Regulated cell death (RCD) in cancer: key pathways and targeted therapies

2-(Diarylalkyl)aminobenzothiazole derivatives induce autophagy and apoptotic death through SIRT inhibition and P53 activation In MCF7 breast cancer cells

Sirtuins (SIRTs) are multifunctional proteins that exhibit a wide range of substrate preferences and cellular localizations. They are reliant on NAD+ and are essential for the regulation of several cellular functions. The SIRT proteins play important role towards tumor survival and resistance mechanisms in tumor cells. Therefore, molecules targeting SIRT proteins gained significant recognition in cancer research. In this work, we explored the anticancer property, potential and mode of action of 2-(diarylalkyl)aminobenzothiazole derivatives on MCF7 human breast cancer cells. Our studies established that 2-(diarylalkyl)aminobenzothiazole derivatives 1-((6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)(3,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl)naphthalen-2-ol (7ab) and 1-((6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)(4-bromophenyl)methyl)naphthalen-2-ol (7ba) treatment in a dose dependent manner drastically lowered the cell proliferation in MCF7 cells and the IC50 values of 7ab and 7ba was found to be 11.4 µM and 9.6 µM at 24 hr in these cells. Docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies further revealed that 7ab and 7ba show significant binding with SIRT1 protein. Consistently, treatment with 7ab and 7ba reduced the expression levels of SIRT1 protein while increasing acetylation of p53, a known SIRT protein target in MCF-7 cells. We observed that SIRT1inhibition was associated with activation of p53, an essential protein for apoptotic cell death, in MCF-7 cell lines. Furthermore, 7ab and 7ba treatment induced LC3-II expression and vacuole formation in the cytoplasm leading to autophagic cell death. Our findings together reveal the plausible cellular targets and specificity of these new small molecules as SIRT inhibitors, which increase p53 acetylation and suppress the proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by triggering autophagic and apoptotic cell death.

Eriodictyol 5-O-methyl ether inhibits prostate cancer progression through targeting STAT3 signaling and inducing apoptosis and paraptosis

Prostate cancer ranks as one of the most prevalent cancers among men and is a major cause of cancer-related mortality globally This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of eriodictyol 5-O-methyl ether (ERIO) on prostate cancer cells, focusing on its impact on STAT3 signaling, apoptosis, and paraptosis. ERIO exhibited significant cytotoxicity against DU145, PC-3, and LNCaP cells. It suppressed constitutive and IL-6-induced STAT3 activation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of JAK1, JAK2, and Src kinases. ERIO upregulated SHP-2 expression, leading to the dephosphorylation of STAT3. ERIO induced apoptosis, evidenced by increased caspase-3 and PARP cleavage, and paraptosis, characterized by increased ROS production, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and ER stress. The antioxidant NAC reversed the effects of ERIO, highlighting the importance of oxidative stress in its anti-cancer activity. ERIO effectively inhibited prostate cancer cell growth by targeting STAT3 signaling and inducing both apoptosis and paraptosis. These findings suggest that ERIO has significant therapeutic potential for prostate cancer treatment and warrant further investigation in in vivo and clinical studies.

Peptide-driven strategies against lung cancer

Lung cancer remains one of the most significant global health challenges, accounting for 18 % of all cancer-related deaths. While risk factors such as heavy metal exposure and cigarette smoking are well-known contributors, the limitations of conventional treatments including severe side effects and drug resistance highlight the urgent need for more targeted and safer therapeutic options. In this context, peptides have emerged as a novel, precise, and effective class of therapies for lung cancer treatment. They have shown promise in limiting lung cancer progression by targeting key molecular pathways involved in tumour growth. Anti-non-small cell lung cancer peptides that specifically target proteins such as EGFR, TP53, BRAF, MET, ROS1, and ALK have demonstrated potential in improving lung cancer outcomes. Additionally, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis-inducing peptides offer further therapeutic benefits. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the peptides currently in use or under investigation for the treatment of lung cancer, highlighting their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. As research continues to advance, peptides are poised to become a promising new therapeutic option in the fight against lung cancer.

Urchin-like magnetic nanoparticles loaded with type X collagen siRNA and Stattic to treat triple negative breast cancer under rotating magnetic field like an "enchanted micro-scalpel"

Magnetic nanoparticles effectively target drug delivery, contrast agents, biosensors, and more. Urchin-like magnetic nanoparticles (UMN) with abundant spike-like structures exhibit superior magneto-mechanical force to destroy tumor cells compared with other shapes of magnetic nanoparticles. However, when cell contents are released from tumor cells induced by magneto-mechanical force, they can act on surrounding tumor cells to facilitate tumor development. Therefore, multifunctional UMN is necessary. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important inflammatory factor which is released after cell rupture, it can activate the STAT3 signaling pathway to promote tumor progression. Type X collagen (COL10A1) is a significant component of the extracellular matrix, ranking second among all aberrant genes in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and its knockdown can suppress tumorigenesis and metastasis. Here, we built a rotating magnetic field (RMF) platform, and a novel UMN using a straightforward solvothermal method was synthesized, which was much simpler than existing method. Stattic (STAT3 inhibitor) and COL10A1 siRNA were loaded onto the UMN@PEI to form UMNP/St/si. The RMF drove UMNP/St/si disrupted the cell membrane, promoted cell death. The inhibitory effects of UMNP/St/si under RMF on TNBC were verified both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, despite the increase in IL-6 due to cell rupture, IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway was inhibited by Stattic, compensating for the deficiency of magneto-mechanical force. Moreover, the underlying mechanical mechanism of UMNP/St/si after exposure to RMF was also analyzed. It suggests that UMNP/St/si is a promising and effective strategy for TNBC treatment and provides valuable insights for treating other diseases as well.

Old drugs, new challenges: reassigning drugs for cancer therapies

The "War on Cancer" began with the National Cancer Act of 1971 and despite more than 50 years of effort and numerous successes, there still remains much more work to be done. The major challenge remains the complexity and intrinsic polygenicity of neoplastic diseases. Furthermore, the safety of the antitumor therapies still remains a concern given their often off-target effects. Although the amount of money invested in research and development required to introduce a novel FDA-approved drug has continuously increased, the likelihood for a new cancer drug's approval remains limited. One interesting alternative approach, however, is the idea of repurposing of old drugs, which is both faster and less costly than developing new drugs. Repurposed drugs have the potential to address the shortage of new drugs with the added benefit that the safety concerns are already established. That being said, their interactions with other new drugs in combination therapies, however, should be tested. In this review, we discuss the history of repurposed drugs, some successes and failures, as well as the multiple challenges and obstacles that need to be addressed in order to enhance repurposed drugs' potential for new cancer therapies.

Deciphering programmed cell death mechanisms in osteosarcoma for prognostic modeling

Osteosarcoma (OS), known for its high recurrence and metastasis rates, poses a significant challenge in oncology. Our research investigates the role of programmed cell death (PCD) genes in OS and develops a prognostic model using advanced bioinformatics. We analyzed single-cell sequencing data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify subpopulations, distinguish malignant from non-malignant cells, assess cell cycle phases, and map PCD gene distribution. Additionally, we applied consistency clustering to bulk sequencing data from GEO and TARGET (Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments) databases, facilitating survival analysis across clusters with the Kaplan-Meier method. We calculated PCD scores for each cluster using the Single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA), which enabled a detailed examination of PCD-related gene expression and pathway scores. Our study also explored drug sensitivity differences and conducted comprehensive immune cell infiltration analyses using various algorithms. We identified differentially expressed genes, leading to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses that provided insights into relevant biological processes and pathways. The prognostic model, based on five pivotal genes (BAMBI, TMCC2, NOX4, DKK1, and CBS), was developed using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) algorithm and validated in the TARGET-OS and GSE16091 datasets, showing significant predictive accuracy. This research enhances our understanding of PCD in OS and supports the development of effective treatments.

