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Gebremichael B, Lassi ZS, Begum M, Zhou SJ. Effect of perinatal consumption of low-calorie sweetener on maternal health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 63:164-176. [PMID: 38954514 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Evidence regarding perinatal low-calorie (or artificial) sweetener (LCS) consumption and its effect on maternal health outcomes is limited and inconclusive. The primary outcomes of our systematic review and meta-analysis were the effect of preconception and pregnancy LCS exposure on reproductive and pregnancy outcomes. Secondary outcomes included long-term maternal health. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ProQuest Health and Medical, ClinicalTrials.gov and Google Scholar, was conducted up to 20 November 2023. Primary studies, including clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, which reported any LCS consumption during perinatal period and pregnancy and maternal health outcomes were eligible. A random effects model with restricted maximum likelihood estimation was used for the meta-analysis. We appraised the quality of the included studies using the National Institute of Health study quality appraisal tool and the overall quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tool. RESULTS A total of 19 eligible studies with 203,706 participants were included. LCS consumption during pregnancy was associated with 11% increased risk of preterm birth (RR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07-1.16, I2 = 0.01%) and 42% increased risk of gestational diabetes (RR = 1.42, 95% CI: 0.98-2.04, I2 = 67.60%) compared with no consumption, however, the effect size for gestational diabetes was not precise as the 95% CI indicated that the effect estimate could range from 2% lower risk to 204% (or 2.04 times) higher risk. We found no association between LCS consumption during pregnancy and gestational weight gain (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.04; 95% CI: -0.17 - 0.24, I2 = 41.31%) or gestational age at birth (SMD = 0.00; 95% CI: -0.13 - 0.14, I2 = 80.13%). The effect of LCS consumption on reproductive treatment outcomes were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Based on the evidence available, LCS consumption in pregnancy was associated with increased risk of preterm birth and gestational diabetes. Robust research, such as well-designed randomized trials and large prospective cohort studies, is required to confirm the causal effect of LCS consumption during perinatal period on adverse maternal health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bereket Gebremichael
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Zohra S Lassi
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Mumtaz Begum
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Shao Jia Zhou
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Gebremichael B, Lassi ZS, Begum M, Zhou SJ. Association between low-calorie sweetener consumption during pregnancy and child health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2024:e13737. [PMID: 39344708 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
We examined the association between low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) consumption during preconception, pregnancy, and breastfeeding and child health outcomes. A systematic search of electronic databases in PubMed, Embase, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ProQuest Health and Medical, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar was conducted up to 21 September 2023. A random effects model with restricted maximum likelihood estimation was used for the meta-analysis. Seventeen eligible studies were included. The standardised mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in birth weight between those who frequently consumed LCS (≥1 serve/day) during pregnancy and those who did not consume LCS was 0.04 (0.00, 0.08) (four cohort studies). Any LCS consumption during pregnancy compared with no consumption was not associated with birth weight [SMD (95% CI) = 0.03 (-0.03, 0.08)] (four cohort studies). Any LCS consumption during pregnancy was not associated with body mass index z-scores. The weighted mean difference (95% CI) was 0.00 (-0.05, 0.06) at birth, 0.06 (-0.29, 0.40) at 6 months, -0.04 (-0.19, 0.10) at 1 year, 0.00 (-0.16, 0.17) at 3 years, and 0.10 (-0.15, 0.34) at 7 years of the child age, compared with no intake (five cohort studies). The odds of being overweight at 1 year among children exposed to LCS during pregnancy was 1.19 (OR [95% CI]: 1.19 [0.81, 1.58]) compared with unexposed children (two cohort studies). The effect sizes were not precise for all the outcomes as the 95% CI indicated the effect estimates could range from small protective to a higher risk. The effect of LCS consumption on child behaviour and cognition was inconsistent. There is not enough evidence to confirm LCS consumption during pregnancy affects birth weight and risk of overweight in children. However, frequent consumption increased birth weight and the risk of overweight at different ages, though the effects were imprecise. More robust research evidence is required as the quality of evidence is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bereket Gebremichael
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zohra S Lassi
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mumtaz Begum
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shao Jia Zhou
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Yin X, Shi Y, Sheng T, Ji C. Early-Life Gut Microbiota: A Possible Link Between Maternal Exposure to Non-Nutritive Sweeteners and Metabolic Syndrome in Offspring. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae140. [PMID: 39348276 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is recognized as a group of metabolic abnormalities, characterized by clustered interconnected traits that elevate the risks of obesity, cardiovascular and atherosclerotic diseases, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are commonly consumed by those with imbalanced calorie intake, especially in the perinatal period. In the past, accumulating evidence showed the transgenerational and mediated roles of human microbiota in the development of early-life MetS. Maternal exposure to NNS has been recognized as a risk factor for filial metabolic disturbance through various mechanisms, among which gut microbiota and derived metabolites function as nodes linking NNS and MetS in early life. Despite the widespread consumption of NNS, there remain growing concerns about their transgenerational impact on metabolic health. There is growing evidence of NNS being implicated in the development of metabolic abnormalities. Intricate complexities exist and a comprehensive understanding of how the gut microbiota interacts with mechanisms related to maternal NNS intake and disrupts metabolic homeostasis of offspring is critical to realize its full potential in preventing early-life MetS. This review aims to elucidate the effects of early-life gut microbiota and links to maternal NNS exposure and imbalanced offspring metabolic homeostasis and discusses potential perspectives and challenges, which may provide enlightenment and understanding into optimal perinatal nutritional management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yin
- Nanjing Medical Research Center for Women and Children, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yujie Shi
- Nanjing Medical Research Center for Women and Children, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Tongtong Sheng
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- Nanjing Medical Research Center for Women and Children, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
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4
