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Yang NY, Hsieh AYY, Chen Z, Campbell AR, Gadawska I, Kakkar F, Sauve L, Bitnun A, Brophy J, Murray MCM, Pick N, Krajden M, Côté HCF. Chronic and Latent Viral Infections and Leukocyte Telomere Length across the Lifespan of Female and Male Individuals Living with or without HIV. Viruses 2024; 16:755. [PMID: 38793637 PMCID: PMC11125719 DOI: 10.3390/v16050755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic/latent viral infections may accelerate immunological aging, particularly among people living with HIV (PLWH). We characterized chronic/latent virus infections across their lifespan and investigated their associations with leukocyte telomere length (LTL). METHODS Participants enrolled in the CARMA cohort study were randomly selected to include n = 15 for each decade of age between 0 and >60 y, for each sex, and each HIV status. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), and HSV-2 infection were determined serologically; HIV, hepatitis C (HCV), and hepatitis B (HBV) were self-reported. LTLs were measured using monochrome multiplex qPCR. Associations between the number of viruses, LTL, and sociodemographic factors were assessed using ordinal logistic and linear regression modeling. RESULTS The study included 187 PLWH (105 female/82 male) and 190 HIV-negative participants (105 female/84 male), ranging in age from 0.7 to 76.1 years. Living with HIV, being older, and being female were associated with harbouring a greater number of chronic/latent non-HIV viruses. Having more infections was in turn bivariately associated with a shorter LTL. In multivariable analyses, older age, living with HIV, and the female sex remained independently associated with having more infections, while having 3-4 viruses (vs. 0-2) was associated with a shorter LTL. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that persistent viral infections are more prevalent in PLWH and females, and that these may contribute to immunological aging. Whether this is associated with comorbidities later in life remains an important question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Yi Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada; (N.Y.Y.); (A.Y.Y.H.); (M.K.)
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anthony Y. Y. Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada; (N.Y.Y.); (A.Y.Y.H.); (M.K.)
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Amber R. Campbell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada; (N.Y.Y.); (A.Y.Y.H.); (M.K.)
- Women’s Health Research Institute, British Columbia Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 2N9, Canada; (L.S.); (M.C.M.M.)
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 0C9, Canada
| | - Izabella Gadawska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada; (N.Y.Y.); (A.Y.Y.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Fatima Kakkar
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
| | - Laura Sauve
- Women’s Health Research Institute, British Columbia Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 2N9, Canada; (L.S.); (M.C.M.M.)
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 0C9, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Ari Bitnun
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
| | - Jason Brophy
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada;
| | - Melanie C. M. Murray
- Women’s Health Research Institute, British Columbia Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 2N9, Canada; (L.S.); (M.C.M.M.)
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 0C9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Neora Pick
- Women’s Health Research Institute, British Columbia Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 2N9, Canada; (L.S.); (M.C.M.M.)
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 0C9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada; (N.Y.Y.); (A.Y.Y.H.); (M.K.)
- British Columbia Center for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Hélène C. F. Côté
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada; (N.Y.Y.); (A.Y.Y.H.); (M.K.)
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, British Columbia Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 2N9, Canada; (L.S.); (M.C.M.M.)
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Wang Y, Liu Q, Liang S, Yao M, Zheng H, Hu D, Wang Y. Genetically predicted telomere length and the risk of 11 hematological diseases: a Mendelian randomization study. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:4270-4281. [PMID: 38393686 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have demonstrated that various hematologic diseases (HDs) induce alterations in telomere length (TL). The aim of this study is to investigate whether genetically predicted changes in TL have an impact on the risk of developing HDs. METHODS GWAS data for TL and 11 HDs were extracted from the database. The R software package "TwoSampleMR" was employed to conduct a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, in order to estimate the influence of TL changes on the risk of developing the 11 HDs. RESULTS We examined the effect of TL changes on the risk of developing the 11 HDs. The IVW results revealed a significant causal association between genetically predicted longer TL and the risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MANTLE), and hodgkin lymphoma (HODGKIN). However, there was no significant causal relationship observed between TL changes and the risk of developing chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), diffuse large b-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), marginal zone b-cell lymphoma (MARGINAL), follicular lymphoma (FOLLICULAR), monocytic leukemia (MONOCYTIC), and mature T/NK-cell lymphomas (TNK). CONCLUSIONS The MR analysis revealed a positive association between genetically predicted longer TL and an increased risk of developing ALL, AML, CLL, MANTLE, and HODGKIN. This study further supports the notion that cells with longer TL have greater proliferative and mutational potential, leading to an increased risk of certain HDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shibing Liang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Minghao Yao
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huimin Zheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dongqing Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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3
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Xu H, Xiang X, Ding W, Dong W, Hu Y. The Research Progress on Immortalization of Human B Cells. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2936. [PMID: 38138080 PMCID: PMC10746006 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human B cell immortalization that maintains the constant growth characteristics and antibody expression of B cells in vitro is very critical for the development of antibody drugs and products for the diagnosis and bio-therapeutics of human diseases. Human B cell immortalization methods include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformation, Simian virus 40 (SV40) virus infection, in vitro genetic modification, and activating CD40, etc. Immortalized human B cells produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) very efficiently, and the antibodies produced in this way can overcome the immune rejection caused by heterologous antibodies. It is an effective way to prepare mAbs and an important method for developing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Currently, the US FDA has approved more than 100 mAbs against a wide range of illnesses such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. This paper reviews the research progress of human B cell immortalization, its methods, and future directions as it is a powerful tool for the development of monoclonal antibody preparation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Xu
- Pediatric Department, Nanxiang Branch of Ruijin Hospital, Jiading District, Shanghai 201802, China;
| | - Xinxin Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai 200031, China; (X.X.); (W.D.)
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421200, China
| | - Weizhe Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai 200031, China; (X.X.); (W.D.)
- Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS Joint Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Pediatric Department, Nanxiang Branch of Ruijin Hospital, Jiading District, Shanghai 201802, China;
| | - Yihong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Pathogen Discovery and Big Data Platform, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, Shanghai 200031, China; (X.X.); (W.D.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Toljić B, Milašin J, De Luka SR, Dragović G, Jevtović D, Maslać A, Ristić-Djurović JL, Trbovich AM. HIV-Infected Patients as a Model of Aging. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0053223. [PMID: 37093018 PMCID: PMC10269491 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00532-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We appraised the relationship between the biological and the chronological age and estimated the rate of biological aging in HIV-infected patients. Two independent biomarkers, the relative telomere length and iron metabolism parameters, were analyzed in younger (<35) and older (>50) HIV-infected and uninfected patients (control group). In our control group, telomeres of younger patients were significantly longer than telomeres of older ones. However, in HIV-infected participants, the difference in the length of telomeres was lost. By combining the length of telomeres with serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin iron-binding capacity, a new formula for determination of the aging process was developed. The life expectancy of the healthy population was related to their biological age, and HIV-infected patients were biologically older. The effect of antiretroviral HIV drug therapies varied with respect to the biological aging process. IMPORTANCE This article is focused on the dynamics of human aging. Moreover, its interdisciplinary approach is applicable to various systems that are aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boško Toljić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milašin
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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5
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Chrisman BS, He C, Jung JY, Stockham N, Paskov K, Wall DP. Transmission dynamics of human herpesvirus 6A, 6B and 7 from whole genome sequences of families. Virol J 2022; 19:225. [PMID: 36566197 PMCID: PMC9789512 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While hundreds of thousands of human whole genome sequences (WGS) have been collected in the effort to better understand genetic determinants of disease, these whole genome sequences have less frequently been used to study another major determinant of human health: the human virome. Using the unmapped reads from WGS of over 1000 families, we present insights into the human blood DNA virome, focusing particularly on human herpesvirus (HHV) 6A, 6B, and 7. In addition to extensively cataloguing the viruses detected in WGS of human whole blood and lymphoblastoid cell lines, we use the family structure of our dataset to show that household drives transmission of several viruses, and identify the Mendelian inheritance patterns characteristic of inherited chromsomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (iciHHV-6). Consistent with prior studies, we find that 0.6% of our dataset's population has iciHHV, and we locate candidate integration sequences for these cases. We document genetic diversity within exogenous and integrated HHV species and within integration sites of HHV-6. Finally, in the first observation of its kind, we present evidence that suggests widespread de novo HHV-6B integration and HHV-7 integration and reactivation in lymphoblastoid cell lines. These findings show that the unmapped read space of WGS is a promising source of data for virology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna S. Chrisman
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Serra Mall, Stanford, USA ,grid.266818.30000 0004 1936 914XNevada Bioinformatics Center, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Chloe He
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Serra Mall, Stanford, USA
| | - Jae-Yoon Jung
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pediatrics (Systems Medicine), Stanford University, Serra Mall, Stanford, USA
| | - Nate Stockham
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Neuroscience, Stanford University, Serra Mall, Stanford, USA
| | - Kelley Paskov
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Serra Mall, Stanford, USA
| | - Dennis P. Wall
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pediatrics (Systems Medicine), Stanford University, Serra Mall, Stanford, USA
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6
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Jäger K, Mensch J, Grimmig ME, Neuner B, Gorzelniak K, Türkmen S, Demuth I, Hartmann A, Hartmann C, Wittig F, Sporbert A, Hermann A, Fuellen G, Möller S, Walter M. A conserved long-distance telomeric silencing mechanism suppresses mTOR signaling in aging human fibroblasts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk2814. [PMID: 35977016 PMCID: PMC9385144 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of each chromosome. It has been hypothesized that telomere attrition evolved as a tumor suppressor mechanism in large long-lived species. Long telomeres can silence genes millions of bases away through a looping mechanism called telomere position effect over long distances (TPE-OLD). The function of this silencing mechanism is unknown. We determined a set of 2322 genes with high positional conservation across replicatively aging species that includes known and candidate TPE-OLD genes that may mitigate potentially harmful effects of replicative aging. Notably, we identified PPP2R2C as a tumor suppressor gene, whose up-regulation by TPE-OLD in aged human fibroblasts leads to dephosphorylation of p70S6 kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin suppression. A mechanistic link between telomeres and a tumor suppressor mechanism supports the hypothesis that replicative aging fulfills a tumor suppressor function and motivates previously unknown antitumor and antiaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Jäger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane Mensch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Elisabeth Grimmig
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bruno Neuner
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Gorzelniak
- Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seval Türkmen
- LNS Hematooncogenetics, National Center of Genetics Luxembourg, Dudelange, Luxemburg
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilja Demuth
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BCRT - Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christiane Hartmann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel”, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Felix Wittig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anje Sporbert
- Advanced Light Microscopy, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel”, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Georg Fuellen
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Möller
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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7
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Nguyen LNT, Nguyen LN, Zhao J, Schank M, Dang X, Cao D, Khanal S, Wu XY, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Ning S, Wang L, El Gazzar M, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. TRF2 inhibition rather than telomerase disruption drives CD4T cell dysfunction during chronic viral infection. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275609. [PMID: 35660868 PMCID: PMC9377711 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of telomerase and telomere repeat-binding factor 2 (TRF2 or TERF2) in T-cell dysfunction in chronic viral infection. We found that the expression and activity of telomerase in CD4+ T (CD4T) cells from patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections or people living with HIV (PLWH) were intact, but TRF2 expression was significantly inhibited at the post-transcriptional level, suggesting that TRF2 inhibition is responsible for the CD4T cell dysfunction observed during chronic viral infection. Silencing TRF2 expression in CD4T cells derived from healthy subjects induced telomeric DNA damage and CD4T cell dysfunction without affecting telomerase activity or translocation - similar to what we observed in CD4T cells from HCV patients and PLWH. These findings indicate that premature T-cell aging and dysfunction during chronic HCV or HIV infection are primarily caused by chronic immune stimulation and T-cell overactivation and/or proliferation that induce telomeric DNA damage due to TRF2 inhibition, rather than telomerase disruption. This study suggests that restoring TRF2 presents a novel approach to prevent telomeric DNA damage and premature T-cell aging, thus rejuvenating T-cell functions during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Ngoc Thao Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Lam Nhat Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Xindi Dang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Dechao Cao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Sushant Khanal
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Xiao Y Wu
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Mohamed El Gazzar
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37684, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37684, USA
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8
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New Look of EBV LMP1 Signaling Landscape. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215451. [PMID: 34771613 PMCID: PMC8582580 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection is associated with various lymphomas and carcinomas as well as other diseases in humans. The transmembrane protein LMP1 plays versatile roles in EBV life cycle and pathogenesis, by perturbing, reprograming, and regulating a large range of host cellular mechanisms and functions, which have been increasingly disclosed but not fully understood so far. We summarize recent research progress on LMP1 signaling, including the novel components LIMD1, p62, and LUBAC in LMP1 signalosome and LMP1 novel functions, such as its induction of p62-mediated selective autophagy, regulation of metabolism, induction of extracellular vehicles, and activation of NRF2-mediated antioxidative defense. A comprehensive understanding of LMP1 signal transduction and functions may allow us to leverage these LMP1-regulated cellular mechanisms for clinical purposes. Abstract The Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) principal oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) is a member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) superfamily with constitutive activity. LMP1 shares many features with Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs), including the use of TRAFs, adaptors, and kinase cascades, for signal transduction leading to the activation of NFκB, AP1, and Akt, as well as a subset of IRFs and likely the master antioxidative transcription factor NRF2, which we have gradually added to the list. In recent years, we have discovered the Linear UBiquitin Assembly Complex (LUBAC), the adaptor protein LIMD1, and the ubiquitin sensor and signaling hub p62, as novel components of LMP1 signalosome. Functionally, LMP1 is a pleiotropic factor that reprograms, balances, and perturbs a large spectrum of cellular mechanisms, including the ubiquitin machinery, metabolism, epigenetics, DNA damage response, extracellular vehicles, immune defenses, and telomere elongation, to promote oncogenic transformation, cell proliferation and survival, anchorage-independent cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis and invasion, as well as the development of the tumor microenvironment. We have recently shown that LMP1 induces p62-mediated selective autophagy in EBV latency, at least by contributing to the induction of p62 expression, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. We have also been collecting evidence supporting the hypothesis that LMP1 activates the Keap1-NRF2 pathway, which serves as the key antioxidative defense mechanism. Last but not least, our preliminary data shows that LMP1 is associated with the deregulation of cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway in EBV latency. A comprehensive understanding of the LMP1 signaling landscape is essential for identifying potential targets for the development of novel strategies towards targeted therapeutic applications.
