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Tsai JF, Yu FY, Liu BH. Citrinin disrupts microtubule assembly in cardiac cells: Impact on mitochondrial organization and function. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 365:143352. [PMID: 39293683 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Citrinin (CTN) is a mycotoxin commonly present in various foods and feeds worldwide, as well as dietary supplements in Asian countries, but the risks and cellular mechanisms associated with its cardiotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, RNA-seq analysis of CTN-treated H9c2 cardiac cells demonstrated significant perturbations in pathways related to microtubule cytoskeleton and mitochondrial network organization. CTN disrupted microtubule polymerization and downregulated mRNA levels of microtubule-assembling genes, Map2 and Tpx2, in H9c2 cardiac cells. Additionally, CTN interfered with the distribution of mitochondrial network along the microtubules, leading to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria characterized by elevated superoxide levels and reduced membrane potential. This disruption also caused the buildup of lysosomes and ubiquitinated proteins, which hindered waste clearance in microtubule-disassembled H9c2 cells. Molecular docking analysis indicated that CTN could bind to the colchicine binding site on β-tubulin, thereby mimicking the microtubule-disrupting effect of colchicine. This study provides morphological, transcriptomic, and mechanistic evidence to elucidate the cardiotoxic mechanisms of CTN, which involve the dysregulated microtubule network, subsequent mitochondrial mislocalization, and impaired proteolysis of damaged proteins/organelles in cardiac cells. Our findings may enhance the fundamental understanding and facilitate future risk assessment of CTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Feng Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Feng-Yih Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Biing-Hui Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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2
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Wang L, Zhou S, Ruan Y, Wu X, Zhang X, Li Y, Ying D, Lu Y, Tian Y, Cheng G, Zhang J, Lv K, Zhou X. Hypoxia-Challenged Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cell-Derived Exosomal circR3HCC1L Drives Tumor Growth Via Upregulating PKM2 Through Sequestering miR-873-5p. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01091-z. [PMID: 38526683 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is a fatal disease with poor survival. Increasing evidence show that hypoxia-induced exosomes are associated with cancer progression. Here, we aimed to investigate the function of hsa_circ_0007678 (circR3HCC1L) and hypoxic PAAD cell-derived exosomal circR3HCC1L in PAAD progression. Through the exoRBase 2.0 database, we screened for a circular RNA circR3HCC1L related to PAAD. Changes of circR3HCC1L in PAAD samples and cells were analyzed with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell proliferation, migration, invasion were analyzed by colony formation, cell counting, and transwell assays. Measurements of glucose uptake and lactate production were done using corresponding kits. Several protein levels were detected by western blotting. The regulation mechanism of circR3HCC1L was verified by dual-luciferase reporter, RNA immunoprecipitation, and RNA pull-down assays. Exosomes were separated by differential ultracentrifugation. Animal experiments were used to verify the function of hypoxia-derived exosomal circR3HCC1L. CircR3HCC1L was upregulated in PAAD samples and hypoxic PAAD cells. Knockdown of circR3HCC1L decreased hypoxia-driven PAAD cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis. Hypoxic PAAD cell-derived exosomes had higher levels of circR3HCC1L, hypoxic PAAD cell-derived exosomal circR3HCC1L promoted normoxic cancer cell malignant transformation and glycolysis in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in mouse models in vivo. Mechanistically, circR3HCC1L regulated pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) expression via sponging miR-873-5p. Also, PKM2 overexpression or miR-873-5p silencing offset circR3HCC1L knockdown-mediated effects on hypoxia-challenged PAAD cell malignant transformation and glycolysis. Hypoxic PAAD cell-derived exosomal circR3HCC1L facilitated PAAD progression through the miR-873-5p/PKM2 axis, highlighting the contribution of hypoxic PAAD cell-derived exosomal circR3HCC1L in PAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoluo Wang
- Department of Abdominal Minimally Invasive Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, No.1111, Jiangnan Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuping Zhou
- Ningbo College of Health Sciences, No.51, Xuefu Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yi Ruan
- Department of Abdominal Minimally Invasive Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, No.1111, Jiangnan Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Abdominal Minimally Invasive Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, No.1111, Jiangnan Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueming Zhang
- Department of Abdominal Minimally Invasive Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, No.1111, Jiangnan Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongjian Ying
- Department of Abdominal Minimally Invasive Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, No.1111, Jiangnan Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yeting Lu
- Department of Abdominal Minimally Invasive Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, No.1111, Jiangnan Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Abdominal Minimally Invasive Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, No.1111, Jiangnan Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Department of Abdominal Minimally Invasive Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, No.1111, Jiangnan Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Abdominal Minimally Invasive Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, No.1111, Jiangnan Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaiji Lv
- Department of Abdominal Minimally Invasive Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, No.1111, Jiangnan Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinhua Zhou
- Department of Abdominal Minimally Invasive Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, No.1111, Jiangnan Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Yang H, Li Z, Zhu S, Wang W, Zhang J, Zhao D, Zhang M, Zhu W, Xu W, Xu C. Molecular mechanisms of pancreatic cancer liver metastasis: the role of PAK2. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1347683. [PMID: 38343537 PMCID: PMC10853442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1347683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer remains an extremely malignant digestive tract tumor, posing a significant global public health burden. Patients with pancreatic cancer, once metastasis occurs, lose all hope of cure, and prognosis is extremely poor. It is important to investigate liver metastasis of Pancreatic cancer in depth, not just because it is the most common form of metastasis in pancreatic cancer, but also because it is crucial for treatment planning and prognosis assessment. This study aims to delve into the mechanisms of pancreatic cancer liver metastasis, with the goal of providing crucial scientific groundwork for the development of future treatment methods and drugs. Methods We explored the mechanisms of pancreatic cancer liver metastasis using single-cell sequencing data (GSE155698 and GSE154778) and bulk data (GSE71729, GSE19279, TCGA-PAAD). Initially, Seurat package was employed for single-cell data processing to obtain expression matrices for primary pancreatic cancer lesions and liver metastatic lesions. Subsequently, high-dimensional weighted gene co-expression network analysis (hdWGCNA) was used to identify genes associated with liver metastasis. Machine learning algorithms and COX regression models were employed to further screen genes related to patient prognosis. Informed by both biological understanding and the outcomes of algorithms, we meticulously identified the ultimate set of liver metastasis-related gene (LRG). In the study of LRG genes, various databases were utilized to validate their association with pancreatic cancer liver metastasis. In order to analyze the effects of these agents on tumor microenvironment, we conducted an in-depth analysis, including changes in signaling pathways (GSVA), cell differentiation (pseudo-temporal analysis), cell communication networks (cell communication analysis), and downstream transcription factors (transcription factor activity prediction). Additionally, drug sensitivity analysis and metabolic analysis were performed to reveal the effects of LRG on gemcitabine resistance and metabolic pathways. Finally, functional experiments were conducted by silencing the expression of LRG in PANC-1 and Bx-PC-3 cells to validate its influence to proliferation and invasiveness on PANC-1 and Bx-PC-3 cells. Results Through a series of algorithmic filters, we identified PAK2 as a key gene promoting pancreatic cancer liver metastasis. GSVA analysis elucidated the activation of the TGF-beta signaling pathway by PAK2 to promote the occurrence of liver metastasis. Pseudo-temporal analysis revealed a significant correlation between PAK2 expression and the lower differentiation status of pancreatic cancer cells. Cell communication analysis revealed that overexpression of PAK2 promotes communication between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Transcription factor activity prediction displayed the transcription factor network regulated by PAK2. Drug sensitivity analysis and metabolic analysis revealed the impact of PAK2 on gemcitabine resistance and metabolic pathways. CCK8 experiments showed that silencing PAK2 led to a decrease in the proliferative capacity of pancreatic cancer cells and scratch experiments demonstrated that low expression of PAK2 decreased invasion capability in pancreatic cancer cells. Flow cytometry reveals that PAK2 significantly inhibited apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Molecules related to the TGF-beta pathway decreased with the inhibition of PAK2, and there were corresponding significant changes in molecules associated with EMT. Conclusion PAK2 facilitated the angiogenic potential of cancer cells and promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process by activating the TGF-beta signaling pathway. Simultaneously, it decreased the differentiation level of cancer cells, consequently enhancing their malignancy. Additionally, PAK2 fostered communication between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment, augments cancer cell chemoresistance, and modulates energy metabolism pathways. In summary, PAK2 emerged as a pivotal gene orchestrating pancreatic cancer liver metastasis. Intervening in the expression of PAK2 may offer a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer and improving its prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongyi Li
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shiqi Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Department of General Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Dongxu Zhao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Nantong University, Changshu No. 2 People‘s Hospital, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kunshan Third People’s Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunfang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Qian X, Bi QY, Wang ZN, Han F, Liu LM, Song LB, Li CY, Zhang AQ, Ji XM. Qingyihuaji Formula promotes apoptosis and autophagy through inhibition of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway on pancreatic cancer in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116198. [PMID: 36690307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qingyihuaji Formula (QYHJ), a widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used to treat patients with cancer in China. However, the effect and mechanism of QYHJ on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to explore the roles and evaluate the possible underlying molecular mechanisms of QYHJ and its core component in PDAC using label-free quantitative proteomics in conjunction with network pharmacology-based analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS By screening differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in proteomics and QYHJ-predicted gene sets, we identified QYHJ-related PDAC targets annotated with bioinformatic analysis. A subcutaneous tumor model was established to assess the role of QYHJ in vivo. The effects of quercetin (Que), a core component of QYHJ, on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and autophagy in SW1990 and PANC-1 cells were investigated in vitro. Immunohistochemistry, western blotting, mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus, and kinase analysis were used to determine the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis revealed that 41 QYHJ-related PDAC targets were closely related to the cellular response to nitrogen compounds, positive regulation of cell death, regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic processes, and chemokine signaling pathways. CASP3, SRC, STAT1, PTPN11, PKM, and PAK1 with high expression were identified as hub DEPs in the PPI network, and these DEPs were associated with poor overall survival and STAT 1, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in PDAC patients. QYHJ significantly promoted tumor death in nude mice. Moreover, quercetin inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PDAC cells. Additionally, Que induced apoptosis and autophagy in PDAC cells. Mechanistically, QYHJ and Que significantly activated STAT 1 and remarkably inhibited the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Importantly, ERK1/2 inactivation contributes to que-induced apoptosis in SW1990 and PANC-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that QYHJ and Que are promising anti-PDAC avenues that benefit from their multiform mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qian
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qian-Yu Bi
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zeng-Na Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Fang Han
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lu-Ming Liu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li-Bin Song
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chang-Yu Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ai-Qin Zhang
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xu-Ming Ji
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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He Y, Liu Y, Wu D, Chen L, Luo Z, Shi X, Li K, Hu H, Qu G, Zhao Q, Lian C. Linc-UROD stabilizes ENO1 and PKM to strengthen glycolysis, proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cells. Transl Oncol 2022; 27:101583. [PMID: 36413861 PMCID: PMC9679386 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a fatal malignancy, threatening human health in worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been acknowledged to be essential regulators in various biological processes of human cancers. However, the role of some novel lncRNAs in PC remain to be explored. In this study, we focused on the function and molecular mechanism of a novel lncRNA linc-UROD (also named TCONS_00002016 or XLOC_000166) in PC. The expression of linc-UROD was found to be upregulated in PC cells. The results of loss-of-function assays demonstrated that linc-UROD knockdown suppressed cell proliferation and migration, induced cell cycle G0/G1 arrest, and accelerated apoptosis of PC cells. Through mechanistic experiments, we found that IGF2BP3 stabilized linc-UROD through METTL3-mediated m6A modification. In addition, linc-UROD enhances the stability of ENO1 and PKM through interacting with them to inhibit ubiquitination. Detection on glucose consumption, pyruvate kinase activity and lactate production indicated that linc-UROD accelerated glycolysis of PC cells through PKM/ENO1-mediated pathway. To summarize, linc-UROD stabilized by IGF2BP3/METTL3 contributes to glycolysis and malignant phenotype of PC cells by stabilizing ENO1 and PKM. The findings suggest that linc-UROD may be a novel therapeutic target for PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China,Department of General Surgery, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, No.110 South Yan'an Road, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Yaxing Liu
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Dongkai Wu
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Luyao Chen
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Zhonglin Luo
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Xingsong Shi
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Keyan Li
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
| | - Gexi Qu
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, No.110 South Yan'an Road, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Changhong Lian
- Department of General Surgery, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, No.110 South Yan'an Road, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China,Corresponding authors.