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Concha Celume F, Pérez-Bravo F, Gotteland M. Sucralose and stevia consumption leads to intergenerational alterations in body weight and intestinal expression of histone deacetylase 3. Nutrition 2024; 125:112465. [PMID: 38823252 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2024.112465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is unclear whether parental consumption of non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) can affect subsequent generations. The aim of this study was to determine whether chronic parental consumption of sucralose and stevia in mice affects body weight gain and liver and intestinal expression of histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3) in these animals and in the subsequent first filial (F1) and second filial (F2) generations. METHODS Male and female mice (n = 47) were divided into three groups to receive water alone or supplemented with sucralose (0.1 mg/mL) or stevia (0.1 mg/mL) for 16 wk (parental [F0] generation). F0 mice were bred to produce the F1 generation; then, F1 mice were bred to produce the F2 generation. F1 and F2 animals did not receive NNSs. After euthanasia, hepatic and intestinal expression of Hdac3 was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Body weight gain did not differ between the three groups in the F0 generation, but it was greater in the F1 sucralose and stevia groups than in the control group. Consumption of both NNSs in the F0 generation was associated with lower Hdac3 expression in the liver and higher in the intestine. Hepatic Hdac3 expression was normalized to the control values in the F1 and F2 animals of the sucralose and stevia groups. Intestinal expression was still higher in the F1 generations of the sucralose and stevia groups but was partially normalized in the F2 generation of these groups, compared with control. CONCLUSIONS NNS consumption differentially affects hepatic and intestinal Hdac3 expression. Changes in hepatic expression are not transmitted to the F1 and F2 generations whereas those in intestinal expression are enhanced in the F1 and attenuated in the F2 generations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Pérez-Bravo
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martin Gotteland
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Yang L, Yang M, Deng Z, Luo Z, Yuan Z, Rao Y, Zhang Y. Highly Efficient Biosynthesis of Rebaudioside M8 through Structure-Guided Engineering of Glycosyltransferase UGT94E13. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15823-15831. [PMID: 38959519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Given the low-calorie, high-sweetness characteristics of steviol glycosides (SGs), developing SGs with improved taste profiles is a key focus. Rebaudioside M8 (Reb M8), a novel non-natural SG derivative obtained through glycosylation at the C-13 position of rebaudioside D (Reb D) using glycosyltransferase UGT94E13, holds promise for further development due to its enhanced sweetness. However, the low catalytic activity of UGT94E13 hampers further research and commercialization. This study aimed to improve the enzymatic activity of UGT94E13 through semirational design, and a variant UGT94E13-F169G/I185G was obtained with the catalytic activity improved by 13.90 times. A cascade reaction involving UGT94E13-F169G/I185G and sucrose synthase AtSuSy was established to recycle uridine diphosphate glucose, resulting in an efficient preparation of Reb M8 with a yield of 98%. Moreover, according to the analysis of the distances between the substrate Reb D and enzymes as well as between Reb D and the glucose donor through molecular dynamics simulations, it is found that the positive effect of shortening the distance on glycosylation reaction activity accounts for the improved catalytic activity of UGT94E13-F169G/I185G. Therefore, this study addresses the bottleneck in the efficient production of Reb M8 and provides a foundation for its widespread application in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Mengliang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhengshan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhenbo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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Kearns ML, Reynolds CM. The impact of non-nutritive sweeteners on fertility, maternal and child health outcomes: a review of human and animal studies. Proc Nutr Soc 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38433591 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665124000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
There is significant evidence that an unhealthy diet greatly increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and predisposes offspring to metabolic dysfunction and obesity. While fat intake is typically associated with the onset of obesity and its comorbidities, there is increasing evidence linking sugar, particularly high fructose corn syrup, to the global rise in obesity rates. Furthermore, the detrimental effects of added sugar intake during pregnancy on mother and child have been clearly outlined. Guidelines advising pregnant women to avoid food and beverages with high fat and sugar have led to an increase in consumption of 'diet' or 'light' options. Examination of some human birth cohort studies shows that heavy consumption (at least one beverage a day) of non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) containing beverages has been associated with increased risk of preterm birth and increased weight/BMI in male offspring independent of maternal weight, which appears to be offset by breastfeeding for 6 months. Rodent models have shown that NNS exposure during pregnancy can impact maternal metabolic health, adipose tissue function, gut microbiome profiles and taste preference. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are multifaceted and further research, particularly in a translational setting is required to fully understand the effects of NNS on maternal and infant health during pregnancy. Therefore, this review examines maternal sweetener intakes and their influence on fertility, maternal health outcomes and offspring outcomes in human cohort studies and rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Kearns
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science/Conway Institute/Institute of Food and Health/Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare M Reynolds
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science/Conway Institute/Institute of Food and Health/Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Gentry R, Greene T, Clewell HJ, Rodricks JV. Critical considerations in the review of the toxicological evidence regarding the potential carcinogenicity of aspartame. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114105. [PMID: 37852352 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy Greene
- Ramboll US Consulting, Inc., Monroe, LA, 71201, USA
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Fowler SP, Gimeno Ruiz de Porras D, Swartz MD, Stigler Granados P, Heilbrun LP, Palmer RF. Daily Early-Life Exposures to Diet Soda and Aspartame Are Associated with Autism in Males: A Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3772. [PMID: 37686804 PMCID: PMC10490529 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction, aspartame-the leading sweetener in U.S. diet sodas (DS)-has been reported to cause neurological problems in some users. In prospective studies, the offspring of mothers who consumed diet sodas/beverages (DSB) daily during pregnancy experienced increased health problems. We hypothesized that gestational/early-life exposure to ≥1 DS/day (DSearly) or equivalent aspartame (ASPearly: ≥177 mg/day) increases autism risk. The case-control Autism Tooth Fairy Study obtained retrospective dietary recalls for DSB and aspartame consumption during pregnancy/breastfeeding from the mothers of 235 offspring with autism spectrum disorder (ASD: cases) and 121 neurotypically developing offspring (controls). The exposure odds ratios (ORs) for DSearly and ASPearly were computed for autism, ASD, and the non-regressive conditions of each. Among males, the DSearly odds were tripled for autism (OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.02, 9.7) and non-regressive autism (OR = 3.5; 95% CI: 1.1, 11.1); the ASPearly odds were even higher: OR = 3.4 (95% CI: 1.1, 10.4) and 3.7 (95% CI: 1.2, 11.8), respectively (p < 0.05 for each). The ORs for non-regressive ASD in males were almost tripled but were not statistically significant: DSearly OR = 2.7 (95% CI: 0.9, 8.4); ASPearly OR = 2.9 (95% CI: 0.9, 8.8). No statistically significant associations were found in females. Our findings contribute to the growing literature raising concerns about potential offspring harm from maternal DSB/aspartame intake in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Parten Fowler
