1
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Li J, Jahng J, Ma X, Liang J, Zhang X, Min Q, Wang XL, Chen S, Lee ES, Xia XH. Surface-phonon-polariton-enhanced photoinduced dipole force for nanoscale infrared imaging. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae101. [PMID: 38698902 PMCID: PMC11065349 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The photoinduced dipole force (PiDF) is an attractive force arising from the Coulombic interaction between the light-induced dipoles on the illuminated tip and the sample. It shows extreme sample-tip distance and refractive index dependence, which is promising for nanoscale infrared (IR) imaging of ultrathin samples. However, the existence of PiDF in the mid-IR region has not been experimentally demonstrated due to the coexistence of photoinduced thermal force (PiTF), typically one to two orders of magnitude higher than PiDF. In this study, we demonstrate that, with the assistance of surface phonon polaritons, the PiDF of c-quartz can be enhanced to surpass its PiTF, enabling a clear observation of PiDF spectra reflecting the properties of the real part of permittivity. Leveraging the detection of the PiDF of phonon polaritonic substrate, we propose a strategy to enhance the sensitivity and contrast of photoinduced force responses in transmission images, facilitating the precise differentiation of the heterogeneous distribution of ultrathin samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junghoon Jahng
- Hyperspectral Nano-Imaging Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Xuezhi Ma
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Jing Liang
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qianhao Min
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuangjun Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Eun Seong Lee
- Hyperspectral Nano-Imaging Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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2
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Li J, Wang L, Wang Y, Tao Z, Zhong W, Su Z, Xue S, Miao G, Wang W, Peng H, Guo J, Zhu X. Observation of the nonanalytic behavior of optical phonons in monolayer hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1938. [PMID: 38431679 PMCID: PMC10908826 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Phonon splitting of the longitudinal and transverse optical modes (LO-TO splitting), a ubiquitous phenomenon in three-dimensional polar materials, will break down in two-dimensional (2D) polar systems. Theoretical predictions propose that the LO phonon in 2D polar monolayers becomes degenerate with the TO phonon, displaying a distinctive "V-shaped" nonanalytic behavior near the center of the Brillouin zone. However, the full experimental verification of these nonanalytic behaviors has been lacking. Here, using monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a prototypical example, we report the comprehensive and direct experimental verification of the nonanalytic behavior of LO phonons by inelastic electron scattering spectroscopy. Interestingly, the slope of the LO phonon in our measurements is lower than the theoretically predicted value for a freestanding monolayer due to the screening of the Cu foil substrate. This enables the phonon polaritons in monolayer h-BN/Cu foil to exhibit ultra-slow group velocity (~5 × 10-6 c, c is the speed of light) and ultra-high confinement (~ 4000 times smaller wavelength than that of light). These exotic behaviors of the optical phonons in h-BN presents promising prospects for future optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiade Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Yani Wang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), 100095, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyu Tao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Weiliang Zhong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Siwei Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyao Miao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Hailin Peng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), 100095, Beijing, China
| | - Jiandong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuetao Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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3
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Schultz JF, Krylyuk S, Schwartz JJ, Davydov AV, Centrone A. Isotopic effects on in-plane hyperbolic phonon polaritons in MoO 3. NANOPHOTONICS 2024; 13:10.1515/nanoph-2023-0717. [PMID: 38846933 PMCID: PMC11155493 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs), hybrids of light and lattice vibrations in polar dielectric crystals, empower nanophotonic applications by enabling the confinement and manipulation of light at the nanoscale. Molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3) is a naturally hyperbolic material, meaning that its dielectric function deterministically controls the directional propagation of in-plane HPhPs within its reststrahlen bands. Strategies such as substrate engineering, nano- and heterostructuring, and isotopic enrichment are being developed to alter the intrinsic die ectric functions of natural hyperbolic materials and to control the confinement and propagation of HPhPs. Since isotopic disorder can limit phonon-based processes such as HPhPs, here we synthesize isotopically enriched 92MoO3 (92Mo: 99.93 %) and 100MoO3 (100Mo: 99.01 %) crystals to tune the properties and dispersion of HPhPs with respect to natural α-MoO3, which is composed of seven stable Mo isotopes. Real-space, near-field maps measured with the photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) technique enable comparisons of inplane HPhPs in α-MoO3 and isotopically enriched analogues within a reststrahlen band (≈820 cm-1 to ≈ 972 cm-1). Results show that isotopic enrichment (e.g., 92MoO3 and 100MoO3) alters the dielectric function, shifting the HPhP dispersion (HPhP angular wavenumber × thickness vs IR frequency) by ≈-7% and ≈ +9 %, respectively, and changes the HPhP group velocities by ≈ ±12 %, while the lifetimes (≈ 3 ps) in 92MoO3 were found to be slightly improved (≈ 20 %). The latter improvement is attributed to a decrease in isotopic disorder. Altogether, isotopic enrichment was found to offer fine control over the properties that determine the anisotropic in-plane propagation of HPhPs in α-MoO3, which is essential to its implementation in nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F. Schultz
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Sergiy Krylyuk
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Schwartz
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA; and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Albert V. Davydov
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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4
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He M, Matson JR, Yu M, Cleri A, Sunku SS, Janzen E, Mastel S, Folland TG, Edgar JH, Basov DN, Maria JP, Law S, Caldwell JD. Polariton design and modulation via van der Waals/doped semiconductor heterostructures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7965. [PMID: 38042825 PMCID: PMC10693602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) can be supported in materials where the real parts of their permittivities along different directions are opposite in sign. HPhPs offer confinements of long-wavelength light to deeply subdiffractional scales, while the evanescent field allows for interactions with substrates, enabling the tuning of HPhPs by altering the underlying materials. Yet, conventionally used noble metal and dielectric substrates restrict the tunability of this approach. To overcome this challenge, here we show that doped semiconductor substrates, e.g., InAs and CdO, enable a significant tuning effect and dynamic modulations. We elucidated HPhP tuning with the InAs plasma frequency in the near-field, with a maximum difference of 8.3 times. Moreover, the system can be dynamically modulated by photo-injecting carriers into the InAs substrate, leading to a wavevector change of ~20%. Overall, the demonstrated hBN/doped semiconductor platform offers significant improvements towards manipulating HPhPs, and potential for engineered and modulated polaritonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Joseph R Matson
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Mingyu Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Angela Cleri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sai S Sunku
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Stephanie Law
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA.
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5
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Wang K, Long H, Deng N, Yuan M, Wang B, Wang K, Lu P. Enhanced efficiency of launching hyperbolic phonon polaritons in stacked α-MoO 3 flakes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:20750-20760. [PMID: 37381191 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we reported a systemic study on the enhanced efficiency of launching hyperbolic phonon polaritons (PhPs) in stacked α-phase molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3) flakes. By using the infrared photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM), real-space near-field images (PiFM images) of mechanically exfoliated α-MoO3 thin flakes were recorded within three different Reststrahlen bands (RBs). As referred with PiFM fringes of the single flake, PiFM fringes of the stacked α-MoO3 sample within the RB 2 and RB 3 are greatly improved with the enhancement factor (EF) up to 170%. By performing numerical simulations, it reveals that the general improvement in near-field PiFM fringes arises from the existence of a nanoscale thin dielectric spacer in the middle part between two stacked α-MoO3 flakes. The nanogap acts as a nanoresonator for prompting the near-field coupling of hyperbolic PhPs supported by each flake in the stacked sample, contributing to the increase of polaritonic fields, and verifying the experimental observations Our findings could offer fundamental physical investigations into the effective excitation of PhPs and will be helpful for developing functional nanophotonic devices and circuits.
