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Nagata Y, Goto T, Teramoto Y, Matsukawa T, Fujimoto N, Miyamoto H. Mineralocorticoid receptor signaling inhibits bladder cancer progression. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:696-708. [PMID: 38455412 PMCID: PMC10915320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The biological or clinical significance of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in urothelial cancer remains largely unknown. The present study aimed to determine the functional role of MR in bladder cancer progression. In two of the human bladder cancer lines expressing MR, treatment with a natural MR ligand, aldosterone, significantly reduced cell proliferation and migration, which was restored by three MR antagonists clinically used, spironolactone (except colony formation of androgen receptor-positive cells cultured in the presence of androgens), eplerenone, and esaxerenone. Similarly, MR knockdown via shRNA virus infection resulted in significant increases in cell viability/migration, as well as colony formation, compared with control sublines. In addition, MR knockdown augmented the expression of β-catenin, c-fos, and N-cadherin, and lowered that of E-cadherin and p53, indicating the induction of the cadherin switching. Immunohistochemistry in surgical specimens detected MR signals in 58 (92.1%; 36.5% weakly-positive/1+, 44.4% moderately-positive/2+, and 11.1% strongly-positive/3+) of 63 muscle-invasive bladder cancers, which was significantly lower than in adjacent non-neoplastic urothelial tissues (100%; 15.7% 1+, 37.3% 2+, and 47.1% 3+). Moreover, patients with MR-high (3+) tumor had a significantly lower risk of cancer-specific mortality (P=0.039). Multivariable analysis further showed that strong MR expression was an independent predictor of cancer-specific survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (hazard ratio 0.117, P=0.039). These findings suggest that MR signaling functions as a tumor suppressor in urothelial carcinoma and prevents tumor growth. Accordingly, there is a possibility that the concurrent use of anti-mineralocorticoids, particularly eplerenone and esaxerenone, in patients with bladder cancer rather contributes to the promotion of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Nagata
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, USA
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of MedicineKitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takuro Goto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, USA
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, USA
| | - Yuki Teramoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, USA
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, USA
| | - Takuo Matsukawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, USA
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of MedicineKitakyushu, Japan
| | - Naohiro Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of MedicineKitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, USA
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
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Xu L, Lahiri P, Skowronski J, Bhatia N, Lattanzi A, Porteus MH. Molecular dynamics of genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 and rAAV6 virus in human HSPCs to treat sickle cell disease. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:317-331. [PMID: 37637384 PMCID: PMC10447934 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo gene correction with CRISPR-Cas9 and a recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (rAAV6) in autologous hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) to treat sickle cell disease (SCD) has now entered early-phase clinical investigation. To facilitate the progress of CRISPR-Cas9/rAAV6 genome editing technology, we analyzed the molecular changes in key reagents and cellular responses during and after the genome editing procedure in human HSPCs. We demonstrated the high stability of rAAV6 to serve as the donor DNA template. We assessed the benefit of longer HSPC pre-stimulation in terms of increased numbers of edited cells. We observed that the p53 pathway was transiently activated, peaking at 6 h, and resolved over time. Notably, we revealed a strong correlation between p21 mRNA level and rAAV6 genome number in cells and beneficial effects of transient inhibition of p53 with siRNA on genome editing, cell proliferation, and cell survival. In terms of potential immunogenicity, we found that rAAV6 capsid protein was not detectable, while a trace amount of residual Cas9 protein was still detected at 48 h post-genome editing. We believe this information will provide important insights for future improvements of gene correction protocols in HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Premanjali Lahiri
- Stanford Laboratory for Cell and Gene Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jason Skowronski
- Stanford Laboratory for Cell and Gene Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Neehar Bhatia
