1
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Yang S, Peng LR, Yu AQ, Li J. CSNK2A2 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through activation of NF-κB pathway. Ann Hepatol 2023; 28:101118. [PMID: 37268061 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2023.101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Breast and non-small cell lung cancers harbor an upregulated CSNK2A2 oncogene that encodes the protein kinase CK2 alpha', a catalytic subunit of the highly conserved serine/threonine kinase CK2. However, its role and biological significance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Western-blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the expression of CSNK2A2 in HCC tumor tissues and cell lines. CCK8, Hoechst staining, transwell, tube formation assay in vitro and nude mice experiments in vivo were used to measure the effects of CSNK2A2 on HCC proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis and tumor formation. RESULTS In the study, we showed that CSNK2A2 was highly expressed in HCC comparison with matched control tissues, and was linked with lower survival of patients. Additional experiments indicated that silencing of CSNK2A2 promoted HCC cell apoptosis, while inhibited HCC cells migrating, proliferating, angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. These effects were also accompanied by reduced expression of NF-κB target genes, including CCND1, MMP9 and VEGF. Moreover, treatment with PDTC counteracted the promotional effects of CSNK2A2 on HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggested that CSNK2A2 could promote HCC progression by activating the NF-κB pathway, and this could serve as a biomarker for future prognostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha 410005, PR China.
| | - Li Rong Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha 410005, PR China
| | - Ai Qing Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha 410005, PR China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha 410005, PR China
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2
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Sun L, Li Y, Wang H, Xiao X, Luo X, Yang R, Li J, Ma Y, Liu Q, Tu K, Shi Y. FOXC2-AS1/FOXC2 axis mediates matrix stiffness-induced trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into fibrosis-promoting myofibroblasts. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4206-4222. [PMID: 37705741 PMCID: PMC10496501 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.81581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix stiffness is a central modulator of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation and hepatic fibrogenesis. However, the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)-regulated transcriptional factors linking matrix stiffness to alterations in HSCs phenotype are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of matrix stiffness on HSCs activation and its potential mechanism. Through analysis the RNA-seq data with human primary HSCs cultured on 0.4 kPa and 25.6 kPa hydrogel, we identified that forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) and its antisense lncRNA FXOC2-AS1 as the new mechanosensing transcriptional regulators that coordinate HSCs responses to the matrix stiffness, moreover, FOXC2 and FOXC2-AS1 expression were also elevated in human fibrosis and cirrhosis tissues. The matrix stiffness was sufficient to activate HSCs into myofibroblasts, resulting in nuclear accumulation of FOXC2. Disrupting FOXC2 and FOXC2-AS1 level abrogated stiffness-induced activation of HSCs. Further mechanistic studies displayed that stiffness-upregulated lncRNA FOXC2-AS1 had no influence on transcription of FOXC2. FOXC2-AS1 exerted its biological function through maintaining the RNA stability of FOXC2, and protecting FOXC2 mRNA from degradation by RNA exosome complex. Additionally, rescue assays confirmed that reintroduction of FOXC2 in FOXC2-AS1-depleted HSCs reversed the repression of FOXC2-AS1 knockdown on stiffness-induced HSCs activation. In AAV6-treated mice fibrotic models, targeting FOXC2 in vivo lead to a reduced degree of liver fibrosis. In sum, our study uncovers a reciprocal crosstalk between matrix stiffness and FOXC2-AS1/FOXC2 axis leading to modulation of HSCs mechanoactivation and liver fibrosis, and present AAV6 shRNA as an effective strategy that targets FOXC2 leading to the resolution of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liankang Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xuelian Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xuenan Luo
- Zonglian College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ruida Yang
- Zonglian College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jinyan Li
- Zonglian College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yifei Ma
- Zonglian College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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3
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An Overview of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition in Canine Tumors: How Far Have We Come? Vet Sci 2022; 10:vetsci10010019. [PMID: 36669020 PMCID: PMC9865109 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, pre-clinical and clinical studies in human medicine have provided new insights, pushing forward the contemporary knowledge. The new results represented a motivation for investigators in specific fields of veterinary medicine, who addressed the same research topics from different perspectives in studies based on experimental and spontaneous animal disease models. The study of different pheno-genotypic contexts contributes to the confirmation of translational models of pathologic mechanisms. This review provides an overview of EMT and MET processes in both human and canine species. While human medicine rapidly advances, having a large amount of information available, veterinary medicine is not at the same level. This situation should provide motivation for the veterinary medicine research field, to apply the knowledge on humans to research in pets. By merging the knowledge of these two disciplines, better and faster results can be achieved, thus improving human and canine health.