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6
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Guo X, Lyu W, Chen T, Luo Y, Wu C, Yang B, Sun Z, García de Abajo FJ, Yang X, Dai Q. Polaritons in Van der Waals Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2201856. [PMID: 36121344 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
2D monolayers supporting a wide variety of highly confined plasmons, phonon polaritons, and exciton polaritons can be vertically stacked in van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) with controlled constituent layers, stacking sequence, and even twist angles. vdWHs combine advantages of 2D material polaritons, rich optical structure design, and atomic scale integration, which have greatly extended the performance and functions of polaritons, such as wide frequency range, long lifetime, ultrafast all-optical modulation, and photonic crystals for nanoscale light. Here, the state of the art of 2D material polaritons in vdWHs from the perspective of design principles and potential applications is reviewed. Some fundamental properties of polaritons in vdWHs are initially discussed, followed by recent discoveries of plasmons, phonon polaritons, exciton polaritons, and their hybrid modes in vdWHs. The review concludes with a perspective discussion on potential applications of these polaritons such as nanophotonic integrated circuits, which will benefit from the intersection between nanophotonics and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tinghan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bei Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering and QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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7
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Hu G, Ma W, Hu D, Wu J, Zheng C, Liu K, Zhang X, Ni X, Chen J, Zhang X, Dai Q, Caldwell JD, Paarmann A, Alù A, Li P, Qiu CW. Real-space nanoimaging of hyperbolic shear polaritons in a monoclinic crystal. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:64-70. [PMID: 36509927 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Various optical crystals possess permittivity components of opposite signs along different principal directions in the mid-infrared regime, exhibiting exotic anisotropic phonon resonances. Such materials with hyperbolic polaritons-hybrid light-matter quasiparticles with open isofrequency contours-feature large-momenta optical modes and wave confinement that make them promising for nanophotonic on-chip technologies. So far, hyperbolic polaritons have been observed and characterized in crystals with high symmetry including hexagonal (boron nitride), trigonal (calcite) and orthorhombic (α-MoO3 or α-V2O5) crystals, where they obey certain propagation patterns. However, lower-symmetry materials such as monoclinic crystals were recently demonstrated to offer richer opportunities for polaritonic phenomena. Here, using scanning near-field optical microscopy, we report the direct real-space nanoscale imaging of symmetry-broken hyperbolic phonon polaritons in monoclinic CdWO4 crystals, and showcase inherently asymmetric polariton excitation and propagation associated with the nanoscale shear phenomena. We also introduce a quantitative theoretical model to describe these polaritons that leads to schemes to enhance crystal asymmetry via the damping loss of phonon modes. Ultimately, our findings show that polaritonic nanophotonics is attainable using natural materials with low symmetry, favouring a versatile and general way to manipulate light at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiliang Ma
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Debo Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chunqi Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kaipeng Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiang Ni
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianing Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinliang Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Peining Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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8
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Klein M, Binder R, Koehler MR, Mandrus DG, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Schaibley JR. Slow light in a 2D semiconductor plasmonic structure. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6216. [PMID: 36266309 PMCID: PMC9585030 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectrally narrow optical resonances can be used to generate slow light, i.e., a large reduction in the group velocity. In a previous work, we developed hybrid 2D semiconductor plasmonic structures, which consist of propagating optical frequency surface-plasmon polaritons interacting with excitons in a semiconductor monolayer. Here, we use coupled exciton-surface plasmon polaritons (E-SPPs) in monolayer WSe2 to demonstrate slow light with a 1300 fold decrease of the SPP group velocity. Specifically, we use a high resolution two-color laser technique where the nonlinear E-SPP response gives rise to ultra-narrow coherent population oscillation (CPO) resonances, resulting in a group velocity on order of 105 m/s. Our work paves the way toward on-chip actively switched delay lines and optical buffers that utilize 2D semiconductors as active elements. Slow light effects are interesting for telecommunications and quantum photonics applications. Here, the authors use coupled exciton-surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in a hybrid monolayer WSe2-metallic waveguide structure to demonstrate a 1300-fold reduction of the SPP group velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Klein
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Rolf Binder
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Michael R Koehler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - David G Mandrus
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - John R Schaibley
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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9
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Cortés E, Wendisch FJ, Sortino L, Mancini A, Ezendam S, Saris S, de S. Menezes L, Tittl A, Ren H, Maier SA. Optical Metasurfaces for Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15082-15176. [PMID: 35728004 PMCID: PMC9562288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured surfaces with designed optical functionalities, such as metasurfaces, allow efficient harvesting of light at the nanoscale, enhancing light-matter interactions for a wide variety of material combinations. Exploiting light-driven matter excitations in these artificial materials opens up a new dimension in the conversion and management of energy at the nanoscale. In this review, we outline the impact, opportunities, applications, and challenges of optical metasurfaces in converting the energy of incoming photons into frequency-shifted photons, phonons, and energetic charge carriers. A myriad of opportunities await for the utilization of the converted energy. Here we cover the most pertinent aspects from a fundamental nanoscopic viewpoint all the way to applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cortés
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,
| | - Fedja J. Wendisch
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Sortino
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Ezendam
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Seryio Saris
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Leonardo de S. Menezes
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal de
Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Haoran Ren
- MQ Photonics
Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Macquarie
Park, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Stefan A. Maier
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,School
of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,Department
of Phyiscs, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom,
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10
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Menabde SG, Boroviks S, Ahn J, Heiden JT, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Low T, Hwang DK, Mortensen NA, Jang MS. Near-field probing of image phonon-polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride on gold crystals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn0627. [PMID: 35857499 PMCID: PMC9278849 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Near-field mapping has been widely used to study hyperbolic phonon-polaritons in van der Waals crystals. However, an accurate measurement of the polaritonic loss remains challenging because of the inherent complexity of the near-field signal and the substrate-mediated loss. Here we demonstrate that large-area monocrystalline gold flakes, an atomically flat low-loss substrate for image polaritons, provide a platform for precise near-field measurement of the complex propagation constant of polaritons in van der Waals crystals. As a topical example, we measure propagation loss of the image phonon-polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride, revealing that their normalized propagation length exhibits a parabolic spectral dependency. Furthermore, we show that image phonon-polaritons exhibit up to a twice longer normalized propagation length, while being 2.4 times more compressed compared to the case of the dielectric substrate. We conclude that the monocrystalline gold flakes provide a unique nanophotonic platform for probing and exploitation of the image modes in low-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey G Menabde
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sergejs Boroviks
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jongtae Ahn
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jacob T Heiden
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tony Low
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Do Kyung Hwang
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Division of Nano and Information Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - N Asger Mortensen
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Min Seok Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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11
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Deng N, Long H, Wang K, Han X, Wang B, Wang K, Lu P. Giant optical anisotropy of WS 2flakes in the visible region characterized by Au substrate assisted near-field optical microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:345201. [PMID: 35508119 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6c96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) have attracted considerable attention in the field of photonic integrated circuits due to their giant optical anisotropy. However, on account of their inherent loss in the visible region and the difficulty of measuring high refractive index materials, near-field characterizations of the optical anisotropy of TMD in the visible region have inherent experimental difficulties. In this work, we present a systematical characterization of the optical anisotropy in tungsten disulfide (WS2) flakes by using scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) excited at 671 nm. Transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic (TM) waveguide modes can be excited in WS2flakes with suitable thickness, respectively. With the assistance of the Au substrate, the contrast of the near-field fringes is enhanced in comparison with the SiO2substrate. By combining waveguide mode near-field imaging and theoretical calculations, the in-plane and out-of-plane refractive indexes of WS2are determined to be 4.96 and 3.01, respectively, indicating a high birefringence value up to 1.95. This work offers experimental evidence for the potential application of WS2in optoelectronic integrated circuits in the visible region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Deng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Long
