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Glasgow G, Ramkrishnan B, Smith AE. Model misspecification, measurement error, and apparent supralinearity in the concentration-response relationship between PM2.5 and mortality. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303640. [PMID: 38781233 PMCID: PMC11115258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have produced results that suggest the shape of the concentration-response (C-R) relationship between PM2.5 exposure and mortality is "supralinear" such that incremental risk is higher at the lowest exposure levels than at the highest exposure levels. If the C-R function is in fact supralinear, then there may be significant health benefits associated with reductions in PM2.5 below the current US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), as each incremental tightening of the PM2.5 NAAQS would be expected to produce ever-greater reductions in mortality risk. In this paper we undertake a series of tests with simulated cohort data to examine whether there are alternative explanations for apparent supralinearity in PM2.5 C-R functions. Our results show that a linear C-R function for PM2.5 can falsely appear to be supralinear in a statistical estimation process for a variety of reasons, such as spatial variation in the composition of total PM2.5 mass, the presence of confounders that are correlated with PM2.5 exposure, and some types of measurement error in estimates of PM2.5 exposure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first simulation-based study to examine alternative explanations for apparent supralinearity in C-R functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Glasgow
- NERA Economic Consulting, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bharat Ramkrishnan
- NERA Economic Consulting, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Smith
- NERA Economic Consulting, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
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Burke M, Heft-Neal S, Li J, Driscoll A, Baylis P, Stigler M, Weill JA, Burney JA, Wen J, Childs ML, Gould CF. Exposures and behavioural responses to wildfire smoke. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:1351-1361. [PMID: 35798884 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pollution from wildfires constitutes a growing source of poor air quality globally. To protect health, governments largely rely on citizens to limit their own wildfire smoke exposures, but the effectiveness of this strategy is hard to observe. Using data from private pollution sensors, cell phones, social media posts and internet search activity, we find that during large wildfire smoke events, individuals in wealthy locations increasingly search for information about air quality and health protection, stay at home more and are unhappier. Residents of lower-income neighbourhoods exhibit similar patterns in searches for air quality information but not for health protection, spend less time at home and have more muted sentiment responses. During smoke events, indoor particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations often remain 3-4× above health-based guidelines and vary by 20× between neighbouring households. Our results suggest that policy reliance on self-protection to mitigate smoke health risks will have modest and unequal benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall Burke
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Sam Heft-Neal
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Li
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anne Driscoll
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Baylis
- Department of Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthieu Stigler
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joakim A Weill
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Burney
- Global Policy School, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeff Wen
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marissa L Childs
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carlos F Gould
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Lim S, Bassey E, Bos B, Makacha L, Varaden D, Arku RE, Baumgartner J, Brauer M, Ezzati M, Kelly FJ, Barratt B. Comparing human exposure to fine particulate matter in low and high-income countries: A systematic review of studies measuring personal PM 2.5 exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155207. [PMID: 35421472 PMCID: PMC7615091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the adverse health effects of air pollution, researchers have advocated for personal exposure measurements whereby individuals carry portable monitors in order to better characterise and understand the sources of people's pollution exposure. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review is to assess the differences in the magnitude and sources of personal PM2.5 exposures experienced between countries at contrasting levels of income. METHODS This review summarised studies that measured participants personal exposure by carrying a PM2.5 monitor throughout their typical day. Personal PM2.5 exposures were summarised to indicate the distribution of exposures measured within each country income category (based on low (LIC), lower-middle (LMIC), upper-middle (UMIC), and high (HIC) income countries) and between different groups (i.e. gender, age, urban or rural residents). RESULTS From the 2259 search results, there were 140 studies that met our criteria. Overall, personal PM2.5 exposures in HICs were lower compared to other countries, with UMICs exposures being slightly lower than exposures measured in LMICs or LICs. 34% of measured groups in HICs reported below the ambient World Health Organisation 24-h PM2.5 guideline of 15 μg/m3, compared to only 1% of UMICs and 0% of LMICs and LICs. There was no difference between rural and urban participant exposures in HICs, but there were noticeably higher exposures recorded in rural areas compared to urban areas in non-HICs, due to significant household sources of PM2.5 in rural locations. In HICs, studies reported that secondhand smoke, ambient pollution infiltrating indoors, and traffic emissions were the dominant contributors to personal exposures. While, in non-HICs, household cooking and heating with biomass and coal were reported as the most important sources. CONCLUSION This review revealed a growing literature of personal PM2.5 exposure studies, which highlighted a large variability in exposures recorded and severe inequalities in geographical and social population subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanon Lim
