1
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Kuttruff J, Nabben D, Zimmermann AC, Ryabov A, Baum P. Terahertz control and timing correlations in a transmission electron microscope. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl6543. [PMID: 38924397 PMCID: PMC11204200 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl6543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Ultrafast electron microscopy provides a movie-like access to structural dynamics of materials in space and time, but fundamental atomic motions or electron dynamics are, so far, too quick to be resolved. Here, we report the all-optical control, compression, and characterization of electron pulses in a transmission electron microscope by the single optical cycles of laser-generated terahertz light. This concept provides isolated electron pulses and merges the spatial resolution of a transmission electron microscope with the temporal resolution that is offered by a single cycle of laser light. We also report the all-optical control of multi-electron states and find a substantial two-electron and three-electron anticorrelation in the time domain. These results open up the possibility to visualize atomic and electronic motions together with their quantum correlations on fundamental dimensions in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrey Ryabov
- Universität Konstanz, Fachbereich Physik, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter Baum
- Universität Konstanz, Fachbereich Physik, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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2
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Akerboom E, Di Giulio V, Schilder NJ, García de Abajo FJ, Polman A. Free Electron-Plasmon Coupling Strength and Near-Field Retrieval through Electron Energy-Dependent Cathodoluminescence Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13560-13567. [PMID: 38742710 PMCID: PMC11140833 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Tightly confined optical near fields in plasmonic nanostructures play a pivotal role in important applications ranging from optical sensing to light harvesting. Energetic electrons are ideally suited to probing optical near fields by collecting the resulting cathodoluminescence (CL) light emission. Intriguingly, the CL intensity is determined by the near-field profile along the electron propagation direction, but the retrieval of such field from measurements has remained elusive. Furthermore, the conditions for optimum electron near-field coupling in plasmonic systems are critically dependent on such field and remain experimentally unexplored. In this work, we use electron energy-dependent CL spectroscopy to study the tightly confined dipolar mode in plasmonic gold nanoparticles. By systematically studying gold nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 20-100 nm and electron energies from 4 to 30 keV, we determine how the coupling between swift electrons and the optical near fields depends on the energy of the incoming electron. The strongest coupling is achieved when the electron speed equals the mode phase velocity, meeting the so-called phase-matching condition. In aloof experiments, the measured data are well reproduced by electromagnetic simulations, which explain that larger particles and faster electrons favor a stronger electron near-field coupling. For penetrating electron trajectories, scattering at the particle produces severe corrections of the trajectory that defy existing theories based on the assumption of nonrecoil condition. Therefore, we develop a first-order recoil correction model that allows us to account for inelastic electron scattering, rendering better agreement with measured data. Finally, we consider the albedo of the particles and find that, to approach unity coupling, a highly confined electric field and very slow electrons are needed, both representing experimental challenges. Our findings explain how to reach unity-order coupling between free electrons and confined excitations, helping us understand fundamental aspects of light-matter interaction at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelijn Akerboom
- Center
for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valerio Di Giulio
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nick J. Schilder
- Center
for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Gleb
Wataghin Physics Institute, University of
Campinas, Campinas 13083-859, Brazil
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Polman
- Center
for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Kumar S, Lim J, Rivera N, Wong W, Ang YS, Ang LK, Wong LJ. Strongly correlated multielectron bunches from interaction with quantum light. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm9563. [PMID: 38718122 PMCID: PMC11078178 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Strongly correlated electron systems are a cornerstone of modern physics, being responsible for groundbreaking phenomena from superconducting magnets to quantum computing. In most cases, correlations in electrons arise exclusively because of Coulomb interactions. In this work, we reveal that free electrons interacting simultaneously with a light field can become highly correlated via mechanisms beyond Coulomb interactions. In the case of two electrons, the resulting Pearson correlation coefficient for the joint probability distribution of the output electron energies is enhanced by more than 13 orders of magnitude compared to that of electrons interacting with the light field in succession (one after another). These highly correlated electrons are the result of momentum and energy exchange between the participating electrons via the external quantum light field. Our findings pave the way to the creation and control of highly correlated free electrons for applications including quantum information and ultrafast imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Kumar
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Lim
- Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Rivera
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Wesley Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yee Sin Ang
- Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Lay Kee Ang
- Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Liang Jie Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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4