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Lu GF, Geng F, Deng LP, Lin DC, Huang YZ, Lai SM, Lin YC, Gui LX, Sham JSK, Lin MJ. Reduced CircSMOC1 Level Promotes Metabolic Reprogramming via PTBP1 (Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein) and miR-329-3p in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Rats. Hypertension 2022; 79:2465-2479. [PMID: 35997022 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension maintains rapid cell proliferation and vascular remodeling through metabolic reprogramming. Recent studies suggested that circRNAs play important role in pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells proliferation. However, the relationship between circRNA, cell proliferation, and metabolic reprogramming in pulmonary arterial hypertension has not been investigated. METHODS RNA-seq and qRT-PCR reveal the differential expression profile of circRNA in pulmonary arteries of pulmonary arterial hypertension rat models. Transfection was used to examine the effects of circSMOC1 on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, and the roles of circSMOC1 in vivo were investigated by adenoassociated virus. Mass spectrometry, RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation, and dual-luciferase reporter assay were performed to investigate the signaling pathway of circSMOC1 regulating the metabolic reprogramming. RESULTS CircSMOC1 was significantly downregulated in pulmonary arteries of pulmonary arterial hypertension rats. CircSMOC1 knockdown promoted proliferation and migration and enhanced aerobic glycolysis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. CircSMOC1 overexpression in vivo alleviates pulmonary vascular remodeling, right ventricular pressure, and right heart hypertrophy. In the nucleus, circSMOC1 directly binds to PTBP1 (polypyrimidine tract-binding protein), competitively inhibits the specific splicing of PKM (pyruvate kinase M) premRNA, resulting in the upregulation of PKM2 (pyruvate kinase M2), the key enzyme of aerobic glycolysis, to enhance glycolysis. In the cytoplasm, circSMOC1 acted as a miR-329-3p sponge, and its reduction in pulmonary arterial hypertension suppressed PDHB (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit beta) expression, leading to the impairment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS circSMOC1 is crucially involved in the metabolic reprogramming of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells through PTBP1 and miR-329-3p to regulate pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Feng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Universities on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Geng
- Department of Physiology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Deng
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Universities on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-Cen Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Zhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Universities on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Su-Mei Lai
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Universities on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Universities on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long-Xin Gui
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Universities on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - James S K Sham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mo-Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Universities on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Huang Z, Wang G, Wu Y, Yang T, Shao L, Yang B, Li P, Li J. N6-methyladenosine-related lncRNAs in combination with computational histopathology and radiomics predict the prognosis of bladder cancer. Transl Oncol 2022; 27:101581. [PMID: 36327698 PMCID: PMC9637817 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identification of m6A- related lncRNAs associated with BC diagnosis and prognosis. METHODS From the TCGA database, we obtained transcriptome data and corresponding clinical information (including histopathological and CT imaging data) for 408 patients. And bioinformatics, computational histopathology, and radiomics were used to identify and analyze diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of m6A-related lncRNAs in BC. RESULTS 3 significantly high-expressed m6A-related lncRNAs were significantly associated with the prognosis of BC. The BC samples were divided into two subgroups based on the expression of the 3 lncRNAs. The overall survival of patients in cluster 2 was significantly lower than that in cluster 1. The immune landscape results showed that the expression of PD-L1, T cells follicular helper, NK cells resting, and mast cells activated in cluster 2 were significantly higher, and naive B cells, plasma cells, T cells regulatory (Tregs), and mast cells resting were significantly lower. Computational histopathology results showed a significantly higher percentage of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in cluster 2. The radiomics results show that the 3 eigenvalues of diagnostics image-original minimum, diagnostics image-original maximum, and original GLCM inverse variance are significantly higher in cluster 2. High expression of 2 bridge genes in the PPI network of 30 key immune genes predicts poorer disease-free survival, while immunohistochemistry showed that their expression levels were significantly higher in high-grade BC than in low-grade BC and normal tissue. CONCLUSION Based on the results of immune landscape, computational histopathology, and radiomics, these 3 m6A-related lncRNAs may be diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Huang
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dian-Mian Avenue, Kunming, Yunnan, 650101, P.R. China
| | - Guang Wang
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dian-Mian Avenue, Kunming, Yunnan, 650101, P.R. China
| | - Yuyun Wu
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dian-Mian Avenue, Kunming, Yunnan, 650101, P.R. China
| | - Tongxin Yang
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dian-Mian Avenue, Kunming, Yunnan, 650101, P.R. China
| | - Lishi Shao
- The Department of Imageology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dian-Mian Avenue, Kunming, Yunnan, 650101, P.R. China
| | - Bowei Yang
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dian-Mian Avenue, Kunming, Yunnan, 650101, P.R. China
| | - Pei Li
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dian-Mian Avenue, Kunming, Yunnan, 650101, P.R. China,Corresponding author.
| | - Jiongming Li
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dian-Mian Avenue, Kunming, Yunnan, 650101, P.R. China,Corresponding author.
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8
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Chen M, Li X, Du B, Chen S, Li Y. Upstream stimulatory factor 2 inhibits erastin-induced ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer through transcriptional regulation of pyruvate kinase M2. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Meng Q, Lu YX, Wei C, Wang ZX, Lin JF, Liao K, Luo XJ, Yu K, Han Y, Li JJ, Tan YT, Li H, Zeng ZL, Li B, Xu RH, Ju HQ. Arginine methylation of MTHFD1 by PRMT5 enhances anoikis resistance and cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2022; 41:3912-3924. [PMID: 35798877 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for the major cause of cancer-related mortality. How disseminated tumor cells survive under suspension conditions and avoid anoikis is largely unknown. Here, using a metabolic enzyme-centered CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screen, we identified methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, cyclohydrolase and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase 1 (MTHFD1) as a novel suppressor of anoikis. MTHFD1 depletion obviously restrained the capacity of cellular antioxidant defense and inhibited tumor distant metastasis. Mechanistically, MTHFD1 was found to bind the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) and then undergo symmetric dimethylation on R173 by PRMT5. Under suspension conditions, the interaction between MTHFD1 and PRMT5 was strengthened, which increased the symmetric dimethylation of MTHFD1. The elevated methylation of MTHFD1 largely augmented its metabolic activity to generate NADPH, therefore leading to anoikis resistance and distant organ metastasis. Therapeutically, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of PRMT5 declined tumor distant metastasis. And R173 symmetric dimethylation status was associated with metastasis and prognosis of ESCC patients. In conclusion, our study uncovered a novel regulatory role and therapeutic implications of PRMT5/MTHFD1 axis in facilitating anoikis resistance and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Meng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yun-Xin Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chen Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zi-Xian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jin-Fei Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kun Liao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jing Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jia-Jun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yue-Tao Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhao-Lei Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China. .,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Huai-Qiang Ju
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China. .,Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.