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Eridiong Bassey
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Brendan Bos
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Liberty Makacha
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; Place Alert Labs, Department of Surveying and Geomatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe; Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Diana Varaden
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Raphael E Arku
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Majid Ezzati
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, UK; Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Benjamin Barratt
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
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Zhou Q, Wang X, Shu Y, Sun L, Jin Z, Ma Z, Liu M, Bi J, Kinney PL. A stochastic exposure model integrating random forest and agent-based approaches: Evaluation for PM 2.5 in Jiangsu, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128639. [PMID: 35278951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This research proposes an Activity Pattern embedded Air Pollution Exposure Model (AP2EM), based on survey data of when, where, and how people spend their time and indoor/outdoor ratios for microenvironments. AP2EM integrates random forest and agent-based approaches to simulate the stochastic exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) along with indoor and in-vehicle PM2.5 of outdoor origin. The R2 of the linear regression between the model's calculations and personal measurement was 0.65, which was more accurate than the commonly-used aggregated exposure (AE) model and the outdoor exposure (OE) model. The population-weighted PM2.5 exposure estimated by the AP2EM was 36.7 μg/m3 in Jiangsu, China, during 2014-2017. The OE model overestimated exposure by 54.0%, and the AE model underestimated exposure by 6.5%. These misestimate reflect ignorance of traditional studies on effects posed from time spent indoors (~85%) and doing low respiratory rate activities (~93%), problems of biased sampling, and neglecting low probability events. The proposed AP2EM treats activity patterns of individuals as chains and uses stochastic estimates to model activity choices, providing a more comprehensive understanding of human activity and exposure characteristics. Overall, the AP2EM is applicable for other air pollutants in different regions and benefits China's air pollution control policy designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhou Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Boomhower SR, Long CM, Li W, Manidis TD, Bhatia A, Goodman JE. A review and analysis of personal and ambient PM 2.5 measurements: Implications for epidemiology studies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112019. [PMID: 34534524 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In epidemiology studies, ambient measurements of PM2.5 are often used as surrogates for personal exposures. However, it is unclear the degree to which ambient PM2.5 reflects personal exposures. OBJECTIVE In order to examine potential sources of bias in epidemiology studies, we conducted a review and meta-analysis of studies to determine the extent to which short-term measurements of ambient PM2.5 levels are related to short-term measurements of personal PM2.5 levels. METHODS We conducted a literature search of studies reporting both personal and ambient measurements of PM2.5 published in the last 10 years (2009-2019) and incorporated studies published prior to 2009 from reviews. RESULTS Seventy-one studies were identified. Based on 17 studies reporting slopes, a meta-analysis revealed an overall slope of 0.56 μg/m3 (95% CI: [0.39, 0.73]) personal PM2.5 per μg/m3 increase in ambient PM2.5. Slopes for summer months were higher (slope = 0.73, 95% CI: [0.64, 0.81]) than for winter (slope = 0.46, 95% CI: [0.36, 0.57]). Based on 44 studies reporting correlations, we calculated an overall personal-ambient PM2.5 correlation of 0.63 (95% CI: [0.55, 0.71]). Correlations were stronger in studies conducted in Canada (r = 0.86, 95% CI: [0.67, 0.94]) compared to the USA (r = 0.60, 95% CI: [0.49, 0.70]) and China (r = 0.60, 95% CI: [0.46, 0.71]). Correlations also were stronger in urban areas (r = 0.53, 95% CI: [0.43, 0.62]) vs. suburban areas (r = 0.36, 95% CI: [0.21, 0.49]). SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest a large degree of variability in the personal-ambient PM2.5 association and the potential for exposure misclassification and measurement error in PM2.5 epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Boomhower
- Gradient, One Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA; Harvard Division of Continuing Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | - Wenchao Li
- Gradient, One Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA
