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Ge J, Mo Z, Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhong Y, Liang Z, Hu C, Chen W, Qi L. Image reconstruction of multispectral sparse sampling photoacoustic tomography based on deep algorithm unrolling. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 38:100618. [PMID: 38957484 PMCID: PMC11217744 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT), as a novel medical imaging technology, provides structural, functional, and metabolism information of biological tissue in vivo. Sparse Sampling PAT, or SS-PAT, generates images with a smaller number of detectors, yet its image reconstruction is inherently ill-posed. Model-based methods are the state-of-the-art method for SS-PAT image reconstruction, but they require design of complex handcrafted prior. Owing to their ability to derive robust prior from labeled datasets, deep-learning-based methods have achieved great success in solving inverse problems, yet their interpretability is poor. Herein, we propose a novel SS-PAT image reconstruction method based on deep algorithm unrolling (DAU), which integrates the advantages of model-based and deep-learning-based methods. We firstly provide a thorough analysis of DAU for PAT reconstruction. Then, in order to incorporate the structural prior constraint, we propose a nested DAU framework based on plug-and-play Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (PnP-ADMM) to deal with the sparse sampling problem. Experimental results on numerical simulation, in vivo animal imaging, and multispectral un-mixing demonstrate that the proposed DAU image reconstruction framework outperforms state-of-the-art model-based and deep-learning-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ge
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zongxin Mo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Shuangyang Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yutian Zhong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhaoyong Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Chaobin Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Wufan Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Li Qi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai Rd., Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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Hatami M, Özbek A, Deán‐Ben XL, Gutierrez J, Schill A, Razansky D, Larin KV. Noninvasive Tracking of Embryonic Cardiac Dynamics and Development with Volumetric Optoacoustic Spectroscopy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400089. [PMID: 38526147 PMCID: PMC11165471 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Noninvasive monitoring of cardiac development can potentially prevent cardiac anomalies in adulthood. Mouse models provide unique opportunities to study cardiac development and disease in mammals. However, high-resolution noninvasive functional analyses of murine embryonic cardiac models are challenging because of the small size and fast volumetric motion of the embryonic heart, which is deeply embedded inside the uterus. In this study, a real time volumetric optoacoustic spectroscopy (VOS) platform for whole-heart visualization with high spatial (100 µm) and temporal (10 ms) resolutions is developed. Embryonic heart development on gestational days (GDs) 14.5-17.5 and quantify cardiac dynamics using time-lapse-4D image data of the heart is followed. Additionally, spectroscopic recordings enable the quantification of the blood oxygenation status in heart chambers in a label-free and noninvasive manner. This technology introduces new possibilities for high-resolution quantification of embryonic heart function at different gestational stages in mammalian models, offering an invaluable noninvasive method for developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hatami
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTX77004USA
| | - Ali Özbek
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ZurichZurich8057Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringDepartment of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Xosé Luís Deán‐Ben
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ZurichZurich8057Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringDepartment of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Jessica Gutierrez
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTX77004USA
| | - Alexander Schill
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTX77004USA
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ZurichZurich8057Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringDepartment of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Kirill V. Larin
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTX77004USA
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTX77030USA
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Sarkar M, Perez-Liva M, Renault G, Tavitian B, Gateau J. Motion Rejection and Spectral Unmixing for Accurate Estimation of In Vivo Oxygen Saturation Using Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2023; 70:1671-1681. [PMID: 37603493 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2023.3306592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) uniquely enables spatial mapping in high resolution of oxygen saturation (SO2), with potential applications in studying pathological complications and therapy efficacy. MSOT offers seamless integration with ultrasonography, by using a common ultrasound (US) detector array. However, MSOT relies on multiple successive acquisitions of optoacoustic (OA) images at different optical wavelengths and the low frame rate of OA imaging makes the MSOT acquisition sensitive to body/respiratory motion. Moreover, the estimation of SO2 is highly sensitive to noise, and artifacts related to the respiratory motion of the animal were identified as the primary source of noise in MSOT. In this work, we propose a two-step image processing method for SO2 estimation in deep tissues. First, to mitigate motion artifacts, we propose a method of selection of OA images acquired only during the respiratory pause of the animal, using ultrafast ultrasound (US) images acquired immediately after each OA acquisition (US image acquisition duration of 1.4 ms and a total delay of 7 ms). We show that gating is more effective using US images than OA images at different optical wavelengths. Second, we propose a novel method that can estimate directly the SO2 value of a pixel and at the same time evaluate the amount of noise present in that pixel. Hence, the method can efficiently eliminate the pixels dominated by noise from the final SO2 map. Our postprocessing method is shown to outperform conventional methods for SO2 estimation, and the method was validated by in vivo oxygen challenge experiments.