- Stanford Laboratory for Cell and Gene Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Annalisa Lattanzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Høgild ML, Hjelholt AJ, Hansen J, Pedersen SB, Møller N, Wojtaszewski JFP, Johannsen M, Jessen N, Jørgensen JOL. Ketone Body Infusion Abrogates Growth Hormone-Induced Lipolysis and Insulin Resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:653-664. [PMID: 36240323 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exogenous ketone body administration lowers circulating glucose levels but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that administration of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) acutely increases insulin sensitivity via feedback suppression of circulating free fatty acid (FFA) levels. METHODS In a randomized, single-blinded crossover design, 8 healthy men were studied twice with a growth hormone (GH) infusion to induce lipolysis in combination with infusion of either βOHB or saline. Each study day comprised a basal period and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp combined with a glucose tracer and adipose tissue and skeletal muscle biopsies. RESULTS βOHB administration profoundly suppressed FFA levels concomitantly with a significant increase in glucose disposal and energy expenditure. This was accompanied by a many-fold increase in skeletal muscle content of both βOHB and its derivative acetoacetate. CONCLUSION Our data unravel an insulin-sensitizing effect of βOHB, which we suggest is mediated by concomitant suppression of lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Lyng Høgild
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
| | - Astrid Johannesson Hjelholt
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
| | - Jakob Hansen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Region Midtjylland 8200, Denmark
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Nagata Y, Matsukawa T, Goto T, Teramoto Y, Jiang G, Fujimoto N, Miyamoto H. Protective role of mineralocorticoid receptor signaling in urothelial tumorigenesis. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:408-418. [PMID: 36895984 PMCID: PMC9989624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression status of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its biological significance in human urothelial carcinoma remain unknown. The present study aimed to determine the functional role of MR in the development of urothelial cancer. In human normal urothelial SVHUC cells with exposure to a chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), we assessed the effects of a natural MR ligand, aldosterone, and 3 MR antagonists, including spironolactone, eplerenone, and esaxerenone, as well as knockdown of MR via shRNA virus infection, on their neoplastic/malignant transformation. The in vitro system with carcinogen challenge showed that aldosterone and anti-mineralocorticoids significantly prevented and promoted, respectively, the neoplastic transformation of SVHUC cells. Similarly, MR knockdown in SVHUC cells considerably induced MCA-mediated neoplastic transformation, compared with a control subline. In addition, MR knockdown or antagonist treatment resulted in increases in the expression of β-catenin, c-Fos, and N-cadherin, and a decrease in that of E-cadherin. Meanwhile, spironolactone, which is known to possess anti-androgenic activity, rather suppressed the neoplastic transformation of a SVHUC subline stably expressing wild-type androgen receptor, indicating its dominant effect via the androgen receptor pathway. Immunohistochemistry in surgical specimens detected MR signals in 77 (98.7%; 23.1% weak/1+, 42.3% moderate/2+, and 33.3% strong/3+) of 78 non-invasive bladder tumors, which was significantly (P<0.001) lower than in adjacent non-neoplastic urothelial tissues (100%; 20.5% 2+ and 79.5% 3+). Moreover, the risks for disease recurrence after transurethral surgery were marginally lower in female patients with MR-high (2+/3+) tumor (P=0.068) and significantly lower in all patients with MR-high/glucocorticoid receptor-high tumor (P=0.025), compared with respective controls. These findings suggest that MR signaling functions as a suppressor for urothelial tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Nagata
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takuo Matsukawa
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takuro Goto
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yuki Teramoto
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Guiyang Jiang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Naohiro Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Urinary ATP Levels Are Controlled by Nucleotidases Released from the Urothelium in a Regulated Manner. Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010030. [PMID: 36676954 PMCID: PMC9862892 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is released in the bladder lumen during filling. Urothelial ATP is presumed to regulate bladder excitability. Urinary ATP is suggested as a urinary biomarker of bladder dysfunctions since ATP is increased in the urine of patients with overactive bladder, interstitial cystitis or bladder pain syndrome. Altered urinary ATP might also be associated with voiding dysfunctions linked to disease states associated with metabolic syndrome. Extracellular ATP levels are determined by ATP release and ATP hydrolysis by membrane-bound and soluble nucleotidases (s-NTDs). It is currently unknown whether s-NTDs regulate urinary ATP. Using etheno-ATP substrate and HPLC-FLD detection techniques, we found that s-NTDs are released in the lumen of ex vivo mouse detrusor-free bladders. Capillary immunoelectrophoresis by ProteinSimple Wes determined that intraluminal solutions (ILS) collected at the end of filling contain ENTPD3 > ENPP1 > ENPP3 ≥ ENTPD2 = NT5E = ALPL/TNAP. Activation of adenylyl cyclase with forskolin increased luminal s-NTDs release whereas the AC inhibitor SQ22536 had no effect. In contrast, forskolin reduced and SQ22536 increased s-NTDs release in the lamina propria. Adenosine enhanced s-NTDs release and accelerated ATP hydrolysis in ILS and lamina propria. Therefore, there is a regulated release of s-NTDs in the bladder lumen during filling. Aberrant release or functions of urothelial s-NTDs might cause elevated urinary ATP in conditions with abnormal bladder excitability.