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4
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Hargadon KM, Goodloe TB, Lloyd ND. Oncogenic functions of the FOXC2 transcription factor: a hallmarks of cancer perspective. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:833-852. [PMID: 35701636 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is a fundamental determinant of molecular and cellular function, and epigenetic reprogramming in the context of cancer has emerged as one of the key enabling characteristics associated with acquisition of the core hallmarks of this disease. As such, there has been renewed interest in studying the role of transcription factors as epigenetic regulators of gene expression in cancer. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge surrounding the oncogenic functions of FOXC2, a transcription factor that frequently becomes dysregulated in a variety of cancer types. In addition to highlighting the clinical impact of aberrant FOXC2 activity in cancer, we discuss mechanisms by which this transcription factor becomes dysregulated in both tumor and tumor-associated cells, placing particular emphasis on the ways in which FOXC2 promotes key hallmarks of cancer progression. Finally, we bring attention to important issues related to the oncogenic dysregulation of FOXC2 that must be addressed going forward in order to improve our understanding of FOXC2-mediated cancer progression and to guide prognostic and therapeutic applications of this knowledge in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian M Hargadon
- Hargadon Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA, 23943, USA.
| | - Travis B Goodloe
- Hargadon Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA, 23943, USA
| | - Nathaniel D Lloyd
- Hargadon Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA, 23943, USA
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5
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Firnau MB, Brieger A. CK2 and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081987. [PMID: 36009534 PMCID: PMC9405757 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is commonly dysregulated in cancer, impacting diverse molecular pathways. CK2 is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, constitutively active and ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. With over 500 known substrates and being estimated to be responsible for up to 10% of the human phosphoproteome, it is of significant importance. A broad spectrum of diverse types of cancer cells has been already shown to rely on disturbed CK2 levels for their survival. The hallmarks of cancer provide a rationale for understanding cancer’s common traits. They constitute the maintenance of proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling of replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, the activation of invasion and metastasis, as well as avoidance of immune destruction and dysregulation of cellular energetics. In this work, we have compiled evidence from the literature suggesting that CK2 modulates all hallmarks of cancer, thereby promoting oncogenesis and operating as a cancer driver by creating a cellular environment favorable to neoplasia.
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6
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Filhol O, Hesse AM, Bouin AP, Albigès-Rizo C, Jeanneret F, Battail C, Pflieger D, Cochet C. CK2β Is a Gatekeeper of Focal Adhesions Regulating Cell Spreading. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:900947. [PMID: 35847979 PMCID: PMC9280835 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.900947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CK2 is a hetero-tetrameric serine/threonine protein kinase made up of two CK2α/αʹ catalytic subunits and two CK2β regulatory subunits. The free CK2α subunit and the tetrameric holoenzyme have distinct substrate specificity profiles, suggesting that the spatiotemporal organization of the individual CK2 subunits observed in living cells is crucial in the control of the many cellular processes that are governed by this pleiotropic kinase. Indeed, previous studies reported that the unbalanced expression of CK2 subunits is sufficient to drive epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process involved in cancer invasion and metastasis. Moreover, sub-stoichiometric expression of CK2β compared to CK2α in a subset of breast cancer tumors was correlated with the induction of EMT markers and increased epithelial cell plasticity in breast carcinoma progression. Phenotypic changes of epithelial cells are often associated with the activation of phosphotyrosine signaling. Herein, using phosphotyrosine enrichment coupled with affinity capture and proteomic analysis, we show that decreased expression of CK2β in MCF10A mammary epithelial cells triggers the phosphorylation of a number of proteins on tyrosine residues and promotes the striking activation of the FAK1-Src-PAX1 signaling pathway. Moreover, morphometric analyses also reveal that CK2β loss increases the number and the spatial distribution of focal adhesion signaling complexes that coordinate the adhesive and migratory processes. Together, our findings allow positioning CK2β as a gatekeeper for cell spreading by restraining focal adhesion formation and invasion of mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Filhol
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UMR Biosanté, U1292, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Marie Hesse
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UMR Biosanté U1292, CNRS FR 2048, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Pascale Bouin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Albigès-Rizo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble, France
| | - Florian Jeanneret
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UMR Biosanté, U1292, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Battail
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UMR Biosanté, U1292, Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Pflieger
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UMR Biosanté U1292, CNRS FR 2048, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Claude Cochet, ; Delphine Pflieger,
| | - Claude Cochet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UMR Biosanté, U1292, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Claude Cochet, ; Delphine Pflieger,
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7
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CSNK2 in cancer: pathophysiology and translational applications. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:994-1003. [PMID: 34773100 PMCID: PMC8980014 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CSNK2 (CK2) is a pleiotropic serine/threonine kinase frequently dysregulated in solid and hematologic malignancies. To consolidate a wide range of biological and clinically oriented data from this unique kinase in cancer, this systematic review summarises existing knowledge from in vitro, in vivo and pre-clinical studies on CSNK2 across 24 different human cancer types. CSNK2 mRNA transcripts, protein levels and activity were found to be routinely upregulated in cancer, and commonly identified phosphotargets included AKT, STAT3, RELA, PTEN and TP53. Phenotypically, it frequently influenced evasion of apoptosis, enhancement of proliferation, cell invasion/metastasis and cell cycle control. Clinically, it held prognostic significance across 14 different cancers, and its inhibition in xenograft experiments resulted in a positive treatment response in 12. In conjunction with commentary on preliminary studies of CSNK2 inhibitors in humans, this review harmonises an extensive body of CSNK2 data in cancer and reinforces its emergence as an attractive target for cancer therapy. Continuing to investigate CSNK2 will be crucial to advancing our understanding of CSNK2 biology, and offers the promise of important new discoveries scientifically and clinically.