- Department of Medicine, Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - David Gimeno Ruiz de Porras
- Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health in San Antonio, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7411 John Smith Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
- Center for Research in Occupational Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael D. Swartz
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Paula Stigler Granados
- Divisions of Environmental Health and Global Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;
| | - Lynne Parsons Heilbrun
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health in San Antonio, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7411 John Smith Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Raymond F. Palmer
- Department of Family Practice and Community Medicine, Joe R. & Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
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Schiffman SS, Scholl EH, Furey TS, Nagle HT. Toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate and its parent sucralose: in vitro screening assays. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:307-341. [PMID: 37246822 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2213903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate, a structural analog of the artificial sweetener sucralose. Sucralose-6-acetate is an intermediate and impurity in the manufacture of sucralose, and recent commercial sucralose samples were found to contain up to 0.67% sucralose-6-acetate. Studies in a rodent model found that sucralose-6-acetate is also present in fecal samples with levels up to 10% relative to sucralose which suggest that sucralose is also acetylated in the intestines. A MultiFlow® assay, a high-throughput genotoxicity screening tool, and a micronucleus (MN) test that detects cytogenetic damage both indicated that sucralose-6-acetate is genotoxic. The mechanism of action was classified as clastogenic (produces DNA strand breaks) using the MultiFlow® assay. The amount of sucralose-6-acetate in a single daily sucralose-sweetened drink might far exceed the threshold of toxicological concern for genotoxicity (TTCgenotox) of 0.15 µg/person/day. The RepliGut® System was employed to expose human intestinal epithelium to sucralose-6-acetate and sucralose, and an RNA-seq analysis was performed to determine gene expression induced by these exposures. Sucralose-6-acetate significantly increased the expression of genes associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer with greatest expression for the metallothionein 1 G gene (MT1G). Measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability in human transverse colon epithelium indicated that sucralose-6-acetate and sucralose both impaired intestinal barrier integrity. Sucralose-6-acetate also inhibited two members of the cytochrome P450 family (CYP1A2 and CYP2C19). Overall, the toxicological and pharmacokinetic findings for sucralose-6-acetate raise significant health concerns regarding the safety and regulatory status of sucralose itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Schiffman
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina/North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Terrence S Furey
- Departments of Genetics and Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H Troy Nagle
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina/North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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10
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Concha F, Sambra V, Cáceres P, López-Arana S, Carvajal B, Gotteland M. Maternal consumption and perinatal exposure to non-nutritive sweeteners: should we be concerned? Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1200990. [PMID: 37377756 PMCID: PMC10291189 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1200990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The context for this review is the rapid increase in the use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) instead of sugar in foods and beverages, a situation so prevalent in some countries that consumers are finding it increasingly challenging to access foods without NNSs. The benefits of consuming NNSs on obesity and diabetes are now being questioned, and studies have shown that they may exert physiological activities, sometimes independently of sweet taste receptor stimulation. Few studies, limited mainly to North American and European countries, have described the consumption of NNSs by pregnant or lactating women and infants. Most focus on beverages rather than foods, but all agree that consumption levels have increased dramatically. Although some studies report a negative impact of NNSs on the risk of preterm birth, increased birth weight and decreased gestational age, the level of evidence is low. Several studies have also reported increased weight gain in infancy, associated with maternal NNS intake. Interestingly, several NNSs have been detected in amniotic fluid and breast milk, usually (but not always) at concentrations below their established detection limit in humans. Unfortunately, the impact of chronic exposure of the fetus/infant to low levels of multiple NNSs is unknown. In conclusion, there is a stark contrast between the galloping increase in the consumption of NNSs and the small number of studies evaluating their impact in at-risk groups such as pregnant and lactating women and infants. Clearly, more studies are needed, especially in Latin America and Asia, to fill these gaps and update recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Concha
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Sambra
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Cáceres
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra López-Arana
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bielka Carvajal
- Department of Women and Newborn’s Health Promotion, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Gotteland
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Park S, Belfoul AM, Rastelli M, Jang A, Monnoye M, Bae H, Kamitakahara A, Giavalisco P, Sun S, Barelle PY, Plows J, Jang C, Fodor A, Goran MI, Bouret SG. Maternal low-calorie sweetener consumption rewires hypothalamic melanocortin circuits via a gut microbial co-metabolite pathway. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e156397. [PMID: 37014702 PMCID: PMC10322686 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is growing at an alarming rate, including among pregnant women. Low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) have increasingly been used as an alternative to sugar to deliver a sweet taste without the excessive caloric load. However, there is little evidence regarding their biological effects, particularly during development. Here, we used a mouse model of maternal LCS consumption to explore the impact of perinatal LCS exposure on the development of neural systems involved in metabolic regulation. We report that adult male, but not female, offspring from both aspartame- and rebaudioside A-exposed dams displayed increased adiposity and developed glucose intolerance. Moreover, maternal LCS consumption reorganized hypothalamic melanocortin circuits and disrupted parasympathetic innervation of pancreatic islets in male offspring. We then identified phenylacetylglycine (PAG) as a unique metabolite that was upregulated in the milk of LCS-fed dams and the serum of their pups. Furthermore, maternal PAG treatment recapitulated some of the key metabolic and neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with maternal LCS consumption. Together, our data indicate that maternal LCS consumption has enduring consequences on the offspring's metabolism and neural development and that these effects are likely to be mediated through the gut microbial co-metabolite PAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Park