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Hill JL, McIver KB, Katzer K, Foster MT. Capillary Western Immunoassay Optimization of Estrogen Related Factors in Human Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5020034. [PMID: 35448699 PMCID: PMC9028151 DOI: 10.3390/mps5020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipedema is a multifaceted chronic fat disorder characterized by the bilateral and disproportionate accumulation of fat predominantly in the lower body regions of females. Research strongly supports that estrogen factors likely contribute to the pathophysiology of this disease. We aim to help demonstrate this link by quantifying estrogen factor differences between women with and without lipedema. For time and lipedema adipose tissue conservation, the Protein Simple WES machine will be utilized in place of traditional western blotting. Here, we are interested in evaluating estrogen related factors, such as, but not limited to, estrogen receptors and enzymes involved in the successive conversions of cholesterol and androgens to estrogens in human subcutaneous adipose. Evaluation of these factors within adipose tissue, however, is novel for this instrument. Thus, we optimized tissue lysis and protein extraction for 11 proteins of interest. Antibodies and their working concentrations were determined based upon specific and distinguishable (signal-to-noise) peaks from electropherogram outputs across different tissue lysate concentrations. We found that overnight acetone precipitation proved to be the best procedure for extracting protein from lipid rich adipose tissue samples. Six of the eleven proteins were found to migrate to their expected molecular weights, however, five did not. For proteins that did not migrate as expected, overexpression lysates and empty vector controls were used to validate detection antibodies. Protein extract from subcutaneous adipose tissue and overexpression lysates were then combined to understand if migration was specifically altered by adipose tissue. From these results, we concluded that the lipid rich nature of adipose tissue in combination with the separation matrix designated for use with the WES were preventing the appropriate migration of some proteins rather than non-specific antibody binding or inappropriate preparation methods.
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Arlien-Søborg MC, Dal J, Madsen MA, Høgild ML, Hjelholt AJ, Pedersen SB, Møller N, Jessen N, Jørgensen JOL. Reversible insulin resistance in muscle and fat unrelated to the metabolic syndrome in patients with acromegaly. EBioMedicine 2021; 75:103763. [PMID: 34929488 PMCID: PMC8688588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with active acromegaly exhibit insulin resistance despite a lean phenotype whereas controlled disease improves insulin sensitivity and increases fat mass. The mechanisms underlying this paradox remain elusive, but growth hormone (GH)-induced lipolysis plays a central role. The aim of the study was to investigative the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance dissociated from obesity in patients with acromegaly. METHODS In a prospective study, twenty-one patients with newly diagnosed acromegaly were studied at diagnosis and after disease control obtained by either surgery alone (n=10) or somatostatin analogue (SA) treatment (n=11) with assessment of body composition (DXA scan), whole body and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity and GH and insulin signalling in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. FINDINGS Disease control of acromegaly significantly reduced lean body mass (p<0.001) and increased fat mass (p<0.001). At diagnosis, GH signalling (pSTAT5) was constitutively activated in fat and enhanced expression of GH-regulated genes (CISH and IGF-I) were detected in muscle and fat. Insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue increased after disease control regardless of treatment modality. This was associated with enhanced insulin signalling in both muscle and fat including downregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) together with reduced signalling of GH and lipolytic activators in fat. INTERPRETATION In conclusion, the study support that uncontrolled lipolysis is a major feature of insulin resistance in active acromegaly, and is characterized by upregulation of PTEN and suppression of insulin signalling in both muscle and fat. FUNDING This work was supported by a grant from the Independent Research Fund, Denmark (7016-00303A) and from the Alfred Benzon Foundation, Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai C Arlien-Søborg
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Jakob Dal
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Centre North, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michael Alle Madsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Morten Lyng Høgild
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Astrid Johannesson Hjelholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Møller
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Centre, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Jens O L Jørgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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Jia Q, Carranza Leon BG, Jensen MD. Influence of Free Fatty Acid Concentrations and Weight Loss on Adipose Tissue Direct Free Fatty Acid Storage Rates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e5165-e5179. [PMID: 34251018 PMCID: PMC8864754 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The factors that determine the recycling of free fatty acids (FFA) back into different adipose tissue depots via the direct storage pathway are not completely understood. OBJECTIVE To assess the interactions between adipocyte factors and plasma FFA concentrations that determine regional FFA storage rates. DESIGN We measured direct adipose tissue FFA storage rates before