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10
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Fang Y, Pei S, Huang K, Xu F, Xiang G, Lan L, Zheng X. Single-Cell Transcriptome Reveals the Metabolic and Clinical Features of a Highly Malignant Cell Subpopulation in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:798165. [PMID: 35252177 PMCID: PMC8894596 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.798165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a malignant tumor with a high mortality rate. PDAC exhibits significant heterogeneity as well as alterations in metabolic pathways that are associated with its malignant progression. In this study, we explored the metabolic and clinical features of a highly malignant subgroup of PDAC based on single-cell transcriptome technology.Methods: A highly malignant cell subpopulation was identified at single-cell resolution based on the expression of malignant genes. The metabolic landscape of different cell types was analyzed based on metabolic pathway gene sets. In vitro experiments to verify the biological functions of the marker genes were performed. PDAC patient subgroups with highly malignant cell subpopulations were distinguished according to five glycolytic marker genes. Five glycolytic highly malignant-related gene signatures were used to construct the glycolytic highly malignant-related genes signature (GHS) scores.Results: This study identified a highly malignant tumor cell subpopulation from the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. The analysis of the metabolic pathway revealed that highly malignant cells had an abnormally active metabolism, and enhanced glycolysis was a major metabolic feature. Five glycolytic marker genes that accounted for the highly malignant cell subpopulations were identified, namely, EN O 1, LDHA, PKM, PGK1, and PGM1. An in vitro cell experiment showed that proliferation rates of PANC-1 and CFPAC-1 cell lines decreased after knockdown of these five genes. Patients with metabolic profiles of highly malignant cell subpopulations exhibit clinical features of higher mortality, higher mutational burden, and immune deserts. The GHS score evaluated using the five marker genes was an independent prognostic factor for patients with PDAC.Conclusion: We revealed a subpopulation of highly malignant cells in PDAC with enhanced glycolysis as the main metabolic feature. We obtained five glycolytic marker gene signatures, which could be used to identify PDAC patient subgroups with highly malignant cell subpopulations, and proposed a GHS prognostic score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shunjie Pei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaizhao Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangxin Xiang
- School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linhua Lan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Linhua Lan, ; Xiaoqun Zheng,
| | - Xiaoqun Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Linhua Lan, ; Xiaoqun Zheng,
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11
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Arora S, Joshi G, Chaturvedi A, Heuser M, Patil S, Kumar R. A Perspective on Medicinal Chemistry Approaches for Targeting Pyruvate Kinase M2. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1171-1205. [PMID: 34726055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The allosteric regulation of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) affects the switching of the PKM2 protein between the high-activity and low-activity states that allow ATP and lactate production, respectively. PKM2, in its low catalytic state (dimeric form), is chiefly active in metabolically energetic cells, including cancer cells. More recently, PKM2 has emerged as an attractive target due to its role in metabolic dysfunction and other interrelated conditions. PKM2 (dimer) activity can be inhibited by modulating PKM2 dimer-tetramer dynamics using either PKM2 inhibitors that bind at the ATP binding active site of PKM2 (dimer) or PKM2 activators that bind at the allosteric site of PKM2, thus activating PKM2 from the dimer formation to the tetrameric formation. The present perspective focuses on medicinal chemistry approaches to design and discover PKM2 inhibitors and activators and further provides a scope for the future design of compounds targeting PKM2 with better efficacy and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Arora
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248171, India
| | - Anuhar Chaturvedi
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Michael Heuser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Santoshkumar Patil
- Discovery Services, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, SEZ, Bommasandra Industrial Area-Phase-IV, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
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12
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hsa_circ_0013401 Accelerates the Growth and Metastasis and Prevents Apoptosis and Autophagy of Neuroblastoma Cells by Sponging miR-195 to Release PAK2. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9936154. [PMID: 34853631 PMCID: PMC8629642 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9936154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Increased levels of circRNAs have been identified in a variety of cancers. However, the specific functions and mechanisms of circRNAs in neuroblastoma (NB) have not been fully explored. Methods The levels of hsa_circ_0045997, hsa_circ_0080307, hsa_circ_0013401, hsa_circ_0077578, and microRNA-195 were confirmed by RT-qPCR in NB. Gain- and loss-of-function assays and rescue experiments were conducted to determine the influence of hsa_circ_0013401, miR-195, and P21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) on the proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, migration, and invasion of NB cells. Regulatory gene targets were validated by the luciferase assay. A xenograft mouse model was used to determine the in vivo effects of hsa_circ_0013401. Results hsa_circ_0013401 was highly expressed, miR-195 was lowly expressed, and there was a negative correlation between hsa_circ_0013401 and miR-195 in NB. The inhibitory effects of hsa_circ_0013401 knockdown suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced the apoptosis and autophagy of NB cells by targeting miR-195 to downregulate PAK2 expression. Luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-195 was a direct target of hsa_circ_0013401, and PAK2 was the downstream target gene of miR-195. In vivo studies showed that hsa_circ_0013401 promotes tumor formation. Conclusions hsa_circ_0013401 induced NB progression through miR-195 to enhance PAK2. Therefore, we might highlight a novel regulatory axis (hsa_circ_0013401/miR-195/PAK2) in NB.
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13
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Li M, Lu H, Wang X, Duan C, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Ge X, Ji F, Wang X, Su J, Zhang D. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) interacts with activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) to bridge glycolysis and pyroptosis in microglia. Mol Immunol 2021; 140:250-266. [PMID: 34798593 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a glycolytic rate-limiting enzyme, reportedly plays an important role in tumorigenesis and the inflammatory response by regulating the metabolic reprogramming. However, its contribution to microglial activation during neuroinflammation is still unknown. In this study, we observed an enhanced glycolysis level in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia. Utilizing the glycolysis inhibitor 2-DG, we proved that LPS requires glycolysis to induce microglial pyroptosis. Moreover, the protein expression, dimer/monomer formation, phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of PKM2 were all increased by LPS. Silencing PKM2 or preventing its nuclear translocation by TEPP-46 significantly alleviated the LPS-induced inflammatory response and pyroptosis in microglia. Employing biological mass spectrometry combined with immunoprecipitation technology, we identified for the first time that PKM2 interacts with activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) in microglia. Inhibition of glycolysis or preventing PKM2 nuclear aggregation significantly reduced the phosphorylation and activation of ATF2. Furthermore, knocking down ATF2 reduced the LPS-induced pyroptosis of microglia. In vivo, we showed the LPS-induced pyroptosis in the cerebral cortex tissues of mice, and first found that an increased PKM2 expression was co-localized with ATF2 in the inflamed mice brain. Collectively, our data suggested for the first time that PKM2, a key rate-limiting enzyme of the Warburg effect, directly interacts with the pro-inflammatory transcription factor ATF2 to bridge glycolysis and pyroptosis in microglia, which might be a pivotal crosstalk between metabolic reprogramming and neuroinflammation in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengwei Duan
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Zhu
- Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Neurosurgery Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ge
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Ji
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Wang
- Endocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Su
- Endocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Kořánová T, Dvořáček L, Grebeňová D, Röselová P, Obr A, Kuželová K. PAK1 and PAK2 in cell metabolism regulation. J Cell Biochem 2021; 123:375-389. [PMID: 34750857 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
P21-activated kinases (PAKs) regulate processes associated with cytoskeletal rearrangements, such as cell division, adhesion, and migration. The possible regulatory role of PAKs in cell metabolism has not been well explored, but increasing evidence suggests that a cell metabolic phenotype is related to cell interactions with the microenvironment. We analyzed the impact of PAK inhibition by small molecule inhibitors, small interfering RNA, or gene knockout on the rates of mitochondrial respiration and aerobic glycolysis. Pharmacological inhibition of PAK group I by IPA-3 induced a strong decrease in metabolic rates in human adherent cancer cell lines, leukemia/lymphoma cell lines, and primary leukemia cells. The immediate effect of FRAX597, which inhibits PAK kinase activity, was moderate, indicating that PAK nonkinase functions are essential for cell metabolism. Selective downregulation or deletion of PAK2 was associated with a shift toward oxidative phosphorylation. In contrast, PAK1 knockout resulted in increased glycolysis. However, the overall metabolic capacity was not substantially reduced by PAK1 or PAK2 deletion, possibly due to partial redundancy in PAK1/PAK2 regulatory roles or to activation of other compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Kořánová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Dvořáček
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Grebeňová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Röselová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Obr
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kuželová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Jain A, Bhardwaj V. Therapeutic resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current challenges and future opportunities. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6527-6550. [PMID: 34754151 PMCID: PMC8554400 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i39.6527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Although chemotherapeutic regimens such as gemcitabine+ nab-paclitaxel and FOLFIRINOX (FOLinic acid, 5-Fluroruracil, IRINotecan, and Oxaliplatin) significantly improve patient survival, the prevalence of therapy resistance remains a major roadblock in the success of these agents. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms that play a crucial role in PDAC therapy resistance and how a better understanding of these mechanisms has shaped clinical trials for pancreatic cancer chemotherapy. Specifically, we have discussed the metabolic alterations and DNA repair mechanisms observed in PDAC and current approaches in targeting these mechanisms. Our discussion also includes the lessons learned following the failure of immunotherapy in PDAC and current approaches underway to improve tumor's immunological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Jain
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Vikas Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
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16
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Yu P, Zhu X, Zhu JL, Han YB, Zhang H, Zhou X, Yang L, Xia YZ, Zhang C, Kong LY. The Chk2-PKM2 axis promotes metabolic control of vasculogenic mimicry formation in p53-mutated triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:5262-5274. [PMID: 34244606 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation, which participates in the process of neovascularization, is highly activated in p53-mutated triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here, we show that Chk2 is negatively correlated with VM formation in p53-mutated TNBC. Its activation by DNA-damaging agents such as cisplatin, etoposide, and DPT reduces VM formation. Mechanistically, the Chk2-PKM2 axis plays an important role in the inhibition of VM formation at the level of metabolic regulation. Chk2 promotes the Chk2-PKM2 interaction through the Chk2 SCD (SQ/TQ cluster domain) and the PKM2 C domain. Furthermore, Chk2 promotes the nuclear export of PKM2 by phosphorylating PKM2 at Ser100. P-PKM2 S100 reduces VM formation by decreasing glucose flux, and the PKM2 S100A mutation abolishes the inhibition of glucose flux and VM formation induced by Chk2 activation. Overall, this study proposes a novel strategy of VM suppression through Chk2 induction, which prevents PKM2-mediated glucose flux in p53-mutated TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiong Zhu
- Medical and Chemical Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Le Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Bao Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Zheng Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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17
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Lee YB, Min JK, Kim JG, Cap KC, Islam R, Hossain AJ, Dogsom O, Hamza A, Mahmud S, Choi DR, Kim YS, Koh YH, Kim HA, Chung WS, Suh SW, Park JB. Multiple functions of pyruvate kinase M2 in various cell types. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:128-148. [PMID: 34311499 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is a mechanism by which energy is produced in form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by mitochondria and precursor metabolites are supplied to enable the ultimate enrichment of mature metabolites in the cell. Recently, glycolytic enzymes have been shown to have unconventional but important functions. Among these enzymes, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) plays several roles including having conventional metabolic enzyme activity, and also being a transcriptional regulator and a protein kinase. Compared with the closely related PKM1, PKM2 is highly expressed in cancer cells and embryos, whereas PKM1 is dominant in mature, differentiated cells. Posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and acetylation of PKM2 change its cellular functions. In particular, PKM2 can translocate to the nucleus, where it regulates the transcription of many target genes. It is notable that PKM2 also acts as a protein kinase to phosphorylate several substrate proteins. Besides cancer cells and embryonic cells, astrocytes also highly express PKM2, which is crucial for lactate production via expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), while mature neurons predominantly express PKM1. The lactate produced in cancer cells promotes tumor progress and that in astrocytes can be supplied to neurons and may act as a major source for neuronal ATP energy production. Thereby, we propose that PKM2 along with its different posttranslational modifications has specific purposes for a variety of cell types, performing unique functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Beom Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung K Min
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kim Cuong Cap
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,eLmed Inc. #3419, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Rokibul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Abu J Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Oyungerel Dogsom
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biology, School of Bio-Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Amir Hamza
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shohel Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dae R Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Koh
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-A Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Ahnyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang W Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,eLmed Inc. #3419, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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18
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Zhang X, Chen Q, Liu Q, Wang Y, Wang F, Zhao Z, Zhao G, Lau WY, Gao Y, Liu R. Development and validation of glycolysis-related prognostic score for prediction of prognosis and chemosensitivity of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5615-5627. [PMID: 33942483 PMCID: PMC8184720 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy with aggressive biological behaviour. Its rapid proliferation and tumour growth require reprogramming of glucose metabolism or the Warburg effect. However, the association between glycolysis-related genes with clinical features and prognosis of PDAC is still unknown. Here, we used the meta-analysis to correlate the hazard ratios (HR) of 106 glycolysis genes from MSigDB by the cox proportional hazards regression analysis in 6 clinical data sets of PDAC patients to form a training cohort, and a single group of PDAC patients from the TCGA, ICGC, Arrayexpress and GEO databases to form the validation cohort. Then, a glycolysis-related prognosis (GRP) score based on 29 glycolysis prognostic genes was established in 757 PDAC patients from the training composite cohort and validated in 267 ICGC-CA validation cohort (all P < .05). In addition, including PADC, the prognostic value was also confirmed in other 7 out of 30 pan-cancer cohorts. The GRP score was significantly related to specific metabolism pathways, immune genes and immune cells in the patients with PADC (all P < .05). Finally, by combining with immune cells, the GRP score also well-predicted the chemosensitivity of patients with PADC in the TCGA cohort (AUC = 0.709). In conclusion, this study developed a GRP score for patients with PDAC in predicting prognosis and chemosensitivity for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu‐Ping Zhang
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Qinjunjie Chen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery IVThe Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qu Liu
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yang Wang
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Fei Wang
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhi‐Ming Zhao
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Guo‐Dong Zhao
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Wan Yee Lau
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
- Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yu‐Zhen Gao
- Department of Clinical LaboratorySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Rong Liu
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
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19
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Hermansyah D, Putra A, Munir D, Lelo A, Amalina ND, Alif I. Synergistic Effect of Curcuma longa Extract in Combination with Phyllanthus niruri Extract in Regulating Annexin A2, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, Matrix Metalloproteinases, and Pyruvate Kinase M1/2 Signaling Pathway on Breast Cancer Stem Cell. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.5941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of the combination between Curcuma longa extract (CL) and Phyllanthus niruri extract (PN) in inhibiting optimally the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) growth and metastatic by exploring the target and molecular mechanism using integrative bioinformatics approaches and in vitro.
