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Rhomberg-Kauert J, Karlsson M, Thiagarajan D, Kallas T, Karlsson F, Fredriksson S, Dahlberg J, Martinez Barrio A. Using adjusted local assortativity with Molecular Pixelation unveils colocalization of membrane proteins with immunological significance. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1309916. [PMID: 38983848 PMCID: PMC11231075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1309916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in spatial proteomics and protein colocalization are a driving force in the understanding of cellular mechanisms and their influence on biological processes. New methods in the field of spatial proteomics call for the development of algorithms and open up new avenues of research. The newly introduced Molecular Pixelation (MPX) provides spatial information on surface proteins and their relationship with each other in single cells. This allows for in silico representation of neighborhoods of membrane proteins as graphs. In order to analyze this new data modality, we adapted local assortativity in networks of MPX single-cell graphs and created a method that is able to capture detailed information on the spatial relationships of proteins. The introduced method can evaluate the pairwise colocalization of proteins and access higher-order similarity to investigate the colocalization of multiple proteins at the same time. We evaluated the method using publicly available MPX datasets where T cells were treated with a chemokine to study uropod formation. We demonstrate that adjusted local assortativity detects the effects of the stimuli at both single- and multiple-marker levels, which enhances our understanding of the uropod formation. We also applied our method to treating cancerous B-cell lines using a therapeutic antibody. With the adjusted local assortativity, we recapitulated the effect of rituximab on the polarity of CD20. Our computational method together with MPX improves our understanding of not only the formation of cell polarity and protein colocalization under stimuli but also advancing the overall insight into immune reaction and reorganization of cell surface proteins, which in turn allows the design of novel therapies. We foresee its applicability to other types of biological spatial data when represented as undirected graphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rhomberg-Kauert
- Pixelgen Technologies AB, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon Fredriksson
- Pixelgen Technologies AB, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Protein Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Bobrowicz M, Kusowska A, Krawczyk M, Zhylko A, Forcados C, Slusarczyk A, Barankiewicz J, Domagala J, Kubacz M, Šmída M, Dostalova L, Marhelava K, Fidyt K, Pepek M, Baranowska I, Szumera-Cieckiewicz A, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S, Granica M, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Majchrzak M, Poreba M, Gehlert CL, Peipp M, Firczuk M, Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Winiarska M. CD20 expression regulates CD37 levels in B-cell lymphoma - implications for immunotherapies. Oncoimmunology 2024; 13:2362454. [PMID: 38846084 PMCID: PMC11155707 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2024.2362454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rituximab (RTX) plus chemotherapy (R-CHOP) applied as a first-line therapy for lymphoma leads to a relapse in approximately 40% of the patients. Therefore, novel approaches to treat aggressive lymphomas are being intensively investigated. Several RTX-resistant (RR) cell lines have been established as surrogate models to study resistance to R-CHOP. Our study reveals that RR cells are characterized by a major downregulation of CD37, a molecule currently explored as a target for immunotherapy. Using CD20 knockout (KO) cell lines, we demonstrate that CD20 and CD37 form a complex, and hypothesize that the presence of CD20 stabilizes CD37 in the cell membrane. Consequently, we observe a diminished cytotoxicity of anti-CD37 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in complement-dependent cytotoxicity in both RR and CD20 KO cells that can be partially restored upon lysosome inhibition. On the other hand, the internalization rate of anti-CD37 mAb in CD20 KO cells is increased when compared to controls, suggesting unhampered efficacy of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). Importantly, even a major downregulation in CD37 levels does not hamper the efficacy of CD37-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. In summary, we present here a novel mechanism of CD37 regulation with further implications for the use of anti-CD37 immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Antigens, CD20/genetics
- Rituximab/pharmacology
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
- Tetraspanins/genetics
- Tetraspanins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use
- Vincristine/pharmacology
- Vincristine/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Kusowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Krawczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School of Translational Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andriy Zhylko
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christopher Forcados
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksander Slusarczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Barankiewicz
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Domagala
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matylda Kubacz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Šmída
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Dostalova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Klaudyna Fidyt