and after weight loss under high FFA (intravenous somatostatin and epinephrine) and low (intravenous insulin and glucose) FFA concentrations. SETTING Mayo Clinic Clinical Research Unit. PATIENTS Sixteen premenopausal women, body mass index 30 to 37 kg/m2. INTERVENTION Comprehensive lifestyle weight loss program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Direct FFA storage rates in upper and lower body subcutaneous fat. RESULTS Over the entire range of FFA and under isolated conditions of elevated FFA concentrations, the storage rates of FFA into upper and lower body subcutaneous fat per unit lipid were associated with concentrations, not adipocyte fatty acid storage factors. Under low FFA conditions, direct FFA storage rates were related to adipocyte CD36 content, not tissue level content of fatty acid storage factors. Weight loss did not change these relationships. CONCLUSIONS The regulation of direct FFA storage under low FFA concentration conditions appears to be at the level of the cell/adipocyte content of CD36, whereas under high FFA concentration conditions, direct FFA storage at the tissue level is predicted by plasma FFA concentrations, independent of adipocyte size or fatty acid storage factors. These observations offer novel insights into how adipose tissue regulates direct FFA storage in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - B Gisella Carranza Leon
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Lytle KA, Bush NC, Triay JM, Kellogg TA, Kendrick ML, Swain JM, Gathaiya NW, Hames KC, Jensen MD. Adipocyte Proteins and Storage of Endogenous Fatty Acids in Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Severe Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1014-1021. [PMID: 33893721 PMCID: PMC8154683 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested whether substrate concentrations or fatty acid storage proteins predict storage of endogenous lipids in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and upper body subcutaneous adipose tissue (UBSQ) fat. METHODS The day prior to surgery, 25 patients undergoing bariatric procedures received an infusion of autologous [1-14 C]triolein-labeled very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, and during surgery, they received a continuous [U-13 C]palmitate infusion/bolus [9,10-3 H]palmitate tracer. VAT and UBSQ fat were collected to measure VLDL-triglyceride (TG) storage, direct free fatty acid (FFA) storage rates, CD36 content, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), acyl-CoA synthetase, diacylglycerol acetyl-transferase, and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activities. RESULTS Storage of VLDL-TG and FFA-palmitate in UBSQ and VAT was not different. Plasma palmitate concentrations correlated with palmitate storage rates in UBSQ and VAT (r = 0.46, P = 0.02 and r = 0.46, P = 0.02, respectively). In VAT, VLDL-TG storage was correlated with VLDL concentrations (r = 0.53, P < 0.009) and LPL (r = 0.42, P < 0.05). In UBSQ, VLDL-TG storage was correlated with LPL (r = 0.42, P < 0.05). CD36, acyl-CoA synthetase, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, and diacylglycerol acetyl-transferase were not correlated with VLDL-TG or palmitate storage. CONCLUSIONS Adipose storage of VLDL-TG is predicted by VLDL-TG concentrations and LPL; FFA concentrations predict direct adipose tissue FFA storage rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A. Lytle
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nikki C. Bush
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Todd A. Kellogg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - James M. Swain
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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10
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Yao S, Zheng F, Yu Y, Zhan Y, Xu N, Luo G, Zheng L. Apolipoprotein M promotes cholesterol uptake and efflux from mouse macrophages. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1607-1620. [PMID: 33830664 PMCID: PMC8167864 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (ApoM) exhibits various anti-atherosclerotic functions as a component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a classic HDL receptor that mediates selective cholesterol uptake and enhances the efflux of cellular cholesterol to HDL. However, the effect of ApoM on cholesterol transport in macrophages remains unclear. In this study, we identified for the first time that ApoM is expressed in mouse macrophages and is involved in cholesterol uptake, similar to SR-BI. NBD-cholesterol uptake and efflux in cells were characterized using fluorescence spectrophotometry. The uptake ratios of cholesterol by macrophages from ApoM-/- SR-BI-/- mice were significantly lower than those from ApoM+/+ SR-BI-/- and ApoM-/- SR-BI+/+ mice. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression of cholesterol transport-related genes involved in cholesterol uptake. ApoM-enriched HDL (ApoM+ HDL) facilitated more cholesterol efflux from murine macrophage Ana-1 cells than ApoM-free HDL (ApoM- HDL). However, recombinant human ApoM protein inhibited the ability of ApoM- HDL to induce cholesterol efflux. In conclusion, ApoM promotes cholesterol uptake and efflux in mouse macrophages. A better understanding of ApoM function may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating atherosclerotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yao
- Clinical Medical Research Centerthe Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhouChina
| | - Fan Zheng
- Xiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyangChina
| | - Yang Yu
- Clinical Medical Research Centerthe Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhouChina
| | - Yuxia Zhan
- Clinical Medical Research Centerthe Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhouChina
| | - Ning Xu
- Section of Clinical Chemistry and PharmacologyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineLund UniversitySweden
