1
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Sentinel Lymph Node in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Assessment of Feasibility and Safety by Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging and Clinical Consequences. J Pers Med 2022; 13:jpm13010090. [PMID: 36675751 PMCID: PMC9866901 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Occult micrometastases can be missed by routine pathological analysis. Mapping of the pulmonary lymphatic system by near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging can identify the first lymph node relay. This sentinel lymph node (SLN) can be analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), which may increase micrometastasis detection and improve staging. This study analyzed the feasibility and safety of identifying SLNs in thoracic surgery by NIR fluorescence imaging in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This was a prospective, observational, single-center study. Eighty adult patients with suspected localized stage NSCLC (IA1 to IIA) were included between December 2020 and May 2022. All patients received an intraoperative injection of indocyanine green (ICG) directly in the peri tumoural area or by electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy (ENB). The SLN was then assessed using an infrared fluorescence camera. SLN was identified in 60 patients (75%). Among them, 36 SLNs associated with a primary lung tumor were analyzed by IHC. Four of them were invaded by micrometastases (11.1%). In the case of pN0 SLN, the rest of the lymphadenectomy was cancer free. The identification of SLNs in thoracic surgery by NIR fluorescence imaging seems to be a feasible technique for improving pathological staging.
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2
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Kumar S, Basu M, Ghosh MK. Chaperone-assisted E3 ligase CHIP: A double agent in cancer. Genes Dis 2022; 9:1521-1555. [PMID: 36157498 PMCID: PMC9485218 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The carboxy-terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP) is a ubiquitin ligase and co-chaperone belonging to Ubox family that plays a crucial role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by switching the equilibrium of the folding-refolding mechanism towards the proteasomal or lysosomal degradation pathway. It links molecular chaperones viz. HSC70, HSP70 and HSP90 with ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), acting as a quality control system. CHIP contains charged domain in between N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) and C-terminal Ubox domain. TPR domain interacts with the aberrant client proteins via chaperones while Ubox domain facilitates the ubiquitin transfer to the client proteins for ubiquitination. Thus, CHIP is a classic molecule that executes ubiquitination for degradation of client proteins. Further, CHIP has been found to be indulged in cellular differentiation, proliferation, metastasis and tumorigenesis. Additionally, CHIP can play its dual role as a tumor suppressor as well as an oncogene in numerous malignancies, thus acting as a double agent. Here, in this review, we have reported almost all substrates of CHIP established till date and classified them according to the hallmarks of cancer. In addition, we discussed about its architectural alignment, tissue specific expression, sub-cellular localization, folding-refolding mechanisms of client proteins, E4 ligase activity, normal physiological roles, as well as involvement in various diseases and tumor biology. Further, we aim to discuss its importance in HSP90 inhibitors mediated cancer therapy. Thus, this report concludes that CHIP may be a promising and worthy drug target towards pharmaceutical industry for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Kumar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector–V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of Microbiology, Dhruba Chand Halder College, Dakshin Barasat, South 24 Paraganas, West Bengal 743372, India
| | - Mrinal K. Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector–V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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3
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Exosome-related Methods and Potential Use as Vaccines. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2435:35-41. [PMID: 34993938 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2014-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although significant clinical advances have been made in the treatment of cancer using the immune system, discovery of therapeutic cancer vaccines still remains as an area of interest. Development of the method of pulsing dendritic cells with tumor antigens set the stage for the development of cancer vaccines. Exosomes have gained significant interest because of their ability to activate dendritic cells to recognize and kill cancerous cells. Because of their characteristics such as superior biosafety profile to other nanoparticles, exosomes are promising nanocarriers for clinical use, which makes them an attractive candidate for cancer vaccine development. Identification of novel vaccinations for immunoprevention can be studied by exosomes. This chapter describes commonly used methods to isolate and manipulate exosomes.
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4
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Potential Application of Exosomes in Vaccine Development and Delivery. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2635-2671. [PMID: 35028802 PMCID: PMC8757927 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived components composed of proteins, lipid, genetic information, cytokines, and growth factors. They play a vital role in immune modulation, cell-cell communication, and response to inflammation. Immune modulation has downstream effects on the regeneration of damaged tissue, promoting survival and repair of damaged resident cells, and promoting the tumor microenvironment via growth factors, antigens, and signaling molecules. On top of carrying biological messengers like mRNAs, miRNAs, fragmented DNA, disease antigens, and proteins, exosomes modulate internal cell environments that promote downstream cell signaling pathways to facilitate different disease progression and induce anti-tumoral effects. In this review, we have summarized how vaccines modulate our immune response in the context of cancer and infectious diseases and the potential of exosomes as vaccine delivery vehicles. Both pre-clinical and clinical studies show that exosomes play a decisive role in processes like angiogenesis, prognosis, tumor growth metastasis, stromal cell activation, intercellular communication, maintaining cellular and systematic homeostasis, and antigen-specific T- and B cell responses. This critical review summarizes the advancement of exosome based vaccine development and delivery, and this comprehensive review can be used as a valuable reference for the broader delivery science community.
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5
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Lai V, Neshat SY, Rakoski A, Pitingolo J, Doloff JC. Drug delivery strategies in maximizing anti-angiogenesis and anti-tumor immunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:113920. [PMID: 34384826 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metronomic chemotherapy has been shown to elicit anti-tumor immune response and block tumor angiogenesis distinct from that observed with maximal tolerated dose (MTD) therapy. This review delves into the mechanisms behind anti-tumor immunity and seeks to identify the differential effect of dosing regimens, including daily low-dose and medium-dose intermittent chemotherapy (MEDIC), on both innate and adaptive immune populations involved in observed anti-tumor immune response. Given reports of VEGF/VEGFR blockade antagonizing anti-tumor immunity, drug choice, dose, and selective delivery determined by advanced formulations/vehicles are highlighted as potential sources of innovation for identifying anti-angiogenic modalities that may be combined with metronomic regimens without interrupting key immune players in the anti-tumor response. Engineered drug delivery mechanisms that exhibit extended and local release of anti-angiogenic agents both alone and in combination with chemotherapeutic treatments have also been demonstrated to elicit a potent and potentially systemic anti-tumor immune response, favoring tumor regression and stasis over progression. This review examines this interplay between various cancer models, the host immune response, and select anti-cancer agents depending on drug dosing, scheduling/regimen, and delivery modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sarah Y Neshat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Amanda Rakoski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - James Pitingolo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Joshua C Doloff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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6
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Fear VS, Forbes CA, Neeve SA, Fisher SA, Chee J, Waithman J, Ma SK, Lake R, Nowak AK, Creaney J, Brown MD, Saunders C, Robinson BWS. Tumour draining lymph node-generated CD8 T cells play a role in controlling lung metastases after a primary tumour is removed but not when adjuvant immunotherapy is used. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3249-3258. [PMID: 33835222 PMCID: PMC8505306 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Surgical resection of cancer remains the frontline therapy for millions of patients annually, but post-operative recurrence is common, with a relapse rate of around 45% for non-small cell lung cancer. The tumour draining lymph nodes (dLN) are resected at the time of surgery for staging purposes, and this cannot be a null event for patient survival and future response to immune checkpoint blockade treatment. This project investigates cancer surgery, lymphadenectomy, onset of metastatic disease, and response to immunotherapy in a novel model that closely reflects the clinical setting. In a murine metastatic lung cancer model, primary subcutaneous tumours were resected with associated dLNs remaining intact, completely resected or partially resected. Median survival after surgery was significantly shorter with complete dLN resection at the time of surgery (49 days (95%CI)) compared to when lymph nodes remained intact (> 88 days; p < 0.05). Survival was partially restored with incomplete lymph node resection and CD8 T cell dependent. Treatment with aCTLA4 whilst effective against the primary tumour was ineffective for metastatic lung disease. Conversely, aPD-1/aCD40 treatment was effective in both the primary and metastatic disease settings and restored the detrimental effects of complete dLN resection on survival. In this pre-clinical lung metastatic disease model that closely reflects the clinical setting, we observe decreased frequency of survival after complete lymphadenectomy, which was ameliorated with partial lymph node removal or with early administration of aPD-1/aCD40 therapy. These findings have direct relevance to surgical lymph node resection and adjuvant immunotherapy in lung cancer, and perhaps other cancer, patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S Fear
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia.