METHODS: CL and PN extracts were prepared by maceration method using ethanol 70%. The antiproliferative effect of CL and PN single and combination treatment was examined by 3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. The bioinformatic approach was performed to identify molecular targets, key proteins, and molecular mechanism of curcumin and phyllanthin as CL and PN secondary metabolite, respectively, targeted at stemness and migration pathway of BCSCs.
RESULTS: The in vitro study showed that CL and PN possess cytotoxic activity in time- and dose-dependent manner. The combination of CL and PN has a synergistic effect by modulating the sensitivity of cells. Using a bioinformatics approach, the annexin A2 (ANXA2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and pyruvate kinase M1/2 (PKM) as potential targets of curcumin and phyllanthin correlated with metastatic inhibition of BC. In addition, molecular docking showed that curcumin and phyllanthin performed similar or better interaction to stemness differentiation regulator pathway particularly histone deacetylase 1, EGFR, Heat Shock Protein 90 Alpha Family Class B Member 1, Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 Subunit Alpha, and MMP9.
CONCLUSION: Combination of CL and PN has potential for the treatment of metastatic BCSCs by targeting ANXA2, EGFR, MMPs, and PKM to resolve stemness and inhibit of BCSCs.
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20
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Curcio C, Brugiapaglia S, Bulfamante S, Follia L, Cappello P, Novelli F. The Glycolytic Pathway as a Target for Novel Onco-Immunology Therapies in Pancreatic Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:1642. [PMID: 33804240 PMCID: PMC7998946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most lethal forms of human cancer, characterized by unrestrained progression, invasiveness and treatment resistance. To date, there are limited curative options, with surgical resection as the only effective strategy, hence the urgent need to discover novel therapies. A platform of onco-immunology targets is represented by molecules that play a role in the reprogrammed cellular metabolism as one hallmark of cancer. Due to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME), PDA cells display an altered glucose metabolism-resulting in its increased uptake-and a higher glycolytic rate, which leads to lactate accumulation and them acting as fuel for cancer cells. The consequent acidification of the TME results in immunosuppression, which impairs the antitumor immunity. This review analyzes the genetic background and the emerging glycolytic enzymes that are involved in tumor progression, development and metastasis, and how this represents feasible therapeutic targets to counteract PDA. In particular, as the overexpressed or mutated glycolytic enzymes stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses, we will discuss their possible exploitation as immunological targets in anti-PDA therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Curcio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (S.B.); (S.B.); (L.F.); (P.C.)
- Centro Ricerche Medicina Sperimentale, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Brugiapaglia
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (S.B.); (S.B.); (L.F.); (P.C.)
- Centro Ricerche Medicina Sperimentale, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Bulfamante
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (S.B.); (S.B.); (L.F.); (P.C.)
- Centro Ricerche Medicina Sperimentale, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Follia
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (S.B.); (S.B.); (L.F.); (P.C.)
- Computer Science Department, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Cappello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (S.B.); (S.B.); (L.F.); (P.C.)
- Centro Ricerche Medicina Sperimentale, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Novelli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (S.B.); (S.B.); (L.F.); (P.C.)
- Centro Ricerche Medicina Sperimentale, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
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21
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Thakur G, Kumar R, Kim SB, Lee SY, Lee SL, Rho GJ. Therapeutic Status and Available Strategies in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020178. [PMID: 33670230 PMCID: PMC7916947 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most severe and devastating cancer is pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the major pancreatic exocrine cancer with a poor prognosis and growing prevalence. It is the most deadly disease, with an overall five-year survival rate of 6% to 10%. According to various reports, it has been demonstrated that pancreatic cancer stem cells (PCSCs) are the main factor responsible for the tumor development, proliferation, resistance to anti-cancer drugs, and recurrence of tumors after surgery. PCSCs have encouraged new therapeutic methods to be explored that can specifically target cancer cells. Furthermore, stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), are known as influential anti-cancer agents as they function through anti-inflammatory, paracrine, cytokines, and chemokine's action. The properties of MSCs, such as migration to the site of infection and host immune cell activation by its secretome, seem to control the microenvironment of the pancreatic tumor. MSCs secretome exhibits similar therapeutic advantages as a conventional cell-based therapy. Moreover, the potential for drug delivery could be enhanced by engineered MSCs to increase drug bioactivity and absorption at the tumor site. In this review, we have discussed available therapeutic strategies, treatment hurdles, and the role of different factors such as PCSCs, cysteine, GPCR, PKM2, signaling pathways, immunotherapy, and NK-based therapy in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitika Thakur
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.T.); (S.-B.K.); (S.-Y.L.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Raj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 173 234, Himachal Pradesh, India;
| | - Saet-Byul Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.T.); (S.-B.K.); (S.-Y.L.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Sang-Yeob Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.T.); (S.-B.K.); (S.-Y.L.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Sung-Lim Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.T.); (S.-B.K.); (S.-Y.L.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Gyu-Jin Rho
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.T.); (S.-B.K.); (S.-Y.L.); (S.-L.L.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Cha PH, Hwang JH, Kwak DK, Koh E, Kim KS, Choi KY. APC loss induces Warburg effect via increased PKM2 transcription in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:634-644. [PMID: 33071283 PMCID: PMC7851388 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most cancer cells employ the Warburg effect to support anabolic growth and tumorigenesis. Here, we discovered a key link between Warburg effect and aberrantly activated Wnt/β-catenin signalling, especially by pathologically significant APC loss, in CRC. METHODS Proteomic analyses were performed to evaluate the global effects of KYA1797K, Wnt/β-catenin signalling inhibitor, on cellular proteins in CRC. The effects of APC-loss or Wnt ligand on the identified enzymes, PKM2 and LDHA, as well as Warburg effects were investigated. A linkage between activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling and cancer metabolism was analysed in tumour of Apcmin/+ mice and CRC patients. The roles of PKM2 in cancer metabolism, which depends on Wnt/β-catenin signalling, were assessed in xenograft-tumours. RESULTS By proteomic analysis, PKM2 and LDHA were identified as key molecules regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signalling. APC-loss caused the increased expression of metabolic genes including PKM2 and LDHA, and increased glucose consumption and lactate secretion. Pathological significance of this linkage was indicated by increased expression of glycolytic genes with Wnt target genes in tumour of Apcmin/+ mice and CRC patients. Warburg effect and growth of xenografted tumours-induced by APC-mutated-CRC cells were suppressed by PKM2-depletion. CONCLUSIONS The β-catenin-PKM2 regulatory axis induced by APC loss activates the Warburg effect in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Hyeon Cha
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ha Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kwak
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunjin Koh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Genetic Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sup Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Genetic Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang-Yell Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
- CK Biotechnology Inc., Building 117, 50 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, Korea.
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23
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Discovery of Functional Alternatively Spliced PKM Transcripts in Human Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020348. [PMID: 33478099 PMCID: PMC7835739 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pyruvate kinase muscle type (PKM) is a key enzyme in glycolysis and is a mediator of the Warburg effect in tumors. The association of PKM with survival of cancer patients is controversial. In this study, we investigated the associations of the alternatively spliced transcripts of PKM with cancer patients’ survival outcomes and explained the conflicts in previous studies. We discovered three poorly studied alternatively spliced PKM transcripts that exhibited opposite prognostic indications in different human cancers based on integrative systems analysis. We also detected their protein products and explored their potential biological functions based on in-vitro experiments. Our analysis demonstrated that alternatively spliced transcripts of not only PKM but also other genes should be considered in cancer studies, since it may enable the discovery and targeting of the right protein product for development of the efficient treatment strategies. Abstract Pyruvate kinase muscle type (PKM) is a key enzyme in glycolysis and plays an important oncological role in cancer. However, the association of PKM expression and the survival outcome of patients with different cancers is controversial. We employed systems biology methods to reveal prognostic value and potential biological functions of PKM transcripts in different human cancers. Protein products of transcripts were shown and detected by western blot and mass spectrometry analysis. We focused on different transcripts of PKM and investigated the associations between their mRNA expression and the clinical survival of the patients in 25 different cancers. We find that the transcripts encoding PKM2 and three previously unstudied transcripts, namely ENST00000389093, ENST00000568883, and ENST00000561609, exhibited opposite prognostic indications in different cancers. Moreover, we validated the prognostic effect of these transcripts in an independent kidney cancer cohort. Finally, we revealed that ENST00000389093 and ENST00000568883 possess pyruvate kinase enzymatic activity and may have functional roles in metabolism, cell invasion, and hypoxia response in cancer cells. Our study provided a potential explanation to the controversial prognostic indication of PKM, and could invoke future studies focusing on revealing the biological and oncological roles of these alternative spliced variants of PKM.