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8
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Jing Z, Guo S, Li Y, Liang Z. FOXC2/ADAM12-dependent radiosensitivity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Head Neck 2021; 44:212-225. [PMID: 34731528 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy greatly benefits patients with tumors, but not all patients show favorable treatment response. This study investigated the impact of forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2)-mediated a disintegrin and metalloprotease 12 (ADAM12) on the radiosensitivity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS After transfection and ionizing radiation, the biological activities of HNSCC cells were assessed. The relationship between ADAM12 and FOXC2 was verified. A xenograft model was used to evaluate the effect of FOXC2 knockdown on HNSCC growth in the context of radiation therapy. RESULTS FOXC2 and ADAM12 were upregulated in irradiated CAL-27 and HN4 cells. Knockdown of FOXC2 suppressed the malignant behaviors of CAL-27 and HN4 cells and inhibited the growth of transplanted tumors in nude mice. FOXC2 could bind ADAM12 promoter. Overexpression of ADAM12 reversed the promotion of FOXC2 silencing on the radiosensitivity of HNSCC cells. CONCLUSIONS FOXC2 regulates the radiosensitivity of HNSCC by targeting ADAM12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Jing
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Sitong Guo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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9
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Roles and action mechanisms of WNT4 in cell differentiation and human diseases: a review. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:287. [PMID: 34642299 PMCID: PMC8511224 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00668-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
WNT family member 4 (WNT4), which belongs to the conserved WNT protein family, plays an important role in the development and differentiation of many cell types during the embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Increasing evidence has shown that WNT4 is a special ligand that not only activates the β-catenin independent pathway but also acts on β-catenin signaling based on different cellular processes. This article is a summary of the current knowledge about the expression, regulation, and function of WNT4 ligands and their signal pathways in cell differentiation and human disease processes. WNT4 is a promoter in osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) by participating in bone homeostasis regulation in osteoporotic diseases. Non-canonical WNT4 signaling is necessary for metabolic maturation of pancreatic β-cell. WNT4 is also necessary for decidual cell differentiation and decidualization, which plays an important role in preeclampsia. WNT4 promotes neuronal differentiation of neural stem cell and dendritic cell (DC) into conventional type 1 DC (cDC1). Besides, WNT4 mediates myofibroblast differentiation in the skin, kidney, lung, and liver during scarring or fibrosis. On the negative side, WNT4 is highly expressed in cancer tissues, playing a pro-carcinogenic role in many cancer types. This review provides an overview of the progress in elucidating the role of WNT4 signaling pathway components in cell differentiation in adults, which may provide useful clues for the diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of human diseases.
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10
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Hargadon KM, Győrffy B, Strong EW. The prognostic significance of FOXC2 gene expression in cancer: A comprehensive analysis of RNA-seq data from the cancer genome atlas. Cancer Genet 2021; 254-255:58-64. [PMID: 33636524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The FOXC2 transcription factor is a key regulator of tumor progression in many cancer types. Known to exhibit an array of oncogenic functions when dysregulated, FOXC2 has emerged as a useful biomarker for predicting disease aggression and patient outcome. In this regard, increased expression and nuclear localization of FOXC2 protein in tumor tissue have become well-established as poor prognostic factors for many cancer types. However, whether FOXC2 gene expression can serve as a similarly useful RNA-level biomarker has remained largely unexplored. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of TCGA RNA-seq data to evaluate whether FOXC2 gene expression levels in primary tumor biopsies correlate with patient outcome. We report herein that increased expression of FOXC2 RNA in tumor tissue is a poor prognostic factor for patient survival in many cancer types. Moreover, we also found that FOXC2 gene expression predicts cancer patient response to several commonly prescribed chemotherapeutics. Together, these data highlight FOXC2 RNA expression in tumor tissue as an important biomarker with prognostic significance for solid tumors of diverse origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian M Hargadon
- Hargadon Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Brown Student Center, Box 837, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943, USA.