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Bolzán AD. Mutagen-induced telomere instability in human cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 868-869:503387. [PMID: 34454696 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Telomere instability is one of the main sources of genome instability and may result from chromosome end loss (due to chromosome breakage at one or both ends) or, more frequently, telomere dysfunction. Dysfunctional telomeres arise when they lose their end-capping function or become critically short, which causes chromosomal termini to behave like a DNA double-strand break. Telomere instability may occur at the chromosomal or at the molecular level, giving rise, respectively, to telomere-related chromosomal aberrations or the loss or modification of any of the components of the telomere (telomere DNA, telomere-associated proteins, or telomere RNA). Since telomeres play a fundamental role in maintaining genome stability, the study of telomere instability in cells exposed to mutagens is of great importance to understand the telomere-driven genomic instability present in those cells. In the present review, we will focus on the current knowledge about telomere instability induced by physical, chemical, and biological mutagens in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro D Bolzán
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Mutagénesis, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE, CONICET-CICPBA-UNLP), calle 526 y Camino General Belgrano, B1906APO La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, calle 60 y 122, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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10
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Majumder K, Morales AJ. Utilization of Host Cell Chromosome Conformation by Viral Pathogens: Knowing When to Hold and When to Fold. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633762. [PMID: 33841414 PMCID: PMC8027251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Though viruses have their own genomes, many depend on the nuclear environment of their hosts for replication and survival. A substantial body of work has therefore been devoted to understanding how viral and eukaryotic genomes interact. Recent advances in chromosome conformation capture technologies have provided unprecedented opportunities to visualize how mammalian genomes are organized and, by extension, how packaging of nuclear DNA impacts cellular processes. Recent studies have indicated that some viruses, upon entry into host cell nuclei, produce factors that alter host chromatin topology, and thus, impact the 3D organization of the host genome. Additionally, a variety of distinct viruses utilize host genome architectural factors to advance various aspects of their life cycles. Indeed, human gammaherpesviruses, known for establishing long-term reservoirs of latent infection in B lymphocytes, utilize 3D principles of genome folding to package their DNA and establish latency in host cells. This manipulation of host epigenetic machinery by latent viral genomes is etiologically linked to the onset of B cell oncogenesis. Small DNA viruses, by contrast, are tethered to distinct cellular sites that support virus expression and replication. Here, we briefly review the recent findings on how viruses and host genomes spatially communicate, and how this impacts virus-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Majumder
- Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Human Cancer Virology Program, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Abigail J Morales
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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11
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Lippert TP, Marzec P, Idilli AI, Sarek G, Vancevska A, Bower M, Farrell PJ, Ojala PM, Feldhahn N, Boulton SJ. Oncogenic herpesvirus KSHV triggers hallmarks of alternative lengthening of telomeres. Nat Commun 2021; 12:512. [PMID: 33479235 PMCID: PMC7820467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve replicative immortality, cancer cells must activate telomere maintenance mechanisms to prevent telomere shortening. ~85% of cancers circumvent telomeric attrition by re-expressing telomerase, while the remaining ~15% of cancers induce alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), which relies on break-induced replication (BIR) and telomere recombination. Although ALT tumours were first reported over 20 years ago, the mechanism of ALT induction remains unclear and no study to date has described a cell-based model that permits the induction of ALT. Here, we demonstrate that infection with Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) induces sustained acquisition of ALT-like features in previously non-ALT cell lines. KSHV-infected cells acquire hallmarks of ALT activity that are also observed in KSHV-associated tumour biopsies. Down-regulating BIR impairs KSHV latency, suggesting that KSHV co-opts ALT for viral functionality. This study uncovers KSHV infection as a means to study telomere maintenance by ALT and reveals features of ALT in KSHV-associated tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Lippert
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW11AT, UK
- Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Centre for Haematology, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Paulina Marzec
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW11AT, UK
| | - Aurora I Idilli
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW11AT, UK
| | - Grzegorz Sarek
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW11AT, UK
| | | | - Mark Bower
- National Centre for HIV Malignancy, Department of Oncology, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Paul J Farrell
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Päivi M Ojala
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Niklas Feldhahn
- Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Centre for Haematology, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Simon J Boulton
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW11AT, UK.
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12
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Using telomeric chromosomal aberrations to evaluate clastogen-induced genomic instability in mammalian cells. Chromosome Res 2020; 28:259-276. [DOI: 10.1007/s10577-020-09641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Humphreys D, ElGhazaly M, Frisan T. Senescence and Host-Pathogen Interactions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071747. [PMID: 32708331 PMCID: PMC7409240 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to our genomes triggers cellular senescence characterised by stable cell cycle arrest and a pro-inflammatory secretome that prevents the unrestricted growth of cells with pathological potential. In this way, senescence can be considered a powerful innate defence against cancer and viral infection. However, damage accumulated during ageing increases the number of senescent cells and this contributes to the chronic inflammation and deregulation of the immune function, which increases susceptibility to infectious disease in ageing organisms. Bacterial and viral pathogens are masters of exploiting weak points to establish infection and cause devastating diseases. This review considers the emerging importance of senescence in the host-pathogen interaction: we discuss the pathogen exploitation of ageing cells and senescence as a novel hijack target of bacterial pathogens that deploys senescence-inducing toxins to promote infection. The persistent induction of senescence by pathogens, mediated directly through virulence determinants or indirectly through inflammation and chronic infection, also contributes to age-related pathologies such as cancer. This review highlights the dichotomous role of senescence in infection: an innate defence that is exploited by pathogens to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Humphreys
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
- Correspondence: (D.H.); (T.F.)
| | - Mohamed ElGhazaly
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: (D.H.); (T.F.)
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Robinson NJ, Morrison-Smith CD, Gooding AJ, Schiemann BJ, Jackson MW, Taylor DJ, Schiemann WP. SLX4IP and telomere dynamics dictate breast cancer metastasis and therapeutic responsiveness. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/4/e201900427. [PMID: 32071280 PMCID: PMC7032570 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An unbiased genetic screen established SLX4IP as an essential driver of telomere maintenance mechanism identity, metastatic progression, and therapeutic response of breast cancers. Metastasis is the leading cause of breast cancer-related death and poses a substantial clinical burden owing to a paucity of targeted treatment options. The clinical manifestations of metastasis occur years-to-decades after initial diagnosis and treatment because disseminated tumor cells readily evade detection and resist therapy, ultimately giving rise to recurrent disease. Using an unbiased genetic screen, we identified SLX4-interacting protein (SLX4IP) as a regulator of metastatic recurrence and established its relationship in governing telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs). Inactivation of SLX4IP suppressed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), coinciding with activation of telomerase. Importantly, TMM selection dramatically influenced metastatic progression and survival of patients with genetically distinct breast cancer subtypes. Notably, pharmacologic and genetic modulation of TMMs elicited telomere-dependent cell death and prevented disease recurrence by disseminated tumor cells. This study illuminates SLX4IP as a potential predictive biomarker for breast cancer progression and metastatic relapse. SLX4IP expression correlates with TMM identity, which also carries prognostic value and informs treatment selection, thereby revealing new inroads into combating metastatic breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Robinson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Alex J Gooding
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Barbara J Schiemann
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mark W Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Derek J Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - William P Schiemann
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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15
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Song L, Liu B, Zhang L, Wu M, Wang L, Cao Z, Zhang B, Li Y, Wang Y, Xu S. Association of prenatal exposure to arsenic with newborn telomere length: Results from a birth cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:442-448. [PMID: 31158562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The telomere length at birth has important implications for telomere dynamics over the lifespan; however, few studies have explored the relationship between prenatal arsenic exposure and newborn telomere length (TL). We investigated whether newborn TL is related to prenatal arsenic exposure. METHODS We used data from a birth cohort study of 762 mother-newborn pairs conducted between November 2013 and March 2015 in Wuhan, China. We measured relative cord blood TL using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Arsenic concentrations were measured in spot urine samples collected during three trimesters using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We applied multiple informant models to explore the relationships between prenatal urinary arsenic concentrations and cord blood TL. RESULTS The geometric means of urinary arsenic concentrations were 21.7 μg/g creatinine, 27.3 μg/g creatinine, and 27.1 μg/g creatinine in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, a doubling of maternal urinary arsenic concentration during the third trimester was related to a 5.75% (95% CI: 1.70%, 9.95%) increase in cord blood TL, particularly in female infants. Similarly, mothers in the highest quartile of urinary arsenic during the third trimester had an 11.45% (95% CI: 1.91%, 21.88%) longer cord blood TL than those in the lowest quartile. However, no significant association was found between maternal urinary arsenic concentration and cord blood TL during the first and second trimesters. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that maternal arsenic exposure during the third trimester was positively associated with newborn TL. The elongation of newborn telomeres due to prenatal arsenic exposure may offer new insights into the mechanisms underlying arsenic-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingyang Wu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lulin Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongqiang Cao
- Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Youjie Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Mechanisms of B-Cell Oncogenesis Induced by Epstein-Barr Virus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00238-19. [PMID: 30971472 PMCID: PMC6580952 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00238-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous gammaherpesvirus which asymptomatically infects the majority of the world population. Under immunocompromised conditions, EBV can trigger human cancers of epithelial and lymphoid origin. The oncogenic potential of EBV is demonstrated by in vitro infection and transformation of quiescent B cells into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). These cell lines, along with primary infection using genetically engineered viral particles coupled with recent technological advancements, have elucidated the underlying mechanisms of EBV-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis.