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Liebtrau M, Polman A. Angular Dispersion of Free-Electron-Light Coupling in an Optical Fiber-Integrated Metagrating. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:1125-1136. [PMID: 38523743 PMCID: PMC10958598 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Free electrons can couple to optical material excitations on nanometer-length and attosecond-time scales, opening-up unique opportunities for both the generation of radiation and the manipulation of the electron wave function. Here, we exploit the Smith-Purcell effect to experimentally study the coherent coupling of free electrons and light in a circular metallo-dielectric metagrating that is fabricated onto the input facet of a multimode optical fiber. Using hyperspectral angle-resolved (HSAR) far-field imaging inside a scanning electron microscope, we probe the angular dispersion of Smith-Purcell radiation (SPR) that is simultaneously generated in free space and inside the fiber by an electron beam that grazes the metagrating at a nanoscale distance. Furthermore, we analyze the spectral distribution of SPR that is emitted into guided optical modes and correlate it with the numerical aperture of the fiber. By varying the electron energy between 5 and 30 keV, we observe the emission of SPR from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared spectral range, and up to the third emission order. In addition, we detect incoherent cathodoluminescence that is generated by electrons penetrating the input facet of the fiber and scattering inelastically. As a result, our HSAR measurements reveal a Fano resonance that is coupled to a Rayleigh anomaly of the metagrating, and that overlaps with the angular dispersion of second-order SPR at 20 keV. Our findings demonstrate the potential of optical fiber-integrated metasurfaces as a versatile platform to implement novel ultrafast light sources and to synthesize complex free-electron quantum states with light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Liebtrau
- Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute
AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Polman
- Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute
AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Yunusa U, Warren N, Schauer D, Srivastava P, Sprague-Klein E. Plasmon resonance dynamics and enhancement effects in tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) gold nanosphere oligomers. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38411615 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium-based metal complexes are one of the most widely studied dyes because of their rich photochemistry and light-harvesting properties. Significant attention has been paid to the energy and charge transfer dynamics of these dyes on semiconductor substrates. However, studies on photophysical and photochemical properties of these dyes in plasmonic environments are rare. In this study, we report a plasmon-mediated resonance energy transfer in an optimized oligomer system that enhances the photoexcited population of the well known dye, tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II), [Ru(BPY)3]2+ adsorbed on gold nanosphere surfaces with a defluorescenced Raman signal. Structural and chemical information is collected using a range of techniques that include in situ time-resolved UV/VIS, DLS, SERS, and TA. The findings have great potential to impact nanoscience broadly with special emphasis on surface photocatalysis, redox chemistry, and solar energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Yunusa
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
| | - Natalie Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
| | - David Schauer
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, LPC, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Emily Sprague-Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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6
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Polman A, García de Abajo FJ. Electrons catch light pulses on the fly. Science 2024; 383:148-149. [PMID: 38207050 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Energy exchange between electrons and photons enables ultrafast probing of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Polman
- Center for Nanophotonics, NWO Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Dang Z, Chen Y, Fang Z. Cathodoluminescence Nanoscopy: State of the Art and Beyond. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24431-24448. [PMID: 38054434 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathodoluminescence (CL) nanoscopy is proven to be a powerful tool to explore nanoscale optical properties, whereby free electron beams achieve a spatial resolution far beyond the diffraction limit of light. With developed methods for the control of electron beams and the collection of light, the dimension of information that CL can access has been expanded to include polarization, momentum, and time, holding promise to provide invaluable insights into the study of materials and optical near-field dynamics. With a focus on the burgeoning field of CL nanoscopy, this perspective outlines the recent advancements and applications of this technique, as illustrated by the salient experimental works. In addition, as an outlook for future research, several appealing directions that may bring about developments and discoveries are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Dang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheyu Fang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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8
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Chahshouri F, Talebi N. Numerical investigation of sequential phase-locked optical gating of free electrons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18949. [PMID: 37919329 PMCID: PMC10622506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in coherent quantum interactions between free-electron pulses and laser-induced near-field light have revolutionized electron wavepacket shaping. Building on these advancements, we numerically explore the potential of sequential interactions between slow electrons and localized dipolar plasmons in a sequential phase-locked interaction scheme. Taking advantage of the prolonged interaction time between slow electrons and optical near-fields, we aim to explore the effect of plasmon dynamics on the free-electron wavepacket modulation. Our results demonstrate that the initial optical phase of the localized dipolar plasmon at the starting point of the interaction, along with the phase offset between the interaction zones, can serve as control parameters in manipulating the transverse and longitudinal recoil of the electron wavefunction. Moreover, it is shown that the incident angle of the laser light is an additional control knop for tailoring the longitudinal and transverse recoils. We show that a sequential phase-locking method can be employed to precisely manipulate the longitudinal and transverse recoil of the electron wavepacket, leading to selective acceleration or deceleration of the electron energy along specific diffraction angles. These findings have important implications for developing novel techniques for ultrafast electron-light interferometry, shaping the electron wavepacket, and quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Chahshouri
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24098, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Nahid Talebi
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24098, Kiel, Germany.