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- TTK Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Bioinformatics and 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto u. 7-9, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elijah W Strong
- Hargadon Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Brown Student Center, Box 837, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943, USA
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11
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Børretzen A, Gravdal K, Haukaas SA, Beisland C, Akslen LA, Halvorsen OJ. FOXC2 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal phenotypes are associated with castration resistance, metastasis and survival in prostate cancer. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019; 5:272-286. [PMID: 31464093 PMCID: PMC6817834 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important for tumour cell invasion and metastasis and is a feature of aggressive carcinomas. EMT is characterised by reduced E‐cadherin and increased N‐cadherin expression (EN‐switch), and increased expression of the EMT‐regulating transcription factor Forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) has been associated with progression and poor prognosis in various malignancies. FOXC2 was recently highlighted as a novel therapy target in prostate cancer, but survival data on FOXC2 are lacking. This study evaluates the expression of FOXC2, E‐cadherin and N‐cadherin in different prostatic tissues focusing on EMT, clinico‐pathological phenotype, recurrence and patient survival. Tissue microarray sections from 338 radical prostatectomies (1986–2007) with long and complete follow‐up, 33 castration resistant prostate cancers, 33 non‐skeletal metastases, 13 skeletal metastases and 41 prostatic hyperplasias were stained immunohistochemically for FOXC2, E‐cadherin and N‐cadherin. FOXC2 was strongly expressed in primary carcinomas, including castration resistant tumours and metastatic lesions as compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia. A hybrid epithelial–mesenchymal phenotype, with co‐expression of E‐cadherin and N‐cadherin, was found in the majority of skeletal metastases and in a substantial proportion of castration resistant tumours. In localised carcinomas, the EN‐switch was associated with adverse clinico‐pathological variables, such as extra‐prostatic extension, high pathological stage and lymph node infiltration. In univariate survival analyses of the clinically important, large subgroup of 199 patients with Gleason score 7, high FOXC2 expression and EN‐switching were significantly associated with shorter time to clinical recurrence, skeletal metastases and cancer specific death. In multivariate Cox' survival analysis, high FOXC2 and the EN‐switch, together with Gleason grade group (GG3 versus GG2), were independent predictors of time to these end‐points. High FOXC2 gene expression (mRNA) was also related to patient outcome, validating our immunohistochemical findings. FOXC2 and factors signifying EMT or its intermediate states may prove important as biomarkers for aggressive disease and are potential novel therapy targets in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Børretzen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, and Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karsten Gravdal
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, and Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Svein A Haukaas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Urology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Beisland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Urology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars A Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, and Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole J Halvorsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, and Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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12
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D'Amore C, Salizzato V, Borgo C, Cesaro L, Pinna LA, Salvi M. A Journey through the Cytoskeleton with Protein Kinase CK2. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:547-562. [PMID: 30659536 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190119124846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Substrate pleiotropicity, a very acidic phosphorylation consensus sequence, and an apparent uncontrolled activity, are the main features of CK2, a Ser/Thr protein kinase that is required for a plethora of cell functions. Not surprisingly, CK2 appears to affect cytoskeletal structures and correlated functions such as cell shape, mechanical integrity, cell movement and division. This review outlines our current knowledge of how CK2 regulates cytoskeletal structures, and discusses involved pathways and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Amore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Salizzato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Cesaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
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13
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Li S, Pradhan L, Ashur S, Joshi A, Nam HJ. Crystal Structure of FOXC2 in Complex with DNA Target. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:10906-10914. [PMID: 31460188 PMCID: PMC6648891 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead transcription factor C2 (FOXC2) is a transcription factor regulating vascular and lymphatic development, and its mutations are linked to lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome. FOXC2 is also a crucial regulator of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition processes essential for tumor metastasis. Here, we report the crystal structure of the FOXC2-DNA-binding domain in complex with its cognate DNA. The crystal structure provides the basis of DNA sequence recognition by FOXC2 for the T/CAAAC motif. Helix 3 makes the majority of the DNA-protein interactions and confers the DNA sequence specificity. The computational energy calculation results also validate the structural observations. The FOXC2 and DNA complex structure provides a detailed picture of protein and DNA interactions, which allows us to predict its DNA recognition specificity and impaired functions in mutants identified in human patients.