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Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) contributes to about 1.5% of all cases of human cancer worldwide, and viral genes are expressed in the malignant cells. EBV also very efficiently causes the proliferation of infected human B lymphocytes. The functions of the viral proteins and small RNAs that may contribute to EBV-associated cancers are becoming increasingly clear, and a broader understanding of the sequence variation of the virus genome has helped to interpret their roles. The improved understanding of the mechanisms of these cancers means that there are great opportunities for the early diagnosis of treatable stages of EBV-associated cancers and the use of immunotherapy to target EBV-infected cells or overcome immune evasion. There is also scope for preventing disease by immunization and for developing therapeutic agents that target the EBV gene products expressed in the cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Farrell
- Section of Virology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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18
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Piekna-Przybylska D, Maggirwar SB. CD4+ memory T cells infected with latent HIV-1 are susceptible to drugs targeting telomeres. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2187-2203. [PMID: 30198385 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1520568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The population of HIV reservoir in infected person is very small, but extremely long-lived and is a major obstacle for an HIV cure. We previously showed that cells with established HIV latency have deficiencies in DNA damage response (DDR). Here, we investigated ability of HIV-1 to interfere with telomere maintenance, and the effects of targeting telomeres on latently infected cells. Our results show that telomeres are elongated in cultured primary memory CD4 + T cells (TCM) after HIV-1 infection and when virus latency is established. Similarly, much longer telomeres were found in several Jurkat-derived latently infected cell lines, indicating that virus stimulates telomere elongation. Exposing primary CD4+ TCM cells to BRACO19, an agent targeting telomeres, resulted in a higher rate of apoptosis for infected cultures at day 3 post-infection, during HIV-1 latency and for PMA-stimulated cultures with low level of HIV-1 reactivation. Importantly, BRACO19 induced apoptosis in infected cells with potency similar to etoposide and camptothecin, whereas uninfected cells were less affected by BRACO19. We also determined that apoptosis induced by BRACO19 is not caused by telomeres shortening, but is related to formation of gamma-H2AX, implicating DNA damage or uncapping of telomeres, which triggers genome instability. In conclusion, our results indicate that HIV-1 stimulates telomere elongation during latency, suggesting that HIV reservoir has greater capacity for clonal expansion and extended lifespan. Higher rates of apoptosis in response to BRACO19 treatment suggest that HIV reservoirs are more susceptible to targeting telomere maintenance and to inhibitors targeting DDR, which is also involved in stabilizing telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Piekna-Przybylska
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , NY , USA
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Giunco S, Petrara MR, Zangrossi M, Celeghin A, De Rossi A. Extra-telomeric functions of telomerase in the pathogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus-driven B-cell malignancies and potential therapeutic implications. Infect Agent Cancer 2018; 13:14. [PMID: 29643934 PMCID: PMC5892012 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-018-0186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human γ-herpesvirus causally linked to a broad spectrum of both lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. In order to maintain its persistence in host cells and promote tumorigenesis, EBV must restrict its lytic cycle, which would ultimately lead to cell death, selectively express latent viral proteins, and establish an unlimited proliferative potential. The latter step depends on the maintenance of telomere length provided by telomerase. The viral oncoprotein LMP-1 activates TERT, the catalytic component of telomerase. In addition to its canonical role in stabilizing telomeres, TERT may promote EBV-driven tumorigenesis through extra-telomeric functions. TERT contributes toward preserving EBV latency; in fact, through the NOTCH2/BATF pathway, TERT negatively affects the expression of BZLF1, the master regulator of the EBV lytic cycle. In contrast, TERT inhibition triggers a complete EBV lytic cycle, leading to the death of EBV-infected cells. Interestingly, short-term TERT inhibition causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, partly by inducing telomere-independent activation of the ATM/ATR/TP53 pathway. Importantly, TERT inhibition also sensitizes EBV-positive tumor cells to antiviral therapy and enhances the pro-apoptotic effects of chemotherapeutic agents. We provide here an overview on how the extra-telomeric functions of TERT contribute to EBV-driven tumorigenesis. We also discuss the potential therapeutic approach of TERT inhibition in EBV-driven malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giunco
- 1Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV)-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Petrara
- 2Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Section of Oncology and Immunology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuela Zangrossi
- 2Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Section of Oncology and Immunology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Celeghin
- 2Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Section of Oncology and Immunology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anita De Rossi
- 1Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV)-IRCCS, Padova, Italy.,2Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Section of Oncology and Immunology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Hafez AY, Luftig MA. Characterization of the EBV-Induced Persistent DNA Damage Response. Viruses 2017; 9:E366. [PMID: 29194355 PMCID: PMC5744141 DOI: 10.3390/v9120366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus that is ubiquitous in the human population. Early after EBV infection in vitro, primary human B cells undergo a transient period of hyper-proliferation, which results in replicative stress and DNA damage, activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway and, ultimately, senescence. In this study, we investigated DDR-mediated senescence in early arrested EBV-infected B cells and characterized the establishment of persistent DNA damage foci. We found that arrested EBV-infected B cells exhibited an increase in promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs), which predominantly localized to markers of DNA damage, as well as telomeric DNA. Furthermore, arrested EBV-infected B cells exhibited an increase in the presence of telomere dysfunction-induced foci. Importantly, we found that increasing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression with danazol, a drug used to treat telomere diseases, permitted early EBV-infected B cells to overcome cellular senescence and enhanced transformation. Finally, we report that EBV-infected B cells undergoing hyper-proliferation are more sensitive than lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) to inhibition of Bloom syndrome-associated helicase, which facilitates telomere replication. Together, our results describe the composition of persistent DNA damage foci in the early stages of EBV infection and define key regulators of this barrier to long-term outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y Hafez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Mazumdar J, Chowdhury P, Bhattacharya T, Mondal BC, Ghosh U. Patients with Congenital Limb Anomaly Show Short Telomere, Shutdown of Telomerase and Deregulated Expression of Various Telomere-Associated Proteins in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells-A Case Series. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:GR01-GR06. [PMID: 28969156 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/26960.10516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital limb anomalies are outcome of improper bone formation during embryonic development when cells divide, differentiate with high rate. So, telomerase activity is essential to maintain telomere length for such highly dividing cells. Here, we report four cases of congenital limb anomalies with detailed structures of limbs along with other clinical manifestations of age less than two years. We compared telomere length, expression of telomerase and telomere-associated genes of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) in patient and four age-matched normal individual. Patient-1 was diagnosed with congenital limb hypogenesis ectrodactyly sequence, an autosomal dominant disorder, showing absence of digits and fibula in upper and lower limb respectively. Both mother and grandmother of Patient-1 showed similar hypogenesis of limbs. Patient-2 showed bilateral clenched hand with arthrogryposis, microcephaly and holoprosencephaly. Both Patient-3 and Patient-4 has no radius in upper limb. Additionally, Paient-3 showed right sided orbital Space Occupying Lesion (SOL) and Paranasal Sinuses (PNS) whereas Patient-4 showed fused kidney with fanconi anaemia. Furthermore, all the patients showed shorter telomere length, inactive telomerase and de-regulated expression of telomere-associated proteins in PBMC compared with age-matched control group. So, we can conclude that congenital limb anomalies may be linked with telomeropathy and a study with large number of samples is required to firmly establish such association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayitri Mazumdar
- Senior Resident, Department of Paediatrics, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyanka Chowdhury
- Resaerch Scholar, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Tunisha Bhattacharya
- RMO Cum Clinical Tutor, Department of Paediatrics, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Badal Chandra Mondal
- Professor, Department of Paediatrics, Murshidabad Medical College, Berhampore, West Bengal, India
| | - Utpal Ghosh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India