- Kiel, Nano, Surface, and Interface Science - KiNSIS, Kiel University, 24098, Kiel, Germany.
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9
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Gaida JH, Lourenço-Martins H, Yalunin SV, Feist A, Sivis M, Hohage T, García de Abajo FJ, Ropers C. Lorentz microscopy of optical fields. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6545. [PMID: 37848420 PMCID: PMC10582189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In electron microscopy, detailed insights into nanoscale optical properties of materials are gained by spontaneous inelastic scattering leading to electron-energy loss and cathodoluminescence. Stimulated scattering in the presence of external sample excitation allows for mode- and polarization-selective photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM). This process imprints a spatial phase profile inherited from the optical fields onto the wave function of the probing electrons. Here, we introduce Lorentz-PINEM for the full-field, non-invasive imaging of complex optical near fields at high spatial resolution. We use energy-filtered defocus phase-contrast imaging and iterative phase retrieval to reconstruct the phase distribution of interfering surface-bound modes on a plasmonic nanotip. Our approach is universally applicable to retrieve the spatially varying phase of nanoscale fields and topological modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Gaida
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hugo Lourenço-Martins
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sergey V Yalunin
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin Feist
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Murat Sivis
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hohage
- Institute of Numerical and Applied Mathematics, University of Göttingen, 37083, Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claus Ropers
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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10
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Nayem SH, Imtiaz N, Roy Joy S, Baten MZ. Theoretical limit and framework of dynamic modulation in spoof surface plasmon polariton interconnects. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:29536-29557. [PMID: 37710752 DOI: 10.1364/oe.497398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Spoof-surface-plasmon-polariton (SSPP) interconnects are potential candidates for next-generation interconnects to satisfy the growing demand for high-speed, large-volume data transfer in chip-to-chip and inter-chip communication networks. As in any interconnect, the viability and efficiency of the modulation technique employed will play a crucial role in the effective utilization of SSPP interconnects. In light of the lack of a comprehensive platform for the performance analysis of SSPP signal modulation, this work presents a theoretical framework that contributes to the following: 1) predictions of the maximum attainable modulation speed, limited by geometric dispersion in SSPP waveguide, 2) quantification of the fundamental trade-off relation between modulation speed and energy-efficiency for an arbitrary design of SSPP structure, 3) extension of the analysis over a broad category of SSPP modulation technique. In conjunction, a novel SSPP signal modulation technique is introduced, involving controlled alteration of the resonant condition of the SSPP interconnect using a variable resistor. Analyzing a sample SSPP waveguide with a 7 GHz cut-off frequency, the study identifies a potential ∼28% change in its transmission-band by varying the implanted resistor from 5kΩ to 5Ω, a range of values practically attainable with gate-controlled, state-of-the-art submicron scale field-effect transistors. The assertions of the theoretical model have been independently validated by finite-element method based numerical simulations, which show that the underlying concept can be utilized to realize the digital modulation scheme of the amplitude shift keying. For a millimeter-scale SSPP channel having 2.75 GHz transmission bandwidth, up to 300 Mbps modulation speed with nominal power loss is achieved in a standard, thermal-noise limited communication system. By scaling the interconnect to micrometer dimensions, the speed can be augmented up to 10 Gbps for data transfer over 100 mm distance with ≥80% energy efficiency. Essentially, the presented theory is the first of its kind that provides the foundational design guideline for designing and optimizing diverse range of SSPP modulators.
