1
|
Burkhardt P, Palma-Duran SA, Tuck ARR, Norgren K, Li X, Nikiforova V, Griffin JL, Munic Kos V. Environmental chemicals change extracellular lipidome of mature human white adipocytes. Chemosphere 2024; 349:140852. [PMID: 38048832 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain environmental chemicals affect the body's energy balance and are known as metabolism disrupting chemicals (MDCs). MDCs have been implicated in the development of metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. In contrast to their well-known impact on developing adipocytes, MDC effects leading to altered energy balance and development of insulin resistance in mature white adipocytes, constituents of adult adipose tissue, are largely unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of six well-established environmental MDCs (bisphenol A (BPA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), triclosan (TCS), p,p-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (ppDDE), tributyltin chloride (TBT) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP)) on mature human white adipocytes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. We aimed to identify biomarkers and sensitive endpoints of their metabolism disrupting effects. While most of the tested exposures had no effect on adipocyte glucose consumption, lipid storage and assessed gene expression endpoints, the highest concentration of triclosan affected the total lipid storage and adipocyte size, as well as glucose consumption and mRNA expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1, leptin and adiponectin. Additionally, an increased expression of adiponectin was observed with TPP and the positive control PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone. In contrast, the lipidomic analysis of the cell culture medium after a 3-day exposure was extremely sensitive and revealed concentration-dependent changes in the extracellular lipidome of adipocytes exposed to nearly all studied chemicals. While some of the extracellular lipidome changes were specific for the MDC used, some effects were found common to several tested chemicals and included increases in lysophosphatidylcholines, glycerophospholipids and ceramides and a decrease in fatty acids, with possible implications in inflammation, lipid and glucose uptake. This study points to early signs of metabolic disruption and likely systemic effects of mature adipocyte exposure to environmental chemicals, as well as to the need to include lipidomic endpoints in the assessment of adverse effects of MDCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Burkhardt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susana Alejandra Palma-Duran
- Metabolomics STP, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Food Science, Research Center in Food and Development A.C., Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Astrud R R Tuck
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kalle Norgren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Violetta Nikiforova
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kassotis CD, Vom Saal FS, Babin PJ, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Le Mentec H, Blumberg B, Mohajer N, Legrand A, Munic Kos V, Martin-Chouly C, Podechard N, Langouët S, Touma C, Barouki R, Kim MJ, Audouze K, Choudhury M, Shree N, Bansal A, Howard S, Heindel JJ. Corrigendum to "Obesity III: Obesogen assays: Limitations, strengths, and new directions" [Biochem. Pharmacol. 199 (2022) 115014]. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115145. [PMID: 35716579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - Frederick S Vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac, France
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Helene Le Mentec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Nicole Mohajer
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Antoine Legrand
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Corinne Martin-Chouly
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Normand Podechard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Charbel Touma
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | | | - Mahua Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Nitya Shree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2611, Australia
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Heindel JJ, Howard S, Agay-Shay K, Arrebola JP, Audouze K, Babin PJ, Barouki R, Bansal A, Blanc E, Cave MC, Chatterjee S, Chevalier N, Choudhury M, Collier D, Connolly L, Coumoul X, Garruti G, Gilbertson M, Hoepner LA, Holloway AC, Howell G, Kassotis CD, Kay MK, Kim MJ, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Langouet S, Legrand A, Li Z, Le Mentec H, Lind L, Monica Lind P, Lustig RH, Martin-Chouly C, Munic Kos V, Podechard N, Roepke TA, Sargis RM, Starling A, Tomlinson CR, Touma C, Vondracek J, Vom Saal F, Blumberg B. Obesity II: Establishing causal links between chemical exposures and obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115015. [PMID: 35395240 PMCID: PMC9124454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease with both genetic and environmental components. The prevailing view is that obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure caused by overeating and insufficient exercise. We describe another environmental element that can alter the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure: obesogens. Obesogens are a subset of environmental chemicals that act as endocrine disruptors affecting metabolic endpoints. The obesogen hypothesis posits that exposure to endocrine disruptors and other chemicals can alter the development and function of the adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and brain, thus changing the set point for control of metabolism. Obesogens can determine how much food is needed to maintain homeostasis and thereby increase the susceptibility to obesity. The most sensitive time for obesogen action is in utero and early childhood, in part via epigenetic programming that can be transmitted to future generations. This review explores the evidence supporting the obesogen hypothesis and highlights knowledge gaps that have prevented widespread acceptance as a contributor to the obesity pandemic. Critically, the obesogen hypothesis changes the narrative from curing obesity to preventing obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, USA.