Manganese dioxide-based in situ vaccine boosts antitumor immunity via simultaneous activation of immunogenic cell death and the STING pathway

In situ vaccine (ISV) can activate the anti-tumor immune system by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) at the tumor site. However, the development of tumor ISV still faces challenges due to insufficient tumor antigens released by tumor cells and the existence of tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIME). Targeting the STING pathway has been reported to enhance the adjuvant effects of in situ tumor vaccines by initiating innate immunity. Based on this, we developed a potent in situ cancer vaccine, MBMA-RGD ISV, which simultaneously induces ICD and activates the STING pathway to achieve sustained anti-tumor immunity. Specifically, a water-soluble prodrug Mit-ALA was synthesized from the chemotherapeutic agent mitoxantrone (Mit) and the photosensitizer precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) by pH-responsive ester bonds, which was then loaded into pre-synthesized BSA-MnO2 nanoparticles and functionalized with the targeting Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide to obtain MBMA-RGD ISV. This ISV actively targets tumor cells by binding integrin receptors and then gradually releases antitumor components in response to tumor microenvironment (TME). The released 5-ALA is metabolized in mitochondria to produce photosensitizer PpIX. Under laser irradiation, the photodynamic property of PpIX coupled with the photothermal effect of Mit synergistically induced ICD, resulting in the release of tumor antigens and evoking adaptive immunity. Meanwhile, released Mn2+ and Mit synergistically activate the STING pathway by inducing DNA damage, further enhancing antitumor immunity. Moreover, large amounts of oxygen released by MnO2 relieved the hypoxia microenvironment, thus sensitizing photodynamic therapy and improving the immunosuppressive state of TME. Therefore, MBMA-RGD ISV efficiently activates systemic antitumor immunity in vitro and in vivo, providing new strategies and ideas for the development of tumor ISV. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Using a biocompatible BSA-MnO2 nanoplatform, we developed a dual-prodrug tumor in situ vaccine (ISV) with tumor microenvironment-responsive action for synergistic cancer immunotherapy. Once internalized by tumor cells, the MBMA-RGD ISV responded to intracellular H+, H2O2, and GSH, releasing its therapeutic "cargo." Under laser irradiation, the combined effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) induced immunogenic cell death (ICD), effectively recruiting and stimulating dendritic cells (DCs). Concurrently, STING pathway activation, triggered by DNA damage, enhanced DC maturation. Moreover, the MnO2 component alleviated hypoxia within the tumor microenvironment by releasing significant amounts of oxygen, which facilitated the repolarization of macrophages from the M2 phenotype to the M1 phenotype. Therefore, MBMA-RGD ISV demonstrated potent suppression of tumor metastasis and recurrence without notable side effects in mouse tumor models.

The uptake of extracellular vesicles: Research progress in cancer drug resistance and beyond

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous vesicles released by donor cells that can be taken up by recipient cells, thus inducing cellular phenotype changes. Since their discovery decades ago, roles of EVs in modulating initiation, growth, survival and metastasis of cancer have been revealed. Recent studies from multifaceted perspectives have further detailed the contribution of EVs to cancer drug resistance; however, the role of EV uptake in conferring drug resistance seems to be overlooked. In this comprehensive review, we update the EV subtypes and approaches for determining EV uptake. The biological basis of EV uptake is systematically summarized. Moreover, we focus on the diverse uptake mechanisms by which EVs carry out the intracellular delivery of functional molecules and drug resistance signaling. Furthermore, we highlight how EV uptake confers drug resistance and identify potential strategies for targeting EV uptake to overcome drug resistance. Finally, we discuss the research gap on the role of EV uptake in promoting drug resistance. This updated knowledge provides a new avenue to overcome cancer drug resistance by targeting EV uptake.

Cell death-associated lncRNAs in cancer immunopathogenesis: An exploration of molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways

Cancer remains one of the foremost causes of mortality worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic targets due to the insufficient efficacy and adverse side effects associated with existing cancer treatments. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), defined as RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides, have emerged as pivotal regulators in the initiation and progression of various malignancies. In oncology, programmed cell death (PCD) serves as the primary mechanism for tumor cell elimination, comprising processes such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. Recent studies have elucidated a substantial relationship between lncRNAs and these PCD pathways, indicating that lncRNAs can modulate the apoptotic and non-apoptotic death mechanisms. This regulation may influence not only the dynamics of cancer progression but also the therapeutic response to clinical interventions. This review delves into the intricate role of lncRNAs within the context of PCD in cancer, unveiling the underlying pathogenic mechanisms while proposing innovative strategies for cancer therapy. Additionally, it discusses the potential therapeutic implications of targeting lncRNAs in PCD and related signaling pathways, aiming to enhance treatment outcomes for patients facing cancer.

Aberrant DNA methylation as a key modulator of cell death pathways: insights into cancer progression and other diseases

Cell death plays a significant role in the physiology of all living organisms, and its disruption is the underlying cause of various diseases. Previously, it was assumed that apoptosis and necrosis were the only means of cell death. Recent discoveries of alternative cell death pathways highlighted a complicated interplay between cell death regulation and its role in numerous human pathologies. DNA methylation is a universal epigenetic mechanism characterized by the covalent addition of a methyl group to cytosine in CpG dinucleotides. Alterations in DNA methylation patterns lead to the dysregulation of multiple cell death pathways. DNA methylome studies on cell death pathways have improved our understanding of the mechanism of various types of cell death, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, anoikis, autophagy, and cuproptosis. The irregular DNA methylation patterns of genes encoding proteins linked to multiple cell death pathways could underlie resistance to cell death. Dysregulation of cell death is linked to ailments in humans, such as cancer. However, unlike genetic alterations, DNA methylation is reversible, making it extremely interesting for therapeutics considering the potential use of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors. Furthermore, tumor microenvironment and genetic heterogeneity of cancers may influence the methylation-dependent regulation of cell death, contributing to tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Understanding how DNA methylation influences cell death pathways may illuminate the underlying causes of cancer. This review explores the significance of the DNA methylation patterns of key genes involved in cell death pathways, emphasizing their connections and identifying potential gaps that could be exploited for developing epigenetic therapies targeting cancer.

Unveiling the promising in vitro anticancer activity of lipophilic platinum(II) complexes containing (1S,4R,5R)-4-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-((S)-1-phenylethyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane: a spectroscopic characterization and DFT calculation

The main goal of our research was to examine (1S,4R,5R)-4-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-((S)-1-phenylethyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (L) and its complex-forming abilities with platinum(II) ions. Herein, we present three new square planar platinum(II) complexes of the general formulas trans-[PtCl2L2] (1), cis-[PtCl2(DMSO)(L)] (2) and [Pt(DMSO)(L)(mal)] (3), where DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; mal: malonate. Based on the experimental spectroscopic results (1H, 13C, 15N, 195Pt NMR, IR, X-ray analyses) and density functional theoretical calculation (DFT), a square planar geometry was proposed with one or two monodentate bound N3' heterocyclic ligands (L). Surrounding the central atom, there are monodentate chloride (1) and (2) or chelated O,O-donor malonate ligands (3). The coordination spheres in (2) and (3) were completed by the S-donor monodentate dimethyl sulfoxide molecule. Theoretical investigations into the heterocyclic ligand coordination site and geometry around the central ion were performed by DFT calculation, and the results were consistent with the experimental data. The DFT calculations elucidate the thermodynamic preferences for cis versus trans arrangements of the ligands in the isolated platinum(II) complexes (1) and (2), suggesting that the trans arrangement of chloride anions observed in the crystals of (2a) probably results from the crystal packing. The obtained platinum(II) complexes were examined with regard to their therapeutic anticancer potential. In comparison to cisplatin, lipophilic complexes (1) and (3) exhibit lower affinity toward glutathione. According to observations, (1) presents the most satisfactory in vitro activity with the mechanism of its cytotoxic effect on cancer cells different from that of cisplatin.

Lactylation and regulated cell death

Lactylation, a newly identified post-translational modification, entails the attachment of lactate to lysine residues within proteins, profoundly modulating diverse cellular mechanisms underlying regulated cell death (RCD). This modification encompasses two primary categories: histone lactylation and non-histone lactylation. Histone lactylation assumes a pivotal regulatory function in the RCD process, primarily by modulating the transcriptional landscape of genes implicated in cell death. In contrast, non-histone lactylation exerts its influence by targeting transferases, transcription, cell cycle progression, death pathways, and metabolic processes that are intricately involved in RCD. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent breakthroughs in understanding how lactylation regulates RCD, while also offering insights into potential avenues for future research, thereby deepening our comprehension of cellular fate determination.