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14
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Sarkar PL, Lee W, Williams ED, Lubik AA, Stylianou N, Shokoohmand A, Lehman ML, Hollier BG, Gunter JH, Nelson CC. Insulin Enhances Migration and Invasion in Prostate Cancer Cells by Up-Regulation of FOXC2. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:481. [PMID: 31379747 PMCID: PMC6652804 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa), yet many patients relapse with lethal metastatic disease. With this loss of androgens, increased cell plasticity has been observed as an adaptive response to ADT. This includes gain of invasive and migratory capabilities, which may contribute to PCa metastasis. Hyperinsulinemia, which develops as a side-effect of ADT, has been associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and faster treatment failure. We investigated the direct effects of insulin in PCa cells that may contribute to this progression. We measured cell migration and invasion induced by insulin using wound healing and transwell assays in a range of PCa cell lines of variable androgen dependency (LNCaP, 22RV1, DuCaP, and DU145 cell lines). To determine the molecular events driving insulin-induced invasion we used transcriptomics, quantitative real time-PCR, and immunoblotting in three PCa cell lines. Insulin increased invasiveness of PCa cells, upregulating Forkhead Box Protein C2 (FOXC2), and activating key PCa cell plasticity mechanisms including gene changes consistent with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and a neuroendocrine phenotype. Additionally, analysis of publicly available clinical PCa tumor data showed metastatic prostate tumors demonstrate a positive correlation between insulin receptor expression and the EMT transcription factor FOXC2. The insulin receptor is not suitable to target clinically however, our data shows that actions of insulin in PCa cells may be suppressed by inhibiting downstream signaling molecules, PI3K and ERK1/2. This study identifies for the first time, a mechanism for insulin-driven cancer cell motility and supports the concept that targeting insulin signaling at the level of the PCa tumor may extend the therapeutic efficacy of ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe L. Sarkar
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wendy Lee
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D. Williams
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy A. Lubik
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nataly Stylianou
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Shokoohmand
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Melanie L. Lehman
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brett G. Hollier
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer H. Gunter
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jennifer H. Gunter
| | - Colleen C. Nelson
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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15
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Castaneda M, Chen L, Pradhan L, Li S, Zein R, Lee Y, Lim HS, Nam HJ, Lee J. A Forkhead Box Protein C2 Inhibitor: Targeting Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Metastasis. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1359-1364. [PMID: 29577543 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been suggested as a new target for therapeutic intervention of metastatic cancer. Forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) is known to be necessary for initiating and maintaining EMT, and therefore bestows on cancer cells metastatic and cancer stem cell (CSC)-like phenotypes, allowing cells to acquire higher motility, invasiveness, self-renewal, and therapy resistance. Here, we describe the first inhibitor of FOXC2, MC-1-F2. MC-1-F2 was able to induce cadherin switching and reverse EMT through the degradation of FOXC2 and blocking of its nuclear localization. In addition, MC-1-F2 was very effective in inhibiting cancer cell migration and invasion. As the first small-molecule inhibitor of FOXC2 and the first compound targeting EMT-associated transcription factor, MC-1-F2 will pave the way for a new anticancer therapeutic agent targeting metastatic cancer and help to elucidate the network of EMT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Castaneda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road Richardson, Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Luxi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road Richardson, Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Lagnajeet Pradhan
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road Richardson, Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Shichang Li
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road Richardson, Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ruba Zein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road Richardson, Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Yeongju Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Material Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Material Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Nam
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road Richardson, Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Jiyong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road Richardson, Dallas, TX, 75080, USA
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16
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Tilli TM, Carels N, Tuszynski JA, Pasdar M. Validation of a network-based strategy for the optimization of combinatorial target selection in breast cancer therapy: siRNA knockdown of network targets in MDA-MB-231 cells as an in vitro model for inhibition of tumor development. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63189-63203. [PMID: 27527857 PMCID: PMC5325356 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Network-based strategies provided by systems biology are attractive tools for cancer therapy. Modulation of cancer networks by anticancer drugs may alter the response of malignant cells and/or drive network re-organization into the inhibition of cancer progression. Previously, using systems biology approach and cancer signaling networks, we identified top-5 highly expressed and connected proteins (HSP90AB1, CSNK2B, TK1, YWHAB and VIM) in the invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Here, we have knocked down the expression of these proteins, individually or together using siRNAs. The transfected cell lines were assessed for in vitro cell growth, colony formation, migration and invasion relative to control transfected MDA-MB-231, the non-invasive MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line and the non-tumoral mammary epithelial cell line MCF-10A. The knockdown of the top-5 upregulated connectivity hubs successfully inhibited the in vitro proliferation, colony formation, anchorage independence, migration and invasion in MDA-MB-231 cells; with minimal effects in the control transfected MDA-MB-231 cells or MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells. The in vitro validation of bioinformatics predictions regarding optimized multi-target selection for therapy suggests that protein expression levels together with protein-protein interaction network analysis may provide an optimized combinatorial target selection for a highly effective anti-metastatic precision therapy in triple-negative breast cancer. This approach increases the ability to identify not only druggable hubs as essential targets for cancer survival, but also interactions most susceptible to synergistic drug action. The data provided in this report constitute a preliminary step toward the personalized clinical application of our strategy to optimize the therapeutic use of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Tilli