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Zheng DS, Chen LS. Triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum inhibit the activation of EBV antigens as telomerase inhibitors. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3273-3278. [PMID: 28912878 PMCID: PMC5585879 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant disease that threatens the health of humans. To find effective agents for the inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, which is associated with NPC, a phytochemical investigation of Ganoderma lucidum was carried out in the present study. Five triterpenoids were identified, including ganoderic acid A (compound 1), ganoderic acid B (compound 2), ganoderol B (compound 3), ganodermanontriol (compound 4), and ganodermanondiol (compound 5), on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. An inhibition of EBV antigens activation assay was implemented to elucidate the triterpenoids from G. lucidum and potentially prevent NPC. All the triterpenoids showed significant inhibitory effects on both EBV EA and CA activation at 16 nmol. At 3.2 nmol, all the compounds moderately inhibited the activation of the two antigens. The activity of telomerase was inhibited by these triterpenoids at 10 µM. Molecular docking demonstrated that compound 1 was able to inhibit telomerase as a ligand. In addition, the physicochemical properties of these compounds were calculated to elucidate their drug-like properties. These results provided evidence for the application of these triterpenoids and whole G. lucidum in the treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Shu Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Shu Chen
- Ward of Cadre Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
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Fountzilas G, Psyrri A, Giannoulatou E, Tikas I, Manousou K, Rontogianni D, Ciuleanu E, Ciuleanu T, Resiga L, Zaramboukas T, Papadopoulou K, Bobos M, Chrisafi S, Tsolaki E, Markou K, Giotakis E, Koutras A, Psoma E, Kalogera-Fountzila A, Skondra M, Bamia C, Pectasides D, Kotoula V. Prevalent somaticBRCA1mutations shape clinically relevant genomic patterns of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Southeast Europe. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:66-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Fountzilas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Amanda Psyrri
- Division of Oncology, Second Department of Internal Medicine; Attikon University Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute; Darlinghurst NSW Australia
- The University of New South Wales; Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Ioannis Tikas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Kyriaki Manousou
- Section of Biostatistics, Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group; Data Office; Athens Greece
| | | | | | - Tudor Ciuleanu
- Institute of Oncology Ion Chiricuta and UMF Iuliu Hatieganu; Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Liliana Resiga
- Department of Pathology; Ion Chiricuta Cancer Institute; Cluj Romania
| | - Thomas Zaramboukas
- Department of Pathology; School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Kyriaki Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Mattheos Bobos
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Sofia Chrisafi
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Eleftheria Tsolaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Konstantinos Markou
- First Department of Otorhinolaryngology; AHEPA Hospital, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Evangelos Giotakis
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Angelos Koutras
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine; University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School; Patras Greece
| | - Elsa Psoma
- Department of Radiology; AHEPA Hospital, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Anna Kalogera-Fountzila
- Department of Radiology; AHEPA Hospital, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Maria Skondra
- Oncology Section, Second Department of Internal Medicine; Hippokration Hospital; Athens
| | - Christina Bamia
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School; Athens Greece
| | - Dimitrios Pectasides
- Oncology Section, Second Department of Internal Medicine; Hippokration Hospital; Athens
| | - Vassiliki Kotoula
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
- Department of Pathology; School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
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24
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Wang Z, Deng Z, Tutton S, Lieberman PM. The Telomeric Response to Viral Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080218. [PMID: 28792463 PMCID: PMC5580475 DOI: 10.3390/v9080218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ends of linear genomes, whether viral or cellular, can elicit potent DNA damage and innate immune signals. DNA viruses entering the nucleus share many features with telomeres in their ability to either suppress or co-opt these pathways. Here, we review some of the common mechanisms that viruses and telomeres use to manage the DNA damage and innate immune response pathways. We highlight recent studies on the role of the telomere repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) in response to viral infection. We discuss how TERRA can be activated through a p53-response element embedded in a retrotransposon-like repeat found in human subtelomeres. We consider how TERRA can function as a danger signal when secreted in extracellular vesicles to induce inflammatory cytokines in neighboring cells. These findings suggest that TERRA may be part of the innate immune response to viral infection, and support the hypothesis that telomeres and viruses utilize common mechanisms to maintain genome integrity and regulate innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Zhong Deng
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Steve Tutton
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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25
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Kamranvar SA, Masucci MG. Regulation of Telomere Homeostasis during Epstein-Barr virus Infection and Immortalization. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080217. [PMID: 28792435 PMCID: PMC5580474 DOI: 10.3390/v9080217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of unlimited proliferative potential is dependent on the activation of mechanisms for telomere maintenance, which counteracts telomere shortening and the consequent triggering of the DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. The capacity of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) to infect B-lymphocytes in vitro and transform the infected cells into autonomously proliferating immortal cell lines underlies the association of this human gamma-herpesvirus with a broad variety of lymphoid and epithelial cell malignancies. Current evidence suggests that both telomerase-dependent and -independent pathways of telomere elongation are activated in the infected cells during the early and late phases of virus-induced immortalization. Here we review the interaction of EBV with different components of the telomere maintenance machinery and the mechanisms by which the virus regulates telomere homeostasis in proliferating cells. We also discuss how these viral strategies may contribute to malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak A Kamranvar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maria G Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Fibrin-associated EBV-positive Large B-Cell Lymphoma: An Indolent Neoplasm With Features Distinct From Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Associated With Chronic Inflammation. Am J Surg Pathol 2017; 41:299-312. [PMID: 28195879 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Incidental cases of localized fibrin-associated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)+ large B-cell proliferations have been described at unusual anatomic sites and have been included in the category of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation (DLBCL-CI) in the WHO Classification. We describe 12 cases and review the literature to define their clinicopathologic spectrum and compare features with typical cases of DLBCL-CI. Median age was 55.5 years with a M:F ratio of 3. In all 12 cases, the lymphoma was an incidental microscopic finding involving atrial myxomas (n=3), thrombi associated with endovascular grafts (n=3), chronic hematomas (n=2), and pseudocysts (n=4). All cases tested were nongerminal center B-cell origin, type III EBV latency, and were negative for MYC rearrangements and alternative lengthening of telomeres by FISH. Most showed high CD30, Ki67, and PD-L1, and low to moderate MYC and p53 expression. Among 11 patients with detailed follow-up, 6 were treated surgically, 3 with cardiac or vascular lesions had persistent/recurrent disease at intravascular sites, and 4 died of causes not directly attributable to lymphoma. Reports of previously published fibrin-associated cases showed similar features, whereas traditional DLBCL-CI cases with a mass lesion had significantly higher lymphoma-associated mortality. Fibrin-associated EBV+ large B-cell lymphoma is clinicopathologically distinct from DLBCL-CI, warranting separate classification. Most cases, particularly those associated with pseudocysts, behave indolently with the potential for cure by surgery alone and may represent a form of EBV+ lymphoproliferative disease rather than lymphoma. However, primary cardiac or vascular disease may have a higher risk of recurrence despite systemic chemotherapy.
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27
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Disruption of direct 3D telomere-TRF2 interaction through two molecularly disparate mechanisms is a hallmark of primary Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. J Transl Med 2017; 97:772-781. [PMID: 28436953 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL), specific changes in the 3D telomere organization cause progression from mononuclear Hodgkin cells (H) to multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells (RS). In a post-germinal center B-cell in vitro model, permanent latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) expression, as observed in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated cHL, results in multinuclearity and complex chromosomal aberrations through downregulation of key element of the shelterin complex, the telomere repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2). Thus, we hypothesized that the three-dimensional (3D) telomere-TRF2 interaction was progressively disturbed during transition from H to RS cells. To this end, we developed and applied for the first time a combined quantitative 3D TRF2-telomere immune fluorescent in situ hybridization (3D TRF2/Telo-Q-FISH) technique to monolayers of primary H and RS cells, and adjacent benign internal control lymphocytes of lymph node biopsy suspensions from diagnostic lymph node biopsies of 14 patients with cHL. We show that H and RS cells are characterized by two distinct patterns of disruption of 3D telomere-TRF2 interaction. Disruption pattern A is defined by massive attrition of telomere signals and a considerable increase of TRF2 signals not associated with telomeres. This pattern is restricted to EBV-negative cHL. Disruption pattern B is defined by telomere de-protection due to an impressive loss of TRF2 signals, physically linked to telomeres. This pattern is typical of, but is not restricted to, LMP1+EBV-associated cHL. In the disruption pattern B group, so-called 'ghost' end-stage RS cells, void of both TRF2 and telomere signals, were identified, whether or not associated with EBV. Our findings demonstrate that two molecularly disparate mechanisms converge on the level of 3D telomere-TRF2 interaction in the formation of RS cells.