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Filippi L, Pascarella F, Pini A, Cammalleri M, Bagnoli P, Morganti R, Innocenti F, Castagnini N, Melosi A, Scaramuzzo RT. Fetal Oxygenation from the 23rd to the 36th Week of Gestation Evaluated through the Umbilical Cord Blood Gas Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12487. [PMID: 37569862 PMCID: PMC10419490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryo and fetus grow in a hypoxic environment. Intrauterine oxygen levels fluctuate throughout the pregnancy, allowing the oxygen to modulate apparently contradictory functions, such as the expansion of stemness but also differentiation. We have recently demonstrated that in the last weeks of pregnancy, oxygenation progressively increases, but the trend of oxygen levels during the previous weeks remains to be clarified. In the present retrospective study, umbilical venous and arterial oxygen levels, fetal oxygen extraction, oxygen content, CO2, and lactate were evaluated in a cohort of healthy newborns with gestational age < 37 weeks. A progressive decrease in pO2 levels associated with a concomitant increase in pCO2 and reduction in pH has been observed starting from the 23rd week until approximately the 33-34th week of gestation. Over this period, despite the increased hypoxemia, oxygen content remains stable thanks to increasing hemoglobin concentration, which allows the fetus to become more hypoxemic but not more hypoxic. Starting from the 33-34th week, fetal oxygenation increases and ideally continues following the trend recently described in term fetuses. The present study confirms that oxygenation during intrauterine life continues to vary even after placenta development, showing a clear biphasic trend. Fetuses, in fact, from mid-gestation to near-term, become progressively more hypoxemic. However, starting from the 33-34th week, oxygenation progressively increases until birth. In this regard, our data suggest that the placenta is the hub that ensures this variable oxygen availability to the fetus, and we speculate that this biphasic trend is functional for the promotion, in specific tissues and at specific times, of stemness and intrauterine differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Filippi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Neonatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (F.I.); (N.C.); (A.M.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Francesca Pascarella
- Neonatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (F.I.); (N.C.); (A.M.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cammalleri
- Unit of General Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Paola Bagnoli
- Unit of General Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Riccardo Morganti
- Section of Statistics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Francesca Innocenti
- Neonatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (F.I.); (N.C.); (A.M.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Nicola Castagnini
- Neonatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (F.I.); (N.C.); (A.M.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Alice Melosi
- Neonatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (F.I.); (N.C.); (A.M.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Rosa Teresa Scaramuzzo
- Neonatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (F.I.); (N.C.); (A.M.); (R.T.S.)
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Moses AS, Korzun T, Mamnoon B, Baldwin MK, Myatt L, Taratula O, Taratula OR. Nanomedicines for Improved Management of Ectopic Pregnancy: A Narrative Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2301873. [PMID: 37471169 PMCID: PMC10837845 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic pregnancy (EP) - the implantation of an embryo outside of the endometrial cavity, often in the fallopian tube - is a significant contributor to maternal morbidity and leading cause of maternal death due to hemorrhage in first trimester. Current diagnostic modalities including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) quantification and ultrasonography are effective, but may still misdiagnose EP at initial examination in many cases. Depending on the patient's hemodynamic stability and gestational duration of the pregnancy, as assessed by history, hCG measurement and ultrasonography, management strategies may include expectant management, chemotherapeutic treatment using methotrexate (MTX), or surgical intervention. While these strategies are largely successful, expectant management may result in tubal rupture if the pregnancy does not resolve spontaneously; MTX administration is not always successful and may induce significant side effects; and surgical intervention may result in loss of the already-damaged fallopian tube, further hampering the patient's subsequent attempts to conceive. Nanomaterial-based technologies offer the potential to enhance delivery of diagnostic imaging contrast and therapeutic agents to more effectively and safely manage EP. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the current state of nanomedicine technology dedicated to its potential to improve both the diagnosis and treatment of EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham S Moses
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA
| | - Tetiana Korzun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA
| | - Babak Mamnoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA
| | - Maureen K Baldwin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Oleh Taratula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA
| | - Olena R Taratula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2730 S Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA
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Choi W, Park B, Choi S, Oh D, Kim J, Kim C. Recent Advances in Contrast-Enhanced Photoacoustic Imaging: Overcoming the Physical and Practical Challenges. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 36642892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has been investigated to realize its potential as a niche biomedical imaging modality. Despite its highly desirable optical contrast and ultrasonic spatiotemporal resolution, PAI is challenged by such physical limitations as a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), diminished image contrast due to strong optical attenuation, and a lower-bound on spatial resolution in deep tissue. In addition, contrast-enhanced PAI has faced practical limitations such as insufficient cell-specific targeting due to low delivery efficiency and difficulties in developing clinically translatable agents. Identifying these limitations is essential to the continuing expansion of the field, and substantial advances in developing contrast-enhancing agents, complemented by high-performance image acquisition systems, have synergistically dealt with the challenges of conventional PAI. This review covers the past four years of research on pushing the physical and practical challenges of PAI in terms of SNR/contrast, spatial resolution, targeted delivery, and clinical application. Promising strategies for dealing with each challenge are reviewed in detail, and future research directions for next generation contrast-enhanced PAI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Byullee Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwook Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeon Oh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbeom Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