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amine M. Belfoul
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of development and plasticity of the Neuroendocrine brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Marialetizia Rastelli
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of development and plasticity of the Neuroendocrine brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Alice Jang
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Magali Monnoye
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hosung Bae
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Anna Kamitakahara
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shan Sun
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pierre-Yves Barelle
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of development and plasticity of the Neuroendocrine brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Jasmine Plows
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Anthony Fodor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael I. Goran
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sebastien G. Bouret
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of development and plasticity of the Neuroendocrine brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm UMR-S1172, Lille, France
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Newborns from Mothers Who Intensely Consumed Sucralose during Pregnancy Are Heavier and Exhibit Markers of Metabolic Alteration and Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation: A Cross-Sectional, Prospective Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030650. [PMID: 36979631 PMCID: PMC10045555 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust data in animals show that sucralose intake during gestation can predispose the offspring to weight gain, metabolic disturbances, and low-grade systemic inflammation; however, concluding information remains elusive in humans. In this cross-sectional, prospective study, we examined the birth weight, glucose and insulin cord blood levels, monocyte subsets, and inflammatory cytokine profile in 292 neonates at term from mothers with light sucralose ingestion (LSI) of less than 60 mg sucralose/week or heavy sucralose intake (HSI) of more than 36 mg sucralose/day during pregnancy. Mothers in the LSI (n = 205) or HSI (n = 87) groups showed no differences in age, pregestational body mass index, blood pressure, and glucose tolerance. Although there were no differences in glucose, infants from HSI mothers displayed significant increases in birth weight and insulin compared to newborns from LSI mothers. Newborns from HSI mothers showed a substantial increase in the percentage of inflammatory nonclassical monocytes compared to neonates from LSI mothers. Umbilical cord tissue of infants from HSI mothers exhibited higher IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha with lower IL-10 expression than that found in newborns from LSI mothers. Present results demonstrate that heavy sucralose ingestion during pregnancy affects neonates’ anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory features.
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Consumption of Non-Nutritive Sweetener during Pregnancy and Weight Gain in Offspring: Evidence from Human Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235098. [PMID: 36501127 PMCID: PMC9739060 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the consumption of maternal non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) during pregnancy and the risk of obesity in offspring remains inconsistent. We aimed to systematically evaluate and clarify the relationship between NNS intake during pregnancy and weight gain in offspring based on evidence from population and clinical research. Databases including PubMed (via Medline), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for eligible human studies. The primary outcome was the differences in body mass index (BMI) z-scores between offspring at 1 year of age who were with and without NNS intake during pregnancy or between offspring with different NNS intake levels during pregnancy. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted for data synthesis to calculate the weighted mean difference (WMD). A total of six prospective cohort studies were eligible for inclusion, among which three were used for pooled analysis of the BMI z-score. A significant increase was found in an offspring's weight at 1 year of age in the NNS group when compared with the control group: WMD in BMI z-score = 0.19 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.31), p-value = 0.002. Results from the dose-response analysis showed a linear relationship between NNS intake during pregnancy and WMD at 1 year of age: beta = 0.02 (95% CI: 0.001, 0.04) for per serving/week increase in NNS consumption. The whole body of evidence for the review was rated as low quality. In summary, maternal NNS intake during pregnancy was found to be associated with increased weight gain in offspring based on evidence from human studies. Further well-designed and adequately powered studies are needed to confirm this relationship.
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14
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The Associations between Maternal Serum Aspartame and Sucralose and Metabolic Health during Pregnancy. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235001. [PMID: 36501030 PMCID: PMC9740469 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the associations between maternal serum aspartame/sucralose levels and metabolic health during pregnancy. METHODS A nested population-based case-control study was conducted in 109 women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Serum aspartame and sucralose levels were assessed using an ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometry system. RESULTS We detected the presence of circulating aspartame and sucralose in all participants at fasting. No differences in serum aspartame or sucralose levels were observed between GDM and non-GDM groups. In the fully-adjusted linear regression models, serum aspartame levels were positively associated with insulin resistance index, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol. In the fully-adjusted logistic regression models, higher serum aspartame levels were positively associated with elevated HbA1c, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, and hyper-LDL cholesterolemia. In the GDM group, the significant associations between higher serum aspartame levels and elevated HbA1c, insulin resistance, and hypo-HDL cholesterolemia persisted, while positive associations were found between higher serum aspartame levels and insulin resistance and hyper-LDL cholesterolemia in the non-GDM group. Serum sucralose levels were negatively associated with HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS The study found that maternal serum aspartame levels were positively associated with insulin resistance index, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol during pregnancy. This finding provides the different effects of specific NNS on metabolic health during pregnancy.