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, USA
| | - Keren Agay-Shay
- Health and Environment Research (HER) Lab, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Juan P Arrebola
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Karine Audouze
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, Paris France
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Etienne Blanc
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40402, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cote d'Azur, Cote d'Azur, France
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David Collier
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Lisa Connolly
- The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Michael Gilbertson
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Lori A Hoepner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Alison C Holloway
- McMaster University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamilton, Ontario, CA, USA
| | - George Howell
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mathew K Kay
- College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | | | - Sophie Langouet
- Univ Rennes, INSERM EHESP, IRSET UMR_5S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Antoine Legrand
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Zhuorui Li
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Helene Le Mentec
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Lars Lind
- Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert H Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Normand Podechard
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Biological Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Robert M Sargis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Il 60612, USA
| | - Anne Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Craig R Tomlinson
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Charbel Touma
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Jan Vondracek
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frederick Vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kassotis CD, Vom Saal FS, Babin PJ, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Le Mentec H, Blumberg B, Mohajer N, Legrand A, Munic Kos V, Martin-Chouly C, Podechard N, Langouët S, Touma C, Barouki R, Ji Kim M, Audouze K, Choudhury M, Shree N, Bansal A, Howard S, Heindel JJ. Obesity III: Obesogen assays: Limitations, strengths, and new directions. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115014. [PMID: 35393121 PMCID: PMC9050906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of a role for environmental contaminants in disrupting metabolic health in both humans and animals. Despite a growing need for well-understood models for evaluating adipogenic and potential obesogenic contaminants, there has been a reliance on decades-old in vitro models that have not been appropriately managed by cell line providers. There has been a quick rise in available in vitro models in the last ten years, including commercial availability of human mesenchymal stem cell and preadipocyte models; these models require more comprehensive validation but demonstrate real promise in improved translation to human metabolic health. There is also progress in developing three-dimensional and co-culture techniques that allow for the interrogation of a more physiologically relevant state. While diverse rodent models exist for evaluating putative obesogenic and/or adipogenic chemicals in a physiologically relevant context, increasing capabilities have been identified for alternative model organisms such as Drosophila, C. elegans, zebrafish, and medaka in metabolic health testing. These models have several appreciable advantages, including most notably their size, rapid development, large brood sizes, and ease of high-resolution lipid accumulation imaging throughout the organisms. They are anticipated to expand the capabilities of metabolic health research, particularly when coupled with emerging obesogen evaluation techniques as described herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - Frederick S Vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac, France
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Helene Le Mentec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, United States
| | - Nicole Mohajer
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, United States
| | - Antoine Legrand
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Corinne Martin-Chouly
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Normand Podechard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Charbel Touma
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Min Ji Kim
- University of Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | | | - Mahua Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Nitya Shree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2611, Australia
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peric M, Pešić D, Alihodžić S, Fajdetić A, Herreros E, Gamo FJ, Angulo-Barturen I, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Ferrer-Bazaga S, Martínez MS, Gargallo-Viola D, Mathis A, Kessler A, Banjanac M, Padovan J, Bencetić Mihaljević V, Munic Kos V, Bukvić M, Eraković Haber V, Spaventi R. A novel class of fast-acting antimalarial agents: Substituted 15-membered azalides. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:363-377. [PMID: 33085774 PMCID: PMC9328652 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Efficacy of current antimalarial treatments is declining as a result of increasing antimalarial drug resistance, so new and potent antimalarial drugs are urgently needed. Azithromycin, an azalide antibiotic, was found useful in malaria therapy, but its efficacy in humans is low. Experimental Approach Four compounds belonging to structurally different azalide classes were tested and their activities compared to azithromycin and chloroquine. in vitro evaluation included testing against sensitive and resistant Plasmodium falciparum, cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells, accumulation and retention in human erythrocytes, antibacterial activity, and mode of action studies (delayed death phenotype and haem polymerization). in vivo assessment enabled determination of pharmacokinetic profiles in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys and in vivo efficacy in a humanized mouse model. Key Results Novel fast‐acting azalides were highly active in vitro against P. falciparum strains exhibiting various resistance patterns, including chloroquine‐resistant strains. Excellent antimalarial activity was confirmed in a P. falciparum murine model by strong inhibition of haemozoin‐containing trophozoites and quick clearance of parasites from the blood. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that compounds are metabolically stable and have moderate oral bioavailability, long half‐lives, low clearance, and substantial exposures, with blood cells as the preferred compartment, especially infected erythrocytes. Fast anti‐plasmodial action is achieved by the high accumulation into infected erythrocytes and interference with parasite haem polymerization, a mode of action different from slow‐acting azithromycin. Conclusion and Implications The hybrid derivatives described here represent excellent antimalarial drug candidates with the potential for clinical use in malaria therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Peric
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.,Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department for Intercellular Communication, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dijana Pešić