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Filippi L, Scaramuzzo RT, Pascarella F, Pini A, Morganti R, Cammalleri M, Bagnoli P, Ciantelli M. Fetal oxygenation in the last weeks of pregnancy evaluated through the umbilical cord blood gas analysis. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1140021. [PMID: 37152310 PMCID: PMC10160648 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1140021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Embryo and fetus grow and mature over the first trimester of pregnancy in a dynamic hypoxic environment, where placenta development assures an increased oxygen availability. However, it is unclear whether and how oxygenation changes in the later trimesters and, more specifically, in the last weeks of pregnancy. Methods Observational study that evaluated the gas analysis of the umbilical cord blood collected from a cohort of healthy newborns with gestational age ≥37 weeks. Umbilical venous and arterial oxygen levels as well as fetal oxygen extraction were calculated to establish whether oxygenation level changes over the last weeks of pregnancy. In addition, fetal lactate, and carbon dioxide production were analyzed to establish whether oxygen oscillations may induce metabolic effects in utero. Results This study demonstrates a progressive increase in fetal oxygenation levels from the 37th to the 41st weeks of gestation (mean venous PaO2 approximately from 20 to 25 mmHg; p < 0.001). This increase is largely attributable to growing umbilical venous PaO2, regardless of delivery modalities. In neonates born by vaginal delivery, the increased oxygen availability is associated with a modest increase in oxygen extraction, while in neonates born by cesarean section, it is associated with reduced lactate production. Independently from the type of delivery, carbon dioxide production moderately increased. These findings suggest a progressive shift from a prevalent anaerobic metabolism (Warburg effect) towards a growing aerobic metabolism. Conclusion This study confirms that fetuses grow in a hypoxic environment that becomes progressively less hypoxic in the last weeks of gestation. The increased oxygen availability seems to favor aerobic metabolic shift during the last weeks of intrauterine life; we hypothesize that this environmental change may have implications for fetal maturation during intrauterine life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Filippi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Neonatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: Luca Filippi
| | | | | | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Morganti
- Section of Statistics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cammalleri
- Unit of General Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Bagnoli
- Unit of General Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Tserevelakis GJ, Velentza S, Liaskas I, Archontidis T, Pavlopoulos A, Zacharakis G. Imaging Parhyale hawaiensis embryogenesis with frequency domain photoacoustic microscopy: A novel tool in developmental biology. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202200202. [PMID: 36059080 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present the application of a low-cost frequency domain photoacoustic (FDPA) microscope for the label-free imaging of live developing embryos of the crustacean model organism Parhyale hawaiensis. By modulating the intensity of a continuous wave laser source at 9.5 MHz, we achieve the excitation of monochromatic PA waves, which are detected to provide amplitude and phase recordings. The data are subsequently processed to generate accurate maximum amplitude projection and surface reconstructions, delineating the morphological features of the embryos with high resolution and contrast. The findings of this study pave the way for the broader adoption of inexpensive PA diagnostic techniques in developmental biology, shedding light on various fundamental processes in established and emerging model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Tserevelakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofia Velentza
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Liaskas
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Crete, Greece
| | - Themis Archontidis
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Crete, Greece
| | - Anastasios Pavlopoulos
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Crete, Greece
| | - Giannis Zacharakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Crete, Greece
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Li M, Beaumont N, Ma C, Rojas J, Vu T, Harlacher M, O'Connell G, Gessner RC, Kilian H, Kasatkina L, Chen Y, Huang Q, Shen X, Lovell JF, Verkhusha VV, Czernuszewicz T, Yao J. Three-Dimensional Deep-Tissue Functional and Molecular Imaging by Integrated Photoacoustic, Ultrasound, and Angiographic Tomography (PAUSAT). IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2022; 41:2704-2714. [PMID: 35442884 PMCID: PMC9563100 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2022.3168859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive small-animal imaging technologies, such as optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging and x -ray computed tomography, have enabled researchers to study normal biological phenomena or disease progression in their native conditions. However, existing small-animal imaging technologies often lack either the penetration capability for interrogating deep tissues (e.g., optical microscopy), or the functional and molecular sensitivity for tracking specific activities (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging). To achieve functional and molecular imaging in deep tissues, we have developed an integrated photoacoustic, ultrasound and acoustic angiographic tomography (PAUSAT) system by seamlessly combining light and ultrasound. PAUSAT can perform three imaging modes simultaneously with complementary contrast: high-frequency B-mode ultrasound imaging of tissue morphology, microbubble-enabled acoustic angiography of tissue vasculature, and multi-spectral photoacoustic imaging of molecular probes. PAUSAT can provide three-dimensional (3D) multi-contrast images that are co-registered, with high spatial resolutions at large depths. Using PAUSAT, we performed proof-of-concept in vivo experiments on various small animal models: monitoring longitudinal development of placenta and embryo during mouse pregnancy, tracking biodistribution and metabolism of near-infrared organic dye on the whole-body scale, and detecting breast tumor expressing genetically-encoded photoswitchable phytochromes. These results have collectively demonstrated that PAUSAT has broad applicability in biomedical research, providing comprehensive structural, functional, and molecular imaging of small animal models.