Targeting novel regulated cell death: disulfidptosis in cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors

The battle against cancer has evolved over centuries, from the early stages of surgical resection to contemporary treatments including chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapies, and immunotherapies. Despite significant advances in cancer treatment over recent decades, these therapies remain limited by various challenges. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), a cornerstone of tumor immunotherapy, have emerged as one of the most promising advancements in cancer treatment. Although ICIs, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, have demonstrated clinical efficacy, their therapeutic impact remains suboptimal due to patient-specific variability and tumor immune resistance. Cell death is a fundamental process for maintaining tissue homeostasis and function. Recent research highlights that the combination of induced regulatory cell death (RCD) and ICIs can substantially enhance anti-tumor responses across multiple cancer types. In cells exhibiting high levels of recombinant solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) protein, glucose deprivation triggers a programmed cell death (PCD) pathway characterized by disulfide bond formation and REDOX (reduction-oxidation) reactions, termed "disulfidptosis." Studies suggest that disulfidptosis plays a critical role in the therapeutic efficacy of SLC7A11high cancers. Therefore, to investigate the potential synergy between disulfidptosis and ICIs, this study will explore the mechanisms of both processes in tumor progression, with the goal of enhancing the anti-tumor immune response of ICIs by targeting the intracellular disulfidptosis pathway.

The multifaceted role of ferroptosis in infection and injury and its nutritional regulation in pigs

Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of regulated cell death (RCD) characterized by iron overload and excessive lipid peroxidation. To date, numerous studies in human and mouse models have shown that ferroptosis is closely related to tissue damage and various diseases. In recent years, ferroptosis has also been found to play an indispensable and multifaceted role in infection and tissue injury in pigs, and nutritional regulation strategies targeting ferroptosis show great potential. In this review, we summarize the research progress of ferroptosis and its role in infection and tissue injury in pigs. Furthermore, we discuss the existing evidence on ferroptosis regulation by nutrients, aiming to provide valuable insights for future investigation into ferroptosis in pigs and offer a novel perspective for the treatment of infection and injury in pigs.

Harnessing ferroptosis for precision oncology: challenges and prospects

The discovery of diverse molecular mechanisms of regulated cell death has opened new avenues for cancer therapy. Ferroptosis, a unique form of cell death driven by iron-catalyzed peroxidation of membrane phospholipids, holds particular promise for targeting resistant cancer types. This review critically examines current literature on ferroptosis, focusing on its defining features and therapeutic potential. We discuss how molecular profiling of tumors and liquid biopsies can generate extensive multi-omics datasets, which can be leveraged through machine learning-based analytical approaches for patient stratification. Addressing these challenges is essential for advancing the clinical integration of ferroptosis-driven treatments in cancer care.

Dying to survive: harnessing inflammatory cell death for better immunotherapy

Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment paradigms, but its effectiveness depends largely on the immunogenicity of the tumor. Unfortunately, the high resemblance of cancer to normal tissues makes most tumors immunologically 'cold', with a poor response to immunotherapy. Danger signals are critical for breaking immune tolerance and mobilizing robust, long-lasting antitumor immunity. Recent studies have identified inflammatory cell death modalities and their power in providing danger signals to trigger optimal tumor suppression. However, key mediators of inflammatory cell death are preferentially silenced during early tumor immunoediting. Strategies to rejuvenate inflammatory cell death hold great promise for broadening immunotherapy-responsive tumors. In this review, we examine how inflammatory cell death enhances tumor immunogenicity, how it is suppressed during immunoediting, and the potential of harnessing it for improved immunotherapy.

The Therapeutic Potential of Spirooxindoles in Cancer: A Focus on p53-MDM2 Modulation

The p53, often referred to as the "guardian of the genome", is a well-established tumor-suppressor protein that plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle, DNA repair, differentiation, and apoptosis, with its activity primarily modulated by the MDM2 protein (murine double minute 2, also known as HDM2 in humans). Disrupting the protein-protein interaction between p53 and MDM2 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for developing anticancer agents. Recent studies have shown that several spirooxindole-containing compounds exhibit significant antitumor properties, primarily by inhibiting the p53-MDM2 interaction. This review provides an overview of structure-based spirooxindoles that could have therapeutic potential. It highlights findings from the past decade concerning their antiproliferative properties and implications for interfering with the p53-MDM2 interaction. The discussion includes various analogs of spirooxindoles as promising candidates for optimizing leads in drug discovery programs aimed at developing novel and clinically effective agents.

Breast cancer: pathogenesis and treatments

Breast cancer, characterized by unique epidemiological patterns and significant heterogeneity, remains one of the leading causes of malignancy-related deaths in women. The increasingly nuanced molecular subtypes of breast cancer have enhanced the comprehension and precision treatment of this disease. The mechanisms of tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer have been central to scientific research, with investigations spanning various perspectives such as tumor stemness, intra-tumoral microbiota, and circadian rhythms. Technological advancements, particularly those integrated with artificial intelligence, have significantly improved the accuracy of breast cancer detection and diagnosis. The emergence of novel therapeutic concepts and drugs represents a paradigm shift towards personalized medicine. Evidence suggests that optimal diagnosis and treatment models tailored to individual patient risk and expected subtypes are crucial, supporting the era of precision oncology for breast cancer. Despite the rapid advancements in oncology and the increasing emphasis on the clinical precision treatment of breast cancer, a comprehensive update and summary of the panoramic knowledge related to this disease are needed. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the global status of breast cancer, including its epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and molecular subtyping. Additionally, we elaborate on the latest research into mechanisms contributing to breast cancer progression, emerging treatment strategies, and long-term patient management. This review offers valuable insights into the latest advancements in Breast Cancer Research, thereby facilitating future progress in both basic research and clinical application.

Cannabidiol Targets Colorectal Cancer Cells via Cannabinoid Receptor 2, Independent of Common Mutations

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-neurotoxic, phytocannabinoid from cannabis with reported medicinal properties, including antiepileptic and anti-inflammatory activity. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that CBD has antitumor potential against colorectal cancer (CRC), the third deadliest cancer in the world. However, as different mutations influence the antitumor effects and CBD can bind a variety of receptors, it is yet to be determined whether specific CRC mutations affect CBD's efficacy in treatment of CRC. To investigate this, we selected four CRC cell lines, including HCT116, HT-29, LS174T, and LS153, which harbor distinct mutations. Cells were treated with a range of concentrations of CBD to evaluate its cytotoxic effects and impact on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by using a live-cell imaging system. IC50 values were then calculated for each parameter. The level of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway markers was also measured using qRTPCR. The requirements for CB1 or CB2 receptor-medicated signaling were investigated using the selective inhibitors AM251 and SR144528, respectively. Our results demonstrate that CBD induces apoptosis and halts proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. CBD showed potent antitumor effects in the tested cell lines with no obvious effect from different mutations such as KRAS, BRAF, APC, PTEN, etc. CBD also induced ER stress in CRC cells but not in healthy intestinal organoids. Cotreatment with SR144528 inhibited the effects of indicating involvement of CB2 receptor activation in the anticancer effects of CBD. Together, these results demonstrated that CBD could be effective for CRC regardless of the underlying mutation through CB2 receptor activation.

Discovery of a new hydrazone-oxamide hybrid capable of inducing necroptotic cell death in triple negative breast cancer cells

The poor prognosis and inefficiency of the therapeutic agents in treating triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) have raised significant concerns, driving the quest for designing novel and potent chemotherapeutic compounds. In this regard, inducing programmed cell death (PCD) has emerged as a promising approach for breast cancer therapy. Accordingly, a series of hybrid molecules comprising hydrazone and oxamide moieties (5a-5q) were designed, synthesized, and assessed for their anticancer activity against various cancer cells. Among these synthesized hybrids, compound 5q was selected as the lead compound with remarkable ability to disrupt MDA-MB-231 cell growth, achieving an IC50-72h of 9.79 μM, while exhibiting lower toxicity in normal human cells. The in vitro experiments revealed that this compound triggers neither apoptosis nor autophagy in TNBC cells. Furthermore, the in vivo outcomes corroborated the in vitro results, showing a significant delay in tumor growth at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day following three weeks of treatment in the 4T1 mouse model of TNBC. The findings of this study suggested that compound 5q acts through necroptosis by overexpression of P-RIPK3 and phosphorylation of its downstream effector, MLKL. Compound 5q holds promise as a potential candidate for the development of anti-TNBC drugs.