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Song J, Gao Y, Hu S, Medda E, Tang G, Zhang D, Zhang W, Li X, Li J, Renzi M, Stazi MA, Zheng X. Association of long-term exposure to PM 2.5 with hypertension prevalence and blood pressure in China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e050159. [PMID: 34887274 PMCID: PMC8663071 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence of the effects of long-term fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure on hypertension and blood pressure is limited for populations exposed to high levels of PM2.5. We aim to assess associations of long-term exposure to PM2.5 with hypertension prevalence and blood pressure, and further explore the subpopulation differences and effect modification by participant characteristics in these associations in China. METHODS We analysed cross-sectional data from 883 827 participants aged 35-75 years in the China Patient-Centred Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events Million Persons Project. Data from the monitoring station were used to estimate the 1-year average concentration of PM2.5. The associations of PM2.5 exposure with hypertension prevalence and blood pressure were investigated by generalised linear models, with PM2.5 included as either linear or spline functions. RESULTS The 1-year PM2.5 exposure of the study population ranged from 8.8 to 93.8 µg/m3 (mean 49.2 µg/m3). The adjusted OR of hypertension prevalence related to a 10 μg/m3 increase in 1-year PM2.5 exposure was 1.04 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.05). Each 10 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5 exposure was associated with increases of 0.19 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.10 to 0.28) and 0.13 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.08 to 0.18) in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. The concentration-response curves for hypertension prevalence and systolic blood pressure showed steeper slopes at higher PM2.5 levels; while the curve for diastolic blood pressure was U-shaped. The elderly, men, non-current smokers and obese participants were more susceptible to the exposure of PM2.5. CONCLUSIONS Long-term exposure to PM2.5 is associated with higher blood pressure and increased risk of hypertension prevalence. The effects of PM2.5 on hypertension prevalence become more pronounced at higher PM2.5 levels. These findings emphasise the need to reduce air pollution, especially in areas with severe air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gao
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Emanuela Medda
- Reference Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Guigang Tang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Di Zhang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Matteo Renzi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Stazi
- Reference Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Xin Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
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Lee H, Kim JH, Kim M, Park HE, Choi SY, Kim HK, Lee BK, Min JY, Min KB, Kang S, Lee SP. Cumulative exposure amount of PM 2.5 in the ambient air is associated with coronary atherosclerosis - Serial coronary CT angiography study. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2021; 16:230-238. [PMID: 34893453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the change of coronary atherosclerosis with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). METHODS Subjects undergoing serial CCTAs between January 2007 and December 2017 (n = 3,127) were analyzed. Each individual's cumulative amount of PM2.5 exposure between the two CCTAs was evaluated by Kriging interpolation and zonal analysis, considering the time interval between the two CCTAs. The main outcome was progression of coronary artery calcium (CAC) with additional semiquantitative analysis on the changes in the severity and composition of atherosclerotic plaques. RESULTS The CAC scores increased by 30.8 Agatston units per-year under a median PM2.5 concentration 24.9 μg/m3 and tended to increase with the cumulative amount of PM2.5 exposure (r = 0.321, p <0.001). The CAC progressed in 1,361 (43.5%) subjects during a median 53 months follow-up. The cumulative amount of PM2.5 exposure was independently associated with CAC progression (adjusted OR 1.09, p <0.001). By random forest analysis, the relative impact of cumulative amount of PM2.5 exposure on CAC progression was higher than that of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and the average concentration of PM2.5. The extent of coronary atherosclerosis and newly developed calcified plaque on follow-up were also significantly associated with the cumulative amount of PM2.5 exposure. CONCLUSIONS Cumulative exposure to air pollution is associated with the progression of diffuse coronary calcification, the importance of which may be more significant than other traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Further investigations into the causality between PM2.5 and coronary atherosclerosis are warranted to improve global cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hye Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Health Promotion Internal Clinic, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minkwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hyo Eun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Health Promotion Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byoung Kwon Lee
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Young Min
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Bok Min
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shinae Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