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixiang Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People's Republic of China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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12
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Chiodini S, Kerfoot J, Venturi G, Mignuzzi S, Alexeev EM, Teixeira Rosa B, Tongay S, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Ferrari AC, Ambrosio A. Moiré Modulation of Van Der Waals Potential in Twisted Hexagonal Boron Nitride. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7589-7604. [PMID: 35486712 PMCID: PMC9134503 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
When a twist angle is applied between two layered materials (LMs), the registry of the layers and the associated change in their functional properties are spatially modulated, and a moiré superlattice arises. Several works explored the optical, electric, and electromechanical moiré-dependent properties of such twisted LMs but, to the best of our knowledge, no direct visualization and quantification of van der Waals (vdW) interlayer interactions has been presented, so far. Here, we use tapping mode atomic force microscopy phase-imaging to probe the spatial modulation of the vdW potential in twisted hexagonal boron nitride. We find a moiré superlattice in the phase channel only when noncontact (long-range) forces are probed, revealing the modulation of the vdW potential at the sample surface, following AB and BA stacking domains. The creation of scalable electrostatic domains, modulating the vdW potential at the interface with the environment by means of layer twisting, could be used for local adhesion engineering and surface functionalization by affecting the deposition of molecules or nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Chiodini
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - James Kerfoot
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Giacomo Venturi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70, Milan 20133, Italy
- Physics
Department, Politecnico Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Sandro Mignuzzi
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Evgeny M. Alexeev
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Bárbara Teixeira Rosa
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Andrea C. Ferrari
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Ambrosio
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70, Milan 20133, Italy
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13
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Sifat AA, Jahng J, Potma EO. Photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) - principles and implementations. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4208-4222. [PMID: 35510630 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00052k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) is a scan probe technique that offers images with spectroscopic contrast at a spatial resolution in the nanometer range. PiFM utilizes the non-propagating, enhanced near field at the apex of a sharp tip to locally induce a polarization in the sample, which in turn produces an additional force acting on the cantilevered tip. This photo-induced force, though in the pN range or less, can be extracted from the oscillation properties of the cantilever, thus enabling the generation of photo-induced force maps. Since its inception in 2010, the PiFM technique has grown into a useful nano-spectrocopic tool that has expanded its reach in terms of imaging capabilities and applications. In this review, we present various technical implementations of the PiFM approach. In addition, we discuss the physical origin of the PiFM signal, highlighting the contributions from dipole-dipole forces as well as forces that derive from photo-thermal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Anjum Sifat
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Junghoon Jahng
- Hyperspectral Nano-imaging Lab, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Eric O Potma
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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14
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Yu SJ, Jiang Y, Roberts JA, Huber MA, Yao H, Shi X, Bechtel HA, Gilbert Corder SN, Heinz TF, Zheng X, Fan JA. Ultrahigh-Quality Infrared Polaritonic Resonators Based on Bottom-Up-Synthesized van der Waals Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3027-3035. [PMID: 35041379 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
van der Waals nanomaterials supporting phonon polariton quasiparticles possess extraordinary light confinement capabilities, making them ideal systems for molecular sensing, thermal emission, and subwavelength imaging applications, but they require defect-free crystallinity and nanostructured form factors to fully showcase these capabilities. We introduce bottom-up-synthesized α-MoO3 structures as nanoscale phonon polaritonic systems that feature tailorable morphologies and crystal qualities consistent with bulk single crystals. α-MoO3 nanoribbons serve as low-loss hyperbolic Fabry-Pérot nanoresonators, and we experimentally map hyperbolic resonances over four Reststrahlen bands spanning the far- and mid-infrared spectral range, including resonance modes beyond the 10th order. The measured quality factors are the highest from phonon polaritonic van der Waals structures to date. We anticipate that bottom-up-synthesized polaritonic van der Waals nanostructures will serve as an enabling high-performance and low-loss platform for infrared optical and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Jie Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - John A Roberts
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Markus A Huber
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Helen Yao
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xinjian Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hans A Bechtel
- Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephanie N Gilbert Corder
- Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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15
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Pavlidis G, Schwartz JJ, Matson J, Folland T, Liu S, Edgar JH, Caldwell JD, Centrone A. Experimental confirmation of long hyperbolic polariton lifetimes in monoisotopic ( 10B) hexagonal boron nitride at room temperature. APL MATERIALS 2021; 9:10.1063/5.0061941. [PMID: 37720466 PMCID: PMC10502608 DOI: 10.1063/5.0061941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) enable strong confinements, low losses, and intrinsic beam steering capabilities determined by the refractive index anisotropy-providing opportunities from hyperlensing to flat optics and other applications. Here, two scanning-probe techniques, photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) and scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), are used to map infrared ( 6.4 - 7.4 μ m ) HPhPs in large (up to 120 × 250 μ m 2 near-monoisotopic > 99 % B 10 ) hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) flakes. Wide ( ≈ 40 μ m ) PTIR and s-SNOM scans on such large flakes avoid interference from polaritons launched from different asperities (edges, folds, surface defects, etc.) and together with Fourier analyses 0.05 μ m - 1 resolution) enable precise measurements of HPhP lifetimes (up to ≈ 4.2 p s and propagation lengths (up to ≈ 25 and ≈ 17 μ m for the first- and second-order branches, respectively). With respect to naturally abundant hBN, we report an eightfold improved, record-high (for hBN) propagating figure of merit (i.e., with both high confinement and long lifetime) in ≈ 99 % B 10 hBN, achieving, finally, theoretically predicted values. We show that wide near-field scans critically enable accurate estimates of the polaritons' lifetimes and propagation lengths and that the incidence angle of light, with respect to both the sample plane and the flake edge, needs to be considered to extract correctly the dispersion relation from the near-field polaritons maps. Overall, the measurements and data analyses employed here elucidate details pertaining to polaritons' propagation in isotopically enriched hBN and pave the way for developing high-performance HPhP-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Pavlidis
- Nanoscale Spectroscopy Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Schwartz
- Nanoscale Spectroscopy Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Joseph Matson
- Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Thomas Folland
- Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Tim Taylor Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - James H. Edgar
- Tim Taylor Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Josh D. Caldwell
- Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Nanoscale Spectroscopy Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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16
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Wang H, Gao S, Zhang F, Meng F, Guo Z, Cao R, Zeng Y, Zhao J, Chen S, Hu H, Zeng Y, Kim SJ, Fan D, Zhang H, Prasad PN. Repression of Interlayer Recombination by Graphene Generates a Sensitive Nanostructured 2D vdW Heterostructure Based Photodetector. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100503. [PMID: 34014610 PMCID: PMC8336618 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Great success in 2D van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures based photodetectors is obtained owing to the unique electronic and optoelectronic properties of 2D materials. Performance of photodetectors based 2D vdW heterojunctions at atomic scale is more sensitive to the nanointerface of the heterojunction than conventional bulk heterojunction. Here, a nanoengineered heterostructure for the first-time demonstration of a nanointerface using an inserted graphene layer between black phosphorus (BP) and InSe which inhibits interlayer recombination and greatly improves photodetection performances is presented. In addition, a transition of the transport characteristics of the device is induced by graphene, from diffusion motion of minority carriers to drift motion of majority carriers. These two reasons together with an internal photoemission effect make the BP/G/InSe-based photodetector have ultrahigh specific detectivity at room temperature. The results demonstrate that high-performance vdW heterostructure photodetectors can be achieved through simple structural manipulation of the heterojunction interface on nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huide Wang