Comprehensive exploration of programmed cell death landscape in lung adenocarcinoma combining multi-omic analysis and experimental verification

The mortality and therapeutic failure in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) are mainly resulted from the wide metastasis and chemotherapy resistance. Up to now, accurate and stable predictive prognostic indicator for revealing the progress and novel therapeutic strategies of LUAD is infrequent, nonetheless. Diversified programmed cell death (PCD) has been widely confirmed that participated in the occurrence and development of various malignant tumors, respectively. In this research, we integrated fourteen types of PCD, bulk multi-omic data from TCGA-LUAD and other cohorts in gene expression omnibus (GEO) and clinical LUAD patients to develop our analysis. Consequently, pivotal fourteen PCD genes, especially CAMP, CDK5R1, CTSW, DAPK2, GAB2, GAPDH, GATA2, HGF, MAPT, NAPSA, NUPR1, PIK3CG, PLA2G3, and SLC7A11, were utilized to establish the prognostic signature, namely cell death index (CDI). The validation in several external cohorts indicated that CDI can be regarded as a potential risk factor of LUAD patients. Combined with other common clinical information, a nomogram with potential predictive ability was constructed. Besides, according to the CDI signature, the tumor microenvironment (TME) and sensitivity to some potential chemotherapeutic drugs were further and deeply explored. Notably, verification and functional experiments further demonstrated the remarkable correlation between CDI and unfold protein response. Given all the above, a novel CDI gene signature was indicated to predict the prognosis and exploit precision therapeutic strategies of LUAD patients.

Using a Natural Triterpenoid to Unlock the Antitumor Effects of Autophagy in B-Cell Lymphoma

Background and Objective: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is the most common lymphoid malignancy in the Western world. Treatment of DLBCL has been greatly improved in recent years with the addition of the monoclonal antibody Rituximab to the gold standard CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone) chemotherapy regimen, but these treatments are often ineffective in patients with highly aggressive disease or patients of advanced age. While CAR-T cells have further advanced the treatment landscape of DLBCL, these often come at significant costs such as toxicity and financial costs for patients. Thus, research has recently focused on natural products that can selectively target malignant lymphomas while displaying a reduced host toxicity profile. Methods: In vitro cellular and biochemical approaches were used to analyze the effects of a natural extract from the Ganoderma lucidum mushroom (GA-DM) on autophagy and apoptosis in human and mouse B-cell lymphoma lines. In addition, in vivo approaches were applied to determine the effect of GA-DM on tumor growth and metastasis in a mouse model of B-cell lymphoma. Results: Here, we report, for the first time, that GA-DM induces apoptosis in the human B-cell lymphoma cell lines DB and Toledo, and orchestrates autophagy and apoptosis in the murine B-cell lymphoma cell line A20. While GA-DM differentially induced autophagy and apoptosis in mouse and human B-cell lymphomas, blocking apoptosis by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FM reduced anti-proliferative activity in human B-cell lymphoma cells (DB: 71.6 ± 6.2% vs. 56.7 ± 2.4%; Toledo: 53.1 ± 10.6% vs. 14.6 ± 9.3%) in vitro. Antitumor efficacy of GA-DM was also investigated in vivo in a murine B-cell lymphoma model using the A20 cell line, where GA-DM treatment reduced both the number of tumor metastases (control: 5.5 ± 3.2 vs. GA-DM: 1.6 ± 0.87) and the overall tumor burden (control: 3.2 g ± 1.9 vs. GA-DM: 1.70 g ± 0.2) in diseased mice. Conclusions: These findings support the potential use of GA-DM as a novel chemotherapeutic in the treatment of DLBCL and could improve the treatment of higher-risk patients with advanced disease who cannot tolerate current chemotherapy treatments.

Identification of the entosis-related prognostic signature and tumour microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma on the basis of bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation

Liver cancer ranks among the deadliest cancers worldwide. Entosis, a recently uncovered method of cell death, has not yet been fully explored for its relevance to HCC. A bioinformatics analysis was performed to determine the expression and mutational landscapes of Entosis-related genes (ERGs). A subset of differentially expressed Entosis-related genes (DEERGs) was generated. A risk model for entosis was subsequently constructed employing LASSO and Cox regression methodologies. The correlations among ERGs, genes associated with risk, the developed risk model, and the immune context of the tumour were explored. Furthermore, the study investigated the varying drug sensitivities between high-risk and slight-risk patient groups. The expression patterns of four pivotal risk genes were delineated via qRT‒PCR and WB. A prognostic model comprising four DEERGs (KIF18A, SPP1, LCAT and TRIB3) was developed. The ability of this model to predict the survival outcomes of patients with HCC was confirmed through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Patients were grouped according to their risk assessments, revealing that the low-risk population demonstrated a more favourable survival outcome than did the high-risk population. The high-risk population presented reduced tumour stroma, immune and ESTIMATE scores, along with an increased proportion of cancer stem cells and tumour mutation burden. Additionally, a connection between the risk model and the responsiveness of various chemotherapy drugs as well as the efficacy of immunotherapies in patients was noted. These findings provide significant guidance for the development of targeted clinical treatment strategies. qRT‒PCR and WB analysis revealed that the gene expression of KIF18A and SPP1 were elevated in HCCLM3 cells compared with that in THLE2 cells; whereas, the expression level of LCAT and TIRB3 was decreased. The four genes KIF18A, SPP1, LCAT and TRIB3 could effectively predict the survival prognosis of patients with liver cancer. KIF18A and SPP1 were elevated in HCC tissues compared with that in THLE2 cells.

Signaling pathways behind the biological effects of tanshinone IIA for the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases

Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a well-known fat-soluble diterpenoid found in Salvia miltiorrhiza, recognized for its various biological effects. The molecular signaling pathways of Tan IIA have been investigated in different diseases, including the anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, renoprotective, neuroprotective effects, and fibrosis prevention. This article provides a brief overview of the signaling pathways related to anti-cancer and cardioprotective effects of Tan IIA. It shows that Tan IIAs anti-cancer ability has good expectation through multiplicity mechanisms affecting various aspects' tumor biology. The major pathways involved in its anti-cancer effects include inhibition of PI3/Akt, MAPK, and p53/p21 signaling which leads to enhancement of immune responses and increased radiation sensitivity. Some essential pathways responsible for cardioprotective effects induced by Tan IIA are PI3/AKT activation, MAPK, and SIRT1 promoting protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in myocardial cells as well as inhibiting pathological remodeling processes. Finally, the article underscores the complex and specific signaling pathways influenced by Tan IIA. The PI3/Akt and MAPK pathways play critical roles in the anti-cancer and cardioprotective effects of Tan IIA. Particularly, Tan IIA suppresses the proliferation of malignancies in cancerous cells but stimulates protective mechanisms in normal cardiovascular cells. These findings highlight the importance of investigating molecular signaling pathways in evaluating the therapeutic potential of natural products. Studying about signaling pathways is vital in understanding the therapeutic aspects of Tan IIA and its derivatives as anti-cancer and cardio-protective agents. Further research is necessary to understand these complex mechanisms.

A novel defined risk signature of ferroptosis-related lncRNAs for predicting prognosis, immune infiltration, and chemotherapy response in multiple myeloma

BACKGROUND

Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death, has been implicated in various types of cancer. However, the association between ferroptosis-related long noncoding RNAs (FRLs) and multiple myeloma (MM) remains unclear. This study aimed to develop an FRL-based predictive model to assess its potential role in predicting overall survival prognosis and evaluating immune cell infiltration and chemotherapy response in MM patients.

METHODS

We identified FRLs using the GEO and FerrDb databases and employed univariate Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) to establish a prognostic FRLs signature in the training cohort. The reliability of the risk model was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier (K-M) and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to explore the biological functions associated with the FRLs signature. We also assessed immune cell infiltration and estimated the IC50 of drugs using the R package 'pRRophetic'. The expression of FRLs was validated by qRT-PCR.

