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Zheng HY, Song TZ, Zheng YT. Immunobiology of COVID-19: Mechanistic and therapeutic insights from animal models. Zool Res 2024; 45:747-766. [PMID: 38894519 PMCID: PMC11298684 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The distribution of the immune system throughout the body complicates in vitro assessments of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immunobiology, often resulting in a lack of reproducibility when extrapolated to the whole organism. Consequently, developing animal models is imperative for a comprehensive understanding of the pathology and immunology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This review summarizes current progress related to COVID-19 animal models, including non-human primates (NHPs), mice, and hamsters, with a focus on their roles in exploring the mechanisms of immunopathology, immune protection, and long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as their application in immunoprevention and immunotherapy of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Differences among these animal models and their specific applications are also highlighted, as no single model can fully encapsulate all aspects of COVID-19. To effectively address the challenges posed by COVID-19, it is essential to select appropriate animal models that can accurately replicate both fatal and non-fatal infections with varying courses and severities. Optimizing animal model libraries and associated research tools is key to resolving the global COVID-19 pandemic, serving as a robust resource for future emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China. E-mail:
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2
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Gutierrez-Chavez C, Aperrigue-Lira S, Ortiz-Saavedra B, Paz I. Chemokine receptors in COVID-19 infection. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 388:53-94. [PMID: 39260938 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors play diverse roles in the immune response against pathogens by recruiting innate and adaptive immune cells to sites of infection. However, their involvement could also be detrimental, causing tissue damage and exacerbating respiratory diseases by triggering histological alterations such as fibrosis and remodeling. This chapter reviews the role of chemokine receptors in the immune defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In COVID-19, CXCR3 is expressed mainly in T cells, and its upregulation is related to an increase in SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies but also to COVID-19 severity. CCR5 is a key player in T-cell recruitment, and its suppression leads to reduced inflammation and viremia levels. Conversely, CXCR6 is implicated in the aberrant migration of memory T cells within airways. On the other hand, increased CCR4+ cells in the blood and decreased CCR4+ cells in lung cells are associated with severe COVID-19. Additionally, CCR2 is associated with an increase in macrophage recruitment to lung tissues. Elevated levels of CXCR1 and CXCR2, which are predominantly expressed in neutrophils, are associated with the severity of the disease, and finally, the expression of CX3CR1 in cytotoxic T lymphocytes affects the retention of these cells in lung tissues, thereby impacting the severity of COVID-19. Despite the efforts of many clinical trials to find effective therapies for COVID-19 using chemokine receptor inhibitors, no conclusive results have been found due to the small number of patients, redundancy, and co-expression of chemokine receptors by immune cells, which explains the difficulty in finding a single therapeutic target or effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shalom Aperrigue-Lira
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru; Grupo de Investigación en Inmunología-GII, UNSA, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Brando Ortiz-Saavedra
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru; Grupo de Investigación en Inmunología-GII, UNSA, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Irmia Paz
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru.
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3
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Zhang J, Rissmann M, Kuiken T, Haagmans BL. Comparative Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:423-451. [PMID: 37832946 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052620-121224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades the world has witnessed the global spread of two genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. However, the impact of these outbreaks differed significantly with respect to the hospitalizations and fatalities seen worldwide. While many studies have been performed recently on SARS-CoV-2, a comparative pathogenesis analysis with SARS-CoV may further provide critical insights into the mechanisms of disease that drive coronavirus-induced respiratory disease. In this review, we comprehensively describe clinical and experimental observations related to transmission and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with SARS-CoV, focusing on human, animal, and in vitro studies. By deciphering the similarities and disparities of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, in terms of transmission and pathogenesis mechanisms, we offer insights into the divergent characteristics of these two viruses. This information may also be relevant to assessing potential novel introductions of genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Zhang
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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4