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11
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Jiang P, Zheng W, Li X, Zhang L, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Gao Y, Yang H, Liu Y, Gong Q, Wu C. Imaging and Controlling Ultrafast Electron Pulses Emitted from Plasmonic Nanostructures. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7327-7333. [PMID: 37535438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally study photoemission from gold nanodisk arrays using space-, time-, and energy-resolved photoemission electron microscopy. When excited by a plasmonic resonant infrared (IR) laser pulse, plasmonic hotspots are generated owing to local surface plasmon resonance. Photoelectrons emitted from each plasmonic hotspot form a nanoscale and ultrashort electron pulse. When the system is excited by an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) laser pulse, a uniformly distributed photoelectron cloud is formed across the sample surface. When excited by the IR and EUV laser pulses together, both the photoemission image and kinetic energy vary significantly for the IR laser-generated electrons depending on the time delay between the two laser pulses. These observations are well explained by the Coulomb interaction with the EUV laser-generated electron cloud. Our study offers a feasible approach to manipulate the energy of electron pulse emitted from a plasmonic nanostructure on an ultrafast time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzuo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Linfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, China
| | - Yunquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, China
| | - Chengyin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, China
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12
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Henke JW, Raja AS, Feist A, Yang Y, Arend G, Huang G, Kappert FJ, Wang RN, Pan J, Liu J, Kfir O, Kippenberg TJ, Ropers C. Electron Energy-gain Spectroscopy of Optical Excitations in an Integrated Photonics Microresonator. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:384-386. [PMID: 37613463 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Wilke Henke
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arslan S Raja
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armin Feist
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yujia Yang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Germaine Arend
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guanhao Huang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Jasmin Kappert
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jiahe Pan
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ofer Kfir
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claus Ropers
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute, University of Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Lim J, Kumar S, Ang YS, Ang LK, Wong LJ. Quantum Interference between Fundamentally Different Processes Is Enabled by Shaped Input Wavefunctions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205750. [PMID: 36737853 PMCID: PMC10074114 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a general framework for quantum interference between processes that can involve different fundamental particles or quasi-particles. This framework shows that shaping input wavefunctions is a versatile and powerful tool for producing and controlling quantum interference between distinguishable pathways, beyond previously explored quantum interference between indistinguishable pathways. Two examples of quantum interference enabled by shaping in interactions between free electrons, bound electrons, and photons are presented: i) the vanishing of the zero-loss peak by destructive quantum interference when a shaped electron wavepacket couples to light, under conditions where the electron's zero-loss peak otherwise dominates; ii) quantum interference between free electron and atomic (bound electron) spontaneous emission processes, which can be significant even when the free electron and atom are far apart, breaking the common notion that a free electron and an atom must be close by to significantly affect each other's processes. Conclusions show that emerging quantum wave-shaping techniques unlock the door to greater versatility in light-matter interactions and other quantum processes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Lim
- Science, Mathematics and TechnologySingapore University of Technology and Design8 Somapah RoadSingapore487372Singapore
| | - Suraj Kumar
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Yee Sin Ang
- Science, Mathematics and TechnologySingapore University of Technology and Design8 Somapah RoadSingapore487372Singapore
| | - Lay Kee Ang
- Science, Mathematics and TechnologySingapore University of Technology and Design8 Somapah RoadSingapore487372Singapore
| | - Liang Jie Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
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14
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Bourgeois MR, Nixon AG, Chalifour M, Beutler EK, Masiello DJ. Polarization-Resolved Electron Energy Gain Nanospectroscopy With Phase-Structured Electron Beams. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7158-7165. [PMID: 36036765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Free-electron-based measurements in scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEMs) reveal valuable information on the broadband spectral responses of nanoscale systems with deeply subdiffraction limited spatial resolution. Leveraging recent advances in manipulating the spatial phase profile of the transverse electron wavefront, we theoretically describe interactions between the electron probe and optically stimulated nanophotonic targets in which the probe gains energy while simultaneously transitioning between transverse states with distinct phase profiles. Exploiting the selection rules governing such transitions, we propose phase-shaped electron energy gain nanospectroscopy for probing the 3D polarization-resolved response field of an optically excited target with nanoscale spatial resolution. Considering ongoing instrumental developments, polarized generalizations of STEM electron energy loss and gain measurements hold the potential to become powerful tools for fundamental studies of quantum materials and their interaction with nearby nanostructures supporting localized surface plasmon or phonon polaritons as well as for noninvasive imaging and nanoscale 3D field tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Bourgeois