| | - Catherine A Forbes
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Samuel A Neeve
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Scott A Fisher
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Shao Kang Ma
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Richard Lake
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anna K Nowak
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Medical School, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jenette Creaney
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Medical School, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Christobel Saunders
- Division of Surgery, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Bruce W S Robinson
- Institute for Respiratory Health, National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Medical School, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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7
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Apollonio B, Ioannou N, Papazoglou D, Ramsay AG. Understanding the Immune-Stroma Microenvironment in B Cell Malignancies for Effective Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:626818. [PMID: 33842331 PMCID: PMC8027510 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.626818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers, including lymphomas, develop in complex tissue environments where malignant cells actively promote the creation of a pro-tumoral niche that suppresses effective anti-tumor effector T cell responses. Research is revealing that the tumor microenvironment (TME) differs between different types of lymphoma, covering inflamed environments, as exemplified by Hodgkin lymphoma, to non-inflamed TMEs as seen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or diffuse-large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In this review we consider how T cells and interferon-driven inflammatory signaling contribute to the regulation of anti-tumor immune responses, as well as sensitivity to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. We discuss tumor intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms critical to anti-tumor immune responses, as well as sensitivity to immunotherapies, before adding an additional layer of complexity within the TME: the immunoregulatory role of non-hematopoietic stromal cells that co-evolve with tumors. Studying the intricate interactions between the immune-stroma lymphoma TME should help to design next-generation immunotherapies and combination treatment strategies to overcome complex TME-driven immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Apollonio
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaos Ioannou
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Despoina Papazoglou
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan G Ramsay
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Abstract
We recently described the upregulation of HLA-E in ovarian and cervical cancers. Instead of interacting with natural killer cells, HLA-E appeared to inhibit intratumoral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) via the receptor CD94/NKG2A. Strikingly, the survival benefit of intraepithelial infiltrating CTL was lost in those cancers with high HLA-E expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes J M Gooden
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Kazemi B, Kalantari S, Pourshams A, Roudi R, Zali H, Bandehpour M, Kalantari A, Ghanbari R, D'Angelo A, Madjd Z. Identification of potential common molecular factors of pancreatic cancer and diabetes mellitus using microarray data analysis combined with bioinformatics techniques and experimental validation. BIOMEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH JOURNAL (BBRJ) 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_122_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Picado C, Roca-Ferrer J. Role of the Cyclooxygenase Pathway in the Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cancer. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3237. [PMID: 33050416 PMCID: PMC7601393 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to examine the findings that link obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with cancer and the role played by the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway in this association. Epidemiological studies in humans suggest a link between OSA and increased cancer incidence and mortality. Studies carried out in animal models have shown that intermittent hypoxia (IH) induces changes in several signaling pathways involved in the regulation of host immunological surveillance that results in tumor establishment and invasion. IH induces the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) that results in an increased synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 modulates the function of multiple cells involved in immune responses including T lymphocytes, NK cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In a mouse model blockage of COX-2/PGE2 abrogated the pro-oncogenic effects of IH. Despite the fact that aspirin inhibits PGE2 production and prevents the development of cancer, none of the epidemiological studies that investigated the association of OSA and cancer included aspirin use in the analysis. Studies are needed to investigate the regulation of the COX-2/PGE2 pathway and PGE2 production in patients with OSA, to better define the role of this axis in the physiopathology of OSA and the potential role of aspirin in preventing the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Picado
- Hospital Clinic, Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Roca-Ferrer
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Mesothelial cells regulate immune responses in health and disease: role for immunotherapy in malignant mesothelioma. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 64:88-109. [PMID: 32485577 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mesothelium when first described was thought to function purely as a non-adhesive surface to facilitate intracoelomic movement of organs. However, the mesothelium is now recognized as a dynamic cellular membrane with many important functions that maintain serosal integrity and homeostasis. For example, mesothelial cells interact with and help regulate the body's inflammatory and immune system following infection, injury, or malignancy. With recent advances in our understanding of checkpoint molecules and the advent of novel immunotherapy approaches, there has been an increase in the number of studies examining mesothelial and immune cell interaction, in particular the role of these interactions in malignant mesothelioma. This review will highlight some of the recent advances in our understanding of how mesothelial cells help regulate serosal immunity and how in a malignant environment, the immune system is hijacked to stimulate tumor growth. Ways to treat mesothelioma using immunotherapy approaches will also be discussed.
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12
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Chuang YC, Tseng JC, Huang LR, Huang CM, Huang CYF, Chuang TH. Adjuvant Effect of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Activation on Cancer Immunotherapy Using Checkpoint Blockade. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1075. [PMID: 32547560 PMCID: PMC7274158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade has revolutionized cancer treatment, improving patient survival and quality of life. Nevertheless, the clinical outcomes of such immunotherapy are highly heterogeneous between patients. Depending on the cancer type, the patient response rates to this immunotherapy are limited to 20–30%. Based on the mechanism underlying the antitumor immune response, new therapeutic strategies have been designed with the aim of increasing the effectiveness and specificity of the antitumor immune response elicited by checkpoint blockade agents. The activation of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) by its synthetic agonists induces the antitumor response within the innate immunity arm, generating adjuvant effects and priming the adaptive immune response elicited by checkpoint blockade during the effector phase of tumor-cell killing. This review first describes the underlying mechanisms of action and current status of monotherapy using TLR9 agonists and immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy. The rationale for combining these two agents is discussed, and evidence indicating the current status of such combination therapy as a novel cancer treatment strategy is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Rung Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
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13
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Schwing A, Pomares C, Majoor A, Boyer L, Marty P, Michel G. Leishmania infection: Misdiagnosis as cancer and tumor-promoting potential. Acta Trop 2019; 197:104855. [PMID: 30529443 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Given the prevalence of cancer and leishmaniasis worldwide, the presence of these two pathologies in the same tissue sample may be merely fortuitous. The clinical outcome of both diseases is under the control of innate and adaptive immunity, and in both cases these progressive diseases are characterized by an impaired host Th1 response. As a consequence, the Th2 cytokine microenvironment occurring in progressive leishmaniasis may potentially promote tumor cell proliferation and vice versa. On the other hand, clinical aspects of subclinical cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis sometimes closely resemble those observed in various neoplasms thus leading to misdiagnosis. In this review, we present recent findings on the association between leishmaniasis and malignant disorders. Our review includes HIV positive, HIV negative subjects and patients whose HIV status has not been established. Leishmaniasis mimicking a malignant disorder was confirmed and extended to unreported neoplastic disorders including squamous cell carcinoma, T-cell and B-cell lymphoma, oral and intranasal tumors and granulomas. Thus, leishmaniasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis and course of various cancers in Leishmania endemic areas or in patients with travel history to these areas. We also listed recent reports showing that Leishmania can promote cancer development in immunocompromised as well as in immunocompetent patients. The potential mechanisms supporting this promoting effect are discussed.
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14
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Seo JW, Tavaré R, Mahakian LM, Silvestrini MT, Tam S, Ingham ES, Salazar FB, Borowsky AD, Wu AM, Ferrara KW. CD8 + T-Cell Density Imaging with 64Cu-Labeled Cys-Diabody Informs Immunotherapy Protocols. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4976-4987. [PMID: 29967252 PMCID: PMC6215696 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Noninvasive and quantitative tracking of CD8+ T cells by PET has emerged as a potential technique to gauge response to immunotherapy. We apply an anti-CD8 cys-diabody, labeled with 64Cu, to assess the sensitivity of PET imaging of normal and diseased tissue.Experimental Design: Radiolabeling of an anti-CD8 cys-diabody (169cDb) with 64Cu was developed. The accumulation of 64Cu-169cDb was evaluated with PET/CT imaging (0, 5, and 24 hours) and biodistribution (24 hours) in wild-type mouse strains (n = 8/group studied with imaging and IHC or flow cytometry) after intravenous administration. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in tumor-bearing mice treated with CpG and αPD-1 were quantified and mapped (n = 6-8/group studied with imaging and IHC or flow cytometry).Results: We demonstrate the ability of immunoPET to detect small differences in CD8+ T-cell distribution between mouse strains and across lymphoid tissues, including the intestinal tract of normal mice. In FVB mice bearing a syngeneic HER2-driven model of mammary adenocarcinoma (NDL), 64Cu-169cDb PET imaging accurately visualized and quantified changes in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in response to immunotherapy. A reduction in the circulation time of the imaging probe followed the development of treatment-related liver and splenic hypertrophy and provided an indication of off-target effects associated with immunotherapy protocols.Conclusions: 64Cu-169cDb imaging can spatially map the distribution of CD8+ T cells in normal organs and tumors. ImmunoPET imaging of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic CD8+ T cells detected changes in T-cell density resulting from adjuvant and checkpoint immunotherapy protocols in our preclinical evaluation. Clin Cancer Res; 24(20); 4976-87. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Woong Seo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Richard Tavaré
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lisa M Mahakian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Matthew T Silvestrini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Sarah Tam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Elizabeth S Ingham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Felix B Salazar
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Katherine W Ferrara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
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15
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Nanofluidic drug-eluting seed for sustained intratumoral immunotherapy in triple negative breast cancer. J Control Release 2018; 285:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Urothelial bladder cancer may suppress perforin expression in CD8+ T cells by an ICAM-1/TGFβ2 mediated pathway. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200079. [PMID: 29966014 PMCID: PMC6028111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a significant role in urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) progression, with CD8+ T cells being capable to directly kill tumor cells using perforin and granzymes. However, tumors avoid immune recognition by escape mechanisms. In this study, we aim to demonstrate tumor immune escape mechanisms that suppress CD8+ T cells cytotoxicity. 42 patients diagnosed with UBC were recruited. CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood (PB), sentinel nodes (SN), and tumor were analyzed in steady state and in vitro-stimulated conditions by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and ELISA. Mass spectrometry (MS) was used for identification of proteins from UBC cell line culture supernatants. Perforin was surprisingly found to be low in CD8+ T cells from SN, marked by 1.8-fold decrease of PRF1 expression, with maintained expression of granzyme B. The majority of perforin-deficient CD8+ T cells are effector memory T (TEM) cells with exhausted Tc2 cell phenotype, judged by the presence of PD-1 and GATA-3. Consequently, perforin-deficient CD8+ T cells from SN are low in T-bet expression. Supernatant from muscle invasive UBC induces perforin deficiency, a mechanism identified by MS where ICAM-1 and TGFβ2 signaling were causatively validated to decrease perforin expression in vitro. Thus, we demonstrate a novel tumor escape suppressing perforin expression in CD8+ T cells mediated by ICAM-1 and TGFβ2, which can be targeted in combination for cancer immunotherapy.