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Pepek
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Baranowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szumera-Cieckiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Biobank, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monika Granica
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Majchrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Poreba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Carina Lynn Gehlert
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Prochorec-Sobieszek
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Zhang H, Song Q, Shang K, Li Y, Jiang L, Yang L. Tspan protein family: focusing on the occurrence, progression, and treatment of cancer. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:187. [PMID: 38649381 PMCID: PMC11035590 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Tetraspanins (Tspan) protein family, also known as the tetraspanin family, contains 33 family members that interact with other protein molecules such as integrins, adhesion molecules, and T cell receptors by forming dimers or heterodimers. The Tspan protein family regulates cell proliferation, cell cycle, invasion, migration, apoptosis, autophagy, tissue differentiation, and immune response. More and more studies have shown that Tspan proteins are involved in tumorigenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, thrombosis, tumor stem cell, and exosome signaling. Some drugs and microRNAs can inhibit Tspan proteins, thus providing new strategies for tumor therapy. An in-depth understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the Tspan protein family, which can promote or inhibit tumor development, will provide new strategies for targeted interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huhu Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qinghang Song
- Health Science Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Kaiwen Shang
- Health Science Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Liangqian Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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4
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Querol Cano L, Dunlock VME, Schwerdtfeger F, van Spriel AB. Membrane organization by tetraspanins and galectins shapes lymphocyte function. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:193-212. [PMID: 37758850 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Immune receptors are not randomly distributed at the plasma membrane of lymphocytes but are segregated into specialized domains that function as platforms to initiate signalling, as exemplified by the B cell or T cell receptor complex and the immunological synapse. 'Membrane-organizing proteins' and, in particular, tetraspanins and galectins, are crucial for controlling the spatiotemporal organization of immune receptors and other signalling proteins. Deficiencies in specific tetraspanins and galectins result in impaired immune synapse formation, lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production and migration, which can lead to impaired immunity, tumour development and autoimmunity. In contrast to conventional ligand-receptor interactions, membrane organizers interact in cis (on the same cell) and modulate receptor clustering, receptor dynamics and intracellular signalling. New findings have uncovered their complex and dynamic nature, revealing shared binding partners and collaborative activity in determining the composition of membrane domains. Therefore, immune receptors should not be envisaged as independent entities and instead should be studied in the context of their spatial organization in the lymphocyte membrane. We advocate for a novel approach to study lymphocyte function by globally analysing the role of membrane organizers in the assembly of different membrane complexes and discuss opportunities to develop therapeutic approaches that act via the modulation of membrane organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Querol Cano
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera-Marie E Dunlock
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fabian Schwerdtfeger
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek B van Spriel
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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5
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Mastellos DC, Hajishengallis G, Lambris JD. A guide to complement biology, pathology and therapeutic opportunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:118-141. [PMID: 37670180 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Complement has long been considered a key innate immune effector system that mediates host defence and tissue homeostasis. Yet, growing evidence has illuminated a broader involvement of complement in fundamental biological processes extending far beyond its traditional realm in innate immunity. Complement engages in intricate crosstalk with multiple pattern-recognition and signalling pathways both in the extracellular and intracellular space. Besides modulating host-pathogen interactions, this crosstalk guides early developmental processes and distinct cell trajectories, shaping tissue immunometabolic and regenerative programmes in different physiological systems. This Review provides a guide to the system-wide functions of complement. It highlights illustrative paradigm shifts that have reshaped our understanding of complement pathobiology, drawing examples from evolution, development of the central nervous system, tissue regeneration and cancer immunity. Despite its tight spatiotemporal regulation, complement activation can be derailed, fuelling inflammatory tissue pathology. The pervasive contribution of complement to disease pathophysiology has inspired a resurgence of complement therapeutics with major clinical developments, some of which have challenged long-held dogmas. We thus highlight major therapeutic concepts and milestones in clinical complement intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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6