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Austin G Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Matthieu Chalifour
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Elliot K Beutler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David J Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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15
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Feist A, Huang G, Arend G, Yang Y, Henke JW, Raja AS, Kappert FJ, Wang RN, Lourenço-Martins H, Qiu Z, Liu J, Kfir O, Kippenberg TJ, Ropers C. Cavity-mediated electron-photon pairs. Science 2022; 377:777-780. [PMID: 35951690 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Quantum information, communication, and sensing rely on the generation and control of quantum correlations in complementary degrees of freedom. Free electrons coupled to photonics promise novel hybrid quantum technologies, although single-particle correlations and entanglement have yet to be shown. In this work, we demonstrate the preparation of electron-photon pair states using the phase-matched interaction of free electrons with the evanescent vacuum field of a photonic chip-based optical microresonator. Spontaneous inelastic scattering produces intracavity photons coincident with energy-shifted electrons, which we employ for noise-suppressed optical mode imaging. This parametric pair-state preparation will underpin the future development of free-electron quantum optics, providing a route to quantum-enhanced imaging, electron-photon entanglement, and heralded single-electron and Fock-state photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Feist
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guanhao Huang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Germaine Arend
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yujia Yang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Wilke Henke
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arslan Sajid Raja
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Jasmin Kappert
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Lourenço-Martins
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zheru Qiu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ofer Kfir
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claus Ropers
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Shiloh R, Chlouba T, Hommelhoff P. Quantum-Coherent Light-Electron Interaction in a Scanning Electron Microscope. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:235301. [PMID: 35749196 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.235301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades experimentally affirmed the quantum nature of free electron wave packets by the rapid development of transmission electron microscopes into ultrafast, quantum-coherent systems. So far, all experiments were restricted to the bounds of transmission electron microscopes enabling one or two photon-electron interaction sites. We show the quantum coherent coupling between electrons and light in a scanning electron microscope, at unprecedentedly low, subrelativistic energies down to 10.4 keV. These microscopes not only afford the yet-unexplored energies from ∼0.5 to 30 keV providing the optimum electron-light coupling efficiency, but also offer spacious and easily configurable experimental chambers for extended, cascaded optical set ups, potentially boasting thousands of photon-electron interaction sites. Our results make possible experiments in electron wave packet shaping, quantum computing, and spectral imaging with low-energy electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shiloh
- Physics Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Chlouba
- Physics Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Hommelhoff
- Physics Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Zheng D, Huang S, Zhu C, Xu P, Li Z, Wang H, Li J, Tian H, Yang H, Li J. Nanoscale Visualization of a Photoinduced Plasmonic Near-Field in a Single Nanowire by Free Electrons. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:10238-10243. [PMID: 34860026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Swift electrons can undergo inelastic interactions not only with electrons but also with near-fields, which may result in an energy loss or gain. Developments in photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM) enable direct imaging of the plasmon near-field distribution with nanometer resolution. Here, we report an analysis of the surface plasmonic near-field structure based on PINEM observations of silver nanowires. Single-photon order-selected electron images revealed the wavelike and banded structure of electric equipotential regions for a confined near-field integral associated with typical absorption of photon quanta (nℏω). Multimodal plasmon oscillations and second-harmonic generation were simultaneously observed, and the polarization dependence of plasmon wavelength and symmetry properties were analyzed. Based on advanced imaging techniques, our work has implications for future studies of the localized-field structures at interfaces and visualization of novel phenomena in nanostructures, nanosensors, and plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingguo Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Siyuan Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunhui Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huanfang Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huaixin Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
- Yangtze River Delta Physics Research Center Co., Ltd., Liyang, Jiangsu 213300, China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
- Yangtze River Delta Physics Research Center Co., Ltd., Liyang, Jiangsu 213300, China
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18