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17
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Villarreal DO, Chin D, Smith MA, Luistro LL, Snyder LA. Combination GITR targeting/PD-1 blockade with vaccination drives robust antigen-specific antitumor immunity. Oncotarget 2018; 8:39117-39130. [PMID: 28388572 PMCID: PMC5503599 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression is facilitated immunologically by mechanisms that include low antigen expression, an absence of coimmunostimulatory signals, and the presence of regulatory T cells (Tregs), all of which act to suppress and restrict effector T cells in the tumor. It may be possible to overcome these conditions by a combination of modulatory immunotherapy agents and tumor-antigen targeting to activate and drive effective antitumor T cell responses. Here, we demonstrated that co-administration of aGITR and aPD-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in combination with a peptide vaccine (Vax) in mice bearing established tumors significantly delayed tumor growth and induced complete regression in 50% of the mice. This response was associated with increased expansion and functionality of potent Ag-specific polyfunctional CD8+ T cells, reduced Tregs, and the generation of memory T cells. Tumor regression correlated with the expansion of tumor-infiltrating antigen-specific CD8+ effector memory T cells, as depletion of this cell population significantly reduced the effectiveness of the triple combination Vax/aGITR/aPD-1 therapy. These findings support the concept that dual aGITR/aPD-1 combination with cancer vaccines may be a novel strategy against poorly immunogenic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Villarreal
- Oncology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Diana Chin
- Oncology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Melissa A Smith
- Oncology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Leopoldo L Luistro
- Oncology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Linda A Snyder
- Oncology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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18
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Lin G, Liu Y, Li S, Mao Y, Wang J, Shuang Z, Chen J, Li S. Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an independent poor prognostic factor in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50963-50971. [PMID: 26918355 PMCID: PMC5239451 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was associated with poor anti-tumor immunity and prognosis in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Clinicopathologic data of 102 patients with ICC who underwent hepatectomy was retrospectively analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model were used to analyze the survival and prognosis. The percentage of overall lymphocytes, T cells and CD8+ T cells in the high NLR group was lower than that in the low NLR group. The percentage of PD-1+CD4+ and PD-1+CD8+ T cells was higher and the percentage of IFN-γ+CD4+ and IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells was lower in the high NLR group than that in the low NLR group (p = 0.045, p = 0.008; p = 0.012, p = 0.006). Density of tumor-infiltrating CD3+ T cells in the high NLR group was lower than that in the low NLR group (p < 0.001). Elevated NLR was an independent predictor for poor overall survival (OS; p = 0.035) and recurrence-free survival (RFS; p = 0.008). These results indicate that elevated NLR is associated with poor anti-tumor immunity and could be a poor biomarker for prognosis in patients with ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Endoscopy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yize Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Shuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Buoncervello M, Romagnoli G, Buccarelli M, Fragale A, Toschi E, Parlato S, Lucchetti D, Macchia D, Spada M, Canini I, Sanchez M, Falchi M, Musella M, Biffoni M, Belardelli F, Capone I, Sgambato A, Vitiani LR, Gabriele L. IFN-α potentiates the direct and immune-mediated antitumor effects of epigenetic drugs on both metastatic and stem cells of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26361-73. [PMID: 27028869 PMCID: PMC5041985 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, including dysregulated DNA methylation and histone modifications, govern the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Cancer cells exploit epigenetic regulation to control cellular pathways, including apoptotic and metastatic signals. Since aberrations in epigenome can be pharmacologically reversed by DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors, epigenetics in combination with standard agents are currently envisaged as a new therapeutic frontier in cancer, expected to overcome drug resistance associated with current treatments. In this study, we challenged this idea and demonstrated that the combination of azacitidine and romidepsin with IFN-α owns a high therapeutic potential, targeting the most aggressive cellular components of CRC, such as metastatic cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs), via tight control of key survival and death pathways. Moreover, the antitumor efficacy of this novel pharmacological approach is associated with induction of signals of immunogenic cell death. Of note, a previously undisclosed key role of IFN-α in inducing both antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on CSCs of CRC was also found. Overall, these findings open a new frontier on the suitability of IFN-α in association with epigenetics as a novel and promising therapeutic approach for CRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buoncervello
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Romagnoli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Buccarelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fragale
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Toschi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Parlato
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Lucchetti
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Macchia
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Spada
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Canini
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Musella
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Biffoni
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Belardelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Imerio Capone
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sgambato
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Ricci Vitiani
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Gabriele
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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20
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de Bruin RCG, Veluchamy JP, Lougheed SM, Schneiders FL, Lopez-Lastra S, Lameris R, Stam AG, Sebestyen Z, Kuball J, Molthoff CFM, Hooijberg E, Roovers RC, Santo JPD, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Verheul HMW, de Gruijl TD, van der Vliet HJ. A bispecific nanobody approach to leverage the potent and widely applicable tumor cytolytic capacity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1375641. [PMID: 29296532 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1375641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Though Vγ9Vδ2-T cells constitute only a small fraction of the total T cell population in human peripheral blood, they play a vital role in tumor defense and are therefore of major interest to explore for cancer immunotherapy. Vγ9Vδ2-T cell-based cancer immunotherapeutic approaches developed so far have been generally well tolerated and were able to induce significant clinical responses. However, overall results were inconsistent, possibly due to the fact that these strategies induced systemic activation of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells without preferential accumulation and targeted activation in the tumor. Here we show that a novel bispecific nanobody-based construct targeting both Vγ9Vδ2-T cells and EGFR induced potent Vγ9Vδ2-T cell activation and subsequent tumor cell lysis both in vitro and in an in vivo mouse xenograft model. Tumor cell lysis was independent of KRAS and BRAF tumor mutation status and common Vγ9Vδ2-T cell receptor sequence variations. In combination with the conserved monomorphic nature of the Vγ9Vδ2-TCR and the facile replacement of the tumor-specific nanobody, this immunotherapeutic approach can be applied to a large group of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée C G de Bruin
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John P Veluchamy
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinéad M Lougheed
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Famke L Schneiders
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Lopez-Lastra
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1223, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Roeland Lameris
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita G Stam
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zsolt Sebestyen
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Kuball
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carla F M Molthoff
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Hooijberg
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C Roovers
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1223, Paris, France
| | | | - Henk M W Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Villadangos JA. Antigen-specific impairment of adoptive T-cell therapy against cancer: players, mechanisms, solutions and a hypothesis. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:169-82. [PMID: 27319350 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) destroys tumors with infused cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Although successful in some settings, ACT is compromised due to impaired survival or functional inactivation of the CTL. To better understand the mechanisms involved, we have exploited a mouse model of leukemia expressing ovalbumin as a tumor neoantigen to address these questions: (i) Is CTL impairment during ACT antigen specific? (ii) If yes, which are the antigen-presenting cells responsible? (iii) Can this information assist the development of complementary therapies to improve ACT? Our results indicate that the target (tumor) cells, not cross-presenting cells, are the main culprits of antigen-specific CTL inactivation. We find that the affinity/avidity of the CTL-tumor cell interaction has little influence on ACT outcomes, while tumor density is a major determinant. Reduction of tumor burden with mild non-lymphoablative and non-inflammatory chemotherapy can dramatically improve the efficacy of ACT and may minimize side-effects. We propose a general mechanism for the inactivation of anti-self CTL in the same tissues where the activity of anti-foreign CTL is preserved, based on the density of target cells. This mechanism, which we tentatively call stunning, may have evolved to protect infected sites from self-destruction and is exploited by tumors to inactivate CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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22