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Gao R, Liu X, Li X, Zhang Y, Wei M, Sun P, Zhang J, Cai L. Association between maternal sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the social-emotional development of child before 1 year old: A prospective cohort study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:966271. [PMID: 36466408 PMCID: PMC9716068 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.966271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has become an international public health issue. Adverse effects of sugary beverage consumption on both mother and child during pregnancy continue to be found. However, evidence regarding maternal SSB consumption and social-emotional development of children is lacking. METHODS Based on the Shenzhen Birth Cohort Study (loss rate: 10.97%), we included 985 mother-infant pairs from 2018 to 2022. All mothers had a singleton live birth without hypertension, diabetes, tumor, or serious immune system disease before pregnancy. We used a chart of frequency distribution to show maternal SSB consumption, including non-diet soda, tea drinks (not 100% tea), fruit drinks, Sugar-sweetened coffee, bubble tea, or cocoa drinks, and total SSBs. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratios of the potential delay on social-emotional development of each child was monitored at both 6 months and 12 months of age based on maternal SSB consumption. RESULTS Among the mothers, 728 (73.91%) drank SSBs <1 time per week, 194 (19.70%) drank SSBs 1-2 times per week, 43 (4.37%) drank SSBs 3-4 times per week, and 20 (2.03%) drank SSBs 5 or more times per week. Children aged 12 months with mothers who drank SSBs five or more times per week during pregnancy had an increased risk of potential delay on social-emotional development compared to those with mothers who drank SSBs less than once per week [odds ratio: 3.08 (1.13-8.39)]. Regarding the specific kinds of SSBs, we found that tea drinks (not 100% tea) were positively associated with potential delay on social-emotional development in children aged 6 months. CONCLUSION Nearly three-quarters of mothers consumed almost no SSBs during pregnancy. High SSB intake during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of the potential delay on social-emotional development of a child at 6 and 12 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Birth Cohort Study Center, Nanshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Cadre and Talent Health Institute (Shenzhen Talent Institute), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Birth Cohort Study Center, Nanshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuxiu Li
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Birth Cohort Study Center, Nanshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Shenzhen Cadre and Talent Health Institute (Shenzhen Talent Institute), Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Wei
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Birth Cohort Study Center, Nanshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Birth Cohort Study Center, Nanshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Birth Cohort Study Center, Nanshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Suez J, Cohen Y, Valdés-Mas R, Mor U, Dori-Bachash M, Federici S, Zmora N, Leshem A, Heinemann M, Linevsky R, Zur M, Ben-Zeev Brik R, Bukimer A, Eliyahu-Miller S, Metz A, Fischbein R, Sharov O, Malitsky S, Itkin M, Stettner N, Harmelin A, Shapiro H, Stein-Thoeringer CK, Segal E, Elinav E. Personalized microbiome-driven effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on human glucose tolerance. Cell 2022; 185:3307-3328.e19. [PMID: 35987213 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are commonly integrated into human diet and presumed to be inert; however, animal studies suggest that they may impact the microbiome and downstream glycemic responses. We causally assessed NNS impacts in humans and their microbiomes in a randomized-controlled trial encompassing 120 healthy adults, administered saccharin, sucralose, aspartame, and stevia sachets for 2 weeks in doses lower than the acceptable daily intake, compared with controls receiving sachet-contained vehicle glucose or no supplement. As groups, each administered NNS distinctly altered stool and oral microbiome and plasma metabolome, whereas saccharin and sucralose significantly impaired glycemic responses. Importantly, gnotobiotic mice conventionalized with microbiomes from multiple top and bottom responders of each of the four NNS-supplemented groups featured glycemic responses largely reflecting those noted in respective human donors, which were preempted by distinct microbial signals, as exemplified by sucralose. Collectively, human NNS consumption may induce person-specific, microbiome-dependent glycemic alterations, necessitating future assessment of clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotham Suez
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Yotam Cohen
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rafael Valdés-Mas
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Uria Mor
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Mally Dori-Bachash
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sara Federici
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Niv Zmora
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel; Internal Medicine Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Avner Leshem
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Melina Heinemann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Raquel Linevsky
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Maya Zur
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rotem Ben-Zeev Brik
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Aurelie Bukimer
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shimrit Eliyahu-Miller
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alona Metz
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ruthy Fischbein
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Olga Sharov
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Noa Stettner
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alon Harmelin
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Hagit Shapiro
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Christoph K Stein-Thoeringer
- Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Richardson IL, Frese SA. Non-nutritive sweeteners and their impacts on the gut microbiome and host physiology. Front Nutr 2022; 9:988144. [PMID: 36091255 PMCID: PMC9453245 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.988144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are broadly incorporated into foods, especially those representing a growing share of the beverage market. NNS are viewed as a noncaloric and desirable alternative to sugar-based sweeteners and are thought to contribute to reducing overall caloric intake. While these compounds have been studied extensively and have long been considered inert, new research has presented a different view and raises new questions about the effects of NNS on human physiology. Namely, the influence on glucose responses, the gastrointestinal epithelium, and the gut microbiome. As the gut microbiome is now recognized as a major mediator of human health and perturbations to this community are generally associated with negative health trajectories or overt disease, interactions between NNS and the gut microbiome are of increasing interest to clinicians and researchers. Several NNS compounds are now hypothesized to affect human physiology by modulating the gut microbiome, though the mechanism for this action remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to discuss the history and current knowledge of NNS, their reported utility and effects on host physiology and the gut microbiome, and describes a model for investigating the underlying mechanism behind reported effects of NNS on the gut microbiome.