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsInternational Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Shan Gao
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsInternational Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsInternational Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Fanxu Meng
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsInternational Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Zhinan Guo
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsInternational Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Rui Cao
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsInternational Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Yonghong Zeng
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsInternational Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Jinlai Zhao
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsInternational Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Si Chen
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsInternational Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Haiguo Hu
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsInternational Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Yu‐Jia Zeng
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsInternational Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Sung Jin Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of MiamiCoral GablesFL33146USA
| | - Dianyuan Fan
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsInternational Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsInternational Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Paras N. Prasad
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics and Department of ChemistryUniversity at BuffaloThe State University of New YorkBuffaloNY14260USA
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17
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Song X, Dereshgi SA, Palacios E, Xiang Y, Aydin K. Enhanced Interaction of Optical Phonons in h-BN with Plasmonic Lattice and Cavity Modes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:25224-25233. [PMID: 34008954 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is regarded as a milestone in the investigation of light interaction with phonon polaritons in two-dimensional van der Waals materials, showing significant potential in novel and high-efficient photonics devices in the mid-infrared region. Here, we investigate a structure composed of Au-grating arrays fabricated onto a Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity composed of h-BN, Ge, and Au back-reflector layers. The plasmonic FP cavity reduces the required device thickness by enhancing modal interactions and introduces in-plane polarization sensitivity based on the Au array lattice. Our experiments show multiple absorption peaks of over 90% in the mid-infrared region and the band stop filters with 80% efficiency using only a 15 nm h-BN slab. Moreover, mode interaction with experimental coupling strengths as high as 10.8 meV in the mid-infrared region is investigated. In particular, the interaction and hybridization of optical phonon modes with plasmonic modes including the lattice and cavity modes are studied. Anticrossing splitting ascribed to the coupling of optical phonons to plasmonic modes can be tuned by the designed geometry which can be tailored to efficient response band engineering for infrared photonics. We also show that in practical applications involving wet transfer of h-BN thin films, the contribution of minor optical phonon modes to resonant peaks should not be ignored, which originate from defects and multicrystallinity in the h-BN slab. Our findings provide a favorable complement to manipulation of light-phonon interaction, inspiring a promising design of phonon-based nanophotonic devices in the infrared range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglian Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics (IMO), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Sina Abedini Dereshgi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Edgar Palacios
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanjiang Xiang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics (IMO), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Koray Aydin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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18
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Schwartz JJ, Le ST, Krylyuk S, Richter CA, Davydov AV, Centrone A. Substrate-mediated hyperbolic phonon polaritons in MoO 3. NANOPHOTONICS 2021; 10:10.1515/nanoph-2020-0640. [PMID: 36451975 PMCID: PMC9706547 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2020-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) are hybrid excitations of light and coherent lattice vibrations that exist in strongly optically anisotropic media, including two-dimensional materials (e.g., MoO3). These polaritons propagate through the material's volume with long lifetimes, enabling novel mid-infrared nanophotonic applications by compressing light to sub-diffractional dimensions. Here, the dispersion relations and HPhP lifetimes (up to ≈12 ps) in single-crystalline α-MoO3 are determined by Fourier analysis of real-space, nanoscale-resolution polariton images obtained with the photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) technique. Measurements of MoO3 crystals deposited on periodic gratings show longer HPhPs propagation lengths and lifetimes (≈2×), and lower optical compressions, in suspended regions compared with regions in direct contact with the substrate. Additionally, PTIR data reveal MoO3 subsurface defects, which have a negligible effect on HPhP propagation, as well as polymeric contaminants localized under parts of the MoO3 crystals, which are derived from sample preparation. This work highlights the ability to engineer substrate-defined nanophotonic structures from layered anisotropic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Schwartz
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Son T. Le
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Theiss Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergiy Krylyuk
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Curt A. Richter
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Albert V. Davydov
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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19
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Liu X, Zou Q, Liu W. Tracking the effect of chlorine as a substituent on vibrational coupling and energy transfer. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The selective excitation of different modes and the detection of the effect of substituents on coupling and energy transfer via CARS spectroscopy were carried out using benzene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Liu
- School of Physics and Energy
- Xuzhou University of Technology
- Yunlong
- China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education
| | - Qingxiao Zou
- School of Physics and Energy
- Xuzhou University of Technology
- Yunlong
- China
| | - Weilong Liu
- Department of Physics
- Harbin Institute of Technology – 92 Xidazhi Street
- Nangang
- China
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20
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Dong W, Qi R, Liu T, Li Y, Li N, Hua Z, Gao Z, Zhang S, Liu K, Guo J, Gao P. Broad-Spectral-Range Sustainability and Controllable Excitation of Hyperbolic Phonon Polaritons in α-MoO 3. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002014. [PMID: 32984988 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) in orthorhombic-phase molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3 ) show in-plane hyperbolicity, great wavelength compression, and ultralong lifetime, therefore holding great potential in nanophotonic applications. However, its polaritonic response in the far-infrared (FIR) range remains unexplored due to challenges in experimental characterization. Here, monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is used to probe HPhPs in α-MoO3 in both mid-infrared (MIR) and FIR frequencies and correlate their behaviors with microstructures and orientations. It is found that low structural symmetry leads to various phonon modes and multiple Reststrahlen bands (RBs) over a broad spectral range (over 70 meV) and in different directions (55-63 meV and 119-125 meV along the b-axis, 68-106 meV along the c-axis, and 101-121 meV along the a-axis). These HPhPs can be selectively excited by controlling the direction of swift electrons. These findings provide new opportunities in nanophotonic and optoelectronic applications, such as directed light propagation, hyperlenses, and heat transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Dong
- International Center for Quantum Materials and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruishi Qi
- International Center for Quantum Materials and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tiansheng Liu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Yi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ning Li
- International Center for Quantum Materials and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ze Hua
- International Center for Quantum Materials and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zirui Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiandong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Peng Gao
- International Center for Quantum Materials and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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21
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Image polaritons in boron nitride for extreme polariton confinement with low losses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3649. [PMID: 32686672 PMCID: PMC7371862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polaritons in two-dimensional materials provide extreme light confinement that is difficult to achieve with metal plasmonics. However, such tight confinement inevitably increases optical losses through various damping channels. Here we demonstrate that hyperbolic phonon polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride can overcome this fundamental trade-off. Among two observed polariton modes, featuring a symmetric and antisymmetric charge distribution, the latter exhibits lower optical losses and tighter polariton confinement. Far-field excitation and detection of this high-momenta mode become possible with our resonator design that can boost the coupling efficiency via virtual polariton modes with image charges that we dub ‘image polaritons’. Using these image polaritons, we experimentally observe a record-high effective index of up to 132 and quality factors as high as 501. Further, our phenomenological theory suggests an important role of hyperbolic surface scattering in the damping process of hyperbolic phonon polaritons. The tight confinement of polaritons in 2D materials leads to increased optical losses. Here, the authors demonstrate image phonon polariton modes in hexagonal boron nitride with an antisymmetric charge distribution that feature quality factors of up to 501 and an effective index of 132.