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Damelang T, Brinkhaus M, van Osch TLJ, Schuurman J, Labrijn AF, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Impact of structural modifications of IgG antibodies on effector functions. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1304365. [PMID: 38259472 PMCID: PMC10800522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are a critical component of the adaptive immune system, binding to and neutralizing pathogens and other foreign substances. Recent advances in molecular antibody biology and structural protein engineering enabled the modification of IgG antibodies to enhance their therapeutic potential. This review summarizes recent progress in both natural and engineered structural modifications of IgG antibodies, including allotypic variation, glycosylation, Fc engineering, and Fc gamma receptor binding optimization. We discuss the functional consequences of these modifications to highlight their potential for therapeutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon Damelang
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Brinkhaus
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thijs L. J. van Osch
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Janine Schuurman
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aran F. Labrijn
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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7
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Niquille DL, Fitzgerald KM, Gera N. Biparatopic antibodies: therapeutic applications and prospects. MAbs 2024; 16:2310890. [PMID: 38439551 PMCID: PMC10936611 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2310890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Biparatopic antibodies (bpAbs) bind distinct, non-overlapping epitopes on an antigen. This unique binding mode enables new mechanisms of action beyond monospecific and bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) that can make bpAbs effective therapeutics for various indications, including oncology and infectious diseases. Biparatopic binding can lead to superior affinity and specificity, promote antagonism, lock target conformation, and result in higher-order target clustering. Such antibody-target complexes can elicit strong agonism, increase immune effector function, or result in rapid target downregulation and lysosomal trafficking. These are not only attractive properties for therapeutic antibodies but are increasingly being explored for other modalities such as antibody-drug conjugates, T-cell engagers and chimeric antigen receptors. Recent advances in bpAb engineering have enabled the construction of ever more sophisticated formats that are starting to show promise in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nimish Gera
- Biologics, Mythic Therapeutics, Waltham, MA, USA
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8
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Kuźniewska A, Majeranowski A, Henry S, Kowalska D, Stasiłojć G, Urban A, Zaucha JM, Okrój M. The Acquisition of Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity by the Type II Anti-CD20 Therapeutic Antibody Obinutuzumab. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:49. [PMID: 38201478 PMCID: PMC10778491 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Rituximab, a prototypic anti-CD20 mAb, and the third-generation anti-CD20 mAb obinutuzumab differ in their ability to activate the complement system. According to recent studies, this contrast stems from the architecture of the antigen-antibody complex formed by these two mAbs that facilitates (rituximab) or disables (obinutuzumab) further oligomerization, leading to engagement of the initial classical complement pathway component C1q. We examined whether a gain-of-function C2 variant that acts downstream of C1q and enforces the formation of complement convertase resistant to physiological decay can impact complement activation by obinutuzumab. Co-application of the C2 variant with obinutuzumab and human serum resulted in complement-dependent cytotoxicity equal to or higher than attainable for rituximab. This effect was observed either in serum or hirudin-anticoagulated whole blood. Long-term (24 h) overall cytotoxicity of obinutuzumab was improved in target cells of moderate sensitivity to complement but diminished in cells of low sensitivity. Our results demonstrate that the ability of complement activation of a given antibody is not ultimately determined at the stage of initial interactions with its target antigen but is modulable at later stages of the cascade and that the benefit of the acquisition of this new effector mechanism by obinutuzumab depends on the target cell characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Kuźniewska
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Alan Majeranowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Sara Henry
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Daria Kowalska
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Grzegorz Stasiłojć
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Aleksandra Urban
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Jan M. Zaucha
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Marcin Okrój