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18
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Duarte LM, Ferreira SMR, Almeida CCB, Duran ACDFL, Grilo MF, Macedo MDS, Franceschini SDCC, Crispim SP. Dietary exposure to low-calorie sweeteners in a sample of Brazilian pregnant women. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1650-1662. [PMID: 35993876 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2112763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The dietary exposure to low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) was estimated in a sample of pregnant Brazilian women. Consumption data were obtained with a 24-h Dietary Recall interview. Because of the uncertainty in assessing foods with LCS, they were classified into three scenarios to ensure inclusion of the 15 LCS allowed for use in Brazil: ranging from a less to a more conservative scenario. The concentration of LCS was estimated using the amount declared on the label or the maximum permitted levels and analytical determination data for table-top sweeteners. The frequency of consumption was higher for acesulfame-K, aspartame, and cyclamate. The food groups contributing the most to the consumption of LCS were non-alcoholic beverages, table-top sweeteners, confectionary and desserts. The level of dietary exposure to LCS was within the safety limit. However, continued efforts to monitor their dietary exposure are necessary given the limitations highlighted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Marinho Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition - Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Mariana de Souza Macedo
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Patricia Crispim
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition - Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
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Navarro JA, Decara J, Medina-Vera D, Tovar R, Lopez-Gambero AJ, Suarez J, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, de Ceglia M, Sanjuan C, Baltasar YA, Baixeras E, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Endocrine and Metabolic Impact of Oral Ingestion of a Carob-Pod-Derived Natural-Syrup-Containing D-Pinitol: Potential Use as a Novel Sweetener in Diabetes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081594. [PMID: 36015220 PMCID: PMC9416495 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of added sugars or non-nutritive sweeteners in processed foods is a challenge for addressing the therapeutics of obesity and diabetes. Both types of sweeteners generate health problems, and both are being blamed for multiple complications associated with these prevalent diseases. As an example, fructose is proven to contribute to obesity and liver steatosis, while non-nutritive sweeteners generate gut dysbiosis that complicates the metabolic control exerted by the liver. The present work explores an alternative approach for sweetening through the use of a simple carob-pod-derived syrup. This sweetener consists of a balanced mixture of fructose (47%) and glucose (45%), as sweetening sugars, and a functional natural ingredient (D-Pinitol) at a concentration (3%) capable of producing active metabolic effects. The administration of this syrup to healthy volunteers (50 g of total carbohydrates) resulted in less persistent glucose excursions, a lower insulin response to the hyperglycemia produced by its ingestion, and an enhanced glucagon/insulin ratio, compared to that observed after the ingestion of 50 g of glucose. Daily administration of the syrup to Wistar rats for 10 days lowered fat depots in the liver, reduced liver glycogen, promoted fat oxidation, and was devoid of toxic effects. In addition, this repeated administration of the syrup improved glucose handling after a glucose (2 g/kg) load. Overall, this alternative functional sweetener retains the natural palatability of a glucose/fructose syrup while displaying beneficial metabolic effects that might serve to protect against the progression towards complicated obesity, especially the development of liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Navarro
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
| | - Dina Medina-Vera
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión del Corazón, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ruben Tovar
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Lopez-Gambero
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suarez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Unidad de Gestión del Corazón, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
| | - Marialuisa de Ceglia
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
| | - Carlos Sanjuan
- Euronutra S.L. Calle Johannes Kepler, 3, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (C.S.); (Y.A.B.)
| | | | - Elena Baixeras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (F.R.d.F.); Tel.: +34-655373093 (E.B.); +34-669426548 (F.R.d.F.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (F.R.d.F.); Tel.: +34-655373093 (E.B.); +34-669426548 (F.R.d.F.)
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Lü K, Song X, Zhang P, Zhao W, Zhang N, Yang F, Guan W, Liu J, Huang H, Ho CT, Di R, Zhao H. Effects of Siraitia grosvenorii extracts on high fat diet-induced obese mice:a comparison with artificial sweetener aspartame. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Heindel JJ, Howard S, Agay-Shay K, Arrebola JP, Audouze K, Babin PJ, Barouki R, Bansal A, Blanc E, Cave MC, Chatterjee S, Chevalier N, Choudhury M, Collier D, Connolly L, Coumoul X, Garruti G, Gilbertson M, Hoepner LA, Holloway AC, Howell G, Kassotis CD, Kay MK, Kim MJ, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Langouet S, Legrand A, Li Z, Le Mentec H, Lind L, Monica Lind P, Lustig RH, Martin-Chouly C, Munic Kos V, Podechard N, Roepke TA, Sargis RM, Starling A, Tomlinson CR, Touma C, Vondracek J, Vom Saal F, Blumberg B. Obesity II: Establishing causal links between chemical exposures and obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115015. [PMID: 35395240 PMCID: PMC9124454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease with both genetic and environmental components. The prevailing view is that obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure caused by overeating and insufficient exercise. We describe another environmental element that can alter the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure: obesogens. Obesogens are a subset of environmental chemicals that act as endocrine disruptors affecting metabolic endpoints. The obesogen hypothesis posits that exposure to endocrine disruptors and other chemicals can alter the development and function of the adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and brain, thus changing the set point for control of metabolism. Obesogens can determine how much food is needed to maintain homeostasis and thereby increase the susceptibility to obesity. The most sensitive time for obesogen action is in utero and early childhood, in part via epigenetic programming that can be transmitted to future generations. This review explores the evidence supporting the obesogen hypothesis and highlights knowledge gaps that have prevented widespread acceptance as a contributor to the obesity pandemic. Critically, the obesogen hypothesis changes the narrative from curing obesity to preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, USA.