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22
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Jahng J, Son JG, Kim H, Park J, Lee TG, Lee ES. Direct Chemical Imaging of Ligand-Functionalized Single Nanoparticles by Photoinduced Force Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5785-5791. [PMID: 32608240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical characterizations of biochemically functionalized single nanoparticles are necessary to optimize the nanoparticle surface functionality in recently advanced nanobiological applications but have not yet been fully explored because of technical difficulties. Exploiting the photoinduced force exerted on a light-illuminated nanoscale tip, nanoscale mid-infrared hyperspectral images with a 10 nm spatial resolution of a monolayer ligand-functionalized single gold nanoparticle under ambient and environmental conditions are presented. We extend our study to the diagnosis of nanoscale heterogeneous chemical contaminants which come from a particle functionalization process but are undetectable in conventional ensemble-averaged imaging technique. High sensitivity and high spatial resolution are achieved via the strongly localized tip-enhanced force at the junction between the gold-coated tip and the functionalized nanoparticle in photoinduced force microscopy, which far exceeds the capability of the conventional methods. The present study paves a new way to directly detect heterogeneous nanochemicals at the single-component level, which is necessary to evaluate nanomaterial safety in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyunhong Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongnam Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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23
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Wang H, Janzen E, Wang L, Edgar JH, Xu XG. Probing Mid-Infrared Phonon Polaritons in the Aqueous Phase. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3986-3991. [PMID: 32320254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phonon polaritons (PhPs) are collective phonon oscillations with hybridized electromagnetic fields, which concentrate mid-infrared optical fields that can match molecular vibrations. The utilization of PhPs holds the promise for chemical sensing tools and polariton-enhanced nanospectroscopy. However, investigations and innovations on PhPs in the aqueous phase remain stagnant because of the lack of in situ mid-infrared nanoimaging methods in water. Strong infrared absorption from water prohibits optical delivery and detection in the mid-infrared for scattering-type near-field microscopy. Here, we present our solution: the detection of photothermal responses caused by the excitation of PhPs by liquid phase peak force infrared (LiPFIR) microscopy. Characteristic interference fringes of PhPs in 10B isotope-enriched h-BN were measured in the aqueous phase and their dispersion relationship extracted. LiPFIR enables the measurement of mid-infrared PhPs in the fluid phase, opening possibilities and facilitating the development of mid-IR phonon polaritonics in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Durland Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Durland Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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24
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Cai M, Wang S, Liu Z, Wang Y, Han T, Liu H. Filtering Characteristics of Phonon Polaritons Waves Based on Dielectric-h-BN-Dielectric Structure in Mid-Infrared Band. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:nano10050878. [PMID: 32370104 PMCID: PMC7279279 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic materials can be used to excite hyperbolic phonon polaritons in specific frequency bands, which causes abrupt interfaces with fluctuations of permittivity and different transmission characteristics at different incident wavelengths. Using the quasi-static approximation, the filtering characteristics of hexagonal Boron nitride (h-BN) and the transmission characteristics of phonon polaritons waves on a dielectric-h-BN-dielectric structure were studied in the paper. The results show that a smaller relative permittivity of the materials above and below h-BN and a thicker h-BN (ε1 = 1 (air), ε2 = 3.9 (SiO2), d = 100 nm) will lead to better filtering characteristics for different wavenumbers' incident waves (propagation length from 0.0028 μm to 1.9756 μm). Simulation results in COMSOL validated the previous theoretical calculations. Moreover, the transmissivity and 3dB bandwidth of the type-II band were calculated with different structure widths. The maximum transmissivity of ~99% appears at a width of 100 nm, and the minimum 3dB bandwidth reaches 86.35 cm-1 at a structure width of 1300 nm. When the structure width meets or exceeds 1700 nm, the 3dB bandwidth is equal to 0, and its structure length is the limit for the filter application. These characteristics reveal the excellent filtering characteristics of the dielectric-h-BN-dielectric structure, and reveal the great potential of using the dielectric-h-BN-dielectric structure to design optical filter devices with excellent performance in mid-infrared bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (M.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.)
| | - Shulong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (M.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.)
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (M.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.)
| | - Yindi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (M.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.)
| | - Tao Han
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (M.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.)
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (M.C.); (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (T.H.)