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Desoye G, Carter AM. Fetoplacental oxygen homeostasis in pregnancies with maternal diabetes mellitus and obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:593-607. [PMID: 35902735 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite improvements in clinical management, pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus or obesity carry substantial risks for parent and offspring. Some of the endocrine and metabolic changes in parent and fetus in diabetes mellitus and obesity lead to fetal oxygen deficit, mostly due to insulin-induced accelerated fetal metabolism. The human fetus deals with reduced oxygenation through a wide range of adaptive responses that act at various levels in the placenta as well as the fetus. These responses ensure adequate oxygen delivery to the fetus, increase the oxygen transport capacity of fetal blood and redistribute oxygen-rich blood to vital organs such as the brain and heart. The liver has a central role in adapting to reduced oxygenation by increasing its oxygen extraction and stimulating erythropoietin synthesis to increase haematocrit. The type of adaptive response depends on the onset and duration of hypoxia and the severity of the metabolic disturbance. In pregnancies characterized by diabetes mellitus or obesity, these adaptive systems come under additional strain owing to the increased maternal supply of glucose and resultant fetal hyperinsulinaemia, both of which stimulate oxidative metabolism. In the rare situation that the adaptive responses are overwhelmed, stillbirth can ensue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anthony M Carter
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Scully DM, Larina IV. Mouse embryo phenotyping with optical coherence tomography. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1000237. [PMID: 36158219 PMCID: PMC9500480 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
With the explosion of gene editing tools in recent years, there has been a much greater demand for mouse embryo phenotyping, and traditional methods such as histology and histochemistry experienced a methodological renaissance as they became the principal tools for phenotyping. However, it is important to explore alternative phenotyping options to maximize time and resources and implement volumetric structural analysis for enhanced investigation of phenotypes. Cardiovascular phenotyping, in particular, is important to perform in vivo due to the dramatic structural and functional changes that occur in heart development over relatively short periods of time. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is one of the most exciting advanced imaging techniques emerging within the field of developmental biology, and this review provides a summary of how it is currently being implemented in mouse embryo investigations and phenotyping. This review aims to provide an understanding of the approaches used in optical coherence tomography and how they can be applied in embryology and developmental biology, with the overall aim of bridging the gap between biology and technology.
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12
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Zhang Y, Wang L. Adaptive dual-speed ultrasound and photoacoustic computed tomography. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100380. [PMID: 35722271 PMCID: PMC9198371 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Full-ring dual-modal ultrasound and photoacoustic computed tomography has unique advantages of nearly isotropic spatial resolution, complementary contrast, deep penetration, and full-view detection. However, the imaging quality may be deteriorated by the inaccurate sound speed estimation. Automatic determining and compensation for sound speed has been a long-standing problem in image reconstruction. Here, we present new adaptive dual-speed ultrasound and photoacoustic computed tomography (ADS-USPACT) to address this challenge. The system features full-view coverage (360°), high-speed dual-modal imaging (10-Hz), automated dual sound speed correction, and synergistic high imaging quality. To correct the sound speed, we develop a two-compartment method that can automatically segment the sample boundary and search for the optimal sound speed based on the rich ultrasonic pulse-echo signals. The method does not require the operator's intervention. We validate this technique in numerical simulation, phantom study, and in vivo experiments. The ADS-USPACT represents significant progress in dual-modal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Zhang
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Zhang Y, Wang L. Video-rate full-ring ultrasound and photoacoustic computed tomography with real-time sound speed optimization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:4398-4413. [PMID: 36032563 PMCID: PMC9408242 DOI: 10.1364/boe.464360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Full-ring dual-modal ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging provide complementary contrasts, high spatial resolution, full view angle and are more desirable in pre-clinical and clinical applications. However, two long-standing challenges exist in achieving high-quality video-rate dual-modal imaging. One is the increased data processing burden from the dense acquisition. Another one is the object-dependent speed of sound variation, which may cause blurry, splitting artifacts, and low imaging contrast. Here, we develop a video-rate full-ring ultrasound and photoacoustic computed tomography (VF-USPACT) with real-time optimization of the speed of sound. We improve the imaging speed by selective and parallel image reconstruction. We determine the optimal sound speed via co-registered ultrasound imaging. Equipped with a 256-channel ultrasound array, the dual-modal system can optimize the sound speed and reconstruct dual-modal images at 10 Hz in real-time. The optimized sound speed can effectively enhance the imaging quality under various sample sizes, types, or physiological states. In animal and human imaging, the system shows co-registered dual contrasts, high spatial resolution (140 µm), single-pulse photoacoustic imaging (< 50 µs), deep penetration (> 20 mm), full view, and adaptive sound speed correction. We believe VF-USPACT can advance many real-time biomedical imaging applications, such as vascular disease diagnosing, cancer screening, or neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shen Zhen, 518057, China