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Jackaman C, Tomay F, Duong L, Abdol Razak NB, Pixley FJ, Metharom P, Nelson DJ. Aging and cancer: The role of macrophages and neutrophils. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:105-116. [PMID: 28390891 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impaired immune function has been implicated in the declining health and higher incidence of cancer in the elderly. However, age-related changes to immunity are not completely understood. Neutrophils and macrophages represent the first line of defence yet their ability to phagocytose pathogens decrease with aging. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are critical in eliminating tumors, but T cell function is also compromised with aging. T cell responses can be regulated by macrophages and may depend on the functional phenotype macrophages adopt in response to microenvironmental signals. This can range from pro-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic M1 to anti-inflammatory, pro-tumorigenic M2 macrophages. Macrophages in healthy elderly adipose and hepatic tissue exhibit a more pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype compared to young hosts whilst immunosuppressive M2 macrophages increase in elderly lymphoid tissues, lung and muscle. These M2-like macrophages demonstrate altered responses to stimuli. Recent studies suggest that neutrophils also regulate T cell function and, like macrophages, neutrophil function is modulated with aging. It is possible that age-modified tissue-specific macrophages and neutrophils contribute to chronic low-grade inflammation that is associated with dysregulated macrophage-mediated immunosuppression, which together are responsible for development of multiple pathologies, including cancer. This review discusses recent advances in macrophage and neutrophil biology in healthy aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Jackaman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
| | - Federica Tomay
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Lelinh Duong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Norbaini Bintu Abdol Razak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Fiona J Pixley
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Pat Metharom
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Delia J Nelson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
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23
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Xia Z, Xu G, Yang X, Peng N, Zuo Q, Zhu S, Hao H, Liu S, Zhu Y. Inducible TAP1 Negatively Regulates the Antiviral Innate Immune Response by Targeting the TAK1 Complex. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3690-3704. [PMID: 28356387 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response is critical for host defense and must be tightly controlled, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for its negative regulation are not yet completely understood. In this study, we report that transporter 1, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (TAP1), a virus-inducible endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein, negatively regulated the virus-triggered immune response. In this study, we observed upregulated expression of TAP1 following virus infection in human lung epithelial cells (A549), THP-1 monocytes, HeLa cells, and Vero cells. The overexpression of TAP1 enhanced virus replication by inhibiting the virus-triggered activation of NF-κB signaling and the production of IFNs, IFN-stimulated genes, and proinflammatory cytokines. TAP1 depletion had the opposite effect. In response to virus infection, TAP1 interacted with the TGF-β-activated kinase (TAK)1 complex and impaired the phosphorylation of TAK1, subsequently suppressing the phosphorylation of the IκB kinase complex and NF-κB inhibitor α (IκBα) as well as NF-κB nuclear translocation. Our findings collectively suggest that TAP1 plays a novel role in the negative regulation of virus-triggered NF-κB signaling and the innate immune response by targeting the TAK1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangchuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Nanfang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shengli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hua Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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24
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Silvestrini MT, Ingham ES, Mahakian LM, Kheirolomoom A, Liu Y, Fite BZ, Tam SM, Tucci ST, Watson KD, Wong AW, Monjazeb AM, Hubbard NE, Murphy WJ, Borowsky AD, Ferrara KW. Priming is key to effective incorporation of image-guided thermal ablation into immunotherapy protocols. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90521. [PMID: 28352658 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal therapies play an important role in the treatment of cancers where palliation is desired, local control is needed, or surgical resection is not feasible. Pairing immunotherapy with such focal treatments is particularly attractive; however, there is emerging evidence that focal therapy can have a positive or negative impact on the efficacy of immunotherapy. Thermal ablation is an appealing modality to pair with such protocols, as tumors can be rapidly debulked (cell death occurring within minutes to hours), tumor antigens can be released locally, and treatment can be conducted and repeated without the concerns of radiation-based therapies. In a syngeneic model of epithelial cancer, we found that 7 days of immunotherapy (TLR9 agonist and checkpoint blockade), prior to thermal ablation, reduced macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells and enhanced IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells, the M1 macrophage fraction, and PD-L1 expression on CD45+ cells. Continued treatment with immunotherapy alone or with immunotherapy combined with ablation (primed ablation) then resulted in a complete response in 80% of treated mice at day 90, and primed ablation expanded CD8+ T cells as compared with all control groups. When the tumor burden was increased by implantation of 3 orthotopic tumors, successive primed ablation of 2 discrete lesions resulted in survival of 60% of treated mice as compared with 25% of mice treated with immunotherapy alone. Alternatively, when immunotherapy was begun immediately after thermal ablation, the abscopal effect was diminished and none of the mice within the cohort exhibited a complete response. In summary, we found that immunotherapy begun before ablation can be curative and can enhance efficacy in the presence of a high tumor burden. Two mechanisms have potential to impact the efficacy of immunotherapy when begun immediately after thermal ablation: mechanical changes in the tumor microenvironment and inflammatory-mediated changes in immune phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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25
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Zou P, Yang X, Zhang Y, Du P, Yuan S, Yang D, Wang J. Antitumor Effects of Orally and Intraperitoneally Administered Chitosan Oligosaccharides (COSs) on S180-Bearing/Residual Mouse. J Food Sci 2016; 81:H3035-H3042. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zou
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology; Harbin Inst. of Technology; Harbin 150090 China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Inst. of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Product; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 China
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Beijing Inst. of Radiation Medicine; No. 27 Taiping Rd., Haidian District Beijing 100850 China
| | - Xin Yang
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology; Harbin Inst. of Technology; Harbin 150090 China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Inst. of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Product; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology; Harbin Inst. of Technology; Harbin 150090 China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Inst. of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Product; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Pengfei Du
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Inst. of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Product; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 China
- Key Laboratory of Agrifood Safety and Quality; Ministry of Agriculture; No. 12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District Beijing 100081 China
| | - Shoujun Yuan
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Beijing Inst. of Radiation Medicine; No. 27 Taiping Rd., Haidian District Beijing 100850 China
| | - Dexuan Yang
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Beijing Inst. of Radiation Medicine; No. 27 Taiping Rd., Haidian District Beijing 100850 China
| | - Jing Wang
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology; Harbin Inst. of Technology; Harbin 150090 China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Inst. of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Product; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 China
- Key Laboratory of Agrifood Safety and Quality; Ministry of Agriculture; No. 12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District Beijing 100081 China