RESULTS

We established a novel 8 FRLs signature, comprising AC005592.1, AC093714.1, AC104041.1, AL122058.1, DIRC1, ERVH-1, FAM223B, and TDRKH-AS1. The risk model was identified as an independent risk factor for overall survival (OS) in MM patients. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the high-risk group exhibited activation of carcinogenic signaling pathways and immune cell infiltration. The qRT-PCR confirmed the significant upregulation in the expression of ERVH-1, TDRKH-AS1, and AC104041.1, and the downregulation of DIRC1, AC005592.1, AC093714.1, and AL122058.1 in MM samples. Furthermore, the ferroptosis inducer erastin triggered ferroptosis, inhibited cell viability, and upregulated TDRKH-AS1.

CONCLUSION

Our study highlights the potential of the FRLs signature as a prognostic tool and its implications for therapeutic strategies in MM.

The complexities of cell death mechanisms: a new perspective in systemic sclerosis therapy

Systemic sclerosis, also termed scleroderma, is a severe and debilitating autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis, an aberrant immune response, and vascular dysfunction. Cell death is essential to the body's continued normal development as it removes old or damaged cells. This process is governed by several mechanisms, including programmed cell death through apoptosis, necrosis, and pyroptosis, as well as metabolic processes, such as ferroptosis and cuproptosis. This review describes the signaling pathways associated with each form of cell death, examining the linkages between these pathways, and discussing how the dysregulation of cell death processes is involved in the development of autoimmune disorders such as systemic sclerosis. Existing and promising therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring the balance of cell death in systemic sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders are also emphasized.

Multiple programmed cell death patterns predict the prognosis and drug sensitivity in gastric cancer

Background

Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant tumor with poor prognosis. The diverse patterns of programmed cell death (PCD) are significantly associated with the pathogenesis and progression of GC, and it has the potential to serve as prognostic and drug sensitivity indicators for GC.

Method

The sequencing data and clinical characteristics of GC patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas and GEO databases. LASSO cox regression method was used to screen feature genes and develop the PCD score (PCDS). Immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint expression, Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) algorithm and drug sensitivity analysis were used to explore immunotherapy response. By integrating PCDS with clinical characteristics, we constructed and validated a nomogram that demonstrated robust predictive performance.

Results

We screened nine PCD-related genes (SERPINE1, PLPPR4, CDO1, MID2, NOX4, DYNC1I1, PDK4, MYB, TUBB2A) to create the PCDS. We found that GC patients with high PCDS experienced significantly poorer prognoses, and PCDS was identified as an independent prognostic factor. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in immune profile between high PCDS and low PCDS groups. Additionally, drug sensitivity analysis indicated that patients with a high PCDS may exhibit resistance to immunotherapy and standard adjuvant chemotherapy regimens; however, they may benefit from the FDA-approved drug Dasatinib.

Conclusion

Overall, we confirmed that the PCDS is a prognostic risk factor and a valuable predictor of immunotherapy response in GC patients, which provides new evidence for the potential application of GC.

Identification of prognostic biomarker of non-small cell lung cancer based on mitochondrial permeability transition-driven necrosis-related genes and determination of anti-tumor effect of ARL14

BACKGROUND

Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis (MPTDN) is a non-apoptotic mode of cell death triggered by oxidative stress and cytosolic Ca2+ overload. Recent evidence suggests that activation of MPTND can effectively induce cancer cell death and may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer. Yet, the role of MPTDN-related genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unrevealed. This study aimed to identify MPTDN-related biomarkers for predicting prognosis and guiding treatment in NSCLC.

METHODS

Gene expression profiles and clinical information of NSCLC were collected from public databases, and MPTDN-related genes were obtained from published article. Differential expressed MPTDN-related genes in NSCLC and control were screened, and molecular clusters were obtained. Based on the differentially expressed genes (DGEs) between clusters, univariate Cox and LASSO regression analyses were performed to screen biomarkers, followed by nomogram construction. Correlations between these biomarkers and immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoints, and chemotherapeutic agents were observed. Expression levels of MPTDN-related biomarkers were detected using RT-qPCR in NSCLC tissues and cells. Moreover, the biological function of ARL14 in NSLCL was verified in vitro.

RESULTS

Thirty-five differential MPTDN-related genes were identified, and two molecular clusters were obtained. Three biomarkers with prognostic values were finally screened, including ARL14, ZDHHC11B, and HLF. Among them, ARL14 was significantly upregulated in tumor samples, while ZDHHC11B and HLF were downregulated. Nomogram containing three genes exhibited predictive accuracy in 1, 3, and 5-year survival rates. Three gene were strongly associated with most immune cells, immune checkpoints, and drugs sensitivity. RT-qPCR confirmed that expression levels of three genes in tissues or cells were consistent with the results of bioinformatics analysis. Finally, ARL14 knockdown inhibited the malignant phenotype of NSCLC cells.

CONCLUSION

We first performed the comprehensive analysis of MPTDN in NSCLC and screened three NSCLC-related biomarkers as promising biomarkers. ARL14 might be a new potential target for therapy of NSCLC.

Molecular pathways in reproductive cancers: a focus on prostate and ovarian cancer

Reproductive cancers, including prostate and ovarian cancer, are highly prevalent worldwide and pose significant health challenges. The molecular underpinnings of these cancers are complex and involve dysregulation of various cellular pathways. Understanding these pathways is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies. This review aims to provide an overview of the molecular pathways implicated in prostate and ovarian cancers, highlighting key genetic alterations, signaling cascades, and epigenetic modifications. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Articles focusing on molecular pathways in prostate and ovarian cancer were reviewed and analyzed. In prostate cancer, recurrent mutations in genes like AR, TP53, and PTEN drive tumor growth and progression. Androgen signaling plays a significant role, with alterations in the AR pathway contributing to resistance to antiandrogen therapies. In ovarian cancer, high-grade serous carcinomas are characterized by mutations in TP53, BRCA1/2, and homologous recombination repair genes. PI3K and MAPK pathways are frequently activated, promoting cell proliferation and survival. Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, are also prevalent in both cancer types. The molecular pathways involved in prostate and ovarian cancer are diverse and complex. Targeting these pathways with precision medicine approaches holds promise for improving patient outcomes. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance and identify novel therapeutic vulnerabilities.

Navigating The Deuteration Landscape: Innovations, Challenges, and Clinical Potential of Deuterioindoles

Indoles, pivotal to the realm of drug discovery, underpin numerous FDA-approved therapeutics. Despite their clinical benefits, pharmacokinetic and toxicity concerns have occasionally hampered their broader application. A notable advancement in this domain is the substitution of hydrogen atoms with deuterium, known as deuterium modification, which significantly enhances the pharmacological properties of these compounds. This review elucidates the progression of deuterium chemistry, culminating in approval of Deutetrabenazine in 2017. This milestone has catalyzed additional research into deuterated indoles, such as Dosimertinib, which have demonstrated enhancements in stability, toxicity profiles, and therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, the review addresses challenges and patent issues in the synthesis of deuterated indoles and highlights their potential applications in precision medicine. In the future, deuterated indoles may positively impact therapy and contribute to advances in precision medicine through molecular engineering.

Intracellular metal ion-based chemistry for programmed cell death

Intracellular metal ions play essential roles in multiple physiological processes, including catalytic action, diverse cellular processes, intracellular signaling, and electron transfer. It is crucial to maintain intracellular metal ion homeostasis which is achieved by the subtle balance of storage and release of metal ions intracellularly along with the influx and efflux of metal ions at the interface of the cell membrane. Dysregulation of intracellular metal ions has been identified as a key mechanism in triggering programmed cell death (PCD). Despite the importance of metal ions in initiating PCD, the molecular mechanisms of intracellular metal ions within these processes are infrequently discussed. An in-depth understanding and review of the role of metal ions in triggering PCD may better uncover novel tools for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Specifically, the essential roles of calcium (Ca2+), iron (Fe2+/3+), copper (Cu+/2+), and zinc (Zn2+) ions in triggering PCD are primarily explored in this review, and other ions like manganese (Mn2+/3+/4+), cobalt (Co2+/3+) and magnesium ions (Mg2+) are briefly discussed. Further, this review elaborates on the underlying chemical mechanisms and summarizes these metal ions triggering PCD in cancer therapy. This review bridges chemistry, immunology, and biology to foster the rational regulation of metal ions to induce PCD for cancer therapy.