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
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9
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Guo X, Wu Y, Xue Y, Xie N, Shen G. Revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy: unleashing the potential of bispecific antibodies for targeted treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291836. [PMID: 38106416 PMCID: PMC10722299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progressions in immunotherapy have transformed cancer treatment, providing a promising strategy that activates the immune system of the patient to find and eliminate cancerous cells. Bispecific antibodies, which engage two separate antigens or one antigen with two distinct epitopes, are of tremendous concern in immunotherapy. The bi-targeting idea enabled by bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) is especially attractive from a medical standpoint since most diseases are complex, involving several receptors, ligands, and signaling pathways. Several research look into the processes in which BsAbs identify different cancer targets such angiogenesis, reproduction, metastasis, and immune regulation. By rerouting cells or altering other pathways, the bispecific proteins perform effector activities in addition to those of natural antibodies. This opens up a wide range of clinical applications and helps patients with resistant tumors respond better to medication. Yet, further study is necessary to identify the best conditions where to use these medications for treating tumor, their appropriate combination partners, and methods to reduce toxicity. In this review, we provide insights into the BsAb format classification based on their composition and symmetry, as well as the delivery mode, focus on the action mechanism of the molecule, and discuss the challenges and future perspectives in BsAb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Guo
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xue
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Xie
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Guobo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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10
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Li Z, Jiang M, Wang J, Zhuo Z, Zhang S, Tan Y, Hu W, Zhang H, Meng G. Transcription factor 12-mediated self-feedback regulatory mechanism is required in DUX4 fusion leukaemia. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1514. [PMID: 38115701 PMCID: PMC10731121 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IGH::DUX4 is frequently observed in 4% B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patients. Regarding the IGH::DUX4-driven transactivation and alternative splicing, which are the main reasons behind this acute leukaemia outbreak, it remains unclear how transcriptional cofactors contribute to this oncogenic process. Further investigation is required to elucidate their specific role in leukaemogenesis. METHODS In order to investigate the cofactors of IGH::DUX4, integrated mining of Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing and RNA-sequencing of leukaemia cells and patient samples were conducted. Furthermore, to elucidate the synergistic interaction between transcription factor 12 (TCF12) and IGH::DUX4, knockdown and knockout experiment, mammalian two-hybridisation assay, co-immunoprecipitation and in situ proximity ligation assays were carried out. Additionally, to further investigate the direct interaction between TCF12 and IGH::DUX4, AI-based structural simulations were utilised. Finally, to validate the synergistic role of TCF12 in promoting IGH::DUX4 leukaemia, cell proliferation, apoptosis and drug sensitivity experiments were performed. RESULTS In this study, we observed that the IGH::DUX4 target gene TCF12 might be an important cofactor/helper for this oncogenic driver. The co-expression of IGH::DUX4 and TCF12 resulted in enhanced DUX4-driven transactivation. Supportively, knockdown and knockout of TCF12 significantly reduced expression of IGH::DUX4-driven target genes in leukaemia REH (a precursor B-cell leukaemia cell line) and NALM-6 cells (a precursor B-cell leukaemia cell line). Consistently, in TCF12 knockout cells, the expression of structure-based TCF12 mutant, but not wild-type TCF12, failed to restore the TCF12-IGH::DUX4 crosstalk and the synergistic transactivation. More importantly, the breakdown in TCF12-IGH::DUX4 cooperation impaired IGH::DUX4-driven leukaemia cell survival, caused sensitivity to the chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results helped to define a previously unrecognised TCF12-mediated positive self-feedback regulatory mechanism in IGH::DUX4 leukaemia, which holds the potential to function as a pivotal drug target for the management of this particular form of leukaemia. HIGHLIGHTS Transcription factor 12 (TCF12) is a new novel cofactor in IGH::DUX4 transcriptional complexes/machinery. TCF12 mediates a positive self-feedback regulatory mechanism in IGH::DUX4-driven oncogenic transaction. IGH::DUX4-TCF12 structure/cooperation might represent a potent target/direction in future drug design against B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Li
- Shanghai Institute of HematologyState Key Laboratory of Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational MedicineRui‐Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Minghao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of HematologyState Key Laboratory of Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational MedicineRui‐Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Junfei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of HematologyState Key Laboratory of Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational MedicineRui‐Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Zhuo