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24
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Chen X, Chen S, Yu D. Protein kinase function of pyruvate kinase M2 and cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:523. [PMID: 33292198 PMCID: PMC7597019 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase is a terminal enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, where it catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate and production of ATP via substrate level phosphorylation. PKM2 is one of four isoforms of pyruvate kinase and is widely expressed in many types of tumors and associated with tumorigenesis. In addition to pyruvate kinase activity involving the metabolic pathway, increasing evidence demonstrates that PKM2 exerts a non-metabolic function in cancers. PKM2 has been shown to be translocated into nucleus, where it serves as a protein kinase to phosphorylate various protein targets and contribute to multiple physiopathological processes. We discuss the nuclear localization of PKM2, its protein kinase function and association with cancers, and regulation of PKM2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuan West Road, Guangzhou, 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuan West Road, Guangzhou, 510055, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Wei Q, Qian Y, Yu J, Wong CC. Metabolic rewiring in the promotion of cancer metastasis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Oncogene 2020; 39:6139-6156. [PMID: 32839493 PMCID: PMC7515827 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the major cause of mortality from cancer. Metabolic rewiring and the metastatic cascade are highly intertwined, co-operating to promote multiple steps of cancer metastasis. Metabolites generated by cancer cells influence the metastatic cascade, encompassing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), survival of cancer cells in circulation, and metastatic colonization at distant sites. A variety of molecular mechanisms underlie the prometastatic effect of tumor-derived metabolites, such as epigenetic deregulation, induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), promotion of cancer stemness, and alleviation of oxidative stress. Conversely, metastatic signaling regulates expression and activity of rate-limiting metabolic enzymes to generate prometastatic metabolites thereby reinforcing the metastasis cascade. Understanding the complex interplay between metabolism and metastasis could unravel novel molecular targets, whose intervention could lead to improvements in the treatment of cancer. In this review, we summarized the recent discoveries involving metabolism and tumor metastasis, and emphasized the promising molecular targets, with an update on the development of small molecule or biologic inhibitors against these aberrant situations in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyao Wei
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Chun Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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26
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Pyruvate kinase M2 activation protects against the proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:585-598. [PMID: 32719938 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), which is encoded by PKM, is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular protein and is associated with proliferation cell phenotype. In PAH patients and PAH models, we found higher levels of PKM2 tyrosine 105 phosphorylation (phospho-PKM2 (Y105)) than in controls, both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that PKM2 stimulates inflammatory and apoptosis signalling pathways in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and promotes PASMC migration and proliferation. PKM2 phosphorylation promoted the dimerization activation and nuclear translocation of STAT3, a transcription factor regulating proliferation, growth, and apoptosis. TLR2, a transmembrane protein receptor involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses, promoted PKM2 phosphorylation in hypoxia-induced PASMCs. Therefore, we hypothesized that PKM2 also affects the proliferation and migration of PASMCs. The proliferation of hypoxia-induced normal human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (normal-HPASMCs) was found to be inhibited by TEPP-46 (PKM2 agonist) and PKM2 siRNA using wound healing, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), and immunofluorescence (Ki67) assays. PASMCs isolated from PAH patients (PAH-HPASMCs) and hypoxia-treated rats (PAH-RPASMCs) also confirmed the above results. TEPP-46 treatment was found to improve hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery remodelling and right heart function in mice, and the link between PKM2 and STAT3 was also confirmed in vivo. In conclusion, PKM2 plays crucial roles in the proliferation and migration of PASMCs.
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27
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Li M, Zhao J, Li X, Chen Y, Feng C, Qian F, Liu Y, Zhang J, He J, Ai B, Ning Z, Liu W, Bai X, Han X, Wu Z, Xu X, Tang Z, Pan Q, Xu L, Li C, Wang Q, Li E. HiFreSP: A novel high-frequency sub-pathway mining approach to identify robust prognostic gene signatures. Brief Bioinform 2020; 21:1411-1424. [PMID: 31350847 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing awareness of heterogeneity in cancers, better prediction of cancer prognosis is much needed for more personalized treatment. Recently, extensive efforts have been made to explore the variations in gene expression for better prognosis. However, the prognostic gene signatures predicted by most existing methods have little robustness among different datasets of the same cancer. To improve the robustness of the gene signatures, we propose a novel high-frequency sub-pathways mining approach (HiFreSP), integrating a randomization strategy with gene interaction pathways. We identified a six-gene signature (CCND1, CSF3R, E2F2, JUP, RARA and TCF7) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) by HiFreSP. This signature displayed a strong ability to predict the clinical outcome of ESCC patients in two independent datasets (log-rank test, P = 0.0045 and 0.0087). To further show the predictive performance of HiFreSP, we applied it to two other cancers: pancreatic adenocarcinoma and breast cancer. The identified signatures show high predictive power in all testing datasets of the two cancers. Furthermore, compared with the two popular prognosis signature predicting methods, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator penalized Cox proportional hazards model and the random survival forest, HiFreSP showed better predictive accuracy and generalization across all testing datasets of the above three cancers. Lastly, we applied HiFreSP to 8137 patients involving 20 cancer types in the TCGA database and found high-frequency prognosis-associated pathways in many cancers. Taken together, HiFreSP shows higher prognostic capability and greater robustness, and the identified signatures provide clinical guidance for cancer prognosis. HiFreSP is freely available via GitHub: https://github.com/chunquanlipathway/HiFreSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Jianmei Zhao
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Xuecang Li
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chenchen Feng
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Fengcui Qian
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuejuan Liu
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Jianzhong He
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College
| | - Bo Ai
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Ziyu Ning
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xuefeng Bai
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Xiaole Han
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Departments of Oncology Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Xiue Xu
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College
| | - Zhidong Tang
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Qi Pan
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Liyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chunquan Li
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Enmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Chen S, Youhong T, Tan Y, He Y, Ban Y, Cai J, Li X, Xiong W, Zeng Z, Li G, Yi M, Liu W, Xiang B. EGFR-PKM2 signaling promotes the metastatic potential of nasopharyngeal carcinoma through induction of FOSL1 and ANTXR2. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:723-733. [PMID: 31665243 PMCID: PMC7351130 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is notorious for its aggressiveness and high metastatic potential. NPC patients with distant metastasis have a particularly poor prognosis; however, evaluating metastatic potential by expression profiles of primary tumors is challenging. This study aimed to investigate the association between activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and NPC metastasis and the underlying mechanisms. We found an association between EGFR protein overexpression and intense EGFR immunostaining in NPC samples with advanced tumor node metastasis stage, clinical stage, and distant metastasis in NPC patients. Exogenous EGF stimulates NPC mobility and invasiveness in vitro. Activation of EGFR signaling prompted PKM2 translocation to the nucleus. Silencing either EGFR or PKM2 attenuates NPC cell aggressiveness in vitro and in vivo. Blocking EGFR signaling with cetuximab suppressed NPC cell invasiveness in vitro and metastatic potential in vivo. Comprehensive analyses of transcriptome profiles indicated that the EGFR-PKM2 axis activates a number of novel metastasis promoters, including F3, FOSL1, EPHA2, ANTXR2, and AKR1C2. Finally, we found that the metastasis-promoting function of the EGFR-PKM2 axis is dependent on nuclear PKM2 regulation of the transcription of metastasis-related genes, including FOSL1 and ANTXR2. Our study indicates that EGFR-PKM2 signaling promotes NPC cell invasion and metastasis through induction of FOSL1 and ANTXR2 and identifies EGFR as a promising biomarker for predicting the risk of distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Chen
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Tang Youhong
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Yixin Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Yuxiang He
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Yuanyuan Ban
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Jing Cai
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Wei Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Mei Yi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Wei Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
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Chen H, Zhu X, Sun R, Ma P, Zhang E, Wang Z, Fan Y, Zhou G, Mao R. Ubiquitin-specific protease 7 is a druggable target that is essential for pancreatic cancer growth and chemoresistance. Invest New Drugs 2020; 38:1707-1716. [PMID: 32468271 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-00951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers, and most patients die within one year after diagnosis. This cancer is resistant to almost all current therapies, so there is an urgent need to identify novel druggable targets. Ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) is a deubiquitinase that functions in carcinogenesis, but its role in PDAC is unknown. Our experiments indicated that several subtypes of PDAC cells are sensitive to USP7 inhibition. In particular, pharmaceutical inhibition of USP7 by the small molecule P22077 attenuated PDAC cell growth and induced cell death in vitro and in vivo. Pharmaceutical inhibition of USP7 in P22077-resistant PDAC cells allowed them to overcome chemoresistance. Genetic silencing experiments supported the importance of USP7 in the pathogenesis of PDAC. In particular, genetic disruption of USP7 greatly reduced cell proliferation and chemoresistance in vitro and prevented PDAC growth in vivo. Protein profiling by mass spectrometry (MS) indicated USP7 was associated 4 ontology terms: translation, localization and protein transporting, nucleotide or ribonucleotide binding, and ubiquitin-dependent catabolic processes. Puromycin labeling indicated that P22077 greatly reduced protein synthesis, and transcriptional analysis indicated that P22077 significantly altered the extracellular space matrix. In summary, we provided multiple lines of evidence which indicate that USP7 plays a critical role in PDAC, and may therefore be a suitable target for treatment of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, 226001, Jiangsu, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, 226001, Jiangsu, Nantong, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Panpan Ma
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Erhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yihui Fan
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 226001, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoxiong Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, 226001, Jiangsu, Nantong, China.