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14
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Marquardt RM, Nafiujjaman M, Kim TH, Chung SJ, Hadrick K, Kim T, Jeong JW. A Mouse Model of Endometriosis with Nanoparticle Labeling for In Vivo Photoacoustic Imaging. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:2947-2959. [PMID: 35641854 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a condition of the female reproductive tract characterized by endometrium-like tissue growing outside the uterus. Though it is a common cause of pelvic pain and infertility, there is currently no reliable noninvasive method to diagnose the presence of endometriosis without surgery, and the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to the occurrence of symptoms require further inquiry. Due to patient heterogeneity and delayed diagnosis, animal models are commonly used to study the development of endometriosis, but these are costly due to the large number of animals needed to test various treatments and experimental conditions at multiple endpoints. Here, we describe a method for synthesis of multimodal imaging gold-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) nanoparticles with preclinical application via induction of nanoparticle-labeled endometriosis-like lesions in mice. Labeling donor endometrial tissue fragments with gold-FITC nanoparticles prior to induction of endometriosis in recipients enables in vivo detection of the gold-labeled lesions with photoacoustic imaging. The same imaging method can be used to visualize embryos noninvasively in pregnant mice. Furthermore, the conjugated FITC dye on the gold nanoparticles allows easy isolation of labeled lesion tissue under a fluorescence dissection microscope. After dissection, the presence of gold-FITC nanoparticles and endometrium-like histology of lesions can be verified through fluorescence imaging, gold enhancement, and immunostaining. This method for in vivo imaging of endometriosis-like lesions and fluorescence-guided dissection will permit new experimental possibilities for the longitudinal study of endometriosis development and progression as well as endometriosis-related infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Marquardt
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, College of Natural Science, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Md Nafiujjaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Seock-Jin Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kay Hadrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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15
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Kang J, Koehler RC, Graham EM, Boctor EM. Photoacoustic assessment of the fetal brain and placenta as a method of non-invasive antepartum and intrapartum monitoring. Exp Neurol 2022; 347:113898. [PMID: 34662542 PMCID: PMC8756814 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A noninvasive monitor for concurrent evaluation of placental and fetal sagittal sinus sO 2 for both antepartum surveillance at the late 2nd and 3rd trimesters and intrapartum monitoring would be a great advantage over current methods. A PA fetal brain and placental monitor has potential value to rapidly identify the fetus at risk for developing hypoxia and ischemia of a sufficient degree that brain injury or death may develop, which may be prevented by intervention with delivery and other follow-up treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeun Kang
- Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Raymond C Koehler
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Ernest M Graham
- Department of Gyn-Ob, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Neuroscience Intensive Care Nursery Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Emad M Boctor
- Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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16
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Zhang P, Wang L, Chen X, Li X, Yuan Q. Ultrasmall PEI-Decorated Bi 2Se 3 Nanodots as a Multifunctional Theranostic Nanoplatform for in vivo CT Imaging-Guided Cancer Photothermal Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:795012. [PMID: 34925045 PMCID: PMC8675356 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.795012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bi-based nanomaterials, such as Bi2Se3, play an important part in biomedicine, such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and computed tomography (CT) imaging. Polyethylenimine (PEI)-modified ultrasmall Bi2Se3 nanodots were prepared using an ultrafast synthetic method at room temperature (25°C). Bi2Se3 nanodots exhibited superior CT imaging performance, and could be used as effective photothermal reagents owing to their broad absorption in the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared region. Under irradiation at 808 nm, PEI-Bi2Se3 nanodots exhibited excellent photothermal-conversion efficiency of up to 41.3%. Good biocompatibility and significant tumor-ablation capabilities were demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. These results revealed that PEI-Bi2Se3 nanodots are safe and a good nanotheranostic platform for CT imaging-guided PTT of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuying Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Radiology, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Qinghai Yuan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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17