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, USA
| | - Keren Agay-Shay
- Health and Environment Research (HER) Lab, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Juan P Arrebola
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Karine Audouze
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, Paris France
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Etienne Blanc
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40402, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cote d'Azur, Cote d'Azur, France
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David Collier
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Lisa Connolly
- The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Michael Gilbertson
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Lori A Hoepner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Alison C Holloway
- McMaster University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamilton, Ontario, CA, USA
| | - George Howell
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mathew K Kay
- College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | | | - Sophie Langouet
- Univ Rennes, INSERM EHESP, IRSET UMR_5S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Antoine Legrand
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Zhuorui Li
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Helene Le Mentec
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Lars Lind
- Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert H Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Normand Podechard
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Biological Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Robert M Sargis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Il 60612, USA
| | - Anne Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Craig R Tomlinson
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Charbel Touma
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Jan Vondracek
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frederick Vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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22
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Correa T, Fierro C, Reyes M, Taillie LS, Carpentier FRD, Corvalán C. Why Don't You [Government] Help Us Make Healthier Foods More Affordable Instead of Bombarding Us with Labels? Maternal Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices after Full Implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4547. [PMID: 35457415 PMCID: PMC9025178 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and real-life evaluations show that the use of front-of-package warning labels (FoP) in unhealthy foods is well understood and can modify people's behaviors. However, it is unclear whether these effects remain in the long term because of the risk of message fatigue. The purpose of this study is to explore after four years of implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling law people's dietary behavior and FoP labels attention. Nine focus groups of mothers (7-10 people each) of children (2-14 yo) were conducted in Santiago, Chile, and macrocodes were developed, combining an iterative process of deductive and inductive thematic analyses. We found that mothers experienced labels' fatigue but also had greater knowledge about nutrition and appreciation for more natural foods. This greater knowledge about better nutrition interferes with the perception that healthier and less processed foods are financial and physically inaccessible. The key role of schools as an environment for promoting healthier diets in children was strengthened by the mothers. These results suggest that policies based on providing consumer information need reinforcement campaigns to maintain their effectiveness and that we also need to advance policies to improve access and affordability of healthy foods to ensure better diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Correa
- School of Communication, Diego Portales University, Vergara, Santiago 240, Chile; (T.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Camila Fierro
- School of Communication, Diego Portales University, Vergara, Santiago 240, Chile; (T.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Marcela Reyes
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Chile;
| | - Lindsey Smith Taillie
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA;
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | | | - Camila Corvalán
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Chile;
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23
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Protective effect of antioxidants on cardiac function in adult offspring exposed to prenatal overnutrition. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2022; 13:741-749. [PMID: 35272740 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Maternal overnutrition-induced fetal programming predisposes offspring to cardiovascular health issues throughout life. Understanding how these adverse cardiovascular effects are regulated at the maternal-fetal crosstalk will provide insight into the mechanisms of these cardiovascular diseases, which will help in further identifying potential targets for intervention. Here, we uncover a role of oxidative stress caused by prenatal overnutrition in governing cardiac damage. Mice exposed to maternal obesity showed remarkable pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (pmale < 0.001, Cohen's dmale = 1.77; pfemale < 0.001, Cohen's dfemale = 1.94), increased collagen content (pmale < 0.001, Cohen's dmale = 2.13; pfemale < 0.001, Cohen's dfemale = 2.71), and increased levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) (pmale < 0.001, Cohen's dmale = 3.02; pfemale < 0.001, Cohen's dfemale = 4.52), as well as left ventricular dysfunction in adulthood. To cope with increased oxidative stress in the myocardial tissue of offspring from obese mothers, we sought to decrease the effect of oxidative stress and prevent the development of these cardiovascular conditions with use of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine during pregnancy. As predicted, after treatment with the antioxidant, there was greatly mitigated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (pmale < 0.001, Cohen's dmale = 1.31; pfemale < 0.001, Cohen's dfemale = 0.82) and cardiac fibrosis, including decreased composition of collagen fibers (pmale < 0.01, Cohen's dmale = 1.45; pfemale < 0.05, Cohen's dfemale = 1.23) and reduced levels of TGF-β (pmale < 0.05, Cohen's dmale = 1.83; pfemale < 0.01, Cohen's dfemale = 3.81). We also observed improved left ventricle contractile function together with the alleviation of enhanced oxidative stress in the myocardial tissue of offspring. Collectively, these results established a crucial role of oxidative stress in prenatal overnutrition-associated ventricular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Our findings provided an important target for intervention of cardiovascular disease in overnutrition-related fetal programming.
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24
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Dai X, Wang C, Guo Z, Li Y, Liu T, Jin G, Wang S, Wang B, Jiang K, Cao H. Maternal sucralose exposure induces Paneth cell defects and exacerbates gut dysbiosis of progeny mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:12634-12646. [PMID: 34821899 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02921e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that maternal sucralose (MS) exposure alters the gut microbiota of offspring at weaning and predisposes the offspring to developing obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome later in life. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Paneth cells are thought to critically influence the gut microbiota. This study aimed to investigate whether MS exposure induced Paneth cell defects and exacerbated gut dysbiosis of offspring. Female C57BL/6 mice were divided into the MS and control (water) groups during pregnancy and lactation. Progeny mice were fed a normal sucralose-free diet after weaning until adulthood. MS inhibited intestinal development and increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the small intestines of 3-week-old progeny mice. MS increased the proportions of abnormal granule secretion by Paneth cells. The number of Paneth cells and mRNA expression of AMPs such as cryptdins and lysozyme were reduced in the MS group. MS disturbed the gut microbiota composition and diversity in the 3-week-old offspring mice. The relative abundances of pro-inflammatory bacteria, such as Desulfovibrionales, Helicobacter, Pasteurellales and Campylobacterales were significantly increased in the MS group, while anti-inflammatory bacteria, including Clostridium XI, were decreased. This dysbiosis continued into adulthood. These findings showed that MS exposure induced Paneth cell defects and exacerbated gut dysbiosis in offspring mice. Sucralose should be consumed with caution, especially during pregnancy and in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zixuan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China.
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China.
| | - Sinan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China.
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China.
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China.
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China.