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Horn L, Reck M, Spigel DR. The Future of Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Oncologist 2016; 21:910-21. [PMID: 27354668 PMCID: PMC4978554 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which accounts for 10%-15% of lung cancer cases, is an aggressive disease characterized by rapid growth and early widespread metastasis. Although up to 80% of patients respond to first-line chemotherapy, most eventually relapse, and there are no approved agents beyond the second line. Despite the high incidence of mutations in SCLC, to date no targeted therapy has shown a benefit for this patient population, and systemic treatment has not changed significantly during the past 3 decades. Given that extensive-stage SCLC has a 5-year survival rate of only 1%-2%, novel therapies are desperately needed. Recent evidence shows that the immune system is capable of generating antitumor responses against various tumors, including lung cancer, suggesting that immunotherapy may be a viable therapeutic approach to the treatment of patients with SCLC. Of the immunotherapies being investigated for patients with SCLC, antibodies that target the programmed cell death protein-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (ipilimumab) immune checkpoint pathways are perhaps the most promising. Because these immune checkpoint pathways, which under normal circumstances function to protect healthy tissues from damage during inflammatory responses and maintain self-tolerance, can help tumor cells evade elimination by the immune system, they represent potential therapeutic targets. This review discusses the rationale for immunotherapy and the early clinical results of immunotherapeutic agents being investigated in SCLC. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive lung cancer subtype. Despite sensitivity to first-line chemotherapy, SCLC has high recurrence rates, and responses to second-line treatments are poor. Recent evidence shows that the immune system is capable of generating responses against various tumors, including lung cancer, suggesting that immunotherapy may be a viable approach for patients with SCLC. Of several immunotherapies being investigated, antibodies that target the programmed cell death protein-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (ipilimumab) immune checkpoint pathways are among the most promising for patients with SCLC and are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora Horn
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Martin Reck
- Thoracic Oncology Department, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, a member of the German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - David R Spigel
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Pereira FV, Melo ACL, de Melo FM, Mourão-Sá D, Silva P, Berzaghi R, Herbozo CCA, Coelho-Dos-Reis J, Scutti JA, Origassa CST, Pereira RM, Juliano L, Juliano MA, Carmona AK, Câmara NOS, Tsuji M, Travassos LR, Rodrigues EG. TLR4-mediated immunomodulatory properties of the bacterial metalloprotease arazyme in preclinical tumor models. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1178420. [PMID: 27622031 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1178420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent approval of new agents for metastatic melanoma, its treatment remains challenging. Moreover, few available immunotherapies induce a strong cellular immune response, and selection of the correct immunoadjuvant is crucial for overcoming this obstacle. Here, we studied the immunomodulatory properties of arazyme, a bacterial metalloprotease, which was previously shown to control metastasis in a murine melanoma B16F10-Nex2 model. The antitumor activity of arazyme was independent of its proteolytic activity, since heat-inactivated protease showed comparable properties to the active enzyme; however, the effect was dependent on an intact immune system, as antitumor properties were lost in immunodeficient mice. The protective response was IFNγ-dependent, and CD8(+) T lymphocytes were the main effector antitumor population, although B and CD4(+) T lymphocytes were also induced. Macrophages and dendritic cells were involved in the induction of the antitumor response, as arazyme activation of these cells increased both the expression of surface activation markers and proinflammatory cytokine secretion through TLR4-MyD88-TRIF-dependent, but also MAPK-dependent pathways. Arazyme was also effective in the murine breast adenocarcinoma 4T1 model, reducing primary and metastatic tumor development, and prolonging survival. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a bacterial metalloprotease interaction with TLR4 and subsequent receptor activation that promotes a proinflammatory and tumor protective response. Our results show that arazyme has immunomodulatory properties, and could be a promising novel alternative for metastatic melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe V Pereira
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC), Rockefeller University, NY, USA
| | - Amanda C L Melo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filipe M de Melo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Mourão-Sá
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute , London, UK
| | - Priscila Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Berzaghi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina C A Herbozo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jordana Coelho-Dos-Reis
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC), Rockefeller University, NY, USA; Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jorge A Scutti
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice S T Origassa
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosana M Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana K Carmona
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC), Rockefeller University , NY, USA
| | - Luiz R Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine G Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
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C1q acts in the tumour microenvironment as a cancer-promoting factor independently of complement activation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10346. [PMID: 26831747 PMCID: PMC4740357 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement C1q is the activator of the classical pathway. However, it is now recognized that C1q can exert functions unrelated to complement activation. Here we show that C1q, but not C4, is expressed in the stroma and vascular endothelium of several human malignant tumours. Compared with wild-type (WT) or C3- or C5-deficient mice, C1q-deficient (C1qa−/−) mice bearing a syngeneic B16 melanoma exhibit a slower tumour growth and prolonged survival. This effect is not attributable to differences in the tumour-infiltrating immune cells. Tumours developing in WT mice display early deposition of C1q, higher vascular density and an increase in the number of lung metastases compared with C1qa−/− mice. Bone marrow (BM) chimeras between C1qa−/− and WT mice identify non-BM-derived cells as the main local source of C1q that can promote cancer cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. Together these findings support a role for locally synthesized C1q in promoting tumour growth. C1q is known to initiate the activation of the complement classical pathway. Here, the authors show the C1q is expressed in the tumour microenvironment and can promote cancer cell migration and adhesion in a complement activation-independent manner.
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Liu J, Pradhan P, Roy K. Synthetic Polymeric Nanoparticles for Immunomodulation. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3121-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Disruption of Anti-tumor T Cell Responses by Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42223-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Administration of sulfosuccinimidyl-4-[N-maleimidomethyl] cyclohexane-1-carboxylate conjugated GP10025–33 peptide-coupled spleen cells effectively mounts antigen-specific immune response against mouse melanoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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T Helper Lymphocyte Subsets and Plasticity in Autoimmunity and Cancer: An Overview. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:327470. [PMID: 26583100 PMCID: PMC4637008 DOI: 10.1155/2015/327470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In response to cytokine signalling and other factors, CD4-positive T lymphocytes differentiate into distinct populations that are characterized by the production of certain cytokines and are controlled by different master transcription factors. The spectrum of such populations, which was initially limited to Th1 and Th2 subsets, is currently broadened to include Th17 and Treg subsets, as well as a number of less studied subtypes, such as Tfh, Th9, and Th22. Although these subsets appear to be relatively stable, certain plasticity exists that allows for transition between the subsets and formation of hybrid transition forms. This provides the immune system flexibility needed for adequate response to pathogens but, at the same time, can play a role in the pathogenic processes in cases of deregulation. In this review, we will discuss the properties of T lymphocyte subsets and their plasticity, as well as its implications for cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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Kheirolomoom A, Ingham ES, Mahakian LM, Tam SM, Silvestrini MT, Tumbale SK, Foiret J, Hubbard NE, Borowsky AD, Murphy WJ, Ferrara KW. CpG expedites regression of local and systemic tumors when combined with activatable nanodelivery. J Control Release 2015; 220:253-264. [PMID: 26471394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonic activation of nanoparticles provides the opportunity to deliver a large fraction of the injected dose to insonified tumors and produce a complete local response. Here, we evaluate whether the local and systemic response to chemotherapy can be enhanced by combining such a therapy with locally-administered CpG as an immune adjuvant. In order to create stable, activatable particles, a complex between copper and doxorubicin (CuDox) was created within temperature-sensitive liposomes. Whereas insonation of the CuDox liposomes alone has been shown to produce a complete response in murine breast cancer after 8 treatments of 6 mg/kg delivered over 4 weeks, combining this treatment with CpG resolved local cancers within 3 treatments delivered over 7 days. Further, contralateral tumors regressed as a result of the combined treatment, and survival was extended in systemic disease. In both the treated and contralateral tumor site, the combined treatment increased leukocytes and CD4+ and CD8+ T-effector cells and reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Taken together, the results suggest that this combinatorial treatment significantly enhances the systemic efficacy of locally-activated nanotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Kheirolomoom
- University of California, Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Ingham
- University of California, Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lisa M Mahakian
- University of California, Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sarah M Tam
- University of California, Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Matthew T Silvestrini