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28
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Knecht H, Mai S. LMP1 and Dynamic Progressive Telomere Dysfunction: A Major Culprit in EBV-Associated Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Viruses 2017; 9:v9070164. [PMID: 28654015 PMCID: PMC5537656 DOI: 10.3390/v9070164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is expressed in germinal-center-derived, mononuclear Hodgkin (H) and multinuclear, diagnostic Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells in classical EBV-positive Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL). LMP1 expression in EBV-negative H-cell lines results in a significantly increased number of RS cells. In a conditional, germinal-center-derived B-cell in vitro system, LMP1 reversibly down-regulates the shelterin proteins, telomeric repeat binding factor (TRF)1, TRF2, and protection of telomeres (POT)1. This down-regulation is associated with progressive 3D shelterin disruption, resulting in telomere dysfunction, progression of complex chromosomal rearrangements, and multinuclearity. TRF2 appears to be the key player. Thus, we hypothesize that the 3D interaction of telomeres and TRF2 is disrupted in H cells, and directly associated with the formation of H and RS cells. Using quantitative 3D co-immuno-TRF2-telomere fluorescent in situ hybridization (3D TRF2/Telo-Q-FISH) applied to monolayers of primary H and RS cells, we demonstrate TRF2-telomere dysfunction in EBV-positive cHL. However, in EBV-negative cHL a second molecular mechanism characterized by massive up-regulation of TRF2, but attrition of telomere signals, is also identified. These facts point towards a shelterin-related pathogenesis of cHL, where two molecularly disparate mechanisms converge at the level of 3D Telomere-TRF2 interactions, leading to the formation of RS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Knecht
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, The Genomic Centre for Cancer Research and Diagnosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Sabine Mai
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, The Genomic Centre for Cancer Research and Diagnosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
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29
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Hafez AY, Messinger JE, McFadden K, Fenyofalvi G, Shepard CN, Lenzi GM, Kim B, Luftig MA. Limited nucleotide pools restrict Epstein-Barr virus-mediated B-cell immortalization. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e349. [PMID: 28604764 PMCID: PMC5519195 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of cellular oncogenes as well as infection with tumor viruses can promote aberrant proliferation and activation of the host DNA damage response. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of primary human B cells induces a transient period of hyper-proliferation, but many of these infected cells succumb to an ataxia telangiectasia mutated/checkpoint kinase 2 (ATM/Chk2)-mediated senescence-like growth arrest. In this study, we assessed the role of DNA replicative stress and nucleotide pool levels in limiting EBV-infected B-cell outgrowth. We found that EBV triggered activation of the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) signaling pathway in the early rapidly proliferating cells, which were also significantly more sensitive to inhibition of the ATR pathway than late attenuated proliferating cells. Through nuclear halo assays, we determined that early EBV-infected cells displayed increased replicative stress and DNA damage relative to late proliferating cells. Finally, we found that early after infection, hyper-proliferating B cells exhibited limited deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) pools compared with late proliferating and EBV-immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines with a specific loss of purine dNTPs. Importantly, supplementation with exogenous nucleosides before the period of hyper-proliferation markedly enhanced B-cell immortalization by EBV and rescued replicative stress. Together our results suggest that purine dNTP biosynthesis has a critical role in the early stages of EBV-mediated B-cell immortalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Hafez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J E Messinger
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - K McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G Fenyofalvi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - C N Shepard
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - G M Lenzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - B Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Short-term inhibition of TERT induces telomere length-independent cell cycle arrest and apoptotic response in EBV-immortalized and transformed B cells. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2562. [PMID: 28032863 PMCID: PMC5260987 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Besides its canonical role in stabilizing telomeres, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) may promote tumorigenesis through extra-telomeric functions. The possible therapeutic effects of BIBR1532 (BIBR), a powerful TERT inhibitor, have been evaluated in different cellular backgrounds, but no data are currently available regarding Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven B-cell malignancies. Our aim was to characterize the biological effects of TERT inhibition by BIBR on EBV-immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and fully transformed Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cell lines. We found that BIBR selectively inhibits telomerase activity in TERT-positive 4134/Late and 4134/TERT+ LCLs and EBV-negative BL41 and EBV-positive BL41/B95.8 BL cell lines. TERT inhibition led to decreased cell proliferation, accumulation of cells in the S-phase and ultimately to increased apoptosis, compared with mock-treated control cells. All these effects occurred within 72 h and were not observed in BIBR-treated TERT-negative 4134/TERT- and U2OS cells. The cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, consequent upon short-term TERT inhibition, were associated with and likely dependent on the activation of the DNA damage response (DDR), highlighted by the increased levels of γH2AX and activation of ATM and ATR pathways. Analyses of the mean and range of telomere lengths and telomere dysfunction-induced foci indicated that DDR after short-term TERT inhibition was not related to telomere dysfunction, thus suggesting that TERT, besides stabilizing telomere, may protect DNA via telomere-independent mechanisms. Notably, TERT-positive LCLs treated with BIBR in combination with fludarabine or cyclophosphamide showed a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells with respect to those treated with chemotherapeutic agents alone. In conclusion, TERT inhibition impairs cell cycle progression and enhances the pro-apoptotic effects of chemotherapeutic agents in TERT-positive cells. These results support new therapeutic applications of TERT inhibitors in EBV-driven B-cell malignancies.
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31
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Kostjukovits S, Degerman S, Pekkinen M, Klemetti P, Landfors M, Roos G, Taskinen M, Mäkitie O. Decreased telomere length in children with cartilage-hair hypoplasia. J Med Genet 2016; 54:365-370. [PMID: 27986801 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) is an autosomal recessive chondrodysplasia caused by RMRP (RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease) gene mutations. Manifestations include short stature, variable immunodeficiency, anaemia and increased risk of malignancies, all of which have been described also in telomere biology disorders. RMRP interacts with the telomerase RT (TERT) subunit, but the influence of RMRP mutations on telomere length is unknown. We measured relative telomere length (RTL) in patients with CHH, their first-degree relatives and healthy controls and correlated RTL with clinical and laboratory features. METHODS The study cohort included 48 patients with CHH with homozygous (n=36) or compound heterozygous RMRP mutations (median age 38.2 years, range 6.0-70.8 years), 86 relatives (74 with a heterozygous RMRP mutation) and 94 unrelated healthy controls. We extracted DNA from peripheral blood, sequenced the RMRP gene and measured RTL by qPCR. RESULTS Compared with age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls, median RTL was significantly shorter in patients with CHH (n=40 pairs, 1.05 vs 1.21, p=0.017), but not in mutation carriers (n=48 pairs, 1.16 vs 1.10, p=0.224). RTL correlated significantly with age in RMRP mutation carriers (r=-0.482, p<0.001) and non-carriers (r=-0.498, p<0.001), but not in patients (r=-0.236, p=0.107). In particular children (<18 years) with CHH had shorter telomeres than controls (median RTL 1.12 vs 1.26, p=0.008). In patients with CHH, RTL showed no correlation with genotype, clinical or laboratory characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Telomere length was decreased in children with CHH. We found no correlation between RTL and clinical or laboratory parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Kostjukovits
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sofie Degerman
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Paula Klemetti
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mattias Landfors
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Roos
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mervi Taskinen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Machiela MJ, Lan Q, Slager SL, Vermeulen RCH, Teras LR, Camp NJ, Cerhan JR, Spinelli JJ, Wang SS, Nieters A, Vijai J, Yeager M, Wang Z, Ghesquières H, McKay J, Conde L, de Bakker PIW, Cox DG, Burdett L, Monnereau A, Flowers CR, De Roos AJ, Brooks-Wilson AR, Giles GG, Melbye M, Gu J, Jackson RD, Kane E, Purdue MP, Vajdic CM, Albanes D, Kelly RS, Zucca M, Bertrand KA, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Lawrence C, Hutchinson A, Zhi D, Habermann TM, Link BK, Novak AJ, Dogan A, Asmann YW, Liebow M, Thompson CA, Ansell SM, Witzig TE, Tilly H, Haioun C, Molina TJ, Hjalgrim H, Glimelius B, Adami HO, Roos G, Bracci PM, Riby J, Smith MT, Holly EA, Cozen W, Hartge P, Morton LM, Severson RK, Tinker LF, North KE, Becker N, Benavente Y, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Foretova L, Maynadie M, Staines A, Lightfoot T, Crouch S, Smith A, Roman E, Diver WR, Offit K, Zelenetz A, Klein RJ, Villano DJ, Zheng T, Zhang Y, Holford TR, Turner J, Southey MC, Clavel J, Virtamo J, Weinstein S, Riboli E, Vineis P, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Tjønneland A, Angelucci E, Di Lollo S, Rais M, De Vivo I, Giovannucci E, Kraft P, Huang J, Ma B, Ye Y, Chiu BCH, Liang L, Park JH, Chung CC, Weisenburger DD, Fraumeni JF, Salles G, Glenn M, Cannon-Albright L, Curtin K, Wu X, Smedby KE, de Sanjose S, Skibola CF, Berndt SI, Birmann BM, Chanock SJ, Rothman N. Genetically predicted longer telomere length is associated with increased risk of B-cell lymphoma subtypes. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1663-76. [PMID: 27008888 PMCID: PMC4854019 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from a small number of studies suggests that longer telomere length measured in peripheral leukocytes is associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). However, these studies may be biased by reverse causation, confounded by unmeasured environmental exposures and might miss time points for which prospective telomere measurement would best reveal a relationship between telomere length and NHL risk. We performed an analysis of genetically inferred telomere length and NHL risk in a study of 10 102 NHL cases of the four most common B-cell histologic types and 9562 controls using a genetic risk score (GRS) comprising nine telomere length-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms. This approach uses existing genotype data and estimates telomere length by weighing the number of telomere length-associated variant alleles an individual carries with the published change in kb of telomere length. The analysis of the telomere length GRS resulted in an association between longer telomere length and increased NHL risk [four B-cell histologic types combined; odds ratio (OR) = 1.49, 95% CI 1.22-1.82,P-value = 8.5 × 10(-5)]. Subtype-specific analyses indicated that chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) was the principal NHL subtype contributing to this association (OR = 2.60, 95% CI 1.93-3.51,P-value = 4.0 × 10(-10)). Significant interactions were observed across strata of sex for CLL/SLL and marginal zone lymphoma subtypes as well as age for the follicular lymphoma subtype. Our results indicate that a genetic background that favors longer telomere length may increase NHL risk, particularly risk of CLL/SLL, and are consistent with earlier studies relating longer telomere length with increased NHL risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Roel C H Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care and