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25
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Cai C, Sivak A, Davenport MH. Effects of prenatal artificial sweeteners consumption on birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:5024-5033. [PMID: 33441213 PMCID: PMC11082813 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the influence of prenatal artificial sweetener (AS) consumption on birth outcomes. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING Online databases (Medline, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, FSTA - the food resource database, and ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched up to 9 April 2020. Studies of all designs (except case studies and reviews) were eligible, which contained information on the relevant population (pregnant women), intervention/exposure (any AS consumption), comparator (no AS consumption) and birth outcomes (preterm delivery, gestational age, birth weight). RESULTS From 677 citations, ten cohort studies and one randomised controlled trial (n 138 007 women) were included. 'Low' to 'very low' certainty evidence revealed that daily consumption of AS was associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery (three studies, n 129 009; risk ratio = 1·18, 95 % CI 1·09, 1·28, I2 = 9 %), a 24 g increase in birth weight (three studies, n 64 417; mean difference (MD): 23·74 g, 95 % CI 0·89, 45·58, I2 = 0 %) and a 0·11 week decrease in gestational age (three studies, n 64 417; MD: -0·11 weeks, 95 % CI -0·19, -0·03, I2 = 0 %). CONCLUSIONS 'Low' to 'very low' certainty evidence suggests daily AS consumption during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery, increased birth weight and decreased gestational age. Additional 'high'-quality research is urgently needed to further assess these relationships.PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019136728.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Cai
- School of Public Heath, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Allison Sivak
- H.T. Coutts Education & Physical Education Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Margie H Davenport
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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26
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Fragkou PC, Karaviti D, Zemlin M, Skevaki C. Impact of Early Life Nutrition on Children's Immune System and Noncommunicable Diseases Through Its Effects on the Bacterial Microbiome, Virome and Mycobiome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:644269. [PMID: 33815397 PMCID: PMC8012492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.644269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The first 1000 days of life, including the intrauterine period, are regarded as a fundamental stepping stone for the development of a human. Unequivocally, nutrition during this period plays a key role on the proper development of a child, both directly through the intake of essential nutrients and indirectly by affecting the composition of the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists and other microorganisms, is a highly modifiable and adaptive system that is influenced by diet, lifestyle, medicinal products and the environment. Reversely, it affects the immune system in multiple complex ways. Many noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) associated with dysbiosis are "programmed" during childhood. Nutrition is a potent determinant of the children's microbiota composition and maturation and, therefore, a strong determinant of the NCDs' programming. In this review we explore the interplay between nutrition during the first 1000 days of life, the gut microbiota, virome and mycobiome composition and the development of NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi C. Fragkou
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dareilena Karaviti
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, P. & A. Kyriakou Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Zemlin
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
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27
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Risdon S, Battault S, Romo-Romo A, Roustit M, Briand L, Meyer G, Almeda-Valdes P, Walther G. Sucralose and Cardiometabolic Health: Current Understanding from Receptors to Clinical Investigations. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1500-1513. [PMID: 33578411 PMCID: PMC8321845 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The excess consumption of added sugar is consistently found to be associated with weight gain, and a higher risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and stroke. In an effort to reduce the risk of cardiometabolic disease, sugar is frequently replaced by low- and null-calorie sweeteners (LCSs). Alarmingly, though, emerging evidence indicates that the consumption of LCSs is associated with an increase in cardiovascular mortality risk that is amplified in those who are overweight or obese. Sucralose, a null-caloric high-intensity sweetener, is the most commonly used LCS worldwide, which is regularly consumed by healthy individuals and patients with metabolic disease. To explore a potential causal role for sucralose in increased cardiovascular risk, this present review summarizes the preclinical and clinical data from current research detailing the effects of sucralose on systems controlling food intake, glucose homeostasis, and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alonso Romo-Romo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Matthieu Roustit
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1042, Grenoble, France,Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Clinical Pharmacology, Inserm CIC1406, Grenoble, France
| | - Loic Briand
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | | | - Paloma Almeda-Valdes
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
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28
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Van De Maele K, De Geyter C, Vandenplas Y, Gies I, Devlieger R. Eating Habits of Children Born after Maternal Bariatric Surgery. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2577. [PMID: 32854290 PMCID: PMC7551775 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mothers who underwent bariatric surgery (BS) before pregnancy have worrisome eating habits, but little is known about the eating habits of their offspring. EFFECTOR is a cross-sectional, long-term follow-up study of 4-11-year-old children born from mothers that underwent bariatric surgery before pregnancy (n = 36), mothers with overweight/obesity (OW/OB) in a control group (n = 71), and mothers with a normal weight (NW) in a second control group (n = 35). Data on anthropometry and on eating habits obtained through a Food Frequency Questionnaire were collected prospectively. The children's body mass index (BMI) scores significantly correlated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was the highest in children of the BS group (38.9% vs. 15.5% for children of the OW/OB group and 5.7% for those of the NW group; p = 0.004). Meal-skipping behavior was comparable between the groups. There was no difference in fruit and vegetable consumption. The BS group consumed more low-calorie sweetened beverages compared to the NW group (p = 0.01) but less fruit juice compared to the NW and OW/OB groups (p = 0.01). Our results may indicate a sugar-avoiding behavior in children of the BS group, fitting dietary maternal habits in a strategy to prevent dumping syndrome. In conclusion, maternal pre-pregnancy bariatric surgery does not alter unhealthy eating behaviors and the risk of development of overweight during childhood in their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien Van De Maele
- Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (K.V.D.M.); (I.G.)
- Research Unit Organ Systems, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Research Unit GRON, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Charlotte De Geyter
- KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- Research Unit GRON, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
- KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Inge Gies
- Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (K.V.D.M.); (I.G.)
- Research Unit GRON, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Roland Devlieger
- Research Unit Organ Systems, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Moriconi E, Feraco A, Marzolla V, Infante M, Lombardo M, Fabbri A, Caprio M. Neuroendocrine and Metabolic Effects of Low-Calorie and Non-Calorie Sweeteners. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:444. [PMID: 32765425 PMCID: PMC7378387 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since excessive sugar consumption has been related to the development of chronic metabolic diseases prevalent in the western world, the use of sweeteners has gradually increased worldwide over the last few years. Although low- and non-calorie sweeteners may represent a valuable tool to reduce calorie intake and prevent weight gain, studies investigating the safety and efficacy of these compounds in the short- and long-term period are scarce and controversial. Therefore, future studies will need to elucidate the potential beneficial and/or detrimental effects of different types of sweeteners on metabolic health (energy balance, appetite, body weight, cardiometabolic risk factors) in healthy subjects and patients with diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. In this regard, the impact of different sweeteners on central nervous system, gut hormones and gut microbiota is important, given the strong implications that changes in such systems may have for human health. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the current evidence for the neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of sweeteners, as well as their impact on gut microbiota. Finally, we briefly discuss the advantages of the use of sweeteners in the context of very-low calorie ketogenic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Moriconi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Feraco
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Marzolla
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Infante
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
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