- University of California, Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Spencer K Tumbale
- University of California, Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Josquin Foiret
- University of California, Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Neil E Hubbard
- University of California, Davis, Center for Comparative Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- University of California, Davis, Center for Comparative Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- University of California, Davis, Department of Dermatology, 2921 Stockton Blvd., Institute for Regenerative Cures, Suite 1630, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Katherine W Ferrara
- University of California, Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Kim MT, Richer MJ, Gross BP, Norian LA, Badovinac VP, Harty JT. Enhancing Dendritic Cell-based Immunotherapy with IL-2/Monoclonal Antibody Complexes for Control of Established Tumors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4537-44. [PMID: 26408669 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved high-dose IL-2 therapy and dendritic cell (DC) immunization offer time-tested treatments for malignancy, but with defined issues of short in vivo t1/2, toxicity, and modest clinical benefit. Complexes of IL-2 with specific mAbs (IL-2c) exhibit improved stability in vivo with reduced toxicity and are capable of stimulating NK cell and memory phenotype CD8 T cell proliferation. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-2c treatment in tumor-bearing mice can enhance NK cell and tumor-specific CD8 T cell numbers. Importantly, DC immunization coupled with stabilized IL-2c infusion drastically improves the tumor-specific effector CD8 T cell response. DC + IL-2c treatment enhances number, 41BB and GITR expression, granzyme B production, CTL/regulatory T cell ratio, and per-cell killing capacity of CD8 T cells without increasing inhibitory molecule expression. Notably, IL-2c treatment of anti-CD3-stimulated human CD8 T cells resulted in higher number and granzyme B production, supporting the translational potential of this immunotherapy strategy for human malignancy. DC + IL-2c treatment enhances both endogenous NK cell and tumor Ag-specific CD8 T cell immunity to provide a marked reduction in tumor burden in multiple models of pre-existing malignancy in B6 and BALB/c mice. Depletion studies reveal contributions from both tumor-specific CD8 T cells and NK cells in control of tumor burden after DC + IL-2c treatment. Together, these data suggest that combination therapy with DC and IL-2c may be a potent treatment for malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie T Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Brett P Gross
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Lyse A Norian
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | | | - John T Harty
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Zhang S, Ke X, Zeng S, Wu M, Lou J, Wu L, Huang P, Huang L, Wang F, Pan S. Analysis of CD8+ Treg cells in patients with ovarian cancer: a possible mechanism for immune impairment. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:580-91. [PMID: 26166762 PMCID: PMC4579658 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells may participate in mediating a suppressive microenvironment that blunts successful anti-tumor immunotherapy. Recent studies show that CD8+ Treg cells might impede effective immune responses to established tumors. However, there is limited research regarding CD8+ Treg cells in ovarian cancer (OC) patients. Here, we investigated CD8+ Treg cells in OC patients and their in vitro induction. The immunohistochemistry of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes revealed a significant correlation between the intratumoral CD8+ T cells and the forkhead box p3 (Foxp3)+ cells in the intraepithelial and stromal areas of advanced OC tissues. We examined the expression of Treg markers in CD8+ T cells from the peripheral blood and fresh tumor tissues of OC patients using flow cytometry. Our results indicated an increase in the CD8+ Treg cell subsets of OC patients compared with those in patients with benign ovarian tumors and healthy controls, including an increased expression of CD25, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and Foxp3 and decreased CD28 expression. To demonstrate whether the tumor microenvironment could convert CD8+ effector T cells into suppressor cells, we used an in vitro transwell culturing system. Compared with the CD8+ T cells cultured alone, the CD8+ Treg cells induced in vitro by coculture with SK-OV-3/A2780 showed increased CTLA-4 and Foxp3 expression and decreased CD28 expression. In addition, the in vitro-induced CD8+ Treg cells inhibited naïve CD4+ T-cell proliferation, which was partially mediated through TGF-β1 and IFN-γ. Our study suggests that CD8+ Treg cells were increased in OC patients and could be induced in vitro, which may be the way that tumors limit antitumor immunity and evade immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Ke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Suyun Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfang Lou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Peijun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiyang Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
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AntiCD3Fv fused to human interleukin-3 deletion variant redirected T cells against human acute myeloid leukemic stem cells. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:18. [PMID: 25879549 PMCID: PMC4389834 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are frequently seen as a cause of treatment failure and relapse in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Thus, successful new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AML should aim at eradicating LSCs. The identification of targets on the cell surface of LSCs is getting more and more attention. Among these, CD123, also known as the interleukin-3 (IL3)-receptor α chain, has been identified as a potential immunotherapeutic target due to its overexpression on LSCs in AML as well as on AML blasts, rather than normal hematopoietic stem cells. Methods We constructed a CD123-targeted fusion protein antiCD3Fv-⊿IL3, with one binding site for T cell antigen receptor (TCRCD3) and the other for CD123, by recombinant gene-engineering technology. Cysteine residues were introduced into the V domains of the antiCD3Fv segment to enhance its stability by locking the two chains of Fv together with disulfide covalent bonds. The stability and cytotoxicity of the two fusion proteins were detected in vitro and in vivo. Results Both fusion proteins were produced and purified from Escherichia coli 16C9 cells with excellent yields in fully active forms. High-binding capability was observed between these two fusion proteins and human IL3R, leading to the specific lysis of CD123-expressing cell lines KG1a; also, mononuclear cells from primary AML patients were inhibited in a colony forming assay in vitro, presumably by redirecting T lymphocytes in vitro. In addition, they displayed an antileukemic activity against KG1a xenografts in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice, especially disulfide-stabilized (ds)-antiCD3Fv-⊿IL3 for its improved stability. Conclusions These results suggest that both fusion proteins display the antileukemic activity against CD123-expressing cell lines as well as leukemic progenitors in vitro and in vivo, especially ds-antiCD3Fv-⊿IL3. They could be the promising candidates for future immunotherapy of AML. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-015-0109-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Caba O, Prados J, Ortiz R, Jiménez-Luna C, Melguizo C, Alvarez PJ, Delgado JR, Irigoyen A, Rojas I, Pérez-Florido J, Torres C, Perales S, Linares A, Aránega A. Transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients identifies diagnostic biomarkers. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:2714-20. [PMID: 25069573 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy associated with poor survival rates. Fast detection of PDAC appears to be the most relevant strategy to improve the long-term survival of patients. AIMS Our objective was to identify new markers in peripheral blood that differentiates between PDAC patients and healthy controls. METHODS Peripheral blood samples from PDAC patients (n = 18) and controls (n = 18) were analyzed by whole genome cDNA microarray hybridization. The most relevant genes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) in the same set of samples. Finally, our gene prediction set was tested in a blinded set of new peripheral blood samples (n = 30). RESULTS Microarray studies identified 87 genes differentially expressed in peripheral blood samples from PDAC patients. Four of these genes were selected for analysis by RT-qPCR, which confirmed the previously observed changes. In our blinded validation study, the combination of CLEC4D and IRAK3 predicted the diagnosis of PDAC with 93 % accuracy, with a sensitivity of 86 % and specificity of 100 %. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral blood gene expression profiling is an useful tool for the diagnosis of PDAC. We present a validated four-gene predictor set (ANKRD22, CLEC4D, VNN1, and IRAK3) that may be useful in PDAC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Caba
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain,
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Chemotherapy enhances cross-presentation of nuclear tumor antigens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107894. [PMID: 25243472 PMCID: PMC4171494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation of tumor antigen is essential for efficient priming of naïve CD8+ T lymphocytes and induction of effective anti-tumor immunity. We hypothesized that the subcellular location of a tumor antigen could affect the efficiency of cross-presentation, and hence the outcome of anti-tumor responses to that antigen. We compared cross-presentation of a nominal antigen expressed in the nuclear, secretory, or cytoplasmic compartments of B16 melanoma tumors. All tumors expressed similar levels of the antigen. The antigen was cross-presented from all compartments but when the concentration was low, nuclear antigen was less efficiently cross-presented than antigen from other cellular locations. The efficiency of cross-presentation of the nuclear antigen was improved following chemotherapy-induced tumor cell apoptosis and this correlated with an increase in the proportion of effector CTL. These data demonstrate that chemotherapy improves nuclear tumor antigen cross-presentation and could be important for anti-cancer immunotherapies that target nuclear antigens.
