnostic application.
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RASSF1A inactivation unleashes a tumor suppressor/oncogene cascade with context-dependent consequences on cell cycle progression. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:2350-8. [PMID: 24732797 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01506-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The RASSF1A gene is one of the most frequently inactivated genes in over 30 different types of cancers (H. Donninger, M. D. Vos, and G. J. Clark, J. Cell Sci. 120:3163-3172, 2007, http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.010389). Despite the prevalence of RASSF1A silencing in human cancer, the mechanism by which RASSF1A functions as a tumor suppressor is not well understood. Characterization of the consequences of RASSF1A loss on epithelial cell proliferation revealed that RASSF1A expression suppresses both microRNA 21 (miR-21) expression and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation. The mechanism of the former is through restraint of SCF(βTrCP)-dependent destruction of the repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST) tumor suppressor and consequent inhibition of miR-21 promoter activation. The mechanism of the latter is through physical sequestration of MST2, which results in accumulation of inactivating S259 phosphorylation of RAF1. Whether or not inactivation of these RASSF1A regulatory relationships can unleash enhanced proliferative capacity is dependent upon the coupling of SCF(βTrCP) and miR-21 to suppression of SKP2 protein translation and stability. Airway epithelial cultures retain this coupling and therefore respond to RASSF1A inactivation by p27-dependent cell cycle arrest. In contrast, colonic crypt-derived epithelial cells have uncoupled SCF(βTrCP) from SKP2 and respond to RASSF1A inactivation by enhanced proliferation rates. These observations help account for context-specific molecular etiology of oncogenic transformation and suggest intervention strategies for recently developed SKP2 inhibitors.
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Satoh JI, Kawana N, Yamamoto Y. ChIP-Seq Data Mining: Remarkable Differences in NRSF/REST Target Genes between Human ESC and ESC-Derived Neurons. Bioinform Biol Insights 2013; 7:357-68. [PMID: 24324330 PMCID: PMC3855043 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) is a zinc finger transcription factor that represses neuronal gene transcription in non-neuronal cells by binding to the consensus repressor element-1 (RE1) located in regulatory regions of target genes. NRSF silences the expression of a wide range of target genes involved in neuron-specific functions. Previous studies showed that aberrant regulation of NRSF plays a key role in the pathological process of human neurodegenerative diseases. However, a comprehensive set of NRSF target genes relevant to human neuronal functions has not yet been characterized. We performed genome-wide data mining from chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-Seq) datasets of NRSF binding sites in human embryonic stem cells (ESC) and the corresponding ESC-derived neurons, retrieved from the database of the ENCODE/HAIB project. Using bioinformatics tools such as Avadis NGS and MACS, we identified 2,172 NRSF target genes in ESC and 308 genes in ESC-derived neurons based on stringent criteria. Only 40 NRSF target genes overlapped between both data sets. According to motif analysis, binding regions showed an enrichment of the consensus RE1 sites in ESC, whereas they were mainly located in poorly defined non-RE1 sites in ESC-derived neurons. Molecular pathways of NRSF target genes were linked with various neuronal functions in ESC, such as neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, CREB signaling, and axonal guidance signaling, while they were not directed to neuron-specific functions in ESC-derived neurons. Remarkable differences in ChIP-Seq-based NRSF target genes and pathways between ESC and ESC-derived neurons suggested that NRSF-mediated silencing of target genes is highly effective in human ESC but not in ESC-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Satoh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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Wang S, Wang Z. Epigenetic aberrant methylation of tumor suppressor genes in small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2013; 5:532-7. [PMID: 23991313 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.08.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a special type of lung cancer, is reputed to carry a poor prognosis. The morbidity of SCLC is increasing in China and other countries. A variety of DNA alterations associated with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been described. However, genetic and epigenetic changes of SCLC are not well established. Few studies have demonstrated that epigenetic silencing of key tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is pivotal to initiation and development of SCLC. Recently, promoter methylation of many TSGs have been identified in SCLC. These novel TSGs are potential tumor biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognostic prediction. Moreover, epigenetic promoter methylation of TSGs could be a target of intervention with a wide prospect of clinical application. This review summarizes recent studies on promoter methylation of TSGs in SCLC and aims to provide better understanding of the promoter methylation in tumorigenesis and progression of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, P. R. China
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Shimojo M, Shudo Y, Ikeda M, Kobashi T, Ito S. The small cell lung cancer-specific isoform of RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) is regulated by neural-specific Ser/Arg repeat-related protein of 100 kDa (nSR100). Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:1258-68. [PMID: 23928058 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly malignant form of cancer, which originates from primitive neuroendocrine cells in the lung. SCLC cells express several autocrine neurotransmitters/neuropeptides and their respective receptors. Expression of these neuronal markers is frequently regulated by RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST). In SCLC cells, an SCLC-specific isoform of REST (sREST) is highly expressed, whereas REST expression is undetectable, suggesting that the expression of sREST correlates with the pathogenesis of SCLC. Expression of sREST, which is derived through alternative splicing of REST, is abnormally regulated in SCLC cells, but the mechanism is unknown. Most recently, nSR100 (SRRM4) was described as an activator of REST alternative splicing. We now show that nSR100 is highly expressed in SCLC cells correlating with high sREST and low REST expression. Adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is thought to enhance tumorigenicity and confer resistance to apoptosis. Interestingly, nSR100 expression is enhanced in cells grown with ECM. Overexpression of REST caused repression of sREST and nSR100, the latter containing RE1 element controlled by REST. Culturing the SCLC cell line NCI-N417 cells with ECM also upregulated RE1-containing gene, the voltage-gated calcium channel subunit. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by LY294002 induced nSR100 expression, whereas the specific MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 inhibited nSR100 expression. Repressing nSR100 by siRNA effectively repressed sREST, and conversely increased REST in NCI-N417 cells. Taken together, this report clarifies the ECM-dependent signaling pathway that impacts nSR100 expression and its regulation of alternative splicing in SCLC. IMPLICATIONS The splicing factor nSR100 may be novel SCLC-specific biomarker, as well as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Shimojo
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
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Faronato M, Patel V, Darling S, Dearden L, Clague MJ, Urbé S, Coulson JM. The deubiquitylase USP15 stabilizes newly synthesized REST and rescues its expression at mitotic exit. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1964-77. [PMID: 23708518 PMCID: PMC3735711 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible ubiquitylation of proteins contributes to their integrity, abundance and activity. The RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) plays key physiological roles and is dysregulated in a spectrum of disease. It is rapidly turned over and is phosphorylated, polyubiquitylated and degraded en masse during neuronal differentiation and cell cycle progression. Through siRNA screening we identified the deubiquitylase USP15 as a key regulator of cellular REST. Both antagonism of REST polyubiquitylation and rescue of endogenous REST levels are dependent on the deubiquitylase activity of USP15. However, USP15 depletion does not destabilize pre-existing REST, but rather specifically impairs de novo REST synthesis. Indeed, we find that a small fraction of endogenous USP15 is associated with polysomes. In accordance with these findings, USP15 does not antagonize the degradation of phosphorylated REST at mitosis. Instead it is required for the rapid accumulation of newly synthesized REST on mitotic exit, thus playing a key role in its cell cycle oscillations. Importantly, this study reveals a novel role for a DUB in specifically promoting new protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Faronato
- Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression programs in the pancreas; however, little is known about the role of miRNA pathways during endocrine cell specification and maturation during neonatal life. In this study, we deleted Dicer1, an essential RNase for active miRNAs biogenesis, specifically from NGN3+ endocrine progenitor cells. We found that deletion of Dicer1 in endocrine progenitors did not affect the specification of hormone-expressing endocrine cells. However, the islets in the mutant mice in the neonatal period exhibited morphological defects in organization and loss of hormone expression, and the mutant mice subsequently developed diabetes. Dicer1-deficient β-cells lost insulin expression while maintaining the expression of β-cell transcription factors such as Pdx1 and Nkx6.1 early in the postnatal period. Surprisingly, transcriptional profiling showed that that the Dicer1-deficient endocrine cells expressed neuronal genes before the onset of diabetes. The derepression of neuronal genes was associated with a loss in binding of the neuronal transcriptional repressor RE-1-silencing transcription factor to its targets in Dicer1-deficient β-cells. These studies suggest that miRNAs play a critical role in suppressing neuronal genes during the maturation of endocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza S. Kanji
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program (MBIDP), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Martin G. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anil Bhushan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program (MBIDP), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Corresponding author: Anil Bhushan,
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Negrini S, Prada I, D'Alessandro R, Meldolesi J. REST: an oncogene or a tumor suppressor? Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:289-95. [PMID: 23414932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Repressor Element-1 (RE-1) Silencing Transcription (REST) factor, which is highly expressed in stem cells and non-neural cells, with low expression in neurons and other neural cells, orchestrates neural differentiation and preserves the unique neural phenotype. REST also plays a role in proliferation, although its effect differs depending on the cell type. It acts as an oncogene in neural cells and tumors (medulloblastomas, neuroblastomas, glioblastomas) and as a tumor suppressor in carcinomas of the lung, breast, and colon. The mechanisms underlying this duality have started to emerge recently and new therapeutic approaches based on these findings are being developed. Here, we present the mechanisms proposed to account for the oncogenic and antioncogenic roles of REST and discuss the therapeutic perspective of recent advances, particularly for small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Negrini
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
If assessed by a number of criteria for cancer predisposition, Down's syndrome (DS) should be an overwhelmingly cancer-prone condition. Although childhood leukaemias occur more frequently in DS, paradoxically, individuals with DS have a markedly lower incidence of most solid tumours. Understanding the mechanisms that are capable of overcoming such odds could potentially open new routes for cancer prevention and therapy. In this Opinion article, we discuss recent reports that suggest unique and only partially understood mechanisms behind this paradox, including tumour repression, anti-angiogenic effects and stem cell ageing and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Nižetić
- The Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Centre for Paediatrics, and Stem Cell Laboratory, National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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