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25
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Dubrovkin AM, Qiang B, Salim T, Nam D, Zheludev NI, Wang QJ. Resonant nanostructures for highly confined and ultra-sensitive surface phonon-polaritons. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1863. [PMID: 32313010 PMCID: PMC7170967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonics on metal-dielectric interfaces was widely seen as the main route for miniaturization of components and interconnect of photonic circuits. However recently, ultra-confined surface phonon-polaritonics in high-index chalcogenide films of nanometric thickness has emerged as an important alternative to plasmonics. Here, using mid-IR near-field imaging we demonstrate tunable surface phonon-polaritons in CMOS-compatible interfaces of few-nm thick germanium on silicon carbide. We show that Ge-SiC resonators with nanoscale footprint can support sheet and edge surface modes excited at the free space wavelength hundred times larger than their physical dimensions. Owing to the surface nature of the modes, the sensitivity of real-space polaritonic patterns provides pathway for local detection of the interface composition change at sub-nanometer level. Such deeply subwavelength resonators are of interest for high-density optoelectronic applications, filters, dispersion control and optical delay devices. Here, the authors demonstrate tunable highly confined surface phonon-polaritons in CMOS-compatible interfaces of nm-thick germanium on silicon carbide. The sensitivity of real-space polaritonic patterns is a pathway for the detection of the interface composition change at sub-nanometer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Dubrovkin
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, TPI, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Bo Qiang
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, TPI, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.,Centre for OptoElectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Teddy Salim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Donguk Nam
- Centre for OptoElectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, TPI, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore. .,Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Qi Jie Wang
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, TPI, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore. .,Centre for OptoElectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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26
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Li J, Jahng J, Pang J, Morrison W, Li J, Lee ES, Xu JJ, Chen HY, Xia XH. Tip-Enhanced Infrared Imaging with Sub-10 nm Resolution and Hypersensitivity. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1697-1701. [PMID: 32039604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate sub-10 nm spatial resolution sampling of a volume of ∼360 molecules with a strong field enhancement at the sample-tip junction by implementing noble metal substrates (Au, Ag, Pt) in photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM). This technique shows the versatility and robustness of PiFM and is promising for application in interfacial studies with hypersensitivity and super spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junghoon Jahng
- Center for Nanocharacterization, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Pang
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - William Morrison
- Molecular Vista Inc., 6840 Via Del Oro, Suite 110, San Jose, California 95119, United States
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Eun Seong Lee
- Center for Nanocharacterization, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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27
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Yang J, Mayyas M, Tang J, Ghasemian MB, Yang H, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Ou Q, Li LH, Bao Q, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Boundary-Induced Auxiliary Features in Scattering-Type Near-Field Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1123-1132. [PMID: 31854973 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phonon-polaritons (PhPs) in layered crystals, including hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), have been investigated by combined scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Nevertheless, many of such s-SNOM-based FTIR spectra features remain unexplored, especially those originated from the impact of boundaries. Here we observe real-space PhP propagations in thin-layer hBN sheets either supported or suspended by s-SNOM imaging. Then with a high-power broadband IR laser source, we identify two major peaks and multiple auxiliary peaks in the near-field amplitude spectra, obtained using scattering-type near-field FTIR spectroscopy, from both supported and suspended hBN. The major PhP propagation interference peak moves toward the major in-plane phonon peak when the IR illumination moves away from the hBN edge. Specific differences between the auxiliary peaks in the near-field amplitude spectra from supported and suspended hBN sheets are investigated regarding different boundary conditions, associated with edges and substrate interfaces. The outcomes may be explored in heterostructures for advanced nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering , University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Sydney Campus, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering , University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Sydney Campus, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering , University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Sydney Campus, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering , University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Sydney Campus, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Honghua Yang
- Bruker Nano , 112 Robin Hill Road , Santa Barbara , California 93117 United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Qingdong Ou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET) , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Waurn Ponds , Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET) , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering , University of New South Wales (UNSW) , Sydney Campus, NSW 2052 Australia
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28
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Wang H, Li J, Edgar JH, Xu XG. Three-dimensional near-field analysis through peak force scattering-type near-field optical microscopy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1817-1825. [PMID: 31899464 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08417g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) is instrumental in exploring polaritonic behaviors of two-dimensional (2D) materials at the nanoscale. A sharp s-SNOM tip couples momenta into 2D materials through phase matching to excite phonon polaritons, which manifest as nanoscale interference fringes in raster images. However, s-SNOM lacks the ability to detect the progression of near-field properties along the perpendicular axis to the surface. Here, we perform near-field analysis of a micro-disk and a reflective edge made of isotopically pure hexagonal boron nitride (h-11BN), by using three-dimensional near-field response cubes obtained by peak force scattering-type near-field optical microscopy (PF-SNOM). Momentum quantization of polaritons from the confinement of the circular structure is revealed in situ. Moreover, tip-sample distance is found to be capable of fine-tuning the momentum of polaritons and modifying the superposition of quantized polaritonic modes. The PF-SNOM-based three-dimensional near-field analysis provides detailed characterization capability with a high spatial resolution to fully map three-dimensional near-fields of nano-photonics and polaritonic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
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29
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Nanoscale spectroscopic origins of photoinduced tip-sample force in the midinfrared. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26359-26366. [PMID: 31826953 PMCID: PMC6936718 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913729116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoinduced force at tip–sample junction provides nanoscale spectroscopic information with label-free and far-field background-free manner. This approach, spectronanoscopy through force detection, shows higher sensitivity and 1,000 times better spatial resolution than conventional ensemble averaged infrared microscopy, even under ambient and environmental conditions. Unfortunately, the origin of this promising photoinduced force effect is sometimes unclear because the force has 2 independent physical aspects: One is the electromagnetic effect related to induced dipoles in tip and sample, and the other one is the thermodynamic effect related to thermal heating of sample. Here, we reveal how the light illumination results in the 2 kinds of photoinduced forces at the tip–sample junction and provide quantitative interpretation of nanoscale spectroscopic measurements. When light illuminates the junction formed between a sharp metal tip and a sample, different mechanisms can contribute to the measured photoinduced force simultaneously. Of particular interest are the instantaneous force between the induced dipoles in the tip and in the sample, and the force related to thermal heating of the junction. A key difference between these 2 force mechanisms is their spectral behavior. The magnitude of the thermal response follows a dissipative (absorptive) Lorentzian line shape, which measures the heat exchange between light and matter, while the induced dipole response exhibits a dispersive spectrum and relates to the real part of the material polarizability. Because the 2 interactions are sometimes comparable in magnitude, the origin of the chemical selectivity in nanoscale spectroscopic imaging through force detection is often unclear. Here, we demonstrate theoretically and experimentally how the light illumination gives rise to the 2 kinds of photoinduced forces at the tip–sample junction in the midinfrared. We comprehensively address the origin of the spectroscopic forces by discussing cases where the 2 spectrally dependent forces are entwined. The analysis presented here provides a clear and quantitative interpretation of nanoscale chemical measurements of heterogeneous materials and sheds light on the nature of light–matter coupling in optomechanical force-based spectronanoscopy.
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30
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Feres FH, Barcelos ID, Mayer RA, Dos Santos TM, Freitas RO, Raschke MB, Bahamon DA, Maia FCB. Dipole modelling for a robust description of subdiffractional polariton waves. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:21218-21226. [PMID: 31663567 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07387f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The nanophotonics of van der Waals (vdW) materials relies critically on the electromagnetic properties of polaritons defined on sub-diffraction length scales. Here, we use a full electromagnetic Hertzian dipole antenna (HDA) model to describe the hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HP2s) in vdW crystals of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) on a gold surface. The HP2 waves are investigated by broadband synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy (SINS) which covers the type I and type II hyperbolic bands simultaneously. Basically, polariton waves, observed by SINS, are assigned to the resultant electric field from the summation over the irradiated electric fields of dipoles distributed along the crystal edge and at the tip location and a non-propagating field. The values of polariton momenta and damping extracted from the HDA model present excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. Our analysis shows that the confinement factor of type I HP2s exceeds that of the type II ones by up to a factor of 3. We extract anti-parallel group velocities (vg) for type I (vg,typeI = -0.005c, c is the light velocity in a vacuum) in relation to type II (vg,typeII = 0.05c) polaritonic pulses, with lifetimes of ∼0.6 ps and ∼0.3 ps, respectively. Furthermore, by incorporating consolidated optical-near field theory into the HDA model, we simulate real-space images of polaritonic standing waves for hBN crystals of different shapes. This approach reproduces the experiments with a minimal computational cost. Thus, it is demonstrated that the HDA modelling self-consistently explains the measured complex-valued polariton near-field, while being a general approach applicable to other polariton types, like plasmon- and exciton-polaritons, active in the wide range of vdW materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio H Feres