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Rahnama M, Mahmoudi M, Zamani Taghizadeh Rabe S, Balali-Mood M, Karimi G, Tabasi N, Riahi-Zanjani B. Evaluation of anti-cancer and immunomodulatory effects of carnosol in a Balb/c WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma model. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:231-8. [PMID: 25027673 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.934975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Agents that destroy tumor cells and simultaneously boost host anti-tumor immunity are of keen interest in cancer therapy. In the present study, the effect of carnosol on anti-tumor immunity in a Balb/c mouse model of fibrosarcoma was evaluated. Carnosol was administered intraperitoneally daily (at 5 or 10 mg/kg/day, for 7 days) to tumor-bearing mice (i.e. 7 days after initial injection of tumor cells). Another group of tumor-bearing mice was treated with 20 mg cyclophosphamide/kg/d (positive control); a final group received vehicle only (vehicle control). After an initial measure on Day 0, tumor size was measured twice during the 7-day treatment period. One day after the final treatment with vehicle/carnosol (i.e. Day 7), the mice had their tumors measured and then were euthanized to permit their spleen and tumor to be harvested for isolation of, respectively, splenocytes and tumor-associated lymphocytes. Using these materials, spontaneous and mitogen-induced release of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-γ, lymphocyte proliferation, and the absolute numbers/relative percentages of splenic and tumor-associated T-regulatory (Treg) and other T-lymphocyte sub-sets were evaluated. The results showed that carnosol at both doses significantly suppressed tumor growth and caused depletion of splenic and tumor-associated Treg cells. It also caused relative (vs control mouse cell values) decreases in splenocyte spontaneous/inducible production of IL-4 and IL-10 and increases in IFNγ and cell proliferation. Carnosol at either dose did not cause changes in the percentages of CD4(+) or CD8(+) lymphocytes in the spleen or in tumor-associated lymphocyte populations. The observed increases in IFNγ, decreases in IL-10 and IL-4 production, and reductions in splenic/tumor-associated Treg cell levels might be signs reflecting the potential anti-tumor activity of carnosol. Based on the findings here, it is asserted that carnosol is a likely candidate - after more complete toxicologic evaluation - for eventual use as an anti-cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahnama
- Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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40
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Louzoun Y, Xue C, Lesinski GB, Friedman A. A mathematical model for pancreatic cancer growth and treatments. J Theor Biol 2014; 351:74-82. [PMID: 24594371 PMCID: PMC4011486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly types of cancer and has extremely poor prognosis. This malignancy typically induces only limited cellular immune responses, the magnitude of which can increase with the number of encountered cancer cells. On the other hand, pancreatic cancer is highly effective at evading immune responses by inducing polarization of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, and promoting expansion of myeloid derived suppressor cells, which block the killing of cancer cells by cytotoxic T cells. These factors allow immune evasion to predominate, promoting metastasis and poor responsiveness to chemotherapies and immunotherapies. In this paper we develop a mathematical model of pancreatic cancer, and use it to qualitatively explain a variety of biomedical and clinical data. The model shows that drugs aimed at suppressing cancer growth are effective only if the immune induced cancer cell death lies within a specific range, that is, the immune system has a specific window of opportunity to effectively suppress cancer under treatment. The model results suggest that tumor growth rate is affected by complex feedback loops between the tumor cells, endothelial cells and the immune response. The relative strength of the different loops determines the cancer growth rate and its response to immunotherapy. The model could serve as a starting point to identify optimal nodes for intervention against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Louzoun
- Department of Mathematics and Gonda brain research institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Chuan Xue
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Avner Friedman
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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Chemokines in cancer development and progression and their potential as targeting molecules for cancer treatment. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:170381. [PMID: 24966464 PMCID: PMC4055660 DOI: 10.1155/2014/170381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines were initially identified as bioactive substances, which control the trafficking of inflammatory cells including granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Moreover, chemokines have profound impacts on other types of cells associated with inflammatory responses, such as endothelial cells and fibroblasts. These observations would implicate chemokines as master regulators in various inflammatory responses. Subsequent studies have further revealed that chemokines can regulate the movement of a wide variety of immune cells including lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells in both physiological and pathological conditions. These features endow chemokines with crucial roles in immune responses. Furthermore, increasing evidence points to the vital effects of several chemokines on the proliferative and invasive properties of cancer cells. It is widely acknowledged that cancer develops and progresses to invade and metastasize in continuous interaction with noncancerous cells present in cancer tissues, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. The capacity of chemokines to regulate both cancerous and noncancerous cells highlights their crucial roles in cancer development and progression. Here, we will discuss the roles of chemokines in carcinogenesis and the possibility of chemokine targeting therapy for the treatment of cancer.
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Xia S, Wei J, Wang J, Sun H, Zheng W, Li Y, Sun Y, Zhao H, Zhang S, Wen T, Zhou X, Gao JX, Wang P, Wu Z, Zhao L, Yin Z. A requirement of dendritic cell-derived interleukin-27 for the tumor infiltration of regulatory T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:733-742. [PMID: 24443555 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0713371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tregs (Foxp3+CD4+) are enriched in tumors to foster a tolerant microenvironment that inhibits antitumor immune response. IL-27 is reported to regulate the development and function of Tregs in vitro and in vivo; however, the effects of endogenous IL-27 on Tregs in the tumor microenvironment remain elusive. We demonstrated that in the absence of DC-derived IL-27, Tregs were decreased significantly in transplanted B16 melanoma, transplanted EL-4 lymphoma, and MCA-induced fibrosarcoma by using IL-27p28 conditional KO mice. Further studies revealed that IL-27 promoted the expression of CCL22, which is established to mediate the recruitment of peripheral Tregs into tumors. Tumor-associated DCs were identified as the major source of CCL22 in tumor sites, and IL-27 could induce CCL22 expression in an IL-27R-dependent manner. Intratumoral reconstitution of rmCCL22 or rmIL-27, but not rmIL-27p28, significantly restored the tumor infiltration of Tregs in IL-27p28 KO mice. Correlated with a decreased number of Tregs, tumor-infiltrating CD4 T cells were found to produce much more IFN-γ in IL-27p28 KO mice, which highlighted the physiological importance of Tregs in suppressing an antitumor immune response. Overall, our results identified a novel mechanism of action of IL-27 on Tregs in the context of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Jun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Jingya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Huayan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Wenting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Yangguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Yanbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Huiyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Ti Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Xinglong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Jian-Xin Gao
- Laboratory of Tumorigenesis and Immunity, Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Puyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Zhenzhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Liqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Zhinan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; and
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Pedersen SR, Sørensen MR, Buus S, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Comparison of vaccine-induced effector CD8 T cell responses directed against self- and non-self-tumor antigens: implications for cancer immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3955-67. [PMID: 24018273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that CD8 T cells play a major role in tumor control, yet vaccination aimed at eliciting potent CD8 T cell responses are rarely efficient in clinical trials. To try and understand why this is so, we have generated potent adenoviral vectors encoding the endogenous tumor Ags (TA) tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) and glycoprotein 100 (GP100) tethered to the invariant chain (Ii). Using these vectors, we sought to characterize the self-TA-specific CD8 T cell response and compare it to that induced against non-self-Ags expressed from a similar vector platform. Prophylactic vaccination with adenoviral vectors expressing either TRP-2 (Ad-Ii-TRP-2) or GP100 (Ad-Ii-GP100) had little or no effect on the growth of s.c. B16 melanomas, and only Ad-Ii-TRP-2 was able to induce a marginal reduction of B16 lung metastasis. In contrast, vaccination with a similar vector construct expressing a foreign (viral) TA induced efficient tumor control. Analyzing the self-TA-specific CD8 T cells, we observed that these could be activated to produce IFN-γ and TNF-α. In addition, surface expression of phenotypic markers and inhibitory receptors, as well as in vivo cytotoxicity and degranulation capacity matched that of non-self-Ag-specific CD8 T cells. However, the CD8 T cells specific for self-TAs had a lower functional avidity, and this impacted on their in vivo performance. On the basis of these results and a low expression of the targeted TA epitopes on the tumor cells, we suggest that low avidity of the self-TA-specific CD8 T cells may represent a major obstacle for efficient immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Pedersen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen North, Denmark
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Examining T cells at vaccine sites of tumor-bearing hosts provides insights to dysfunctional T-cell immunity. J Immunother 2013; 36:41-51. [PMID: 23211619 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318274590e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When tumor vaccines are administered as cancer immunotherapy, cellular interactions at the vaccine site are crucial to the generation of antitumor immunity. Examining interactions at the vaccine site could provide important insights to the success or failure of vaccination. Our laboratory previously showed that while administration of a cell-based vaccine to tumor-free mice leads to productive antineuroblastoma immunity, vaccination of tumor-bearing mice does not. The goal of this study was to examine immune effectors at the vaccine site to identify mechanisms responsible for the generation of ineffective antitumor immunity in tumor-bearing mice. The results of this study show that vaccine sites of tumor-bearing mice contained significantly fewer T cells than vaccine sites of tumor-free mice. Similar migration and proliferation of T cells was observed in the vaccine sites of tumor-bearing and tumor-free mice, but T cells in the sites of tumor-bearing mice were more apoptotic. T cells at the vaccine sites of both tumor-free and tumor-bearing mice had an effector-memory phenotype and expressed activation markers. Despite the activated phenotype, T cells from tumor-bearing mice elicited defective antitumor immune responses. Although T cells from vaccine sites of tumor-bearing mice were capable of producing inflammatory cytokines, the T cells from tumor-bearing mice produced lower levels of cytokines compared with T cells from the tumor-free mice. Remarkably, this defect seems to be systemic, affecting distal T cells in tumor-bearing mice. This study demonstrates that the defective vaccine-induced immune response to neuroblastoma in tumor-bearing hosts originates as a result of tumor burden, resulting in poor antitumor immunity.