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.,Fidelta Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sulejman Alihodžić
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.,Fidelta Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Fajdetić
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.,Fidelta Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Esperanza Herreros
- GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, Tres Cantos (Madrid), Spain.,Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Francisco Javier Gamo
- GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, Tres Cantos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Iñigo Angulo-Barturen
- GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, Tres Cantos (Madrid), Spain.,The Art of Discovery, Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - María Belén Jiménez-Díaz
- GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, Tres Cantos (Madrid), Spain.,The Art of Discovery, Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Santiago Ferrer-Bazaga
- GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, Tres Cantos (Madrid), Spain
| | - María S Martínez
- GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, Tres Cantos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Domingo Gargallo-Viola
- GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, Tres Cantos (Madrid), Spain.,ABAC Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda Mathis
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.,BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Albane Kessler
- GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, Tres Cantos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Mihailo Banjanac
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.,Fidelta Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Padovan
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.,Fidelta Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Vesna Munic Kos
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mirjana Bukvić
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.,Fidelta Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vesna Eraković Haber
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.,Fidelta Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Radan Spaventi
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.,Triadelta Partners Ltd, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Norinder U, Tuck A, Norgren K, Munic Kos V. Existing highly accumulating lysosomotropic drugs with potential for repurposing to target COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110582. [PMID: 32763818 PMCID: PMC7392152 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomotropic drugs show moderate antiviral effects even on coronaviruses. The antiviral activity is likely due to interference with endosomal pathway. 530 existing drugs were analysed for lysosomotropism, pharmacokinetics and toxicity. 36 drugs were identified that may possibly be suitable for repurposing for COVID-19. Further research is needed to confirm their antiviral effects and safety limits.
Given the speed of viral infection spread, repurposing of existing drugs has been given the highest priority in combating the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Only drugs that are already registered or close to registration, and therefore have passed lengthy safety assessments, have a chance to be tested in clinical trials and reach patients quickly enough to help in the current disease outbreak. Here, we have reviewed available evidence and possible ways forward to identify already existing pharmaceuticals displaying modest broad-spectrum antiviral activity which is likely linked to their high accumulation in cells. Several well studied examples indicate that these drugs accumulate in lysosomes, endosomes and biological membranes in general, and thereby interfere with endosomal pathway and intracellular membrane trafficking crucial for viral infection. With the aim to identify other lysosomotropic drugs with possible inherent antiviral activity, we have applied a set of clear physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and molecular criteria on 530 existing drugs. In addition to publicly available data, we have also used our in silico model for the prediction of accumulation in lysosomes and endosomes. By this approach we have identified 36 compounds with possible antiviral effects, also against coronaviruses. For 14 of them evidence of broad-spectrum antiviral activity has already been reported, adding support to the value of this approach. Presented pros and cons, knowledge gaps and methods to identify lysosomotropic antivirals, can help in the evaluation of many drugs currently in clinical trials considered for repurposing to target COVID-19, as well as open doors to finding more potent and safer alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Norinder
- Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, Box 7003, SE-164 07 Kista, Sweden; MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Astrud Tuck
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kalle Norgren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Legler J, Zalko D, Jourdan F, Jacobs M, Fromenty B, Balaguer P, Bourguet W, Munic Kos V, Nadal A, Beausoleil C, Cristobal S, Remy S, Ermler S, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Griffin JL, Blumberg B, Chesné C, Hoffmann S, Andersson PL, Kamstra JH. The GOLIATH Project: Towards an Internationally Harmonised Approach for Testing Metabolism Disrupting Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3480. [PMID: 32423144 PMCID: PMC7279023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this project report is to introduce the European "GOLIATH" project, a new research project which addresses one of the most urgent regulatory needs in the testing of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), namely the lack of methods for testing EDCs that disrupt metabolism and metabolic functions. These chemicals collectively referred to as "metabolism disrupting compounds" (MDCs) are natural and anthropogenic chemicals that can promote metabolic changes that can ultimately result in obesity, diabetes, and/or fatty liver in humans. This project report introduces the main approaches of the project and provides a focused review of the evidence of metabolic disruption for selected EDCs. GOLIATH will generate the world's first integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA) specifically tailored to MDCs. GOLIATH will focus on the main cellular targets of metabolic disruption-hepatocytes, pancreatic endocrine cells, myocytes and adipocytes-and using an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework will provide key information on MDC-related mode of action by incorporating multi-omic analyses and translating results from in silico, in vitro, and in vivo models and assays to adverse metabolic health outcomes in humans at real-life exposures. Given the importance of international acceptance of the developed test methods for regulatory use, GOLIATH will link with ongoing initiatives of the Organisation for Economic Development (OECD) for test method (pre-)validation, IATA, and AOP development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Legler
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Daniel Zalko
- INRAE Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Metabolism and Xenobiotics (MeX) Team, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (D.Z.); (F.J.)