| | - Lauren R Teras
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicola J Camp
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - John J Spinelli
- Cancer Control Research and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sophia S Wang
- Division of Cancer Etiology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Nieters
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | | | - Meredith Yeager
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Hervé Ghesquières
- Department of Hematology and Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule UMR 5239, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Pierre benite Cedex, France
| | - James McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Lucia Conde
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care and Department of Medical Genetics and of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David G Cox
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Laurie Burdett
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Alain Monnereau
- Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Group, INSERM, Center of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Registre des hémopathies malignes de la Gironde, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | | | - Anneclaire J De Roos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Angela R Brooks-Wilson
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health and
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Division of Health Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca D Jackson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eleanor Kane
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Claire M Vajdic
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachel S Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health and
| | | | - Kimberly A Bertrand
- Department of Epidemiology, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- Department of Population Health and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Amy Hutchinson
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Degui Zhi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Brian K Link
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Ahmet Dogan
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hervé Tilly
- Centre Heni Becquerel, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Corinne Haioun
- Lymphoid Malignancies Unit, Henri Mondor Hospital and University Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Thierry J Molina
- Department of Pathology, AP-HP, Necker Enfants malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Henrik Hjalgrim
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Division of Health Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bengt Glimelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Roos
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paige M Bracci
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacques Riby
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Holly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Hartge
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay M Morton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard K Severson
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lesley F Tinker
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nikolaus Becker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Yolanda Benavente
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and MF MU, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marc Maynadie
- EA 4184, Registre des Hémopathies Malignes de Côte d'Or, University of Burgundy and Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Anthony Staines
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Simon Crouch
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alex Smith
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Eve Roman
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - W Ryan Diver
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Robert J Klein
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and
| | - Theodore R Holford
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jenny Turner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Department of Histopathology, Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Group, INSERM, Center of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health and Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Rudolph Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute for Human Nutrition, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Emanuele Angelucci
- Hematology Unit, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale A. Businco, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simonetta Di Lollo
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Section of Anatomo-Pathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Rais
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Nutrition and
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Baoshan Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian C H Chiu
- Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ju-Hyun Park
- Department of Statistics, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Charles C Chung
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Joseph F Fraumeni
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gilles Salles
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule UMR 5239, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Pierre benite Cedex, France, Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre benite Cedex, France, Department of Hematology, Université Lyon-1, Pierre benite Cedex, France and
| | - Martha Glenn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Karen Curtin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karin E Smedby
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvia de Sanjose
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christine F Skibola
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brenda M Birmann
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Hartmann K, Illing A, Leithäuser F, Baisantry A, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Rudolph KL. Gene dosage reductions of Trf1 and/or Tin2 induce telomere DNA damage and lymphoma formation in aging mice. Leukemia 2015; 30:749-53. [PMID: 26135248 PMCID: PMC4777776 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Hartmann
- Cooperation Group of the Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) Jena and Ulm University (UULM), Ulm, Germany
| | - A Illing
- Cooperation Group of the Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) Jena and Ulm University (UULM), Ulm, Germany
| | - F Leithäuser
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - A Baisantry
- Cooperation Group of the Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) Jena and Ulm University (UULM), Ulm, Germany
| | | | - K L Rudolph
- Cooperation Group of the Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) Jena and Ulm University (UULM), Ulm, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Research Group on Molecular Aging, University Hospital Jena (UKJ), Friedrich-Schiller-University (FSU), Jena, Germany
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Osterwald S, Deeg KI, Chung I, Parisotto D, Wörz S, Rohr K, Erfle H, Rippe K. PML induces compaction, TRF2 depletion and DNA damage signaling at telomeres and promotes their alternative lengthening. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1887-1900. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.148296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism allows cancer cells to escape senescence and apoptosis in the absence of active telomerase. A characteristic feature of this pathway is the assembly of ALT-associated promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (APBs) at telomeres. Here, we dissected the role of APBs in a human ALT cell line by performing an RNA interference screen using an automated 3D fluorescence microscopy platform and advanced 3D image analysis. We identified 29 proteins that affected APB formation, which included proteins involved in telomere and chromatin organization, protein sumoylation and DNA repair. By integrating and extending these findings, we found that APB formation induced clustering of telomere repeats, telomere compaction and concomitant depletion of the shelterin protein TRF2 (also known as TERF2). These APB-dependent changes correlated with the induction of a DNA damage response at telomeres in APBs as evident by a strong enrichment of the phosphorylated form of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase. Accordingly, we propose that APBs promote telomere maintenance by inducing a DNA damage response in ALT-positive tumor cells through changing the telomeric chromatin state to trigger ATM phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Osterwald
- Research Group Genome Organization & Function, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) & BioQuant, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina I. Deeg
- Research Group Genome Organization & Function, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) & BioQuant, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Inn Chung
- Research Group Genome Organization & Function, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) & BioQuant, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Parisotto
- Research Group Genome Organization & Function, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) & BioQuant, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wörz
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Biomedical Computer Vision Group, University of Heidelberg & DKFZ, BioQuant, IPMB, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Rohr
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Biomedical Computer Vision Group, University of Heidelberg & DKFZ, BioQuant, IPMB, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger Erfle
- ViroQuant-CellNetworks RNAi Screening Facility, University of Heidelberg & BioQuant, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Rippe