Unveiling intricating roles and mechanisms of ferroptosis in melanoma

Melanoma is a highly invasive malignant tumor originating from melanocytes, with increasing incidence in recent years. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent and non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides and reactive oxygen species. Morphologically, ferroptosis exhibits the alteration in cells, such as reduced mitochondrial volume, increased density of bilayer membrane, and a decrease or disappearance of mitochondrial cristae. Ferroptosis has shown tremendous potential and applicability in regulating the development of melanoma. As melanoma progresses, certain biomarkers associated with ferroptosis display characteristic patterns of expression. These changes not only reveal the sensitivity of tumor cells to ferroptosis but also provide potential targets for diagnosis and treatment. Besides, inducing ferroptosis has been well-documented to inhibit the growth of melanoma and enhance the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Hence, this review emphasizes the roles and regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis in melanoma development, the involved immune regulation, as well as the potential for diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. The continuous explorations will endow novel strategies for developing ferroptosis-based therapies for melanoma.

Programmed cell death in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Mechanisms and therapeutic targets

Programmed cell death is a type of autonomic and orderly cell death mode controlled by genes that maintain homeostasis and growth. Tumor is a typical manifestation of an imbalance in environmental homeostasis in the human body. Currently, several tumor treatments are designed to trigger the death of tumor cells. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors in China. It displays obvious regional and ethnic differences in its incidence, being typically high in the south and low in the north of China. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is currently considered to be a polygenic inherited disease and is often mediated by the interaction between multiple genes or between genes and the environment. Apoptosis has long been considered the key to tumor treatment, while other cell death pathways have often been overlooked. The current study provides an overview of the relationship among apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and the regulatory pathways of nasopharyngeal carcinoma based on five cell death modes were synthesized from the view of molecule. We hope this review will help explore additional, novel programmed cell death targets for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and thus promote in-depth research.

Mitochondrial-associated programmed-cell-death patterns for predicting the prognosis of non-small-cell lung cancer

Mitochondria are the convergence point of multiple pathways that trigger programmed cell death (PCD). Mitochondrial-associated PCD (mtPCD) is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. However, the role of mtPCD in the prognostic prediction of cancers including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains to be investigated. Here, 12 mtPCD patterns were analyzed in transcriptomics, genomics, and clinical data collected from 4 datasets containing 977 patients. A risk-score assessment system containing 18 genes was established. We found that NSCLC patients with a high-risk score had a poorer prognosis. A nomogram was constructed by incorporating the risk score with clinical features. The risk score was further associated with clinicopathological information, tumor-mutation frequency, and immunotherapy responses. NSCLC patients with a high risk score had more Treg cells infiltration. However, these patients had higher tumor-mutation burden scores and may be more sensitive to immunotherapy. Moreover, receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) was selected from mtPCD gene model for validation. We found that RIPK2 exhibited oncogenic function, and its expression level was inversely associated with the overall survival of NSCLC. Taken together, our results indicated the accuracy and practicability of the mtPCD gene model and RIPK2 in predicting the prognosis of NSCLC.

Cascade specific endogenous Fe3+ interference and in situ catalysis for tumor therapy with stemness suppression

Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), featuring high tumorigenicity and invasiveness, are one of the critical factors leading to the failure of clinical cancer treatment such as metastasis and recurrence. However, current strategies suffer from the low stemness-inhibiting efficacy on CSCs by conventional molecular agents and the poor lethal effects against bulk tumor cells. Here we engineer a coordination nanomedicine by 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid (DHT) complexing zinc ions (Zn2+) as a double-effect nanodisrupter of tumor iron (Fe) and redox homeostasis for catalysis-boosted tumor therapy with stemness inhibition. Taking advantage of the much higher binding force of DHT toward Fe3+, this nanomedicine can specifically chelate endogenous Fe3+ into its nanostructure and release Zn2+, and the in situ formed hexacoordinated Fe-DHT conformation is of much enhanced reducibility in order to promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in tumors. The nanomedicine-mediated Fe depletion and ROS generation collectively induce CSC differentiation via downregulating the Wnt signaling and inducing forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) activation, respectively. Notably, the combined tumor-selective ROS generation and Zn2+-induced antioxidation dysfunction potently trigger intratumoral oxidative damage leading to both cellular apoptosis and ferroptosis. This nanomedicine, capable of synchronously treating CSCs and bulk tumor cells, has been demonstrated to effectively inhibit the growth, postoperative recurrence and metastasis of orthotopic triple-negative breast tumors in vivo, offering an encouraging candidate of cancer therapeutic agents for treating CSCs-enriched malignancy.

Single-cell programmed cell death regulator patterns guide intercellular communication of cancer-associated fibroblasts that contribute to colorectal cancer progression

Background

The significance of programmed cell death (PCD) in the context of cancer development and progression is widely acknowledged, yet its specific impact on cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) remains a topic of ongoing investigation. Therefore, the study aims to explore the role of PCD in regulating CAFs and its potential implications for CRC progression.

Methods

CAFs from single-cell data of 23 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients were clustered by non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and the impact of these subpopulations on the prognosis of CRC patients was predicted using public database cohorts.

Results

In total, we screened eight PCDs that are associated with significant prognostic impacts for CRC patients, and based on PCD regulators, we defined multiple subpopulations of CAFs associated with PCDs. Additionally, we found that the PCD key regulators may be closely related to the clinical and biological characteristics of CRC and the pseudotime trajectory of major CAFs subpopulations. Bulk RNA sequencing analyses revealed that subpopulations of CAFs mediated by PCD hold prognostic value for CRC patients. CellChat analysis further illustrated the extensive interactions between PCD-associated CAFs subpopulations and tumor epithelial cells. Following Cox regression and survival analyses, it was determined that the paraptosis-mediated CAFs subpopulation had the most pronounced impact on CRC patient prognosis, with DDIT3 identified as a marker protein influencing patient outcomes.

Conclusions

Our study reveals for the first time how PCD-mediated communication between CAFs regulates tumor growth in CRC patients and influences their prognosis, and has identified that DDIT3+ CAFs associated with paraptosis exhibit the most pronounced influence on the prognosis of individuals with CRC.

In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Activities of Water-Soluble Ru(II)(η6-p-cymene) Complexes via Activating Apoptosis Central Regulators and Possibilities of New Antitumor Strategies in Triple Negative Breast Cancers

In this study, we synthesized 12 monofunctional tridentate ONS-donor salicylaldimine ligand (L)-based Ru(II) complexes with general formula [(Ru(L)(p-cymene)]+·Cl- (C1-C12), characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV, FT-IR spectroscopy, HR-ESI mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray analysis showing ligand's orientation around the Ru(II) center. All 12 of these 12 complexes were tested for their anticancer activities in multiple cancer cells. The superior antitumor efficacy of C2, C8, and C11 was demonstrated by reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, impaired proliferative capacity, and disrupted redox homeostasis, along with enhanced apoptosis through caspase-3 activation and downregulation of Bcl-2 expression. In the 4T1 breast cancer orthotopic mouse model, assessment of bioluminescence for metastatic spread, tumor burden, histopathological evaluation, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and hematological profiling and tissue Protein expression of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, TNF-α, and bcl-2 demonstrated that C8 treatment led to prolonged survival and suppressed tumor progression in triple negative breast cancer.