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Yang H, Xu Y. Maternal-fetal transfer of indocyanine green: a systematic review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:8181-8185. [PMID: 34565270 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1966410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONAL In a survey of 1101 members of vitreoretinal trained physicians regarding the use of ICG angiography during pregnancy, 434 (83%) of 520 respondents had seen at least one pregnant woman requiring ICG angiography or fluorescein angiography. One hundred and five (24%) withheld ICG angiography, mostly because of fear of teratogenicity or lawsuit. Adverse reactions to fluorescein and ICG are rare and may be classified as toxic, hypersensitivity, and non-specific. This literature review aimed to review evaluate the maternal-to-fetal transfer of ICG and resume the most recent recommendations for ICG use in its obstetric applications. METHODS The available literature was examined using PubMed-Medline, and web of science, and using the MeSH terms "fluorescein," "Indocyanine green," and "pregnancy" according to PRISMA-P guidelines. RESULTS Studies in humans demonstrated that ICG is not detectable in fetal cord blood or umbilical vein blood collected immediately after birth. ICG maternal-to-fetal transfer is slow and is safe during pregnancy. ICG in the fetus accumulates in the liver and accumulation is enhanced by the administration of OATPs or P-gp inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS ICG's transplacental transfer is minimal and is probably medicine-mediated, like rifampin. The placenta is an effective protective barrier to ICG's distribution into the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huixia Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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18
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Degtyaruk O, Nozdriukhin D, Razansky D, Deán-Ben XL. In situ characterization of microparticulate optoacoustic contrast agents in an intracardiac perfusion mouse model. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4350-4353. [PMID: 34470012 DOI: 10.1364/ol.435360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extrinsically administered light-absorbing agents may greatly enhance the sensitivity and imaging performance of optoacoustic tomography (OAT). Beyond the use of targeted contrast agents in functional and molecular imaging applications, tracking of highly absorbing microparticles has recently been shown to facilitate super-resolution volumetric angiography and mapping of blood flow. However, in vivo characterization of new types of microparticulate absorbing agents is often hindered due to their potential toxicity, incompatible dimensions, or sub-optimal extinction spectrum shadowed by strong background absorption of hemoglobin. Herein, we used an intracardiac perfusion mouse model to individually track the perfusion of absorbing particles through the cerebral vasculature by acquiring a sequence of high-frame-rate 3D OAT images. The particles were injected in the left ventricle of the heart after substitution of blood by an artificial cerebrospinal fluid post mortem, which has further contributed to minimizing the background OAT signals induced by hemoglobin absorption. The presented approach can greatly aid the development of new microparticulate contrast agents with optimized performance for various OAT imaging applications.
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19
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Gao R, Xu Z, Ren Y, Song L, Liu C. Nonlinear mechanisms in photoacoustics-Powerful tools in photoacoustic imaging. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 22:100243. [PMID: 33643841 PMCID: PMC7893487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many nonlinear effects have been discovered and developed in photoacoustic imaging. These nonlinear mechanisms have been explored for different utilizations, such as enhancing imaging contrast, measuring tissue temperature, achieving super-resolution imaging, enabling functional imaging, and extracting important physical parameters. This review aims to introduce different nonlinear mechanisms in photoacoustics, underline the fundamental principles, highlight their representative applications, and outline the occurrence conditions and applicable range of each nonlinear mechanism. Furthermore, this review thoroughly discusses the nonlinearity rule concerning how the mathematical structure of the nonlinear dependence is correlated to its practical applications. This summarization is useful for identifying and guiding the potential applications of nonlinearity based on their mathematical expressions, and is helpful for new nonlinear mechanism discovery or implementation in the future, which facilitates further breakthroughs in nonlinear photoacoustics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkang Gao
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaguang Ren
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liang Song
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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20
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Gao R, Xu Z, Ren Y, Song L, Liu C. Nonlinear mechanisms in photoacoustics-Powerful tools in photoacoustic imaging. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 22:100243. [PMID: 33643841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.(2021).100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many nonlinear effects have been discovered and developed in photoacoustic imaging. These nonlinear mechanisms have been explored for different utilizations, such as enhancing imaging contrast, measuring tissue temperature, achieving super-resolution imaging, enabling functional imaging, and extracting important physical parameters. This review aims to introduce different nonlinear mechanisms in photoacoustics, underline the fundamental principles, highlight their representative applications, and outline the occurrence conditions and applicable range of each nonlinear mechanism. Furthermore, this review thoroughly discusses the nonlinearity rule concerning how the mathematical structure of the nonlinear dependence is correlated to its practical applications. This summarization is useful for identifying and guiding the potential applications of nonlinearity based on their mathematical expressions, and is helpful for new nonlinear mechanism discovery or implementation in the future, which facilitates further breakthroughs in nonlinear photoacoustics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkang Gao
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaguang Ren
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liang Song
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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21