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Henke JW, Raja AS, Feist A, Huang G, Arend G, Yang Y, Kappert FJ, Wang RN, Möller M, Pan J, Liu J, Kfir O, Ropers C, Kippenberg TJ. Integrated photonics enables continuous-beam electron phase modulation. Nature 2021; 600:653-658. [PMID: 34937900 PMCID: PMC8695378 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light-matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms1, trapped ions2,3, quantum dots4 and defect centres5. Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quantum manipulation and characterization6-11, enabling the observation of free-electron quantum walks12-14, attosecond electron pulses10,15-17 and holographic electromagnetic imaging18. Chip-based photonics19,20 promises unique applications in nanoscale quantum control and sensing but remains to be realized in electron microscopy. Here we merge integrated photonics with electron microscopy, demonstrating coherent phase modulation of a continuous electron beam using a silicon nitride microresonator. The high-finesse (Q0 ≈ 106) cavity enhancement and a waveguide designed for phase matching lead to efficient electron-light scattering at extremely low, continuous-wave optical powers. Specifically, we fully deplete the initial electron state at a cavity-coupled power of only 5.35 microwatts and generate >500 electron energy sidebands for several milliwatts. Moreover, we probe unidirectional intracavity fields with microelectronvolt resolution in electron-energy-gain spectroscopy21. The fibre-coupled photonic structures feature single-optical-mode electron-light interaction with full control over the input and output light. This approach establishes a versatile and highly efficient framework for enhanced electron beam control in the context of laser phase plates22, beam modulators and continuous-wave attosecond pulse trains23, resonantly enhanced spectroscopy24-26 and dielectric laser acceleration19,20,27. Our work introduces a universal platform for exploring free-electron quantum optics28-31, with potential future developments in strong coupling, local quantum probing and electron-photon entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Wilke Henke
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arslan Sajid Raja
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armin Feist
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guanhao Huang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Germaine Arend
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yujia Yang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Jasmin Kappert
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Möller
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiahe Pan
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ofer Kfir
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus Ropers
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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19
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Curtis WA, Flannigan DJ. Toward Å-fs-meV resolution in electron microscopy: systematic simulation of the temporal spread of single-electron packets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23544-23553. [PMID: 34648611 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03518e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Though efforts to improve the temporal resolution of transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) have waxed and waned for decades, with relatively recent advances routinely reaching sub-picosecond scales, fundamental and practical challenges have hindered the advance of combined Å-fs-meV resolutions, particularly for core-loss spectroscopy and real-space imaging. This is due in no small part to the complexity of the approach required to access timescales upon which electrons, atoms, molecules, and materials first begin to respond and transform - attoseconds to picoseconds. Here we present part of a larger effort devoted to systematically mapping the instrument parameter space of a TEM modified to reach ultrafast timescales. With General Particle Tracer, we studied the statistical temporal distributions of single-electron packets as a function of various fs pulsed-laser parameters and electron-gun configurations and fields for the exact architecture and dimensions of a Thermo Fisher Tecnai Femto ultrafast electron microscope. We focused on easily-adjustable parameters, such as laser pulse duration, laser spot size, photon energy, Wehnelt aperture diameter, and photocathode size. In addition to establishing trends and dispersion behaviors, we identify regimes within which packet duration can be 100s of fs and approach the 300 fs laser limit employed here. Overall, the results provide a detailed picture of the temporal behavior of single-electron packets in the Tecnai Femto gun region, forming the initial contribution of a larger effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt A Curtis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - David J Flannigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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20
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Bittorf PH, Davoodi F, Taleb M, Talebi N. Mapping optical Bloch modes of a plasmonic square lattice in real and reciprocal spaces using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:34328-34340. [PMID: 34809226 DOI: 10.1364/oe.437984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strong electron-light interactions supported by the surface plasmon polaritons excited in metallic thin films can lead to faster optoelectronic devices. Merging surface polaritons with photonic crystals leads to the formation of Bloch plasmons, allowing for the molding of the flow of polaritons and the controlling of the optical density of states for even stronger electron-light interactions. Here, we use a two-dimensional square lattice of holes incorporated inside a plasmonic gold layer to investigate the interaction of surface plasmon polaritons with the square lattice and the formation of plasmonic Bloch modes. Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging are used for imaging the spatio-spectral near-field distribution of the optical Bloch modes in the visible to near infrared spectral ranges. In addition, the higher-order Brillouin zones of the plasmonic lattice are demonstrated by using angle-resolved cathodoluminescence mapping. We further complement our experimental results with numerical simulations of the optical modes supported by the plasmonic lattice that helps to better resolve the superposition of the various modes excited by the electron beam. Next to previous works in this context, our results thus place cathodoluminescence scanning spectroscopy and angle-resolved mapping as complementary techniques to uncover the spatio-spectral distribution of optical Bloch modes in real and reciprocal spaces.