| | - Fabien Jourdan
- INRAE Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Metabolism and Xenobiotics (MeX) Team, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (D.Z.); (F.J.)
| | - Miriam Jacobs
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton OXON. OX11 0RQ, UK;
| | - Bernard Fromenty
- Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) INSERM UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, ICM, Université de Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier, France;
| | - William Bourguet
- Center for Structural Biochemistry (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Angel Nadal
- IDiBE and CIBERDEM, Universitas Miguel Hernandez, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain;
| | - Claire Beausoleil
- ANSES, Direction de l’Evaluation des Risques, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort CEDEX, France;
| | - Susana Cristobal
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Sylvie Remy
- Sustainable Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, VITO, 2400 Mol, Belgium;
| | - Sibylle Ermler
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (S.E.); (L.M.-C.)
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (S.E.); (L.M.-C.)
| | - Julian L. Griffin
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, 2011 BioSci 3, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA;
| | - Christophe Chesné
- Biopredic International, Parc d’Activité de la Bretèche Bâtiment A4, 35760 Saint Grégoire, France;
| | | | | | - Jorke H. Kamstra
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Norinder U, Munic Kos V. QSAR Models for Predicting Five Levels of Cellular Accumulation of Lysosomotropic Macrocycles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235938. [PMID: 31779113 PMCID: PMC6928787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs that accumulate in lysosomes reach very high tissue concentrations, which is evident in the high volume of distribution and often lower clearance of these compounds. Such a pharmacokinetic profile is beneficial for indications where high tissue penetration and a less frequent dosing regime is required. Here, we show how the level of lysosomotropic accumulation in cells can be predicted solely from molecular structure. To develop quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models, we used cellular accumulation data for 69 lysosomotropic macrocycles, the pharmaceutical class for which this type of prediction model is extremely valuable due to the importance of cellular accumulation for their anti-infective and anti-inflammatory applications as well as due to the fact that they are extremely difficult to model by computational methods because of their large size (Mw > 500). For the first time, we show that five levels of intracellular lysosomotropic accumulation (as measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry—LC-MS/MS), from low/no to extremely high, can be predicted with 60% balanced accuracy solely from the compound’s structure. Although largely built on macrocycles, the eight non-macrocyclic compounds that were added to the set were found to be well incorporated by the models, indicating their possible broader application. By uncovering the link between the molecular structure and cellular accumulation as the key process in tissue distribution of lysosomotropic compounds, these models are applicable for directing the drug discovery process and prioritizing the compounds for synthesis with fine-tuned accumulation properties, according to the desired pharmacokinetic profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Norinder
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden;
- Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, Box 7003, SE-164 07 Kista, Sweden
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Easwaranathan A, Inci B, Ulrich S, Brunken L, Nikiforova V, Norinder U, Swanson S, Munic Kos V. Quantification of Intracellular Accumulation and Retention of Lysosomotropic Macrocyclic Compounds by High-Throughput Imaging of Lysosomal Changes. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:652-660. [PMID: 30419273 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many marketed pharmaceuticals reach extremely high tissue concentrations due to accumulation in lysosomes (lysosomotropism). Quantitative prediction of intracellular concentrations of accumulating drugs is challenging, especially for macrocyclic compounds that mainly do not fit in current in silico models. We tested a unique library of 47 compounds (containing 39 macrocycles) specifically designed to cover the entire range of accumulation intensities observed with pharmaceuticals so far. For the first time, we show that intracellular concentration of compounds measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry correlates with the induction of phospholipidosis and inhibition of autophagy, but the highest correlation was observed with the increase of lysosomal volume (R = 0.95), all measured by high-throughput imaging assays. Based only on imaging data, we developed a 5-class in vitro model for the prediction of compound accumulation with the accuracy of 81%. The measured change of total lysosomal volume can thus be used in high-throughput screening for determination of the actual intensity of intracellular accumulation of new macrocyclic compounds. The models are largely based on macrocycles, greatly improving the screening and prediction of intracellular accumulation of this challenging class. However, all tested nonmacrocyclic compounds fitted well in the models, indicating potential use of the models in broader chemical space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arrabi Easwaranathan
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Beril Inci
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Sam Ulrich
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Lars Brunken
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Violetta Nikiforova