| | - Renfang Mao
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 226001, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, 226001, Jiangsu, Nantong, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Pouliquen DL, Boissard A, Coqueret O, Guette C. Biomarkers of tumor invasiveness in proteomics (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 57:409-432. [PMID: 32468071 PMCID: PMC7307599 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, quantitative proteomics has emerged as an important tool for deciphering the complex molecular events involved in cancers. The number of references involving studies on the cancer metastatic process has doubled since 2010, while the last 5 years have seen the development of novel technologies combining deep proteome coverage capabilities with quantitative consistency and accuracy. To highlight key findings within this huge amount of information, the present review identified a list of tumor invasive biomarkers based on both the literature and data collected on a biocollection of experimental cell lines, tumor models of increasing invasiveness and tumor samples from patients with colorectal or breast cancer. Crossing these different data sources led to 76 proteins of interest out of 1,245 mentioned in the literature. Information on these proteins can potentially be translated into clinical prospects, since they represent potential targets for the development and evaluation of innovative therapies, alone or in combination. Herein, a systematical review of the biology of each of these proteins, including their specific subcellular/extracellular or multiple localizations is presented. Finally, as an important advantage of quantitative proteomics is the ability to provide data on all these molecules simultaneously in cell pellets, body fluids or paraffin‑embedded sections of tumors/invaded tissues, the significance of some of their interconnections is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Boissard
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, F‑44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Catherine Guette
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, F‑44000 Nantes, France
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31
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Yan W, Liu X, Wang Y, Han S, Wang F, Liu X, Xiao F, Hu G. Identifying Drug Targets in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Through Machine Learning, Analyzing Biomolecular Networks, and Structural Modeling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:534. [PMID: 32425783 PMCID: PMC7204992 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death and has an extremely poor prognosis. Thus, identifying new disease-associated genes and targets for PDAC diagnosis and therapy is urgently needed. This requires investigations into the underlying molecular mechanisms of PDAC at both the systems and molecular levels. Herein, we developed a computational method of predicting cancer genes and anticancer drug targets that combined three independent expression microarray datasets of PDAC patients and protein-protein interaction data. First, Support Vector Machine–Recursive Feature Elimination was applied to the gene expression data to rank the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PDAC patients and controls. Then, protein-protein interaction networks were constructed based on the DEGs, and a new score comprising gene expression and network topological information was proposed to identify cancer genes. Finally, these genes were validated by “druggability” prediction, survival and common network analysis, and functional enrichment analysis. Furthermore, two integrins were screened to investigate their structures and dynamics as potential drug targets for PDAC. Collectively, 17 disease genes and some stroma-related pathways including extracellular matrix-receptor interactions were predicted to be potential drug targets and important pathways for treating PDAC. The protein-drug interactions and hinge sites predication of ITGAV and ITGA2 suggest potential drug binding residues in the Thigh domain. These findings provide new possibilities for targeted therapeutic interventions in PDAC, which may have further applications in other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Yan
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xingyi Liu
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuqing Han
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guang Hu
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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32
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Overexpression of PSAT1 promotes metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma by suppressing the IRF1-IFNγ axis. Oncogene 2020; 39:2509-2522. [PMID: 31988456 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of enzymes involved in serine biosynthesis have been identified and correlated with malignant evolution in various types of cancer. Here we showed that the overexpression of phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1) is widely found in lung cancer tissues compared with nontumor tissues and predicts a poorer prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. PSAT1 expression was examined in a tissue microarray by immunohistochemistry. The data show that the knockdown of PSAT1 dramatically inhibits the in vitro and in vivo metastatic potential of highly metastatic lung cancer cells; conversely, the enforced expression of exogenous PSAT1 predominantly enhances the metastatic potential of lung cancer cells. Importantly, manipulating PSAT1 expression regulates the in vivo tumor metastatic abilities in lung cancer cells. Adjusting the glucose and glutamine concentrations did not alter the PSAT1-driven cell invasion properties, indicating that this process might not rely on the activation of its enzymatic function. RNA microarray analysis of transcriptional profiling from PSAT1 alternation in CL1-5 and CL1-0 cells demonstrated that interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) acts as a crucial regulator of PSAT1-induced gene expression upon metastatic progression. Decreasing the IRF1-IFIH1 axis compromised the PSAT1-prompted transcriptional reprogramming in cancer cells. Our results identify PSAT1 as a key regulator by a novel PSAT1/IRF1 axis in lung cancer progression, which may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of lung cancer patients.
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33
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Huang M, Xiong H, Luo D, Xu B, Liu H. CSN5 upregulates glycolysis to promote hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis via stabilizing the HK2 protein. Exp Cell Res 2020; 388:111876. [PMID: 31991125 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis promotes metastasis and correlates with poorer clinical outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the controllers and mechanisms of abnormally activated glycolysis remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrated that the fifth component of the constitutive photomorphogenic 9 (COP9) signalosome complex (COPS5/CSN5) was a controller of glycolysis. For the first time, we found that CSN5 could influence the expression of glycolytic metabolism-associated proteins, especially hexokinase 2 (HK2), a glycolytic rate-limiting enzyme. In addition, we found that CSN5 was associated with HK2 overexpression in HCC tissues. Silencing CSN5 expression caused a decrease in the level of the HK2 protein, glucose uptake, glycolysis capacity and the production of glycolytic intermediates in HCC cells. Re-expression of HK2 rescued the decreased glycolytic flux induced by CSN5 knockdown, whereas inhibition of HK2 alleviated CSN5-enhanced glycolysis. Functionally, CSN5 regulated HCC cell invasion and metastasis via HK2-mediated glycolysis. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that CSN5 attenuated the ubiquitin-proteasome system-mediated degradation of HK2 through its deubiquitinase function. Inhibition of CSN5 kinase activity by curcumin decreased HK2 protein expression and glycolysis, repressed the metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo, and prolonged the survival time of tumor-bearing nude mice. Overall, our study identified CSN5 as a controller of glycolysis, and it may be a potential treatment target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwen Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Hu Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Dilai Luo
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Bangran Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Yang J, Ren B, Yang G, Wang H, Chen G, You L, Zhang T, Zhao Y. The enhancement of glycolysis regulates pancreatic cancer metastasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:305-321. [PMID: 31432232 PMCID: PMC11104916 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is prone to distant metastasis and is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death. In an extremely nutrient-deficient and hypoxic environment resulting from uncontrolled growth, vascular disturbances and desmoplastic reactions, pancreatic cancer cells utilize "metabolic reprogramming" to satisfy their energy demand and support malignant behaviors such as metastasis. Notably, pancreatic cancer cells show extensive enhancement of glycolysis, including glycolytic enzyme overexpression and increased lactate production, and this is caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, cancer driver genes, specific transcription factors, a hypoxic tumor microenvironment and stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor-associated macrophages. The metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in pancreatic cancer cells regulates the invasion-metastasis cascade by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, tumor angiogenesis and the metastatic colonization of distant organs. In addition to aerobic glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation also plays a critical role in pancreatic cancer metastasis in ways that remain unclear. In this review, we expound on the intracellular and extracellular causes of the enhancement of glycolysis in pancreatic cancer and the strong association between glycolysis and cancer metastasis, which we expect will yield new therapeutic approaches targeting cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshou Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
| | - Taiping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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35
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James AD, Richardson DA, Oh IW, Sritangos P, Attard T, Barrett L, Bruce JIE. Cutting off the fuel supply to calcium pumps in pancreatic cancer cells: role of pyruvate kinase-M2 (PKM2). Br J Cancer 2020; 122:266-278. [PMID: 31819190 PMCID: PMC7052184 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has poor survival and treatment options. PDAC cells shift their metabolism towards glycolysis, which fuels the plasma membrane calcium pump (PMCA), thereby preventing Ca2+-dependent cell death. The ATP-generating pyruvate kinase-M2 (PKM2) is oncogenic and overexpressed in PDAC. This study investigated the PKM2-derived ATP supply to the PMCA as a potential therapeutic locus. METHODS PDAC cell growth, migration and death were assessed by using sulforhodamine-B/tetrazolium-based assays, gap closure assay and poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP1) cleavage, respectively. Cellular ATP and metabolism were assessed using luciferase/fluorescent-based assays and the Seahorse XFe96 analyzer, respectively. Cell surface biotinylation identified membrane-associated proteins. Fura-2 imaging was used to assess cytosolic Ca2+ overload and in situ Ca2+ clearance. PKM2 knockdown was achieved using siRNA. RESULTS The PKM2 inhibitor (shikonin) reduced PDAC cell proliferation, cell migration and induced cell death. This was due to inhibition of glycolysis, ATP depletion, inhibition of PMCA and cytotoxic Ca2+ overload. PKM2 associates with plasma membrane proteins providing a privileged ATP supply to the PMCA. PKM2 knockdown reduced PMCA activity and reduced the sensitivity of shikonin-induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS Cutting off the PKM2-derived ATP supply to the PMCA represents a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D James
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel A Richardson
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - In-Whan Oh
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Pishyaporn Sritangos
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Thomas Attard
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Lisa Barrett
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jason I E Bruce
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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36
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Yu L, Teoh ST, Ensink E, Ogrodzinski MP, Yang C, Vazquez AI, Lunt SY. Cysteine catabolism and the serine biosynthesis pathway support pyruvate production during pyruvate kinase knockdown in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Metab 2019; 7:13. [PMID: 31893043 PMCID: PMC6937848 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-019-0205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with limited treatment options. Pyruvate kinase, especially the M2 isoform (PKM2), is highly expressed in PDAC cells, but its role in pancreatic cancer remains controversial. To investigate the role of pyruvate kinase in pancreatic cancer, we knocked down PKM2 individually as well as both PKM1 and PKM2 concurrently (PKM1/2) in cell lines derived from a KrasG12D/-; p53-/- pancreatic mouse model. Methods We used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine metabolic profiles of wildtype and PKM1/2 knockdown PDAC cells. We further used stable isotope-labeled metabolic precursors and LC-MS/MS to determine metabolic pathways upregulated in PKM1/2 knockdown cells. We then targeted metabolic pathways upregulated in PKM1/2 knockdown cells using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. Results PDAC cells are able to proliferate and continue to produce pyruvate despite PKM1/2 knockdown. The serine biosynthesis pathway partially contributed to pyruvate production during PKM1/2 knockdown: knockout of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase in this pathway decreased pyruvate production from glucose. In addition, cysteine catabolism generated ~ 20% of intracellular pyruvate in PDAC cells. Other potential sources of pyruvate include the sialic acid pathway and catabolism of glutamine, serine, tryptophan, and threonine. However, these sources did not provide significant levels of pyruvate in PKM1/2 knockdown cells. Conclusion PKM1/2 knockdown does not impact the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. The serine biosynthesis pathway supports conversion of glucose to pyruvate during pyruvate kinase knockdown. However, direct conversion of serine to pyruvate was not observed during PKM1/2 knockdown. Investigating several alternative sources of pyruvate identified cysteine catabolism for pyruvate production during PKM1/2 knockdown. Surprisingly, we find that a large percentage of intracellular pyruvate comes from cysteine. Our results highlight the ability of PDAC cells to adaptively rewire their metabolic pathways during knockdown of a key metabolic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Shao Thing Teoh
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Elliot Ensink
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Martin P Ogrodzinski
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA.,2Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Che Yang
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Ana I Vazquez
- 3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA.,4The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Sophia Y Lunt
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA.,5Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
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The molecular mechanisms of LncRNA-correlated PKM2 in cancer metabolism. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:220807. [PMID: 31654067 PMCID: PMC6851521 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogrammed metabolism is an important hallmark of cancer cells. Pyruvate kinase (PK) is one of the major rate-limiting enzymes in glucose metabolism. The M2 isoform of PK (PKM2), is considered to be an important marker of metabolic reprogramming and one of the key enzymes. Recently, through the continuous development of genome-wide analysis and functional studies, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) play vital regulatory roles in cancer progression by acting as either potential oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Furthermore, several studies have shown that up-regulation of PKM2 in cancer tissues is associated with LncRNAs expression and patient survival. Thus, scientists have begun to unveil the mechanism of LncRNA-associated PKM2 in cancer metabolic progression. Based on these novel findings, in this mini-review, we summarize the detailed molecular mechanisms of LncRNA related to PKM2 in cancer metabolism. We expect that this work will promote a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PKM2, and provide a profound potential for targeting PKM2 to treat tumors.