Nanomaterials-Induced PANoptosis: A Promising Anti-Tumor Strategy

Malignant tumors pose a significant threat to global public health. Promoting programmed cell death in cancer cells has become a critical strategy for cancer treatment. PANoptosis, a newly discovered form of regulated cell death, integrates key molecular components of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, activating these three death pathways simultaneously to achieve synergistic multi-mechanistic killing. PANoptosis significantly inhibits cancer cell growth and resistance and activates strong anti-tumor immune response, making tumor-specific induction of PANoptosis a potential cancer therapeutic strategy. Currently, cancer treatment research related to PANoptosis is focused mainly on the development of small molecules and cytokines. However, these approaches still face limitations in terms of metabolic stability and tumor specificity. The unique physicochemical properties and biological activities of nanomaterials hold significant promise for optimizing PANoptosis induction strategies. This review summarizes the concept and mechanisms of PANoptosis, highlights the latest applications of nanoagents in PANoptosis-based anti-cancer therapy, and discusses the challenges and future directions for clinical translation. It is hoped that this review will inspire further exploration and development of PANoptosis-based cancer treatments, providing new perspectives for researchers in the field.

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Modulated by Genistein in Cancer

Genistein (4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone) is a phytoestrogen belonging to a subclass of natural flavonoids that exhibits a wide range of pharmacological functions, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These characteristics make genistein a valuable phytochemical compound for the prevention and/or treatment of cancer. Genistein effectively inhibits tumor growth and dissemination by modulating key cellular mechanisms. This includes the suppression of angiogenesis, the inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the regulation of cancer stem cell proliferation. These effects are mediated through pivotal signaling pathways such as JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin. Moreover, genistein interferes with the function of specific cyclin/CDK complexes and modulates the activation of Bcl-2/Bax and caspases, playing a critical role in halting tumor cell division and promoting apoptosis. The aim of this review is to discuss in detail the key cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pleiotropic anticancer effects of this flavonoid.

A new paradigm for cancer immunotherapy: targeting immunogenic cell death-related noncoding RNA

Cancer immunotherapy has shown significant potential in treating several malignancies by stimulating the host immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) can amplify the antitumor immune responses and reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, thus increasing the sensitivity of cancer immunotherapy. In recent years, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as key regulatory factors in ICD and oncologic immunity. Accordingly, ICD-related ncRNAs hold promise as novel therapeutic targets for optimizing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. However, the immunomodulatory properties of ICD-related ncRNAs have not yet been comprehensively summarized. Hence, we summarize the current knowledge on ncRNAs involved in ICD and their potential roles in cancer immunotherapy in this review. It deepens our understanding of ncRNAs associated with ICD and provides a new strategy to enhance cancer immunotherapy by specifically targeting the ICD-related ncRNAs.

Discovery of phenazine derivatives as a new class of non-classical ferroptosis inhibitors and efficacy evaluation on a mouse model of liver injury

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent regulated cell death, which has been implicated in the onset and progression of numerous diseases. Ferroptosis inhibitors are thought as potential agents for treating these related diseases. However, the majority of currently available ferroptosis inhibitors are antioxidants or iron chelators (called classical ferroptosis inhibitors), which might have potential risks of side effects during clinical use. Herein, we report the discovery of phenazine derivatives as a new class of non-classical ferroptosis inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship of these series compounds led to the discovery of the most active compound 13l with an EC50 value of 0.0007 μM. Mechanistically, 13l could inhibit NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, hence protecting cells from ferroptosis. Notably, in the acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury model, 13l showed an excellent therapeutic effect. Overall, this compound reported here could be a promising lead compound for drug discovery targeting ferroptosis.

Design and Synthesis of Topoisomerases-Histone Deacetylase Dual Targeted Quinoline-Bridged Hydroxamates as Anticancer Agents

The multifactorial nature of cancer requires treatment that involves simultaneous targeting of associated overexpressed proteins and cell signaling pathways, possibly leading to synergistic effects. Herein, we present a systematic study that involves the simultaneous inhibition of human topoisomerases (hTopos) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) by multitargeted quinoline-bridged hydroxamic acid derivatives. These compounds were rationally designed considering pharmacophoric features and catalytic sites of the cross-talk proteins, synthesized, and assessed for their anticancer potential. Our findings revealed that the compound 5c significantly produced anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo by reducing the tumor growth and its size in the A549 cell-induced lung cancer xenograft model through multiple mechanisms, primarily by multi-inhibition of hTopoI/II and HDACs, especially HDAC1 via atypical binding. The present paper discusses detailed mechanistic biological investigations, structure-activity effects supported by computational docking studies, and DMPK studies and provides future scope for lead optimization and modification.

Comparing acute versus AIDS ART initiation on HIV-1 integration sites and clonal expansion

Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is known to limit the establishment of the HIV reservoir, with studies suggesting benefits such as a reduced number of infected cells and a smaller latent reservoir. However, the long-term impact of early ART initiation on the dynamics of the infected cell pool remains unclear, and clinical evidence directly comparing proviral integration site counts between early and late ART initiation is limited. In this study, we used Linear Target Amplification-PCR (LTA-PCR) and Next Generation Sequencing to compare unique integration site (UIS) clonal counts between individuals who initiated ART during acute HIV infection stage (Acute-ART group) and those in the AIDS stage (AIDS-ART group). Our analysis revealed distinct clonal distribution patterns, with greater UIS heterogeneity in Acute-ART group and more homogeneity in AIDS-ART group. Monoclonal UIS accumulation, predominantly in-gene regions, was influenced by ART timing and duration, with early treatment delaying this process. Host cell genes integrated by HIV provirus as monoclonal types were enriched in cell cycle and lymphocyte activation pathways. Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) were more frequently integrated as monoclonal types in AIDS-ART group, suggesting potential risk factors. Overall, we introduced a sequencing method to assess provirus size in human peripheral blood and identified the widespread presence of monoclonal distribution of UIS in AIDS-ART group after long-term treatment. The early intervention helps slow the progress of clonal expansion of infected cells, reducing the formation of stable and persistent reservoirs, and ultimately posing fewer barriers to achieving a functional cure.

The role of ferroptosis in colorectal cancer and its potential synergy with immunotherapy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent and deadly malignancies worldwide. Recently, ferroptosis, a novel form of regulated cell death characterized by iron dependency and lipid peroxidation, has garnered significant attention from researchers. The mechanisms underlying ferroptosis, including intracellular iron levels, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant system regulation, offer new insights into cancer treatment strategies. This study aims to explore the emerging role of ferroptosis in the context of immunotherapy for CRC, highlighting its potential mechanisms and clinical applications. We employed a comprehensive review of current literature to elucidate the biological mechanisms of ferroptosis, its relationship with CRC, and the interplay between ferroptosis and immunotherapy. Ferroptosis reshapes the tumor microenvironment (TME) by regulating intracellular iron levels, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant systems, significantly enhancing the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Meanwhile, traditional Chinese medicine therapies promote antitumor immunity by modulating the TME and inducing ferroptosis. Additionally, advances in nanotechnology have facilitated precise therapy by enabling targeted delivery of ferroptosis inducers or immunomodulators, transforming "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors and further boosting ICI efficacy. This study comprehensively reviews the latest developments in ferroptosis, immunotherapy, traditional Chinese medicine, and nanotechnology in CRC, highlighting the importance of ferroptosis-related biomarkers and novel inducers for personalized treatment. In summary, ferroptosis offers a promising strategy to overcome CRC therapy resistance and enhance immunotherapy efficacy, warranting further investigation and translational application.

Multi‑omics identification of a novel signature for serous ovarian carcinoma in the context of 3P medicine and based on twelve programmed cell death patterns: a multi-cohort machine learning study

BACKGROUND

Predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM/3PM) is a strategy aimed at improving the prognosis of cancer, and programmed cell death (PCD) is increasingly recognized as a potential target in cancer therapy and prognosis. However, a PCD-based predictive model for serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC) is lacking. In the present study, we aimed to establish a cell death index (CDI)-based model using PCD-related genes.

METHODS

We included 1254 genes from 12 PCD patterns in our analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) were screened. Subsequently, 14 PCD-related genes were included in the PCD-gene-based CDI model. Genomics, single-cell transcriptomes, bulk transcriptomes, spatial transcriptomes, and clinical information from TCGA-OV, GSE26193, GSE63885, and GSE140082 were collected and analyzed to verify the prediction model.