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. and Physics Department, Institute of Geosciences and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Ingrid D Barcelos
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rafael A Mayer
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. and Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin", Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Dos Santos
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Raul O Freitas
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Dario A Bahamon
- MackGraphe - Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302-907, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco C B Maia
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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31
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Fali A, White ST, Folland TG, He M, Aghamiri NA, Liu S, Edgar JH, Caldwell JD, Haglund RF, Abate Y. Refractive Index-Based Control of Hyperbolic Phonon-Polariton Propagation. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7725-7734. [PMID: 31650843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) are generated when infrared photons couple to polar optic phonons in anisotropic media, confining long-wavelength light to nanoscale volumes. However, to realize the full potential of HPhPs for infrared optics, it is crucial to understand propagation and loss mechanisms on substrates suitable for applications from waveguiding to infrared sensing. We employ scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and nano-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in concert with analytical and numerical calculations, to elucidate HPhP characteristics as a function of the complex substrate dielectric function. We consider propagation on suspended, dielectric and metallic substrates to demonstrate that the thickness-normalized wavevector can be reduced by a factor of 25 simply by changing the substrate from dielectric to metallic behavior. Moreover, by incorporating the imaginary contribution to the dielectric function in lossy materials, the wavevector can be dynamically controlled by small local variations in loss or carrier density. Counterintuitively, higher-order HPhP modes are shown to exhibit the same change in the polariton wavevector as the fundamental mode, despite the drastic differences in the evanescent ranges of these polaritons. However, because polariton refraction is dictated by the fractional change in the wavevector, this still results in significant differences in polariton refraction and reduced sensitivity to substrate-induced losses for the higher-order HPhPs. Such effects may therefore be used to spatially separate hyperbolic modes of different orders and for index-based sensing schemes. Our results advance our understanding of fundamental hyperbolic polariton excitations and their potential for on-chip photonics and planar metasurface optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Fali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Samuel T White
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , United States
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Neda A Aghamiri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Song Liu
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 United States
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 United States
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Richard F Haglund
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Yohannes Abate
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
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32
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Wang L, Jakob DS, Wang H, Apostolos A, Pires MM, Xu XG. Generalized Heterodyne Configurations for Photoinduced Force Microscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13251-13259. [PMID: 31545025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infrared chemical microscopy through mechanical probing of light-matter interactions by atomic force microscopy (AFM) bypasses the diffraction limit. One increasingly popular technique is photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM), which utilizes the mechanical heterodyne signal detection between cantilever mechanical resonant oscillations and the photoinduced force from the light-matter interaction. So far, PiFM has been operated in only one heterodyne configuration. In this Article, we generalize heterodyne configurations of PiFM by introducing two new schemes: harmonic heterodyne detection and sequential heterodyne detection. In harmonic heterodyne detection, the laser repetition rate matches integer fractions of the difference between the two mechanical resonant modes of the AFM cantilever. The high harmonic of the beating from the photothermal expansion mixes with the AFM cantilever oscillation to provide the PiFM signal. In sequential heterodyne detection, the combination of the repetition rate of laser pulses and the polarization modulation frequency matches the difference between two AFM mechanical modes, leading to detectable PiFM signals. These two generalized heterodyne configurations for PiFM deliver new avenues for chemical imaging and broadband spectroscopy at ∼10 nm spatial resolution. They are suitable for a wide range of heterogeneous materials across various disciplines: from structured polymer film, to polaritonic boron nitride materials, to isolated bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls. The generalized heterodyne configurations introduce flexibility for the implementation of PiFM and the related tapping-mode AFM-IR and provide possibilities for an additional modulation channel in PiFM for targeted signal extraction with nanoscale spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Devon S Jakob
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Alexis Apostolos
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Marcos M Pires
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
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33
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Chaudhary K, Tamagnone M, Yin X, Spägele CM, Oscurato SL, Li J, Persch C, Li R, Rubin NA, Jauregui LA, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kim P, Wuttig M, Edgar JH, Ambrosio A, Capasso F. Polariton nanophotonics using phase-change materials. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4487. [PMID: 31582738 PMCID: PMC6776658 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polaritons formed by the coupling of light and material excitations enable light-matter interactions at the nanoscale beyond what is currently possible with conventional optics. However, novel techniques are required to control the propagation of polaritons at the nanoscale and to implement the first practical devices. Here we report the experimental realization of polariton refractive and meta-optics in the mid-infrared by exploiting the properties of low-loss phonon polaritons in isotopically pure hexagonal boron nitride interacting with the surrounding dielectric environment comprising the low-loss phase change material Ge3Sb2Te6. We demonstrate rewritable waveguides, refractive optical elements such as lenses, prisms, and metalenses, which allow for polariton wavefront engineering and sub-wavelength focusing. This method will enable the realization of programmable miniaturized integrated optoelectronic devices and on-demand biosensors based on high quality phonon resonators. Here, the authors experimentally demonstrate a platform for tunable polariton refractive and meta-optics based on hexagonal boron nitride and phase change Ge3Sb2Te6. This combination has the advantage of the long-lived phonon-polariton with switchable refractive index of the phase change material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Chaudhary
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Michele Tamagnone
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Xinghui Yin
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Christina M Spägele
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Stefano L Oscurato
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Jiahan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Christoph Persch
- 1. Physikalisches Institut IA, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruoping Li
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Noah A Rubin
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Luis A Jauregui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Philip Kim
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- 1. Physikalisches Institut IA, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - James H Edgar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Antonio Ambrosio
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,CNST - Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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34
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Ni GX, Wang H, Jiang BY, Chen LX, Du Y, Sun ZY, Goldflam MD, Frenzel AJ, Xie XM, Fogler MM, Basov DN. Soliton superlattices in twisted hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4360. [PMID: 31554808 PMCID: PMC6761185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Properties of atomic van der Waals heterostructures are profoundly influenced by interlayer coupling, which critically depends on stacking of the proximal layers. Rotational misalignment or lattice mismatch of the layers gives rise to a periodic modulation of the stacking, the moiré superlattice. Provided the superlattice period extends over many unit cells, the coupled layers undergo lattice relaxation, leading to the concentration of strain at line defects - solitons - separating large area commensurate domains. We visualize such long-range periodic superstructures in thin crystals of hexagonal boron nitride using atomic-force microscopy and nano-infrared spectroscopy. The solitons form sub-surface hexagonal networks with periods of a few hundred nanometers. We analyze the topography and infrared contrast of these networks to obtain spatial distribution of local strain and its effect on the infrared-active phonons of hBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- G X Ni
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - H Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, 200050, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - B-Y Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - L X Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, 200050, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Y Du
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Z Y Sun
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - M D Goldflam
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - A J Frenzel
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - X M Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, 200050, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - M M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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35