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Bi J, Wallace LA, Sarnat JA, Liu Y. Characterizing outdoor infiltration and indoor contribution of PM 2.5 with citizen-based low-cost monitoring data. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116763. [PMID: 33631689 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological research on the adverse health outcomes due to PM2.5 exposure frequently relies on measurements from regulatory air quality monitors to provide ambient exposure estimates, whereas personal PM2.5 exposure may deviate from ambient concentrations due to outdoor infiltration and contributions from indoor sources. Research in quantifying infiltration factors (Finf), the fraction of outdoor PM2.5 that infiltrates indoors, has been historically limited in space and time due to the high costs of monitor deployment and maintenance. Recently, the growth of openly accessible, citizen-based PM2.5 measurements provides an unprecedented opportunity to characterize Finf at large spatiotemporal scales. In this analysis, 91 consumer-grade PurpleAir indoor/outdoor monitor pairs were identified in California (41 residential houses and 50 public/commercial buildings) during a 20-month period with around 650000 h of paired PM2.5 measurements. An empirical method was developed based on local polynomial regression to estimate site-specific Finf. The estimated site-specific Finf had a mean of 0.26 (25th, 75th percentiles: [0.15, 0.34]) with a mean bootstrap standard deviation of 0.04. The Finf estimates were toward the lower end of those reported previously. A threshold of ambient PM2.5 concentration, approximately 30 μg/m3, below which indoor sources contributed substantially to personal exposures, was also identified. The quantified relationship between indoor source contributions and ambient PM2.5 concentrations could serve as a metric of exposure errors when using outdoor monitors as an exposure proxy (without considering indoor-generated PM2.5), which may be of interest to epidemiological research. The proposed method can be generalized to larger geographical areas to better quantify PM2.5 outdoor infiltration and personal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhao Bi
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lance A Wallace
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (Retired), Santa Rosa, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy A Sarnat
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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9
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Alexeeff SE, Deosaransingh K, Liao NS, Van Den Eeden SK, Schwartz J, Sidney S. Particulate Matter and Cardiovascular Risk in Adults with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:159-167. [PMID: 33662228 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202007-2901oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and may be more susceptible to air pollution exposure. However, no study has examined the association between long-term fine particulate matter exposure (≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) and risk of cardiovascular events in this potentially vulnerable population. Objectives: To estimate the association between long-term fine particulate matter and risk of cardiovascular events among adults with COPD. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 169,714 adults with COPD who were members of the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health plan during 2007-2016. Electronic health record data were linked to 1 km modeled particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter exposure estimates. We fit Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, calendar year, smoking, body mass index, comorbidities, medications, and socioeconomic status. In low exposure analyses, we examined effects below the current regulation limit (12 μg/m3). Measurements and Main Results: Among adults with COPD, a 10-μg/m3 increase in 1-year mean fine particulate matter exposure was associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.20). Effects were stronger in low exposure analyses (hazard ratio, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.56-2.27). Fine particulate matter exposure was not associated with acute myocardial infarction or stroke in overall analyses. Conclusions: Long-term fine particulate matter exposure was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality among adults with COPD. Current regulations may not sufficiently protect those with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Alexeeff
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California; and
| | - Kamala Deosaransingh
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California; and
| | - Noelle S Liao
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California; and
| | | | - Joel Schwartz
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen Sidney
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California; and
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Qin J, Xia W, Liang G, Xu S, Zhao X, Wang D, Sun X, Li Y, Liu H. Association of fine particulate matter with glucose and lipid metabolism: a longitudinal study in young adults. Occup Environ Med 2021; 78:oemed-2020-107039. [PMID: 33637624 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-107039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate whether PM2.5 exposure in a highly polluted area (>100 µg/m3) affects glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy adults. METHODS We recruited 110 healthy adults in Baoding city, Hebei, China, and followed them up between 2017 and 2018. Personal air samplers were used to monitor personal PM2.5 levels. Eight glucose and lipid metabolism parameters were quantified. We performed the linear mixed-effect models to investigate the relationships between PM2.5 and glucose and lipid metabolism parameters. Stratified analyses were further performed according to sex and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS The concentration of PM2.5 was the highest in spring, with a median of 232 μg/m3 and the lowest in autumn (139 μg/m3). After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that for each twofold increase in PM2.5, the median of insulin concentration decreased by 5.89% (95% CI -10.91% to -0.58%; p<0.05), and ox-LDL increased by 6.43% (95% CI 2.21% to 10.82%; p<0.05). Stratified analyses indicated that the associations were more pronounced in females, overweight and obese participants. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to high PM2.5 may have deleterious effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Females, overweight and obese participants are more vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaodao Liang