RESULTS

The CDI was recognized as an independent prognostic risk factor for patients with SOC. Patients with SOC and a high CDI had lower survival rates and poorer prognoses than those with a low CDI. Specific clinical parameters and the CDI were combined to establish a nomogram that accurately assessed patient survival. We used the PCD-genes model to observe differences between high and low CDI groups. The results showed that patients with SOC and a high CDI showed immunosuppression and hardly benefited from immunotherapy; therefore, trametinib_1372 and BMS-754807 may be potential therapeutic agents for these patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The CDI-based model, which was established using 14 PCD-related genes, accurately predicted the tumor microenvironment, immunotherapy response, and drug sensitivity of patients with SOC. Thus this model may help improve the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy of PPPM.

Competing endogenous RNA networks in ovarian cancer: from bench to bedside

Epithelial ovarian cancer is responsible for the majority of ovarian malignancies, and its highly invasive nature and chemoresistant development have been major obstacles to treating patients with mainstream treatments. In recent decades, the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) has been highlighted in ovarian cancer development. This hidden language between these RNAs has led to the discovery of enormous regulatory networks in ovarian cancer cells that substantially affect gene expression. Aside from providing ample opportunities for targeted therapies, circRNA- and lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network components provide invaluable biomarkers. The current study provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the recent findings on the significance of these ceRNA networks in the hallmarks of ovarian cancer oncogenesis, treatment, diagnosis, and prognosis. Also, it provides the authorship with future perspectives in the era of single-cell RNA sequencing and personalized medicine.

Integration of machine learning and experimental validation to identify the prognostic signature related to diverse programmed cell deaths in breast cancer

Background

Programmed cell death (PCD) is closely related to the occurrence, development, and treatment of breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between various programmed cell death patterns and the prognosis of breast cancer (BRCA) patients.

Methods

The levels of 19 different programmed cell deaths in breast cancer were assessed by ssGSEA analysis, and these PCD scores were summed to obtain the PCDS for each sample. The relationship of PCDS with immune as well as metabolism-related pathways was explored. PCD-associated subtypes were obtained by unsupervised consensus clustering analysis, and differentially expressed genes between subtypes were analyzed. The prognostic signature (PCDRS) were constructed by the best combination of 101 machine learning algorithm combinations, and the C-index of PCDRS was compared with 30 published signatures. In addition, we analyzed PCDRS in relation to immune as well as therapeutic responses. The distribution of genes in different cells was explored by single-cell analysis and spatial transcriptome analysis. Potential drugs targeting key genes were analyzed by Cmap. Finally, the expression levels of key genes in clinical tissues were verified by RT-PCR.

Results

PCDS showed higher levels in cancer compared to normal. Different PCDS groups showed significant differences in immune and metabolism-related pathways. PCDRS, consisting of seven key genes, showed robust predictive ability over other signatures in different datasets. The high PCDRS group had a poorer prognosis and was strongly associated with a cancer-promoting tumor microenvironment. The low PCDRS group exhibited higher levels of anti-cancer immunity and responded better to immune checkpoint inhibitors as well as chemotherapy-related drugs. Clofibrate and imatinib could serve as potential small-molecule complexes targeting SLC7A5 and BCL2A1, respectively. The mRNA expression levels of seven genes were upregulated in clinical cancer tissues.

Conclusion

PCDRS can be used as a biomarker to assess the prognosis and treatment response of BRCA patients, which offers novel insights for prognostic monitoring and treatment personalization of BRCA patients.

Revealing the heterogeneity of treatment resistance in less-defined subtype diffuse large B cell lymphoma patients by integrating programmed cell death patterns and liquid biopsy

Precision medicine in less-defined subtype diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains a challenge due to the heterogeneous nature of the disease. Programmed cell death (PCD) pathways are crucial in the advancement of lymphoma and serve as significant prognostic markers for individuals afflicted with lymphoid cancers. To identify robust prognostic biomarkers that can guide personalized management for less-defined subtype DLBCL patients, we integrated multi-omics data derived from 339 standard R-CHOP-treated patients diagnosed with less-defined subtype DLBCL from three independent cohorts. By employing various machine learning algorithms, we pinpointed eight pivotal genes linked to PCD, specifically FLT3, SORL1, CD8A, BCL2L1, COL13A1, MPG, DYRK2 and CAMK2B. Following this, we established a Programmed Cell Death Index (PCDI) utilizing the aforementioned genes and amalgamated it with pertinent clinical characteristics to formulate a predictive nomogram model for prognosis. We observed a significant correlation between the PCDI, pre-treatment circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) burden, minimal residual disease (MRD) status and immune features. Furthermore, our research indicated that patients with elevated PCDI scores could potentially show resistance to conventional chemotherapy treatments, yet they might derive an advantage from alternative inhibitors targeting specific signalling pathways. Conclusively, leveraging these results, we have created an online analytical tool (https://xulymphoma.shinyapps.io/PCDI_pred/) designed for the prognostic prediction of patients with less-defined subtype DLBCL. This tool facilitates the forecasting of outcomes for these patients, enhancing the precision of their clinical management. KEY POINTS: Developing the Programmed Cell Death Index (PCDI) utilizing multiple machine learning algorithms for patients with less-defined subtype diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The difference in clinical characteristics, circulating tumour DNA burden and immune profiling between patients with distinct PCDI groups. A potentially effective regimen was speculated for patients with high PCDI scores who tend to exhibit worse progression-free survival.

A Lipidomics Approach to Determine the Role of Lipids and Its Crosstalk with Autophagy in Lung Cancer Metastasis

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is among the most malignant tumors with high propensity for metastasis and is the leading cause of cancer-related death globally. Most patients present with regional and distant metastasis, associated with poor prognosis. Lipids may play an essential role in either activating or inhibiting detachment-induced apoptosis (anoikis), where the latter is a crucial mechanism to prevent metastasis, and it may have a cross-talk with autophagy. Autophagy has been shown to be induced in various human cancer metastasis, modulating tumor cell motility and invasion, cancer cell differentiation, resistance to anoikis, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Hence, it may play a crucial role in the transition of benign to malignant phenotypes, the core of metastasis initiation. Here, we provide a method we have established in our laboratory for detecting lipids in attached and detached non-small lung cancer cells and show how to analyze lipidomics data to find its correlation with autophagy-related pathways.

Mechanistic exploration of 6-shogaol's preventive effects on azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium -induced colorectal cancer: involvement of cell proliferation, apoptosis, carcinoembryonic antigen, wingless-related integration site signaling, and oxido-inflammation

Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant global health burden, being the third most prevalent cancer and the second most significant contributor to cancer-related deaths worldwide. Preventive strategies are crucial to combat this rising incidence. 6-shogaol, derived from ginger, has shown promise in preventing and treating various cancers. This study investigated the preventive effects of 6-shogaol on azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced CRC in mice. Forty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control, 6-shogaol, AOM + DSS, and 6-shogaol + AOM + DSS. Mice in the control group received corn oil for 16 weeks, while those in the 6-Shogaol group were administered 20 mg/kg of 6-shogaol for 16 weeks. The AOM + DSS group received a single intraperitoneal dose (ip) of 10 mg/kg of AOM, followed by three cycles of 2.5% DSS in drinking water. The 6-shogaol + AOM + DSS group received both 6-shogaol for 16 weeks and a single ip of 10 mg/kg of AOM, followed by three cycles of 2.5% DSS in drinking water. The AOM + DSS-treated mice exhibited reduced food consumption, colon weight, and colon length, along with increased tumor formation. Co-administration of 6-shogaol effectively reversed these changes, inhibiting CRC development. Histopathological analysis revealed protective effects of 6-shogaol against colonic insults and modulation of inflammatory responses. 6-shogaol significantly reduced Carcinoembryonic antigen and Kiel 67 levels, indicating inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Mechanistically, 6-shogaol promoted apoptosis by upregulating protein 53 and caspase-3 expression, and it effectively restored the balance of the Wingless-related integration site signaling pathway by regulating β-catenin and adenomatous polyposis coli levels. Moreover, 6-shogaol demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects, reducing myeloperoxidase, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, and cyclooxygenase-2 levels in AOM/DSS-treated mice. Additionally, 6-shogaol restored redox homeostasis by reducing lipid peroxidation and nitrosative stress and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities. The findings suggest that 6-shogaol inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, regulates Wnt signaling, suppresses inflammation, and restores redox homeostasis, providing comprehensive insights into its potential therapeutic benefits for CRC.