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Qi R, Wang R, Li Y, Sun Y, Chen S, Han B, Li N, Zhang Q, Liu X, Yu D, Gao P. Probing Far-Infrared Surface Phonon Polaritons in Semiconductor Nanostructures at Nanoscale. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5070-5076. [PMID: 31322902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phonon polaritons hold potential prospects of nanophotonic applications at the mid- and far-infrared wavelengths. However, their experimental investigation in the far-infrared range has long been a technical challenge due to the lack of suitable light sources and detectors. To obviate these difficulties, here we use an electron probe with sub-10 meV energy resolution and subnanometer spatial resolution to study far-infrared surface phonon polaritons (∼50-70 meV) in ZnO nanostructures. We observe ultraslow propagation and interference fringes of propagating surface phonon polaritons and obtain their dispersion relation through measurements in the coordinate space. By mapping localized modes in nanowires and flakes, we reveal their localized nature and investigate geometry and size effects. Associated with simulation, we show that surface phonon polariton behaviors can be well described by the local continuum dielectric model. Our work paves the way for spatial-resolved investigation of surface phonon polaritons by electron probes and forwards polaritonics in the far-infrared range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xinfeng Liu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Dapeng Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Peng Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Quantum Devices , Beijing 100871 , China
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36
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Dai S, Zhang J, Ma Q, Kittiwatanakul S, McLeod A, Chen X, Corder SG, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Lu J, Dai Q, Jarillo-Herrero P, Liu M, Basov DN. Phase-Change Hyperbolic Heterostructures for Nanopolaritonics: A Case Study of hBN/VO 2. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1900251. [PMID: 30907483 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Unlike conventional plasmonic media, polaritonic van der Waals (vdW) materials hold promise for active control of light-matter interactions. The dispersion relations of elementary excitations such as phonons and plasmons can be tuned in layered vdW systems via stacking using functional substrates. In this work, infrared nanoimaging and nanospectroscopy of hyperbolic phonon polaritons are demonstrated in a novel vdW heterostructure combining hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and vanadium dioxide (VO2 ). It is observed that the insulator-to-metal transition in VO2 has a profound impact on the polaritons in the proximal hBN layer. In effect, the real-space propagation of hyperbolic polaritons and their spectroscopic resonances can be actively controlled by temperature. This tunability originates from the effective change in local dielectric properties of the VO2 sublayer in the course of the temperature-tuned insulator-to-metal phase transition. The high susceptibility of polaritons to electronic phase transitions opens new possibilities for applications of vdW materials in combination with strongly correlated quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Dai
- Materials Research and Education Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Qiong Ma
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Salinporn Kittiwatanakul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Alex McLeod
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | | | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jiwei Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Qing Dai
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Pablo Jarillo-Herrero
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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37
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Zheng Z, Xu N, Oscurato SL, Tamagnone M, Sun F, Jiang Y, Ke Y, Chen J, Huang W, Wilson WL, Ambrosio A, Deng S, Chen H. A mid-infrared biaxial hyperbolic van der Waals crystal. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav8690. [PMID: 31139747 PMCID: PMC6534390 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav8690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic media have attracted much attention in the photonics community due to their ability to confine light to arbitrarily small volumes and their potential applications to super-resolution technologies. The two-dimensional counterparts of these media can be achieved with hyperbolic metasurfaces that support in-plane hyperbolic guided modes upon nanopatterning, which, however, poses notable fabrication challenges and limits the achievable confinement. We show that thin flakes of a van der Waals crystal, α-MoO3, can support naturally in-plane hyperbolic polariton guided modes at mid-infrared frequencies without the need for patterning. This is possible because α-MoO3 is a biaxial hyperbolic crystal with three different Reststrahlen bands, each corresponding to a different crystalline axis. These findings can pave the way toward a new paradigm to manipulate and confine light in planar photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ningsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Stefano L. Oscurato
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michele Tamagnone
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Fengsheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yinzhu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanlin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wuchao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - William L. Wilson
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Antonio Ambrosio
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Corresponding author. (H.C.); (S.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Shaozhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Corresponding author. (H.C.); (S.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Huanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Corresponding author. (H.C.); (S.D.); (A.A.)
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38
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Chaudhary K, Tamagnone M, Rezaee M, Bediako DK, Ambrosio A, Kim P, Capasso F. Engineering phonon polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures to enhance in-plane optical anisotropy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau7171. [PMID: 30993198 PMCID: PMC6461454 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures assembled from layers of two-dimensional materials have attracted considerable interest due to their novel optical and electrical properties. Here, we report a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy study of hexagonal boron nitride on black phosphorus (h-BN/BP) heterostructures, demonstrating the first direct observation of in-plane anisotropic phonon polariton modes in vdW heterostructures. Notably, the measured in-plane optical anisotropy along the armchair and zigzag crystal axes exceeds the ratio of refractive indices of BP in the x-y plane. We explain that this enhancement is due to the high confinement of the phonon polaritons in h-BN. We observe a maximum in-plane optical anisotropy of αmax = 1.25 in the frequency spectrum at 1405 to 1440 cm-1. These results provide new insights into the behavior of polaritons in vdW heterostructures, and the observed anisotropy enhancement paves the way to novel nanophotonic devices and to a new way to characterize optical anisotropy in thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Chaudhary
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michele Tamagnone
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | | | - Antonio Ambrosio
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Philip Kim
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.T.); (F.C.)
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39
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Maia FCB, O'Callahan BT, Cadore AR, Barcelos ID, Campos LC, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Deneke C, Belyanin A, Raschke MB, Freitas RO. Anisotropic Flow Control and Gate Modulation of Hybrid Phonon-Polaritons. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:708-715. [PMID: 30668122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Light-matter interaction in two-dimensional photonic or phononic materials allows for the confinement and manipulation of free-space radiation at sub-wavelength scales. Most notably, the van der Waals heterostructure composed of graphene (G) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) provides for gate-tunable hybrid hyperbolic plasmon phonon-polaritons (HP3). Here, we present the anisotropic flow control and gate-voltage modulation of HP3 modes in G-hBN on an air-Au microstructured substrate. Using broadband infrared synchrotron radiation coupled to a scattering-type near-field optical microscope, we launch HP3 waves in both hBN Reststrahlen bands and observe directional propagation across in-plane heterointerfaces created at the air-Au junction. The HP3 hybridization is modulated by varying the gate voltage between graphene and Au. This modifies the coupling of continuum graphene plasmons with the discrete hBN hyperbolic phonon polaritons, which is described by an extended Fano model. This work represents the first demonstration of the control of polariton propagation, introducing a theoretical approach to describe the breaking of the reflection and transmission symmetry for HP3 modes. Our findings augment the degree of control of polaritons in G-hBN and related hyperbolic metamaterial nanostructures, bringing new opportunities for on-chip nano-optics communication and computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C B Maia
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , 13083-970 Campinas , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Brian T O'Callahan
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Alisson R Cadore
- Department of Physics , Federal University of Minas Gerais , 30123-970 Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Ingrid D Barcelos
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , 13083-970 Campinas , Sao Paulo , Brazil
- Department of Physics , Federal University of Minas Gerais , 30123-970 Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Leonardo C Campos
- Department of Physics , Federal University of Minas Gerais , 30123-970 Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 305-0044 , Japan
| | | | - Christoph Deneke
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , 13083-970 Campinas , Sao Paulo , Brazil
- Applied Physics Department, Gleb Wataghin Physics Institute , University of Campinas (Unicamp) , 13083-859 Campinas , Sao Paolo , Brazil
| | - Alexey Belyanin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843-4242 , United States
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Raul O Freitas
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , 13083-970 Campinas , Sao Paulo , Brazil
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40
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Ji B, Kenaan A, Gao S, Cheng J, Cui D, Yang H, Wang J, Song J. Label-free detection of biotoxins via a photo-induced force infrared spectrum at the single-molecular level. Analyst 2019; 144:6108-6117. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01338e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Schematic illustration of photo-induced force microscopy combine principal component analysis detected and distinguish single molecule particles of biotoxins AT, RT/ETX with label-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology
- Beijing 100071
- China
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering
| | - Ahmad Kenaan
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology
- Beijing 100071
- China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology
- Beijing 100071
- China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology
- Beijing 100071
- China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
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