- Laboratory of Biological System Modeling, National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Carels
- Laboratory of Biological System Modeling, National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jack A Tuszynski
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manijeh Pasdar
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Wang T, Zheng L, Wang Q, Hu YW. Emerging roles and mechanisms of FOXC2 in cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 479:84-93. [PMID: 29341903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2), a transcription factor of the forkhead/winged-helix family, is required for embryonic and prenatal development. FOXC2 acts as a crucial modulator during both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis via multiple angiogenic and lymphangiogenic pathways, respectively. Although recent studies have shed light on the emerging role of FOXC2 in cancer, very little is known about the precise underlying mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current understanding of FOXC2 and provide potential mechanistic explanations of the relationship between FOXC2 and cancer, as well as discuss the prospect for future research in the promising prognostic value of FOXC2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yan-Wei Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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18
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Vilardell J, Alcaraz E, Sarró E, Trilla E, Cuadros T, de Torres I, Plana M, Ramón Y Cajal S, Pinna LA, Ruzzene M, Morote J, Meseguer A, Itarte E. Under-expression of CK2β subunit in ccRCC represents a complementary biomarker of p-STAT3 Ser727 that correlates with patient survival. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5736-5751. [PMID: 29464030 PMCID: PMC5814170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common and aggressive subtype of renal cancer. STAT3 pathway is altered in these tumors and p-STAT3 Ser727 is an independent prognostic factor for ccRCC. Protein kinase CK2 is altered in different types of tumors and overexpression of CK2α is considered predictive of bad prognosis and metastatic risk. CK2 subunits analyses in ccRCC samples showed increased CK2α/α’ nuclear content in all cases, but decreased cytosolic CK2β (CK2βcyt) levels in the more advanced tumors. Stable downregulation of CK2β in renal proximal tubular (HK-2) and clear cell adenocarcinoma (786-O) cells triggered changes in E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail1 protein levels indicative of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and increased HIF-α. Moreover, CK2β was required in order to observe STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation in HK-2 but not in 786-O cells. We also observed that CK2β improved the prognostic value of p-STAT3 Ser727, as CK2βcyt>41 (median value) discriminates patients free of disease for a period of 10 years upon surgery, from those with CK2βcyt<41, when p-STAT3 Ser727levels are low. We conclude that CK2β down-regulation might represent a mechanism to support EMT and angiogenesis and that CK2βcyt levels are instrumental to refine prognosis of ccRCC patients with low p-STAT3 Ser727 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Vilardell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefania Alcaraz
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sarró
- Fisiopatología Renal, CIBBIM, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Trilla
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thaïs Cuadros
- Fisiopatología Renal, CIBBIM, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés de Torres
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Plana
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ramón Y Cajal
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Juan Morote
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Meseguer
- Fisiopatología Renal, CIBBIM, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Itarte
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Duchemin-Pelletier E, Baulard M, Spreux E, Prioux M, Burute M, Mograbi B, Guyon L, Théry M, Cochet C, Filhol O. Stem Cell-Like Properties of CK2β-down Regulated Mammary Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9090114. [PMID: 28858215 PMCID: PMC5615329 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9090114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous protein kinase CK2 has been demonstrated to be overexpressed in a number of human tumours. This enzyme is composed of two catalytic α or α’ subunits and a dimer of β regulatory subunits whose expression levels are probably implicated in CK2 regulation. Several recent papers reported that unbalanced expression of CK2 subunits is sufficient to drive epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a process involved in cancer invasion and metastasis. Herein, through transcriptomic and miRNA analysis together with comparison of cellular properties between wild type and CK2β-knock-down MCF10A cells, we show that down-regulation of CK2β subunit in mammary epithelial cells induces the acquisition of stem cell-like properties associated with perturbed polarity, CD44high/CD24low antigenic phenotype and the ability to grow under anchorage-independent conditions. These data demonstrate that a CK2β level establishes a critical cell fate threshold in the control of epithelial cell plasticity. Thus, this regulatory subunit functions as a nodal protein to maintain an epithelial phenotype and its depletion drives breast cell stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Duchemin-Pelletier
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38400 Grenoble, France.
- Biology of Cancer and Infection, UMRS1036, Inserm, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
- Biology of Cancer and Infection, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Megghane Baulard
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38400 Grenoble, France.
- Biology of Cancer and Infection, UMRS1036, Inserm, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
- Biology of Cancer and Infection, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Elodie Spreux
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38400 Grenoble, France.
- Biology of Cancer and Infection, UMRS1036, Inserm, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
- Biology of Cancer and Infection, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Magali Prioux
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38400 Grenoble, France.
- Biology of Cancer and Infection, UMRS1036, Inserm, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
- Biology of Cancer and Infection, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, CEA/INRA/CNRS, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Mithila Burute
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, CEA/INRA/CNRS, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Baharia Mograbi
- Biology Department, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Université Côte d'Azur, F-06000 Nice, France.
| | - Laurent Guyon
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38400 Grenoble, France.
- Biology of Cancer and Infection, UMRS1036, Inserm, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
- Biology of Cancer and Infection, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Manuel Théry
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, CEA/INRA/CNRS, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Claude Cochet
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38400 Grenoble, France.
- Biology of Cancer and Infection, UMRS1036, Inserm, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
- Biology of Cancer and Infection, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Odile Filhol
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38400 Grenoble, France.