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danlu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Hsu WT, Chen JL, Candice Lung SC, Chen YC. PM 2.5 exposure of various microenvironments in a community: Characteristics and applications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114522. [PMID: 32298940 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While the measurement of particulate matter (PM) with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) has been conducted for personal exposure assessment, it remains unclear how models that integrate microenvironmental levels with resolved activity and location information predict personal exposure to PM. We comprehensively investigated PM2.5 concentrations in various microenvironments and estimated personal exposure stratified by the microenvironment. A variety of microenvironments (>200 places and locations, divided into 23 components according to indoor, outdoor, and transit modes) in a community were selected to characterize PM2.5 concentrations. Infiltration factors calculated from microenvironmental/central-site station (M/S) monitoring campaigns with time-activity patterns were used to estimate time-weighted exposure to PM2.5 for university students. We evaluated exposures using a four-stage modeling approach and quantified the performance of each component. It was found that the SidePak monitor overestimated the concentration by 3.5 times as compared with the filter-based measurements. Higher mean concentrations of PM2.5 were observed in the Taoist temple and night market microenvironments; in contrast, lower concentrations were observed in air-conditioned offices and car microenvironments. While the exposure model incorporating detailed time-location information and infiltration factors achieved the highest prediction (R2 = 0.49) of personal exposure to PM2.5, the use of indoor, outdoor, and transit components for modeling also generated a consistent result (R2 = 0.44).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Hsu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Larng Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 30015, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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Sanchez M, Milà C, Sreekanth V, Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Kinra S, Marshall JD, Tonne C. Personal exposure to particulate matter in peri-urban India: predictors and association with ambient concentration at residence. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:596-605. [PMID: 31263182 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Scalable exposure assessment approaches that capture personal exposure to particles for purposes of epidemiology are currently limited, but valuable, particularly in low-/middle-income countries where sources of personal exposure are often distinct from those of ambient concentrations. We measured 2 × 24-h integrated personal exposure to PM2.5 and black carbon in two seasons in 402 participants living in peri-urban South India. Means (sd) of PM2.5 personal exposure were 55.1(82.8) µg/m3 for men and 58.5(58.8) µg/m3 for women; corresponding figures for black carbon were 4.6(7.0) µg/m3 and 6.1(9.6) µg/m3. Most variability in personal exposure was within participant (intra-class correlation ~20%). Personal exposure measurements were not correlated (Rspearman < 0.2) with annual ambient concentration at residence modeled by land-use regression; no subgroup with moderate or good agreement could be identified (weighted kappa ≤ 0.3 in all subgroups). We developed models to predict personal exposure in men and women separately, based on time-invariant characteristics collected at baseline (individual, household, and general time-activity) using forward stepwise model building with mixed models. Models for women included cooking activities and household socio-economic position, while models for men included smoking and occupation. Models performed moderately in terms of between-participant variance explained (38-53%) and correlations between predictions and measurements (Rspearman: 0.30-0.50). More detailed, time-varying time-activity data did not substantially improve the performance of the models. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of predicting personal exposure in support of epidemiological studies investigating long-term particulate matter exposure in settings characterized by solid fuel use and high occupational exposure to particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Sanchez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Milà
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Sreekanth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University (SRU), Chennai, India
| | - Sankar Sambandam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University (SRU), Chennai, India
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sanjay Kinra
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Julian D Marshall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cathryn Tonne
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
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