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Lai YJ, Chou YC, Lin YJ, Yu MH, Ou YC, Chu PW, Wu CC, Wang YC, Chao TK. Pyruvate Kinase M2 Expression: A Potential Metabolic Biomarker to Differentiate Endometrial Precancer and Cancer That Is Associated with Poor Outcomes in Endometrial Carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234589. [PMID: 31756939 PMCID: PMC6926947 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a regulator of the processes of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, but the roles that it plays in endometrial cancer remain largely unknown. This study evaluated the PKM2 expression in normal endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial carcinoma, and its prognostic value was investigated in endometrial carcinoma patients. Methods: A hospital-based retrospective review was conducted to examine the immunohistochemical PKM2 distribution in 206 endometrium samples from biopsies or hysterectomies. The immunoreactivity of PKM2 was divided into groups of low and high scores according to the extent and intensity of staining. Results: Intense cytoplasmic staining was observed for the PKM2 protein in malignant endometrial lesions. A high PKM2 score was observed in many endometrial carcinoma samples (50.0%), but there was a low percentage in endometrial atypical hyperplasia (12.5%). High PKM2 expression was not found in the normal endometrium (0.0%) nor endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (0.0%). The PKM2 protein score was significantly higher in endometrial carcinoma samples than premalignant endometrial lesions (p < 0.001). Notably, higher PKM2 scores in cases of endometrial carcinoma correlated with poor overall survival (p = 0.006), and the hazard ratio for death was 3.40 (95% confidence interval, 1.35–8.56). Conclusions: Our results indicate that the prevalence of PKM2high tumor cells in endometrial carcinoma is significantly associated with worse prognostic factors and favors a poor prognosis. The expression of PKM2 is also a potential histopathological biomarker for use in the differential diagnosis of malignant and premalignant endometrial lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-J.L.); (M.-H.Y.); (P.-W.C.); (Y.-C.W.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Magong City 88056, Penghu Branch, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Chou
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Jia Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Mu-Hsien Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-J.L.); (M.-H.Y.); (P.-W.C.); (Y.-C.W.)
| | - Yu-Che Ou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 800, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wei Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-J.L.); (M.-H.Y.); (P.-W.C.); (Y.-C.W.)
| | - Chia-Chun Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; (Y.-J.L.); (M.-H.Y.); (P.-W.C.); (Y.-C.W.)
| | - Tai-Kuang Chao
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
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Zhang L, Bailleul J, Yazal T, Dong K, Sung D, Dao A, Gosa L, Nathanson D, Bhat K, Duhachek-Muggy S, Alli C, Dratver MB, Pajonk F, Vlashi E. PK-M2-mediated metabolic changes in breast cancer cells induced by ionizing radiation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 178:75-86. [PMID: 31372790 PMCID: PMC6790295 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy (RT) constitutes an important part of breast cancer treatment. However, triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) exhibit remarkable resistance to most therapies, including RT. Developing new ways to radiosensitize TNBC cells could result in improved patient outcomes. The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PK-M2) is believed to be responsible for the re-wiring of cancer cell metabolism after oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of ionizing radiation (IR) on PK-M2-mediated metabolic changes in TNBC cells, and their survival. In addition, we determine the effect of PK-M2 activators on breast cancer stem cells, a radioresistant subpopulation of breast cancer stem cells. METHODS Glucose uptake, lactate production, and glutamine consumption were assessed. The cellular localization of PK-M2 was evaluated by western blot and confocal microscopy. The small molecule activator of PK-M2, TEPP46, was used to promote its pyruvate kinase function. Finally, effects on cancer stem cell were evaluated via sphere forming capacity. RESULTS Exposure of TNBC cells to IR increased their glucose uptake and lactate production. As expected, PK-M2 expression levels also increased, especially in the nucleus, although overall pyruvate kinase activity was decreased. PK-M2 nuclear localization was shown to be associated with breast cancer stem cells, and activation of PK-M2 by TEPP46 depleted this population. CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy can induce metabolic changes in TNBC cells, and these changes seem to be mediated, at least in part by PK-M2. Importantly, our results show that activators of PK-M2 can deplete breast cancer stem cells in vitro. This study supports the idea of combining PK-M2 activators with radiation to enhance the effect of radiotherapy in resistant cancers, such as TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Justine Bailleul
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Taha Yazal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Kevin Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - David Sung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Amy Dao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Laura Gosa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kruttika Bhat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Sara Duhachek-Muggy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Claudia Alli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Milana Bochkur Dratver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Frank Pajonk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erina Vlashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Zhou J, Hui X, Mao Y, Fan L. Identification of novel genes associated with a poor prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via a bioinformatics analysis. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190625. [PMID: 31311829 PMCID: PMC6680377 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a class of the commonest malignant carcinomas. The present study aimed to elucidate the potential biomarker and prognostic targets in PDAC. The array data of GSE41368, GSE43795, GSE55643, and GSE41369 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs) in PDAC were obtained by using GEO2R, and overlapped DEGs were acquired with Venn Diagrams. Functional enrichment analysis of overlapped DEGs and DEmiRNAs was conducted with Metascape and FunRich, respectively. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of overlapped DEGs was constructed by STRING and visualized with Cytoscape. Overall survival (OS) of DEmiRNAs and hub genes were investigated by Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter (KM plotter). Transcriptional data and correlation analyses among hub genes were verified through GEPIA and Human Protein Atlas (HPA). Additionally, miRNA targets were searched using miRTarBase, then miRNA-DEG regulatory network was visualized with Cytoscape. A total of 32 DEmiRNAs and 150 overlapped DEGs were identified, and Metascape showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in cellular chemical homeostasis and pathways in cancer, while DEmiRNAs were mainly enriched in signal transduction and Glypican pathway. Moreover, seven hub genes with a high degree, namely, V-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC), solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1), PKM, plasminogen activator, urokinase (PLAU), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARG), MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET), and integrin subunit α 3 (ITGA3), were identified and found to be up-regulated between PDAC and normal tissues. miR-135b, miR-221, miR-21, miR-27a, miR-199b-5p, miR-143, miR-196a, miR-655, miR-455-3p, miR-744 and hub genes predicted poor OS of PDAC. An integrative bioinformatics analysis identified several hub genes that may serve as potential biomarkers or targets for early diagnosis and precision target treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of General Ward 1, Zhejiang Hospital of Lingyin District, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoliang Hui
- Department of General Ward 1, Zhejiang Hospital of Lingyin District, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of General Ward 1, Zhejiang Hospital of Lingyin District, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liya Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Hospital of Sandun District, Zhejiang, China
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Zhang Z, Deng X, Liu Y, Liu Y, Sun L, Chen F. PKM2, function and expression and regulation. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:52. [PMID: 31391918 PMCID: PMC6595688 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK), as one of the key enzymes for glycolysis, can encode four different subtypes from two groups of genes, although the M2 subtype PKM2 is expressed mainly during embryonic development in normal humans, and is closely related to tissue repair and regeneration, with the deepening of research, the role of PKM2 in tumor tissue has received increasing attention. PKM2 can be aggregated into tetrameric and dimeric forms, PKM2 in the dimer state can enter the nuclear to regulate gene expression, the transformation between them can play an important role in tumor cell energy supply, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and metastasis and cell proliferation. We will use the switching effect of PKM2 in glucose metabolism as the entry point to expand and enrich the Warburg effect. In addition, PKM2 can also regulate each other with various proteins by phosphorylation, acetylation and other modifications, mediate the different intracellular localization of PKM2 and then exert specific biological functions. In this paper, we will illustrate each of these points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Xinyue Deng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Yuanda Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041 China
| | - Yahui Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Liankun Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
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Yao GW, Bai JR, Zhang DP. P21 activated kinase 2 promotes pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3709-3718. [PMID: 30930982 PMCID: PMC6425405 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has an overall 5-year survival rate of only 9%, due to its rapid metastasis and poor prognosis. To combat this disease, novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers are required. In this study, immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of P21 activated kinase 2 (PAK2) protein in the tissues of cancer and the paired adjacent normal tissues. The association between PAK2 and the clinicopathologic features of patients with pancreatic cancer was subsequently analyzed. The results indicated that PAK2 was overexpressed in the cancer tissues, which indicated high pTNM stage, poor tumor grade, lymph node metastasis and vascular invasion. In addition, the results demonstrated evidence of a close association between PAK2 expression and poor prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer. The results also suggested that PAK2 may promote pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and migration in vitro through clone formation, MTT, wound healing and Transwell assays. The present study further identified that PAK2 could stimulate pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis in mice. Decreased expression of proliferation marker protein Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in response to PAK2 knockdown further verified the role of PAK2 in promoting cell proliferation by western blot analysis. In addition, the expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) 2 and MMP9 were decreased in PANC1 and BxPC3 cell lines transfected with PAK2-short hairpin RNA as indicated in western blot analysis, suggesting a function of PAK2 in promoting cell invasion. Collectively, these findings revealed a critical role for PAK2 in the development of pancreatic cancer and may have important implications for the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Wang Yao
- Department of the 1st Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Rui Bai
- Department of the 1st Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Da-Peng Zhang
- Department of the 1st Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
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A critical review of the role of M 2PYK in the Warburg effect. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:225-239. [PMID: 30708038 PMCID: PMC6525063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming generally accepted in recent literature that the Warburg effect in cancer depends on inhibition of M2PYK, the pyruvate kinase isozyme most commonly expressed in tumors. We remain skeptical. There continues to be a general lack of solid experimental evidence for the underlying idea that a bottle neck in aerobic glycolysis at the level of M2PYK results in an expanded pool of glycolytic intermediates (which are thought to serve as building blocks necessary for proliferation and growth of cancer cells). If a bottle neck at M2PYK exists, then the remarkable increase in lactate production by cancer cells is a paradox, particularly since a high percentage of the carbons of lactate originate from glucose. The finding that pyruvate kinase activity is invariantly increased rather than decreased in cancer undermines the logic of the M2PYK bottle neck, but is consistent with high lactate production. The "inactive" state of M2PYK in cancer is often described as a dimer (with reduced substrate affinity) that has dissociated from an active tetramer of M2PYK. Although M2PYK clearly dissociates easier than other isozymes of pyruvate kinase, it is not clear that dissociation of the tetramer occurs in vivo when ligands are present that promote tetramer formation. Furthermore, it is also not clear whether the dissociated dimer retains any activity at all. A number of non-canonical functions for M2PYK have been proposed, all of which can be challenged by the finding that not all cancer cell types are dependent on M2PYK expression. Additional in-depth studies of the Warburg effect and specifically of the possible regulatory role of M2PYK in the Warburg effect are needed.