- Biology of Cancer and Infection, UMRS1036, Inserm, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
- Biology of Cancer and Infection, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
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20
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Leal-Egaña A, Letort G, Martiel JL, Christ A, Vignaud T, Roelants C, Filhol O, Théry M. The size-speed-force relationship governs migratory cell response to tumorigenic factors. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1612-1621. [PMID: 28428257 PMCID: PMC5469605 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-10-0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal and transformed motile cells follow a common trend in which size and contractile forces are negatively correlated with cell speed. However, tumorigenic factors amplify the preexisting population heterogeneity and lead some cells to exhibit biomechanical properties that are more extreme than those observed with normal cells. Tumor development progresses through a complex path of biomechanical changes leading first to cell growth and contraction and then cell deadhesion, scattering, and invasion. Tumorigenic factors may act specifically on one of these steps or have a wider spectrum of actions, leading to a variety of effects and thus sometimes to apparent contradictory outcomes. Here we used micropatterned lines of collagen type I/fibronectin on deformable surfaces to standardize cell behavior and measure simultaneously cell size, speed of motion and magnitude of the associated traction forces at the level of a single cell. We analyzed and compared the normal human breast cell line MCF10A in control conditions and in response to various tumorigenic factors. In all conditions, a wide range of biomechanical properties was identified. Despite this heterogeneity, normal and transformed motile cells followed a common trend whereby size and contractile forces were negatively correlated with cell speed. Some tumorigenic factors, such as activation of ErbB2 or loss of the βsubunit of casein kinase 2, shifted the whole population toward a faster speed and lower contractility state. Treatment with transforming growth factor β induced some cells to adopt opposing behaviors such as extremely high versus extremely low contractility. Thus tumor transformation amplified preexisting population heterogeneity and led some cells to exhibit biomechanical properties that were more extreme than those observed with normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Leal-Egaña
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Gaelle Letort
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Louis Martiel
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Andreas Christ
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Timothée Vignaud
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Roelants
- Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMRS1036, CEA, INSERM, CNRS, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Odile Filhol
- Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMRS1036, CEA, INSERM, CNRS, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38054 Grenoble, France .,CytoMorpho Lab, A2T, Hopital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, UMRS1160, CEA, INSERM, AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, 75010 Paris, France
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21
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Voutsadakis IA. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Regulation of EMT Factors by Steroid Nuclear Receptors in Breast Cancer: A Review and in Silico Investigation. J Clin Med 2016; 5:E11. [PMID: 26797644 PMCID: PMC4730136 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid Nuclear Receptors (SNRs) are transcription factors of the nuclear receptor super-family. Estrogen Receptor (ERα) is the best-studied and has a seminal role in the clinic both as a prognostic marker but also as a predictor of response to anti-estrogenic therapies. Progesterone Receptor (PR) is also used in the clinic but with a more debatable prognostic role and the role of the four other SNRs, ERβ, Androgen Receptor (AR), Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) and Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR), is starting only to be appreciated. ERα, but also to a certain degree the other SNRs, have been reported to be involved in virtually every cancer-enabling process, both promoting and impeding carcinogenesis. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and the reverse Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition (MET) are such carcinogenesis-enabling processes with important roles in invasion and metastasis initiation but also establishment of tumor in the metastatic site. EMT is governed by several signal transduction pathways culminating in core transcription factors of the process, such as Snail, Slug, ZEB1 and ZEB2, and Twist, among others. This paper will discuss direct regulation of these core transcription factors by SNRs in breast cancer. Interrogation of publicly available databases for binding sites of SNRs on promoters of core EMT factors will also be included in an attempt to fill gaps where other experimental data are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sault Area Hospital, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6B 0A8, Canada.
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, QC P3E 2C6, Canada.
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22
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Datta N, Lindfors S, Miura N, Saleem MA, Lehtonen S. Overexpression of transcription factor FOXC2 in cultured human podocytes upregulates injury markers and increases motility. Exp Cell Res 2015; 340:32-42. [PMID: 26524507 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes-related kidney diseases associate with renal failure and cardiovascular morbidity, and represent a major health issue worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to their development remain poorly understood. We observed increased expression of transcription factor FoxC2 in the podocytes of obese Zucker rats that are insulin resistant and albuminuric. We also found that depletion of adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived hormone whose secretion is decreased in obesity, upregulated FOXC2 in differentiated human podocytes in vitro. Overexpression of FOXC2 in cultured human podocytes led to increased nuclear expression of FOXC2 associated with a change of cellular morphology. This was accompanied by upregulation of vimentin, a key mesenchymal marker, and active beta-catenin, associated with podocyte injury. We also observed re-organization of the actin cytoskeleton, disrupted localization of the tight junction protein ZO-1, and increased motility of podocytes overexpressing FOXC2. These data indicate that the expression of FOXC2 in podocytes needs to be tightly regulated, and that its overexpression induces a chain of cellular events leading to podocyte dysfunction. These changes may lead to podocyte detachment and depletion ultimately contributing to albuminuria. We also suggest a novel molecular mechanism linking obesity-induced decrease in adiponectin to podocyte dysfunction via upregulation of FOXC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Datta
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sonja Lindfors