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Clinical Medical Research Centerthe Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhouChina
| | - Lu Zheng
- Clinical Medical Research Centerthe Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhouChina
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Ramos PA, Lytle KA, Delivanis D, Nielsen S, LeBrasseur NK, Jensen MD. Insulin-Stimulated Muscle Glucose Uptake and Insulin Signaling in Lean and Obese Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1631-e1646. [PMID: 33382888 PMCID: PMC7993573 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Skeletal muscle is the primary site for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, and muscle insulin resistance is central to abnormal glucose metabolism in obesity. Whether muscle insulin signaling to the level of Akt/AS160 is intact in insulin-resistant obese humans is controversial. METHODS We defined a linear range of insulin-stimulated systemic and leg glucose uptake in 14 obese and 14 nonobese volunteers using a 2-step insulin clamp (Protocol 1) and then examined the obesity-related defects in muscle insulin action in 16 nonobese and 25 obese male and female volunteers matched for fitness using a 1-step, hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp coupled with muscle biopsies (Protocol 2). RESULTS Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (Si) was reduced by > 60% (P < 0.0001) in the obese group in Protocol 2; however, the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream effector AS160 were not different between nonobese and obese groups. The increase in phosphorylation of Akt2 in response to insulin was positively correlated with Si for both the nonobese (r = 0.53, P = 0.03) and the obese (r = 0.55, P = 0.01) groups. Total muscle GLUT4 protein was 17% less (P < 0.05) in obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that reduced muscle glucose uptake in obesity is not due to defects in the insulin signaling pathway at the level of Akt/AS160, which suggests there remain significant gaps in our knowledge of muscle insulin resistance in obesity. Our data imply that models of acute lipotoxicity do not replicate the pathophysiology of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Ramos
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kelli A Lytle
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Søren Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Michael D Jensen
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Correspondence: Michael D. Jensen, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Joseph Rm 5–194, Rochester MN 55905, USA.
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12
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Zhang L, Hames KC, Jensen MD. Regulation of direct adipose tissue free fatty acid storage during mixed meal ingestion and high free fatty acid concentration conditions. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E208-E218. [PMID: 33196297 PMCID: PMC8260364 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00408.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We found that direct free fatty acid (FFA) storage (fatty acid cycling back into adipose tissue) in leg vs. abdominal subcutaneous fat is related to regional differences in adipose tissue diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity under high-FFA conditions and to differences in adipose tissue acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS)activity under meal ingestion conditions. We also found that direct FFA storage rates in leg fat were significantly less in physically active than sedentary adults. Direct FFA storage into adipocytes relates to body fat distribution. Adipose tissue CD36, ACS, and DGAT may account for some of the between-depot and interindividual variability in FFA storage. These studies were to test whether CD36, ACS, or DGAT might be important for direct palmitate storage under meal ingestion or high-FFA conditions. We measured upper (UBSQ) and lower body subcutaneous (LBSQ) adipose tissue FFA storage rates by infusing palmitate tracers intravenously and performing adipose biopsies under hypoinsulinemic (high-FFA) and mixed-meal conditions. We recruited five postmenopausal women, physically active males (5) and females (5), and sedentary males (5) and females (5). We found that 1) the ratio of UBSQ to LBSQ DGAT activity predicted the ratio of palmitate storage [adjusted R = 0.25, F = 8.0, P = 0.01, 95% CI (0.07, 0.48)] under high-FFA conditions; 2) the ratio of UBSQ to LBSQ ACS activity predicted the ratio of palmitate storage under meal conditions [adjusted R = 0.18, F = 6.3, P = 0.02, 95% CI (0.12, 1.28)]; 3) LBSQ direct palmitate storage rates were significantly less in physically active than sedentary and 4) adipose tissue CD36 protein content, ACS, or DGAT activities did not independently predict palmitate storage rates. We conclude that physically active adults have lesser fatty acid cycling back into adipose tissue and that adipose ACS and DGAT may affect competition between UBSQ and LBSQ adipose for direct palmitate storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kazanna C Hames
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Dexcom, San Diego, California
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13