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Ma C, Wu J, Lei H, Huang H, Li Y. Significance of m6A in subtype identification, immunological evolution, and therapeutic sensitivity of RA. Immunobiology 2024; 229:152781. [PMID: 38154164 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one kind of important epigenetic modification pattern which is extensively involved in immune regulation. The development and progression of autoimmune diseases are closely related to immune dysregulation. Considering that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a typical autoimmune disease, the m6A process might be one of the important regulatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of RA. In this study, we identified five differentially expressed m6A regulators in normal and RA samples from the GEO database. With these five regulators, we constructed the nomogram, and it could accurately identify the risk of RA morbidity. Next, we identified 121 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal and RA samples, of which 36 DEGs were co-expressed with these five m6A regulators. We noted that these DEGs were highly enriched in multiple immunoregulatory signaling pathways, such as cytokine-mediated immune cell chemotaxis, adhesion, and activation. To further characterize the heterogeneity of immunological features, we clustered the RA samples into two subtypes. The C2 subtype has higher infiltration levels of pro-inflammatory cells and activity of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. Thus, the inflammatory response might be more vigorous in the C2 subtype. Next, we constructed the m6Asig system with the SVM machine learning algorithms and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. The m6Asig could accurately distinguish the C1 and C2 subtypes, which indicated that the m6Asig could be a potential biomarker for the inflammatory activity of RA. Finally, by comparing the information from the CellMiner, TTD, and DrugBank databases, we determined 25 drugs. The targets of these drugs were positively correlated with m6Asig. To be clarified, the above findings were derived from bioinformatics and statistical analyses, and further experimental validation still requires. In summary, this study further revealed the m6A and immunoregulation mechanisms in RA pathogenesis. Also, the m6Asig could be a novel biomarker with potential applicability in the clinical management of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Hongwei Lei
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yingnan Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
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5
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Hu Y, Liu Y, Zheng H, Liu L. Risk Factors for Long COVID in Older Adults. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3002. [PMID: 38002002 PMCID: PMC10669899 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As time has passed following the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 have gradually exhibited a variety of symptoms associated with long COVID in the postacute phase of infection. Simultaneously, in many countries worldwide, the process of population aging has been accelerating. Within this context, the elderly population has not only become susceptible and high-risk during the acute phase of COVID-19 but also has considerable risks when confronting long COVID. Elderly individuals possess specific immunological backgrounds, and during the process of aging, their immune systems can enter a state known as "immunosenescence". This further exacerbates "inflammaging" and the development of various comorbidities in elderly individuals, rendering them more susceptible to long COVID. Additionally, long COVID can inflict both physical and mental harm upon elderly people, thereby reducing their overall quality of life. Consequently, the impact of long COVID on elderly people should not be underestimated. This review seeks to summarize the infection characteristics and intrinsic factors of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on the physical and mental impact of long COVID. Additionally, it aims to explore potential strategies to mitigate the risk of long COVID or other emerging infectious diseases among older adults in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Longding Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccines, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.)
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6
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Xu H, Lin S, Zhou Z, Li D, Zhang X, Yu M, Zhao R, Wang Y, Qian J, Li X, Li B, Wei C, Chen K, Yoshimura T, Wang JM, Huang J. New genetic and epigenetic insights into the chemokine system: the latest discoveries aiding progression toward precision medicine. Cell Mol Immunol 2023:10.1038/s41423-023-01032-x. [PMID: 37198402 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past thirty years, the importance of chemokines and their seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been increasingly recognized. Chemokine interactions with receptors trigger signaling pathway activity to form a network fundamental to diverse immune processes, including host homeostasis and responses to disease. Genetic and nongenetic regulation of both the expression and structure of chemokines and receptors conveys chemokine functional heterogeneity. Imbalances and defects in the system contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including cancer, immune and inflammatory diseases, and metabolic and neurological disorders, which render the system a focus of studies aiming to discover therapies and important biomarkers. The integrated view of chemokine biology underpinning divergence and plasticity has provided insights into immune dysfunction in disease states, including, among others, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this review, by reporting the latest advances in chemokine biology and results from analyses of a plethora of sequencing-based datasets, we outline recent advances in the understanding of the genetic variations and nongenetic heterogeneity of chemokines and receptors and provide an updated view of their contribution to the pathophysiological network, focusing on chemokine-mediated inflammation and cancer. Clarification of the molecular basis of dynamic chemokine-receptor interactions will help advance the understanding of chemokine biology to achieve precision medicine application in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanli Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shuye Lin
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Institute, 101149, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Duoduo Li
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiting Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Muhan Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ruoyi Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Junru Qian
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Li
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bohan Li
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chuhan Wei
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 ShangyuanCun, Haidian District, 100044, Beijing, P.R. China.
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Institute, 101149, Beijing, China.