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Naoyuki Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Academic and Children's Renal Unit, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol BS1, United Kingdom
| | - Sanna Lehtonen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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23
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Filhol O, Giacosa S, Wallez Y, Cochet C. Protein kinase CK2 in breast cancer: the CK2β regulatory subunit takes center stage in epithelial plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3305-22. [PMID: 25990538 PMCID: PMC11113558 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structurally, protein kinase CK2 consists of two catalytic subunits (α and α') and two regulatory subunits (β), which play a critical role in targeting specific CK2 substrates. Compelling evidence shows the complexity of the CK2 cellular signaling network and supports the view that this enzyme is a key component of regulatory protein kinase networks that are involved in several aspects of cancer. CK2 both activates and suppresses the expression of a number of essential oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and its expression and activity are upregulated in blood tumors and virtually all solid tumors. The prognostic significance of CK2α expression in association with various clinicopathological parameters highlighted this kinase as an adverse prognostic marker in breast cancer. In addition, several recent studies reported its implication in the regulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an early step in cancer invasion and metastasis. In this review, we briefly overview the contribution of CK2 to several aspects of cancer and discuss how in mammary epithelial cells, the expression of its CK2β regulatory subunit plays a critical role in maintaining an epithelial phenotype through CK2-mediated control of key EMT-related transcription factors. Importantly, decreased CK2β expression in breast tumors is correlated with inefficient phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Snail1 and Foxc2, ultimately leading to EMT induction. This review highlights the pivotal role played by CK2β in the mammary epithelial phenotype and discusses how a modest alteration in its expression may be sufficient to induce dramatic effects facilitating the early steps in tumor cell dissemination through the coordinated regulation of two key transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Filhol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sofia Giacosa
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Yann Wallez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Cochet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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24
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Kanda M, Shimizu D, Fujii T, Sueoka S, Tanaka Y, Ezaka K, Takami H, Tanaka H, Hashimoto R, Iwata N, Kobayashi D, Tanaka C, Yamada S, Nakayama G, Sugimoto H, Koike M, Fujiwara M, Kodera Y. Function and diagnostic value of Anosmin-1 in gastric cancer progression. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:721-30. [PMID: 26270236 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a major global health problem that urgently requires novel molecular biomarkers for patient stratification as well as therapeutic targets. Anosmin-1 (ANOS1) gene encodes a cell adhesion molecule that plays diverse roles in multiple malignancies. We performed global expression profiling of GC cell lines and small interfering RNA (siRNA) experiments to determine the effect of ANOS1 expression on phenotype. We evaluated the association of ANOS1 mRNA and protein levels in patients' tissue and sera with clinicopathological factors of GC subtypes. Differential expression of ANOS1 mRNA by GC cell lines correlated positively to levels of ITGAV, FOXC2 and NODAL mRNAs and inversely with those of TFPI2. Inhibiting ANOS1 expression decreased the proliferation, invasion and migration of GC cells. The mean level of ANOS1 mRNA was significantly higher in 237 GC tissues compared with the corresponding noncancerous adjacent tissues. Elevated ANOS1 levels associated significantly with the phenotypes of GC, shorter disease-free and overall survival. ANOS1 expression was a more significant prognostic marker for diffuse and distal nondiffuse GC. ANOS1 concentrations in sera increased sequentially in sera of healthy subjects, localized GC and disseminated GCs. Prognosis was worse for patients with preoperative serum ANOS1 ≥ 600 pg/ml compared with those with <600 pg/ml. ANOS1 may represent a biomarker for GC phenotypes and as a target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dai Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sueoka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuri Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ezaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Takami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryoji Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chie Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Suguru Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Goro Nakayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michitaka Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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25
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Kong X, Ding X, Li X, Gao S, Yang Q. 53BP1 suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition by downregulating ZEB1 through microRNA-200b/429 in breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:982-9. [PMID: 26011542 PMCID: PMC4556386 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important mechanism of cancer invasion and metastasis. Although p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1) has been implicated in several biological processes, its function in EMT of human cancers has not yet been reported. Here, we show that 53BP1 negatively regulated EMT by modulating ZEB1 through targeting microRNA (miR)-200b and miR-429. Furthermore, 53BP1 promoted ZEB1-mediated upregulation of E-cadherin and also inhibited the expressions of mesenchymal markers, leading to increased migration and invasion in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Consistently, in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, low 53BP1 expression reduced E-cadherin expression, resulting in increased migration and invasion. These effects were reversed by miR-200b and miR-429 inhibition or overexpression. Sections of tumor xenograft model showed increased ZEB1 expression and decreased E-cadherin expression with the downregulation of 53BP1. In 18 clinical tissue samples, expression of 53BP1 was positively correlated with miR-200b and mir-429 and negatively correlated with ZEB1. It was also found that 53BP1 was associated with lymph node metastasis. Taken together, these results suggest that 53BP1 functioned as a tumor suppressor gene by its novel negative control of EMT through regulating the expression of miR-200b/429 and their target gene ZEB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Kong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xia Ding
- Department of Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Sumei Gao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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