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Hjelholt AJ, Lee KY, Arlien-Søborg MC, Pedersen SB, Kopchick JJ, Puri V, Jessen N, Jørgensen JOL. Temporal patterns of lipolytic regulators in adipose tissue after acute growth hormone exposure in human subjects: A randomized controlled crossover trial. Mol Metab 2019; 29:65-75. [PMID: 31668393 PMCID: PMC6731350 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Growth hormone (GH) stimulates lipolysis, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We examined the effect of GH on the expression of lipolytic regulators in adipose tissue (AT). Methods In a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, nine men were examined after injection of 1) a GH bolus and 2) a GH-receptor antagonist (pegvisomant) followed by four AT biopsies. In a second study, eight men were examined in a 2 × 2 factorial design including GH infusion and 36-h fasting with AT biopsies obtained during a basal period and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Expression of GH-signaling intermediates and lipolytic regulators were studied by PCR and western blotting. In addition, mechanistic experiments in mouse models and 3T3-L1 adipocytes were performed. Results The GH bolus increased circulating free fatty acids (p < 0.0001) together with phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) (p < 0.0001) and mRNA expression of the STAT5-dependent genes cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH) and IGF-1 in AT. This was accompanied by suppressed mRNA expression of G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) (p = 0.007) and fat specific protein 27 (FSP27) (p = 0.002) and upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mRNA expression (p = 0.03). Suppression of G0S2 was also observed in humans after GH infusion and fasting, as well as in GH transgene mice, and in vitro studies suggested MEK-PPARγ signaling to be involved. Conclusions GH-induced lipolysis in human subjects in vivo is linked to downregulation of G0S2 and FSP27 and upregulation of PTEN in AT. Mechanistically, in vitro data suggest that GH acts via MEK to suppress PPARγ-dependent transcription of G0S2. ClinicalTrials.govNCT02782221 and NCT01209429. Acute GH exposure in human subjects in vivo stimulates lipolysis and release of FFA together with GH signaling in adipose tissue. GH-induced lipolysis is associated with suppression of G0S2 and FSP27 and upregulation of PTEN in human subjects in vivo. Inhibition of MEK and activation of PPARγ abrogate GH-induced suppression of G0S2 mRNA expression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Johannesson Hjelholt
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Kevin Y Lee
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 204 Grosvenor Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Konneker Research Center 108, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Mai Christiansen Arlien-Søborg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 2., 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - John J Kopchick
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 204 Grosvenor Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Konneker Research Center, 172 Water Tower Dr., Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 204 Grosvenor Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Konneker Research Center 108, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 2., 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Wilh. Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto L Jørgensen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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14
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Sun M, Brady RD, van der Poel C, Apted D, Semple BD, Church JE, O'Brien TJ, McDonald SJ, Shultz SR. A Concomitant Muscle Injury Does Not Worsen Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes in Mice. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1089. [PMID: 30619048 PMCID: PMC6297867 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often involves multitrauma in which concurrent extracranial injury occurs. We previously demonstrated that a long bone fracture exacerbates neuroinflammation and functional outcomes in mice given a TBI. Whether other forms of concomitant peripheral trauma that are common in the TBI setting, such as skeletal muscle injury, have similar effects is unknown. As such, here we developed a novel mouse multitrauma model by combining a closed-skull TBI with a cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced muscle injury to investigate whether muscle injury affects TBI outcomes. Adult male mice were assigned to four groups: sham-TBI + sham-muscle injury (SHAM); sham-TBI + CTX-muscle injury (CTX); TBI + sham-muscle injury (TBI); TBI + CTX-muscle injury (MULTI). Some mice were euthanized at 24 h post-injury to assess neuroinflammation and cerebral edema. The remaining mice underwent behavioral testing after a 30-day recovery period, and were euthanized at 35 days post-injury for post-mortem analysis. At 24 h post-injury, both TBI and MULTI mice had elevated edema, increased expression of GFAP (i.e., a marker for reactive astrocytes), and increased mRNA levels of inflammatory chemokines. There was also an effect of injury on cytokine levels at 35 days post-injury. However, the TBI and MULTI mice did not significantly differ on any of the measures assessed. These initial findings suggest that a concomitant muscle injury does not significantly affect preclinical TBI outcomes. Future studies should investigate the combination of different injury models, additional outcomes, and other post-injury time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujun Sun
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris van der Poel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle Apted
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jarrod E Church
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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15
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Yu F, Zhao Q, Zhang D, Yuan Z, Wang H. Affinity Interactions by Capillary Electrophoresis: Binding, Separation, and Detection. Anal Chem 2018; 91:372-387. [PMID: 30392351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China
| | - Zheng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Hailin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100085 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
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