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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7
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Li S, Zhang Y, Guan Z, Ye M, Li H, You M, Zhou Z, Zhang C, Zhang F, Lu B, Zhou P, Peng K. SARS-CoV-2 Z-RNA activates the ZBP1-RIPK3 pathway to promote virus-induced inflammatory responses. Cell Res 2023; 33:201-214. [PMID: 36650286 PMCID: PMC9844202 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection can trigger strong inflammatory responses and cause severe lung damage in COVID-19 patients with critical illness. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the infection induces excessive inflammatory responses are not fully understood. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 infection results in the formation of viral Z-RNA in the cytoplasm of infected cells and thereby activates the ZBP1-RIPK3 pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of RIPK3 by GSK872 or genetic deletion of MLKL reduced SARS-CoV-2-induced IL-1β release. ZBP1 or RIPK3 deficiency leads to reduced production of both inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during SARS-CoV-2 infection both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, deletion of ZBP1 or RIPK3 alleviated SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced immune cell infiltration and lung damage in infected mouse models. These results suggest that the ZBP1-RIPK3 pathway plays a critical role in SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammatory responses and lung damage. Our study provides novel insights into how SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers inflammatory responses and lung pathology, and implicates the therapeutic potential of targeting ZBP1-RIPK3 axis in treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenqiong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meidi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao You
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhou
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chongtao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ben Lu
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ke Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Antiviral Research, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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8
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Monitoring and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of laboratory rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Sci Rep 2023; 13:3274. [PMID: 36841887 PMCID: PMC9958316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of effective vaccines and a high vaccination rate allowed the recent mitigation, or even withdrawal, of many protective measures for containing the SARS CoV-2 pandemic. At the same time, new and highly mutated variants of the virus are found to have significantly higher transmissibility and reduced vaccine efficacy, thus causing high infection rates during the third year of the pandemic. The combination of reduced measures and increased infectivity poses a particular risk for unvaccinated individuals, including animals susceptible to the virus. Among the latter, non-human primates (NHPs) are particularly vulnerable. They serve as important models in various fields of biomedical research and because of their cognitive capabilities, they receive particular attention in animal welfare regulations around the world. Yet, although they played an extraordinarily important role for developing and testing vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the protection of captive rhesus monkeys against Covid-19 has rarely been discussed. We here report upon twofold mRNA vaccination of a cohort of 19 elderly rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) against infection by SARS-CoV-2. All animals were closely monitored on possible side effects of vaccination, and were tested for neutralising antibodies against the virus. The data show that vaccination of rhesus monkeys is a safe and reliable measure to protect these animals against SARS-CoV-2.
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9
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Zhang C, Deng Y, Zhang Y, Ba T, Niu S, Chen Y, Gao Y, Dai H. CXCR3 Inhibition Blocks the NF-κB Signaling Pathway by Elevating Autophagy to Ameliorate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Dysfunction in Mice. Cells 2023; 12:cells12010182. [PMID: 36611975 PMCID: PMC9818741 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process in the evolutionarily conservative turnover of intracellular substances in eukaryotes, which is involved in both immune homeostasis and injury repairment. CXCR3 is an interferon-induced chemokine receptor that participates in immune regulation and inflammatory responses. However, CXCR3 regulating intestine injury via autophagy along with the precise underlying mechanism have yet to be elucidated. In the current study, we employed an LPS-induced inflammatory mouse model and confirmed that CXCR3 knockout significantly attenuates intestinal mucosal structural damage and increases tight junction protein expression. CXCR3 knockout alleviated the LPS-induced increase in the expression of inflammatory factors including TNF-α, IL-6, p-65, and JNK-1 and enhanced autophagy by elevating LC3II, ATG12, and PINK1/Parkin expression. Mechanistically, the function of CXCR3 regarding autophagy and immunity was investigated in IPEC-J2 cells. CXCR3 inhibition by AMG487 enhanced autophagy and reduced the inflammatory response, as well as blocked the NF-κB signaling pathway and elevated the expression of the tight junction protein marker Claudin-1. Correspondingly, these effects were abolished by autophagy inhibition with the selective blocker, 3-MA. Moreover, the immunofluorescence assay results further demonstrated that CXCR3 inhibition-mediated autophagy blocked p65 nuclear translocation, and the majority of Claudin-1 was located at the tight junctions. In conclusion, CXCR3 inhibition reversed LPS-induced intestinal barrier damage and alleviated the NF-κB signaling pathway via enhancing autophagy. These data provided a theoretical basis for elucidating the immunoregulatory mechanism by targeting CXCR3 to prevent intestinal dysfunction.