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Boehm-Sturm P, Mueller S, Freitag N, Borowski S, Foddis M, Koch SP, Temme S, Flögel U, Blois SM. Phenotyping placental oxygenation in Lgals1 deficient mice using 19F MRI. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2126. [PMID: 33483548 PMCID: PMC7822814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental hypoperfusion and hypoxia are key drivers in complications during fetal development such as fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia. In order to study the mechanisms of disease in mouse models, the development of quantitative biomarkers of placental hypoxia is a prerequisite. The goal of this exploratory study was to establish a technique to noninvasively characterize placental partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in vivo in the Lgals1 (lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 1) deficient mouse model of preeclampsia using fluorine magnetic resonance imaging. We hypothesized a decrease in placental oxygenation in knockout mice. Wildtype and knockout animals received fluorescently labeled perfluoro-5-crown-15-ether nanoemulsion i.v. on day E14-15 during pregnancy. Placental PO2 was assessed via calibrated 19F MRI saturation recovery T1 mapping. A gas challenge with varying levels of oxygen in breathing air (30%, 60% and 100% O2) was used to validate that changes in oxygenation can be detected in freely breathing, anesthetized animals. At the end of the experiment, fluorophore-coupled lectin was injected i.v. to label the vasculature for histology. Differences in PO2 between breathing conditions and genotype were statistically analyzed with linear mixed-effects modeling. As expected, a significant increase in PO2 with increasing oxygen in breathing air was found. PO2 in Lgals1 knockout animals was decreased but this effect was only present at 30% oxygen in breathing air, not at 60% and 100%. Histological examinations showed crossing of the perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion to the fetal blood pool but the dominating contribution of 19F MR signal is estimated at > 70% from maternal plasma based on volume fraction measurements of previous studies. These results show for the first time that 19F MRI can characterize oxygenation in mouse models of placental malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Boehm-Sturm
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Susanne Mueller
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nancy Freitag
- Department for Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophia Borowski
- Department for Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Foddis
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan P Koch
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Temme
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sandra M Blois
- Department for Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Huda K, Wu C, Sider JG, Bayer CL. Spherical-view photoacoustic tomography for monitoring in vivo placental function. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100209. [PMID: 33101927 PMCID: PMC7569225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography has great potential to image dynamic functional changes in vivo. Many tomographic systems are built with a circular view geometry, necessitating a linear translation along one axis of the subject to obtain a three-dimensional volume. In this work, we evaluated a prototype spherical view photoacoustic tomographic system which acquires a 3D volume in a single scan, without linear translation. We simultaneously measured relative hemoglobin oxygen saturation in multiple placentas of pregnant mice under oxygen challenge. We also synthesized a folate-conjugated indocyanine green (ICG) contrast agent to image folate kinetics in the placenta. Photoacoustic tomography performed at the wavelength of peak optical absorption of our contrast agent revealed increased ICG signal over time. Through these phantom and in vivo studies, we have demonstrated that the spherical view 3D photoacoustic tomographic system achieves high sensitivity and fast image acquisition, enabling in vivo experiments to assess physiological and molecular dynamics.
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23
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Li X, Zhang S, Wu J, Huang S, Feng Q, Qi L, Chen W. Multispectral Interlaced Sparse Sampling Photoacoustic Tomography. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:3463-3474. [PMID: 32746097 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2020.2996240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is capable of resolving tissue chromophore distribution based on spectral un-mixing. It works by identifying the absorption spectrum variations from a sequence of photoacoustic images acquired at multiple illumination wavelengths. Due to multispectral acquisition, this inevitably creates a large dataset. To cut down the data volume, sparse sampling methods that reduce the number of detectors have been developed. However, image reconstruction of sparse sampling PAT is challenging because of insufficient angular coverage. During spectral un-mixing, these inaccurate reconstructions will further amplify imaging artefacts and contaminate the results. To solve this problem, we present the interlaced sparse sampling (ISS) PAT, a method that involved: 1) a novel scanning-based image acquisition scheme in which the sparse detector array rotates while switching illumination wavelength, such that a dense angular coverage could be achieved by using only a few detectors; and 2) a corresponding image reconstruction algorithm that makes use of an anatomical prior image created from the ISS strategy to guide PAT image computation. Reconstructed from the signals acquired at different wavelengths (angles), this self-generated prior image fuses multispectral and angular information, and thus has rich anatomical features and minimum artefacts. A specialized iterative imaging model that effectively incorporates this anatomical prior image into the reconstruction process is also developed. Simulation, phantom, and in vivo animal experiments showed that even under 1/6 or 1/8 sparse sampling rate, our method achieved comparable image reconstruction and spectral un-mixing results to those obtained by conventional dense sampling method.