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Yi M, Ban Y, Tan Y, Xiong W, Li G, Xiang B. 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 and 4: A pair of valves for fine-tuning of glucose metabolism in human cancer. Mol Metab 2018; 20:1-13. [PMID: 30553771 PMCID: PMC6358545 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cells favor the use of less efficient glycolysis rather than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to metabolize glucose, even in oxygen-rich conditions, a distinct metabolic alteration named the Warburg effect or aerobic glycolysis. In adult cells, bifunctional 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB) family members are responsible for controlling the steady-state cytoplasmic levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, which allosterically activates 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase, the key enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting reaction of glycolysis. PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 are the two main isoenzymes overexpressed in various human cancers. Scope of review In this review, we summarize recent findings on the glycolytic and extraglycolytic roles of PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 in cancer progression and discuss potential therapies for targeting of PFKFB3 and PFKFB4. Major conclusions PFKFB3 has the highest kinase activity to shunt glucose toward glycolysis, whereas PFKFB4 has more FBPase-2 activity, redirecting glucose toward the pentose phosphate pathway, providing reducing power for lipid biosynthesis and scavenging reactive oxygen species. Co-expression of PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 provides sufficient glucose metabolism to satisfy the bioenergetics demand and redox homeostasis requirements of cancer cells. Various reversible post-translational modifications of PFKFB3 enable cancer cells to flexibly adapt glucose metabolism in response to diverse stress conditions. In addition to playing important roles in tumor cell glucose metabolism, PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 are widely involved in multiple biological processes, such as cell cycle regulation, autophagy, and transcriptional regulation in a non-glycolysis-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yi
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, The Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ban
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yixin Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, The Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Sizemore ST, Zhang M, Cho JH, Sizemore GM, Hurwitz B, Kaur B, Lehman NL, Ostrowski MC, Robe PA, Miao W, Wang Y, Chakravarti A, Xia F. Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates homologous recombination-mediated DNA double-strand break repair. Cell Res 2018; 28:1090-1102. [PMID: 30297868 PMCID: PMC6218445 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-018-0086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to genotoxic therapies is a primary cause of treatment failure and tumor recurrence. The underlying mechanisms that activate the DNA damage response (DDR) and allow cancer cells to escape the lethal effects of genotoxic therapies remain unclear. Here, we uncover an unexpected mechanism through which pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), the highly expressed PK isoform in cancer cells and a master regulator of cancer metabolic reprogramming, integrates with the DDR to directly promote DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. In response to ionizing radiation and oxidative stress, ATM phosphorylates PKM2 at T328 resulting in its nuclear accumulation. pT328-PKM2 is required and sufficient to promote homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA DSB repair through phosphorylation of CtBP-interacting protein (CtIP) on T126 to increase CtIP's recruitment at DSBs and resection of DNA ends. Disruption of the ATM-PKM2-CtIP axis sensitizes cancer cells to a variety of DNA-damaging agents and PARP1 inhibition. Furthermore, increased nuclear pT328-PKM2 level is associated with significantly worse survival in glioblastoma patients. Combined, these data advocate the use of PKM2-targeting strategies as a means to not only disrupt cancer metabolism but also inhibit an important mechanism of resistance to genotoxic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Sizemore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Manchao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Ju Hwan Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gina M Sizemore
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Brian Hurwitz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Norman L Lehman
- Department of Pathology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Pierre A Robe
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Brain Institute, University Medical Center of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Human Genetics, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Weili Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Fen Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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Lu S, Wang Y. Nonmetabolic functions of metabolic enzymes in cancer development. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2018; 38:63. [PMID: 30367676 PMCID: PMC6235390 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-018-0336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is a fundamental biological process composed of a series of reactions catalyzed by metabolic enzymes. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the aberrant signaling in cancer cells induces nonmetabolic functions of metabolic enzymes in many instrumental cellular activities, which involve metabolic enzyme-mediated protein post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and succinylation. In the most well-researched literatures, metabolic enzymes phosphorylate proteins rather than their metabolites as substrates. Some metabolic enzymes have altered subcellular localization, which allows their metabolic products to directly participate in nonmetabolic activities. This review discusses how these findings have deepened our understanding on enzymes originally classified as metabolic enzymes, by highlighting the nonmetabolic functions of several metabolic enzymes responsible for the development of cancer, and evaluates the potential for targeting these functions in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Lu
- Brain Tumor Center and Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yugang Wang
- Brain Tumor Center and Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Kurihara-Shimomura M, Sasahira T, Nakashima C, Kuniyasu H, Shimomura H, Kirita T. The Multifarious Functions of Pyruvate Kinase M2 in Oral Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102907. [PMID: 30257458 PMCID: PMC6213602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), are the sixth most common malignancies worldwide. OSCC frequently leads to oral dysfunction, which worsens a patient’s quality of life. Moreover, its prognosis remains poor. Unlike normal cells, tumor cells preferentially metabolize glucose by aerobic glycolysis. Pyruvate kinase (PK) catalyzes the final step in glycolysis, and the transition from PKM1 to PKM2 is observed in many cancer cells. However, little is known about PKM expression and function in OSCC. In this study, we investigated the expression of PKM in OSCC specimens and performed a functional analysis of human OSCC cells. We found that the PKM2/PKM1 ratio was higher in OSCC cells than in adjacent normal mucosal cells and in samples obtained from dysplasia patients. Furthermore, PKM2 expression was strongly correlated with OSCC tumor progression on immunohistochemistry. PKM2 expression was higher during cell growth, invasion, and apoptosis in HSC3 cells, which show a high energy flow and whose metabolism depends on aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. PKM2 expression was also associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and integration of glutamine into lactate. Our results suggested that PKM2 has a variety of tumor progressive functions in OSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Kurihara-Shimomura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Tomonori Sasahira
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Chie Nakashima
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Shimomura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Tadaaki Kirita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
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Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals PAK2 as a therapeutic target for lapatinib resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:187-193. [PMID: 30243723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer with overexpression of HER2 accounts for approximately 25% of breast cancers and is more aggressive than other types of breast cancer. Lapatinib has been widely used as a HER2-targeted therapy, however, a number of patients develop lapatinib resistance and still suffer from poor prognosis. Therefore, it is essential to identify novel therapeutic targets that could overcome lapatinib resistance. In this study, we carried out phosphoproteomic analysis of lapatinib sensitive and resistant cell lines (SKBR3 and SKBR3-LR) using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). We identified 3808 phosphopeptides from 1807 proteins and then analyzed signaling pathways, Gene Ontology, and protein-protein interaction networks. Finally, we identified PAK2 as a therapeutic target from the network analysis and validated that PAK2 knockdown and PAK inhibitor treatment resensitize the lapatinib resistant cells to lapatinib. This results suggest that PAK2 is a potent therapeutic target to overcome acquired lapatinib resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer cells.
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Masamune A, Hamada S, Yoshida N, Nabeshima T, Shimosegawa T. Pyruvate Kinase Isozyme M2 Plays a Critical Role in the Interactions Between Pancreatic Stellate Cells and Cancer Cells. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:1868-1877. [PMID: 29619774 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic stellate cells plays a pivotal role in the progression of pancreatic cancer. Pyruvate kinase isozyme M2 is a key enzyme in glycolysis. Previous studies have shown that pyruvate kinase isozyme M2 is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and that it regulates the aggressive behaviors of pancreatic cancer cells. AIMS To clarify the role of pyruvate kinase isozyme M2 in the interactions between pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic stellate cells. METHODS Pyruvate kinase isozyme M2-knockdown pancreatic cancer cells (Panc-1 and SUIT-2 cells) and pancreatic stellate cells were generated by the introduction of small interfering RNA-expressing vector against pyruvate kinase isozyme M2. Cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition were examined in vitro. The impact of pyruvate kinase isozyme M2 knockdown on the growth of subcutaneous tumors was examined in nude mice in vivo. RESULTS Pyruvate kinase isozyme M2-kockdown pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic stellate cells showed decreased proliferation and migration compared to their respective control cells. Pancreatic stellate cell-induced proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition were inhibited when pyruvate kinase isozyme M2 expression was knocked down in pancreatic cancer cells. In vivo, co-injection of pancreatic stellate cells increased the size of the tumor developed by the control SUIT-2 cells, but the effects were less evident when pyruvate kinase isozyme M2 was knocked down in SUIT-2 cells or pancreatic stellate cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested a critical role of pyruvate kinase isozyme M2 in the interaction between pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Masamune
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Shin Hamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tatsuhide Nabeshima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
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50
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Lu Z, Hunter T. Metabolic Kinases Moonlighting as Protein Kinases. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:301-310. [PMID: 29463470 PMCID: PMC5879014 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases regulate every aspect of cellular activity, whereas metabolic enzymes are responsible for energy production and catabolic and anabolic processes. Emerging evidence demonstrates that some metabolic enzymes, such as pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), ketohexokinase (KHK) isoform A (KHK-A), hexokinase (HK), and nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 and 2 (NME1/2), that phosphorylate soluble metabolites can also function as protein kinases and phosphorylate a variety of protein substrates to regulate the Warburg effect, gene expression, cell cycle progression and proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, exosome secretion, T cell activation, iron transport, ion channel opening, and many other fundamental cellular functions. The elevated protein kinase functions of these moonlighting metabolic enzymes in tumor development make them promising therapeutic targets for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Lu
- Brain Tumor Center and Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cancer Biology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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