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45
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Satta A, Mezzanzanica D, Turatti F, Canevari S, Figini M. Redirection of T-cell effector functions for cancer therapy: bispecific antibodies and chimeric antigen receptors. Future Oncol 2013; 9:527-39. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are the most potent cells of the immune system; however, they fail in the immunosurveillance of tumors. In previous decades, scientists began studying methods to take advantage of T-cell potency in cancer therapy by redirecting them against tumors independently from the T-cell receptor-defined specificity. Among different approaches, the most promising are the use of bispecific antibodies and T-cell engineering to create chimeric antigen receptors. Bispecific antibodies, by simultaneously recognizing target antigen and an activating receptor on the surface of an immune effector cell, offer an opportunity to redirect immune effector cells to kill cancer cells. The other approach is the generation of chimeric antigen receptors by fusing extracellular antibodies to intracellular signaling domains. Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells are able to specifically kill tumor cells in a MHC-independent way. The efficacy of these reagents in different formats has been clinically validated and will be presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Satta
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology & Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Delia Mezzanzanica
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology & Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Turatti
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology & Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Canevari
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology & Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mariangela Figini
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology & Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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46
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Wierstra I. FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) in tumorigenesis: overexpression in human cancer, implication in tumorigenesis, oncogenic functions, tumor-suppressive properties, and target of anticancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 119:191-419. [PMID: 23870513 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor and is also intimately involved in tumorigenesis. FOXM1 stimulates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Additionally, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. In accordance with its role in stimulation of cell proliferation, FOXM1 exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern and its expression is regulated by proliferation and anti-proliferation signals as well as by proto-oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Since these factors are often mutated, overexpressed, or lost in human cancer, the normal control of the foxm1 expression by them provides the basis for deregulated FOXM1 expression in tumors. Accordingly, FOXM1 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer. FOXM1 is intimately involved in tumorigenesis, because it contributes to oncogenic transformation and participates in tumor initiation, growth, and progression, including positive effects on angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated lung inflammation, self-renewal capacity of cancer cells, prevention of premature cellular senescence, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. However, in the context of urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis, FOXM1 has an unexpected tumor suppressor role in endothelial cells because it limits pulmonary inflammation and canonical Wnt signaling in epithelial lung cells, thereby restricting carcinogenesis. Accordingly, FOXM1 plays a role in homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks and maintenance of genomic stability, that is, prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy. The implication of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis makes it an attractive target for anticancer therapy, and several antitumor drugs have been reported to decrease FOXM1 expression.
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Rastogi S, Boylan M, Wright EG, Coates PJ. Interactions of apoptotic cells with macrophages in radiation-induced bystander signaling. Radiat Res 2012; 179:135-45. [PMID: 23237586 DOI: 10.1667/rr2969.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Nontargeted effects that result in ongoing cellular and tissue damage show genotype-dependency in murine models with CBA/Ca, but not C57BL/6, exhibiting sensitivity to induced genomic instability. In vivo, radiation exposure is associated with genotype-dependent macrophage activation, and these cells are a source of bystander signaling involving cytokines and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The mechanisms responsible for macrophage activation and production of damaging bystander signals after irradiation are unclear. Macrophages from CBA/Ca exhibit an M1 (proinflammatory) phenotype compared to the M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype of C57BL/6 macrophages. Using the murine RAW264.7 macrophage-like cell line, we show that the ability of macrophages to interact with apoptotic cells and their responses to interaction varies significantly according to macrophage phenotype. Nonstimulated and M2 macrophages induce anti-inflammatory markers arginase and TGFβ after engulfment of apoptotic cells. In contrast, M1 macrophages do not induce anti-inflammatory responses, but express the proinflammatory markers NOS2, IL-6, TNFα, superoxide and NO, able to contribute to a damaging microenvironment. Macrophages stimulated with both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory agents prior to exposure to apoptotic cells induce a mixed response. The results indicate a complex cross-talk between macrophages and apoptotic cells and demonstrate that phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells induced by genotoxic stress can produce microenvironmental responses consistent with the induction of a chromosomal instability phenotype in sensitive CBA/Ca mice with M1 macrophage activation, but not in resistant C57BL/6 mice with M2 macrophage activation. Modulation of macrophage phenotypes may represent a novel approach for reducing the nontargeted effects of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Rastogi
- Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom.
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48
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Peng LS, Zhuang Y, Shi Y, Zhao YL, Wang TT, Chen N, Cheng P, Liu T, Liu XF, Zhang JY, Zuo QF, Mao XH, Guo G, Lu DS, Yu PW, Zou QM. Increased tumor-infiltrating CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes are associated with tumor progression in human gastric cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:2183-92. [PMID: 22729557 PMCID: PMC11029073 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes have been detected in tumors. However, the distribution, phenotypic features, and regulation of these cells in gastric cancer remain unknown. METHODS The levels of CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, tumor-draining lymph nodes, non-tumor tissues, and tumor tissues of patients with gastric cancer were detected by flow cytometry. Foxp3 induction in CD8(+)Foxp3(-) T cells was investigated in vitro. The suppressive function of CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes was analyzed by their effect on CD4(+) T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. The percentages of CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes were evaluated for the association with tumor stage. RESULTS The frequency of CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes in tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in non-tumor tissues, and similar results were also observed in tumor-draining lymph nodes compared with peripheral blood. Most intratumoral CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes were activated effector cells (CD45RA(-)CD27(-)). TGF-β1 levels were positively correlated with the frequency of CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes in tumor tissues, and in vitro TGF-β1 could induce the generation of CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, intratumoral CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes suppressed the proliferation and IFN-γ production of CD4(+) T cells. Finally, intratumoral CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes were significantly increased with tumor progression in terms of tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage. CONCLUSIONS Our data have shown that increased intratumoral CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes are associated with tumor stage and potentially influence CD4(+) T-cell functions, which may provide insights for developing novel immunotherapy protocols against gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-sheng Peng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting-ting Wang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-fei Liu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian-fei Zuo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu-hu Mao
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Guo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-shui Lu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei-wu Yu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan-ming Zou
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
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Bossard C, Bézieau S, Matysiak-Budnik T, Volteau C, Laboisse CL, Jotereau F, Mosnier JF. HLA-E/β2 microglobulin overexpression in colorectal cancer is associated with recruitment of inhibitory immune cells and tumor progression. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:855-63. [PMID: 21953582 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The host immune response plays a major role in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) progression. A mechanism of tumor immune escape might involve expression of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-E/β2m on tumor cells. The inhibitory effect of HLA-E/β2m on CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells is mediated by the main HLA-E receptor CD94/NKG2A. As the pathophysiological relevance of this mechanism in CRC remains unknown, this prompted us to examine, in situ, in a series of 80 CRC (i) the HLA-E and β2m coexpression by tumor cells, (ii) the density of CD8+, cytotoxic, CD244+ and NKP46+ intraepithelial tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (IEL-TIL) and (iii) the expression of CD94/NKG2 receptor on IEL-TIL. These data were then correlated to patient survival. We provided (i) the in situ demonstration of HLA-E/β2m overexpression by tumor cells in 21% of CRC characterized by an overrepresentation of signet ring cell carcinomas, mucinous carcinomas and medullary carcinomas, (ii) the significant association between HLA-E/β2m overexpression by tumor cells and increased density of CD8+ cytotoxic, CD244+ and CD94+ IEL-TIL and (iii) finally, the unfavorable prognosis associated with HLA-E/β2m overexpression by tumor cells. Our findings show that HLA-E/β2m overexpression is a surrogate marker of poor prognosis and point to a novel mechanism of tumor immune escape in CRC in restraining inhibitory IEL-TIL.
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50
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Hammami I, Chen J, Bronte V, DeCrescenzo G, Jolicoeur M. L-glutamine is a key parameter in the immunosuppression phenomenon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:724-9. [PMID: 22885179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of tumour-specific T-cell functions by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) is a dominant mechanism of tumour escape. MDSCs express two enzymes, i.e. inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase (ARG1), which metabolize the semi-essential amino acid L-arginine (L-Arg) whose bioavailability is crucial for T-cell proliferation and functions. Recently, we showed that glutaminolysis supports MDSC maturation process by ensuring the supply of intermediates and energy. In this work, we used an immortalized cell line derived from mouse MDSCs (MSC-1 cell line) to further investigate the role of L-glutamine (L-Gln) in the maintenance of MDSC immunosuppressive activity. Culturing MSC-1 cells in L-Gln-limited medium inhibited iNOS activity, while ARG1 was not affected. MSC-1 cells inhibited Jukat cell growth without any noticeable effect on their viability. The characterization of MSC-1 cell metabolic profile revealed that L-Gln is an important precursor of lactate production via the NADP(+)-dependent malic enzyme, which co-produces NADPH. Moreover, the TCA cycle activity was down-regulated in the absence of L-Gln and the cell bioenergetic status was deteriorated accordingly. This strongly suggests that iNOS activity, but not that of ARG1, is related to an enhanced central carbon metabolism and a high bioenergetic status. Taken altogether, our results suggest that the control of glutaminolysis fluxes may represent a valuable target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hammami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1J4
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