- Research Group Genome Organization & Function, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) & BioQuant, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Gao J, Roy S, Tong L, Argos M, Jasmine F, Rahaman R, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Parvez F, Ahmed A, Hore SK, Sarwar G, Slavkovich V, Yunus M, Rahman M, Baron JA, Graziano JH, Ahsan H, Pierce BL. Arsenic exposure, telomere length, and expression of telomere-related genes among Bangladeshi individuals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:462-9. [PMID: 25460668 PMCID: PMC4264833 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inorganic arsenic is a carcinogen whose mode of action may involve telomere dysfunction. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that chronic arsenic exposure is associated with longer telomeres and altered expression of telomere-related genes in peripheral blood. In this study, we evaluated the association of urinary arsenic concentration with expression of telomere-related genes and telomere length in Bangladeshi individuals with a wide range of arsenic exposure through naturally contaminated drinking water. METHODS We used linear regression models to estimate associations between urinary arsenic and array-based expression measures for 69 telomere related genes using mononuclear cell RNA samples from 1799 individuals. Association between arsenic exposure and a qPCR-based telomere length measure was assessed among 167 individuals. RESULTS Urinary arsenic was positively associated with expression of WRN, and negatively associated with TERF2, DKC1, TERF2IP and OBFC1 (all P<0.00035, Bonferroni-corrected threshold). We detected interaction between urinary arsenic and arsenic metabolism efficiency in relation to expression of WRN (P for interaction =0.00008). In addition, we observed that very high arsenic exposure was associated with longer telomeres compared to very low exposure (P=0.02). DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that arsenic's carcinogenic mode of action may involve alteration of telomere maintenance and/or telomere damage. This study extends our knowledge regarding the effect of arsenic on telomere length and expression of telomere-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Gao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shantanu Roy
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lin Tong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Maria Argos
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Farzana Jasmine
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ronald Rahaman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Samar K Hore
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Vesna Slavkovich
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mohammad Yunus
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - John A Baron
- University of North Carolina, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Joseph H Graziano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Brandon L Pierce
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Rowe M, Fitzsimmons L, Bell AI. Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt lymphoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 33:609-19. [PMID: 25418195 PMCID: PMC4308657 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 1964, a new herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), was discovered in cultured tumor cells derived from a Burkitt lymphoma (BL) biopsy taken from an African patient. This was a momentous event that reinvigorated research into viruses as a possible cause of human cancers. Subsequent studies demonstrated that EBV was a potent growth-transforming agent for primary B cells, and that all cases of BL carried characteristic chromosomal translocations resulting in constitutive activation of the c-MYC oncogene. These results hinted at simple oncogenic mechanisms that would make Burkitt lymphoma paradigmatic for cancers with viral etiology. In reality, the pathogenesis of this tumor is rather complicated with regard to both the contribution of the virus and the involvement of cellular oncogenes. Here, we review the current understanding of the roles of EBV and c-MYC in the pathogenesis of BL and the implications for new therapeutic strategies to treat this lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rowe
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Bir-mingham CMDS, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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37
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Keijzers G, Maynard S, Shamanna RA, Rasmussen LJ, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. The role of RecQ helicases in non-homologous end-joining. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:463-72. [PMID: 25048400 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.942450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks are highly toxic DNA lesions that cause genomic instability, if not efficiently repaired. RecQ helicases are a family of highly conserved proteins that maintain genomic stability through their important roles in several DNA repair pathways, including DNA double-strand break repair. Double-strand breaks can be repaired by homologous recombination (HR) using sister chromatids as templates to facilitate precise DNA repair, or by an HR-independent mechanism known as non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) (error-prone). NHEJ is a non-templated DNA repair process, in which DNA termini are directly ligated. Canonical NHEJ requires DNA-PKcs and Ku70/80, while alternative NHEJ pathways are DNA-PKcs and Ku70/80 independent. This review discusses the role of RecQ helicases in NHEJ, alternative (or back-up) NHEJ (B-NHEJ) and microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) in V(D)J recombination, class switch recombination and telomere maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Keijzers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark and
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38
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Buxton JL, Suderman M, Pappas JJ, Borghol N, McArdle W, Blakemore AIF, Hertzman C, Power C, Szyf M, Pembrey M. Human leukocyte telomere length is associated with DNA methylation levels in multiple subtelomeric and imprinted loci. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4954. [PMID: 24828261 PMCID: PMC4344300 DOI: 10.1038/srep04954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is positively correlated with lifespan, and shorter LTL is associated with increased risk of age-related disease. In this study we tested for association between telomere length and methylated cytosine levels. Measurements of mean telomere length and DNA methylation at >450,000 CpG sites were obtained for both blood (N = 24) and EBV-transformed cell-line (N = 36) DNA samples from men aged 44-45 years. We identified 65 gene promoters enriched for CpG sites at which methylation levels are associated with leukocyte telomere length, and 36 gene promoters enriched for CpG sites at which methylation levels are associated with telomere length in DNA from EBV-transformed cell-lines. We observed significant enrichment of positively associated methylated CpG sites in subtelomeric loci (within 4 Mb of the telomere) (P < 0.01), and also at loci in imprinted regions (P < 0.001). Our results pave the way for further investigations to help elucidate the relationships between telomere length, DNA methylation and gene expression in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Buxton
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK,These authors contributed equally to this work.,
| | - Matthew Suderman
- University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jane J. Pappas
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nada Borghol
- Lebanese International University and Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Alexandra I. F. Blakemore
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Clyde Hertzman
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Deceased
| | | | - Moshe Szyf
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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39
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Dolcetti R, Giunco S, Dal Col J, Celeghin A, Mastorci K, De Rossi A. Epstein-Barr virus and telomerase: from cell immortalization to therapy. Infect Agent Cancer 2014; 9:8. [PMID: 24572088 PMCID: PMC3943417 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming cellular senescence is strictly required for virus-driven tumors, including those associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This critical step is successfully accomplished by EBV through TERT expression and telomerase activation in infected cells. We herein review the complex interplay between EBV and TERT/telomerase in EBV-driven tumorigenesis. Evidence accumulated so far clearly indicates that elucidation of this issue may offer promising opportunities for the design of innovative treatment modalities for EBV-associated malignancies. Indeed, several therapeutic strategies for telomerase inhibition have been developed and are being investigated in clinical trials. In this respect, our recent finding that TERT inhibition sensitizes EBV+ lymphoma cells to antivirals through activation of EBV lytic replication is particularly promising and provides a rationale for the activation of clinical studies aimed at assessing the effects of combination therapies with TERT inhibitors and antivirals for the treatment of EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, PN, Italy.
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40
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Chen X, Kamranvar SA, Masucci MG. Tumor viruses and replicative immortality--avoiding the telomere hurdle. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 26:43-51. [PMID: 24486644 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor viruses promote cell proliferation in order to gain access to an environment suitable for persistence and replication. The expression of viral products that promote growth transformation is often accompanied by the induction of multiple signs of telomere dysfunction, including telomere shortening, damage of telomeric DNA and chromosome instability. Long-term survival and progression to full malignancy require the bypassing of senescence programs that are triggered by the damaged telomeres. Here we review different strategies by which tumor viruses interfere with telomere homeostasis during cell transformation. This frequently involves the activation of telomerase, which assures both the integrity and functionality of telomeres. In addition, recent evidence suggests that oncogenic viruses may activate a recombination-based mechanism for telomere elongation known as Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). This error-prone strategy promotes genomic instability and could play an important role in viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsong Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maria G Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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41
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Tempera I, Lieberman PM. Epigenetic regulation of EBV persistence and oncogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 26:22-9. [PMID: 24468737 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play a fundamental role in generating diverse and heritable patterns of viral and cellular gene expression. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can adopt a variety of gene expression programs that are necessary for long-term viral persistence and latency in multiple host-cell types and conditions. The latent viral genomes assemble into chromatin structures with different histone and DNA modifications patterns that control viral gene expression. Variations in nucleosome organization and chromatin conformations can also influence gene expression by coordinating physical interactions between different regulatory elements. The viral-encoded and host-cell factors that control these epigenetic features are beginning to be understood at the genome-wide level. These epigenetic regulators can also influence viral pathogenesis by expanding tissue tropism, evading immune detection, and driving host-cell carcinogenesis. Here, we review some of the recent findings and perspectives on how the EBV epigenome plays a central role in viral latency and viral-associated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Tempera
- The Fels Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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42
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Kamranvar S, Masucci M. Detection of ALT Associated Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies (APBs) by Immunofluorescence-FISH (IF-FISH). Bio Protoc 2014. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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