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Ulf Norinder
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Stephen Swanson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kagebeck P, Nikiforova V, Brunken L, Easwaranathan A, Ruegg J, Cotgreave I, Munic Kos V. Lysosomotropic cationic amphiphilic drugs inhibit adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1K cells via accumulation in cells and phospholipid membranes, and inhibition of autophagy. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 829:44-53. [PMID: 29627311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Some cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) have been individually reported to interfere with the differentiation of immune system cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. To investigate the possible generic nature of this process, in this study we aimed to see whether these drugs are capable of interfering with the differentiation of adipocytes. Further, we investigated whether this feature might be connected to the lysosomotropic character of these drugs, and their disturbance of intracellular membrane trafficking rather than to the individual pharmacologic properties of each drug. Thus, for the selected set of compounds consisting of seven structurally and pharmacologically diverse CADs and three non-CAD controls we have measured the impact on differentiation of 3T3-L1K murine preadipocytes to adipocytes. We conclude that CADs indeed inhibit adipocyte differentiation, as shown morphologically, at the level of lipid droplet formation and on the expression of genetic markers of adipocytes. Furthermore, the intensity of this inhibitory effect was found to strongly positively correlate with the extent of drug accumulation in adipocytes, with their affinity for phospholipid membranes, as well as with their ability to induce phospholipidosis and inhibit autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Kagebeck
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Violetta Nikiforova
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Lars Brunken
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Arrabi Easwaranathan
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Joelle Ruegg
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Ian Cotgreave
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sanchez Garcia D, Sjödin M, Hellstrandh M, Norinder U, Nikiforova V, Lindberg J, Wincent E, Bergman Å, Cotgreave I, Munic Kos V. Cellular accumulation and lipid binding of perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFASs) - A comparison with lysosomotropic drugs. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 281:1-10. [PMID: 29248446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Many chemicals accumulate in organisms through a variety of different mechanisms. Cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) accumulate in lysosomes and bind to membranes causing phospholipidosis, whereas many lipophilic chemicals target adipose tissue. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely used as surfactants, but many of them are highly bioaccumulating and persistent in the environment, making them notorious environmental toxicants. Understanding the mechanisms of their bioaccumulation is, therefore, important for their regulation and substitution with new, less harmful chemicals. We compared the highly bioaccumulative perfluorooctanesulfonic acid PFOS to its three less bioaccumulative alternatives perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS), in their ability to accumulate and remain in lung epithelial cells (NCI-H292) and adipocytes (3T3-L1K) in vitro. As a reference point we tested a set of cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs), known to highly accumulate in cells and strongly bind to phospholipids, together with their respective non-CAD controls. Finally, all compounds were examined for their ability to bind to neutral lipids and phospholipids in cell-free systems. Cellular accumulation and retention of the test compounds were highly correlated between the lung epithelial cells and adipocytes. Interestingly, although an anion itself, intensities of PFOS accumulation and retention in cells were comparable to those of CAD compounds, but PFOS failed to induce phospholipidosis or alter lysosomal volume. Compared to other lipophilicity measures, phospholipophilicity shows the highest correlation (Rˆ2 = 0.75) to cellular accumulation data in both cell types and best distinguishes between high and low accumulating compounds. This indicates that binding to phospholipids may be the most important component in driving high cellular accumulation in lung epithelial cells, as well as in adipocytes, and for both CADs and bioaccumulating PFASs. Obtained continuous PLS models based on compound's affinity for phospholipids and neutral lipids can be used as good prediction models of cellular accumulation and retention of PFASs and CADs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sanchez Garcia
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Marcus Sjödin
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Magnus Hellstrandh
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Ulf Norinder
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Violetta Nikiforova
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Johan Lindberg
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Emma Wincent
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Åke Bergman
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Ian Cotgreave
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Koštrun S, Munic Kos V, Matanović Škugor M, Palej Jakopović I, Malnar I, Dragojević S, Ralić J, Alihodžić S. Around the macrolide – Impact of 3D structure of macrocycles on lipophilicity and cellular accumulation. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 133:351-364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|