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Zhang B, Zhang Q, Yang L, Zheng H, Pang G, Zhao M, Sun B, Cao J. Role of miR-584-5p in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Inflammation and Apoptosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:2408682. [PMID: 35449817 PMCID: PMC9017489 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2408682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome is a common clinical syndrome characterized by respiratory failure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are closely related to ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome. TargetScan software analysis showed that miR-584-5p can bind to the 3' noncoding region of TLR4, which is involved in the occurrence and development of ALI, thereby affecting the inflammatory pathway and inflammation development. Thus, we aimed to determine whether miR-584-5p affects ALI. Human bronchial epithelial (16-HBE) cells were transfected with miR-584-5p mimics or inhibitors and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).The cell viability, apoptosis, release of proinflammatory factors, mTOR, and NF-κB pathway protein expression were evaluated respectively. Mimic584 increased, whereas inhibitor584 decreased, LPS-stimulated inflammation. The protein expression of inflammatory factors was significantly increased in 16-HBE cells in the mimic584 + LPS group and decreased in the inhibitor584 + LPS group. Mimic584 activated mTOR and the NF-κB-related proteins P65 and p-p65, whereas inhibitor584 inactivated the proteins in 16-HBE cells. Overexpression of miR-584 significantly promoted apoptosis in LPS-stimulated 16-HBE cells. There were no differences in the proliferation and cell cycle of LPS-stimulated 16-HBE cells regardless of mimic584 or inhibitor584 transfection. Collectively, we demonstrated that inhibitor584 can alleviate ALI-induced expression of inflammatory factors via mTOR signaling and the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, we found that inhibitor584 transfection could be a potential therapeutic strategy for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Linying Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Hongfei Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Guifen Pang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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11
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Brownlie D, Rødahl I, Varnaite R, Asgeirsson H, Glans H, Falck-Jones S, Vangeti S, Buggert M, Ljunggren HG, Michaëlsson J, Gredmark-Russ S, Smed-Sörensen A, Marquardt N. Comparison of Lung-Homing Receptor Expression and Activation Profiles on NK Cell and T Cell Subsets in COVID-19 and Influenza. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834862. [PMID: 35371005 PMCID: PMC8966396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses commonly induce a strong infiltration of immune cells into the human lung, with potential detrimental effects on the integrity of the lung tissue. Despite comprising the largest fractions of circulating lymphocytes in the lung, rather little is known about how peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cell and T cell subsets are equipped for lung-homing in COVID-19 and influenza. Here, we provide a detailed comparative analysis of NK cells and T cells in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 or influenza virus, focusing on the protein and gene expression of chemokine receptors known to be involved in recruitment to the lung. For this, we used 28-colour flow cytometry as well as re-analysis of a publicly available single-cell RNA-seq dataset from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Frequencies of NK cells and T cells expressing CXCR3, CXCR6, and CCR5 were altered in peripheral blood of COVID-19 and influenza patients, in line with increased transcript expression of CXCR3, CXCR6, and CCR5 and their respective ligands in BAL fluid. NK cells and T cells expressing lung-homing receptors displayed stronger phenotypic signs of activation compared to cells lacking lung-homing receptors, and activation was overall stronger in influenza compared to COVID-19. Together, our results indicate a role for CXCR3+, CXCR6+, and/or CCR5+ NK cells and T cells that potentially migrate to the lungs in moderate COVID-19 and influenza patients, identifying common targets for future therapeutic interventions in respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi Brownlie
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inga Rødahl
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renata Varnaite
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hilmir Asgeirsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hedvig Glans
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Falck-Jones
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sindhu Vangeti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Gredmark-Russ
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Marquardt
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Wu ML, Liu FL, Sun J, Li X, He XY, Zheng HY, Zhou YH, Yan Q, Chen L, Yu GY, Chang J, Jin X, Zhao J, Chen XW, Zheng YT, Wang JH. SARS-CoV-2-triggered mast cell rapid degranulation induces alveolar epithelial inflammation and lung injury. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:428. [PMID: 34921131 PMCID: PMC8677926 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced hyper-inflammation links to the acute lung injury and COVID-19 severity. Identifying the primary mediators that initiate the uncontrolled hypercytokinemia is essential for treatments. Mast cells (MCs) are strategically located at the mucosa and beneficially or detrimentally regulate immune inflammations. In this study, we showed that SARS-CoV-2-triggered MC degranulation initiated alveolar epithelial inflammation and lung injury. SARS-CoV-2 challenge induced MC degranulation in ACE-2 humanized mice and rhesus macaques, and a rapid MC degranulation could be recapitulated with Spike-RBD binding to ACE2 in cells; MC degranulation altered various signaling pathways in alveolar epithelial cells, particularly, the induction of pro-inflammatory factors and consequential disruption of tight junctions. Importantly, the administration of clinical MC stabilizers for blocking degranulation dampened SARS-CoV-2-induced production of pro-inflammatory factors and prevented lung injury. These findings uncover a novel mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 initiating lung inflammation, and suggest an off-label use of MC stabilizer as immunomodulators for COVID-19 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Li Wu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Feng-Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Xin Li
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xiao-Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Yan-Heng Zhou
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Qihong Yan
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Guo-Ying Yu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Xin-Wen Chen
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
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