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21
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Guerrini L, Garcia-Rico E, O’Loghlen A, Giannini V, Alvarez-Puebla RA. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Spectroscopy for Sensing and Characterization of Exosomes in Cancer Diagnosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092179. [PMID: 33946619 PMCID: PMC8125149 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The distinct molecular and biological properties of exosomes, together with their abundance and stability, make them an ideal target in liquid biopsies for early diagnosis and disease monitoring. On the other hand, in recent years, nanomaterial-based optical biosensors have been extensively investigated as novel, rapid and sensitive tools for exosome detection and discrimination. The scope of this review is to summarize and coherently discussed the diverse applications, challenges and limitations of nanosensors based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as the optosensing technique. Abstract Exosomes are emerging as one of the most intriguing cancer biomarkers in modern oncology for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring. Concurrently, several nanoplasmonic methods have been applied and developed to tackle the challenging task of enabling the rapid, sensitive, affordable analysis of exosomes. In this review, we specifically focus our attention on the application of plasmonic devices exploiting surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as the optosensing technique for the structural interrogation and characterization of the heterogeneous nature of exosomes. We summarized the current state-of-art of this field while illustrating the main strategic approaches and discuss their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Guerrini
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer de Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (R.A.A.-P.)
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Rico
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, San Bernardo 101, 28015 Madrid, Spain;
- School of Medicine, San Pablo CEU, Calle Julian Romea, 18, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana O’Loghlen
- Epigenetics & Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Vincenzo Giannini
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Technology Innovation Institute, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi 9639, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ramon A. Alvarez-Puebla
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer de Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (R.A.A.-P.)
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22
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Talebi N. Quantum optics with swift electrons. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:90. [PMID: 33896937 PMCID: PMC8071805 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated and spontaneous interactions of electron wavepackets with optical near fields were explored with complementary techniques. In striking agreement with theory, scientists have demonstrated the dependence of spontaneous and stimulated quantum mechanical processes on the spatial distribution of optical modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Talebi
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
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23
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García
de Abajo FJ, Di Giulio V. Optical Excitations with Electron Beams: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:945-974. [PMID: 35356759 PMCID: PMC8939335 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Free electron beams such as those employed in electron microscopes have evolved into powerful tools to investigate photonic nanostructures with an unrivaled combination of spatial and spectral precision through the analysis of electron energy losses and cathodoluminescence light emission. In combination with ultrafast optics, the emerging field of ultrafast electron microscopy utilizes synchronized femtosecond electron and light pulses that are aimed at the sampled structures, holding the promise to bring simultaneous sub-Å-sub-fs-sub-meV space-time-energy resolution to the study of material and optical-field dynamics. In addition, these advances enable the manipulation of the wave function of individual free electrons in unprecedented ways, opening sound prospects to probe and control quantum excitations at the nanoscale. Here, we provide an overview of photonics research based on free electrons, supplemented by original theoretical insights and discussion of several stimulating challenges and opportunities. In particular, we show that the excitation probability by a single electron is independent of its wave function, apart from a classical average over the transverse beam density profile, whereas the probability for two or more modulated electrons depends on their relative spatial arrangement, thus reflecting the quantum nature of their interactions. We derive first-principles analytical expressions that embody these results and have general validity for arbitrarily shaped electrons and any type of electron-sample interaction. We conclude with some perspectives on various exciting directions that include disruptive approaches to noninvasive spectroscopy and microscopy, the possibility of sampling the nonlinear optical response at the nanoscale, the manipulation of the density matrices associated with free electrons and optical sample modes, and appealing applications in optical modulation of electron beams, all of which could potentially revolutionize the use of free electrons in photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier García
de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- E-mail:
| | - Valerio Di Giulio
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Liu B, Lv M, Jiang W, Gao B, Li Y, Zhou S, Wang D, Liu C, Che G. Self-photoreduced Ag 0-doped Ag( i)–organic frameworks with efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01133b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of Ag0-doped Ag(i)organic frameworks have been constructed via a facile self-photoreduction strategy and can be applied as efficient photocatalysts for the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Mengying Lv
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, P. R. China
| | - Baihui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Shi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, P. R. China
| | - Chunbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, P. R. China
| | - Guangbo Che
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
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