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24
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Calvani M, Dabraio A, Subbiani A, Buonvicino D, De Gregorio V, Ciullini Mannurita S, Pini A, Nardini P, Favre C, Filippi L. β3-Adrenoceptors as Putative Regulator of Immune Tolerance in Cancer and Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2098. [PMID: 32983164 PMCID: PMC7492666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of immune tolerance is currently one of the most important challenges of scientific research. Pregnancy affects the immune system balance, leading the host to tolerate embryo alloantigens. Previous reports demonstrated that β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling promotes immune tolerance by modulation of NK and Treg, mainly through the activation of β2-ARs, but recently we have demonstrated that also β3-ARs induce an immune-tolerant phenotype in mice bearing melanoma. In this report, we demonstrate that β3-ARs support host immune tolerance in the maternal microenvironment by modulating the same immune cells populations as recently demonstrated in cancer. Considering that β3-ARs are modulated by oxygen levels, we hypothesize that hypoxia, through the upregulation of β3-AR, promotes the biological shift toward a tolerant immunophenotype and that this is the same trick that embryo and cancer use to create an aura of immune-tolerance in a competent immune environment. This study confirms the analogies between fetal development and tumor progression and suggests that the expression of β3-ARs represents one of the strategies to induce fetal and tumor immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Calvani
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Dabraio
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Angela Subbiani
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Veronica De Gregorio
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Ciullini Mannurita
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nardini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Favre
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Filippi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical Surgical Feto-Neonatal Department, A. Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
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25
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Kretschmer T, Schulze-Edinghausen M, Turnwald EM, Janoschek R, Bae-Gartz I, Zentis P, Handwerk M, Wohlfarth M, Schauss A, Hucklenbruch-Rother E, Dötsch J, Appel S. Effect of Maternal Obesity in Mice on IL-6 Levels and Placental Endothelial Cell Homeostasis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020296. [PMID: 31979004 PMCID: PMC7071123 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity during pregnancy is a known health risk for mother and child. Since obesity is associated with increased inflammatory markers, our objectives were to determine interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in obese mice and to examine the effect of IL-6 on placental endothelial cells. Placentas, blood, and adipose tissue of C57BL/6N mice, kept on high fat diet before and during pregnancy, were harvested at E15.5. Serum IL-6 levels were determined and endothelial cell markers and IL-6 expression were measured by qRT-PCR and western blot. Immunostaining was used to determine surface and length densities of fetal capillary profiles and placental endothelial cell homeostasis. Human placental vein endothelial cells were cultured and subjected to proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, and tube formation assays after stimulation with hyperIL-6. Placental endothelial cell markers were downregulated and the percentage of senescent endothelial cells was higher in the placental exchange zone of obese dams and placental vascularization was strongly reduced. Additionally, maternal IL-6 serum levels and IL-6 protein levels in adipose tissue were increased. Stimulation with hyperIL-6 provoked a dose dependent increase of senescence in cultured endothelial cells without any effects on proliferation or apoptosis. Diet-induced maternal obesity led to an IUGR phenotype accompanied by increased maternal IL-6 serum levels. In the placenta of obese dams, this may result in a disturbed endothelial cell homeostasis and impaired fetal vasculature. Cell culture experiments confirmed that IL-6 is capable of inducing endothelial cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kretschmer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-478-89672
| | - Merle Schulze-Edinghausen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Eva-Maria Turnwald
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Ruth Janoschek
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Inga Bae-Gartz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Peter Zentis
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Core Facility Imaging, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (P.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Marion Handwerk
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Maria Wohlfarth
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Astrid Schauss
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Core Facility Imaging, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (P.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Eva Hucklenbruch-Rother
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Sarah Appel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.-E.); (E.-M.T.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.); (S.A.)
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26
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Zhao S, Tian R, Shao B, Feng Y, Yuan S, Dong L, Zhang L, Wang Z, You H. UCNP–Bi
2
Se
3
Upconverting Nanohybrid for Upconversion Luminescence and CT Imaging and Photothermal Therapy. Chemistry 2020; 26:1127-1135. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, and State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, and State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P.R. China
| | - Baiqi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, and State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P.R. China
| | - Yang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, and State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P.R. China
| | - Senwen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, and State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P.R. China
| | - Langping Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, and State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, and State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P.R. China
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, and State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P.R. China
| | - Hongpeng You
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, and State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P.R. China
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