- Shanghai Institute of HematologyState Key Laboratory of Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational MedicineRui‐Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Shiyan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of HematologyState Key Laboratory of Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational MedicineRui‐Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Yangxia Tan
- Shanghai Institute of HematologyState Key Laboratory of Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational MedicineRui‐Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Shanghai Institute of HematologyState Key Laboratory of Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational MedicineRui‐Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Center on AgingRuijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of HematologyState Key Laboratory of Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational MedicineRui‐Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
- Institute for Translational Brain ResearchState Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyMOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceJinshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Guoyu Meng
- Shanghai Institute of HematologyState Key Laboratory of Medical GenomicsNational Research Center for Translational MedicineRui‐Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of PathogenesisPrevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityXinjiangP. R. China
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11
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Arribas AJ, Gaudio E, Napoli S, Yvon Herbaux CJ, Tarantelli C, Bordone RP, Cascione L, Munz N, Aresu L, Sgrignani J, Rinaldi A, Kwee I, Rossi D, Cavalli A, Zucca E, Stussi G, Stathis A, Sloss C, Davids MS, Bertoni F. PI3Kδ activation, IL6 over-expression, and CD37 loss cause resistance to the targeting of CD37-positive lymphomas with the antibody-drug conjugate naratuximab emtansine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.14.566994. [PMID: 38014209 PMCID: PMC10680772 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.14.566994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The transmembrane protein CD37 is expressed almost exclusively in lymphoid tissues, with the highest abundance in mature B cells. CD37-directed antibody- and, more recently, cellular-based approaches have shown preclinical and promising early clinical activity. Naratuximab emtansine (Debio 1562, IMGN529) is an antibodydrug conjugate (ADC) that incorporates an anti-CD37 monoclonal antibody conjugated to the maytansinoid DM1 as payload. Naratuximab emtansine has shown activity as a single agent and in combination with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in B cell lymphoma patients. Experimental Design We assessed the activity of naratuximab emtansine using in vitro models of lymphomas, correlated its activity with CD37 expression levels, characterized two resistance mechanisms to the ADC, and identified combination partners providing synergy. Results The anti-tumor activity of naratuximab emtansine was tested in 54 lymphoma cell lines alongside its free payload. The median IC 50 of naratuximab emtansine was 780 pM, and the activity, primarily cytotoxic, was more potent in B than in T cell lymphoma cell lines. In the subgroup of cell lines derived from B cell lymphoma, there was some correlation between sensitivity to DM1 and sensitivity to naratuximab emtansine (r=0.28, P = 0.06). After prolonged exposure to the ADC, one diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell line developed resistance to the ADC due to the biallelic loss of the CD37 gene. After CD37 loss, we also observed upregulation of IL6 (IL-6) and other transcripts from MYD88/IL6-signaling. Recombinant IL6 led to resistance to naratuximab emtansine, while the anti-IL6 antibody tocilizumab improved the cytotoxic activity of the ADC in CD37-positive cells. In a second model, resistance was sustained by an activating mutation in the PIK3CD gene, associated with increased sensitivity to PI3K δ inhibition and a switch from functional dependence on the anti-apoptotic protein MCL1 to reliance on BCL2. The addition of idelalisib or venetoclax to naratuximab emtansine overcame resistance to the ADC in the resistant derivative while also improving the cytotoxic activity of the ADC in the parental cells. Conclusions Targeting B cell lymphoma with the CD37 targeting ADC naratuximab emtansine showed vigorous anti-tumor activity as a single agent, which was also observed in models bearing genetic lesions associated with inferior outcomes, such as MYC translocations and TP53 inactivation or resistance to R-CHOP. Resistance DLBCL models identified active combinations of naratuximab emtansine with drugs targeting IL6, PI3K δ , and BCL2. Despite notable progress in recent decades, we still face challenges in achieving a cure for a substantial number of lymphoma patients (1,2). A pertinent example is diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most prevalent type of lymphoma (3). More than half of DLBCL patients can achieve remission, but around 40% of them experience refractory disease or relapse following an initial positive response (3). Regrettably, the prognosis for many of these cases remains unsatisfactory despite introducing the most recent antibody-based or cellular therapies (3,4), underscoring the importance of innovating new therapeutic strategies and gaining insights into the mechanisms of therapy resistance. CD37 is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the tetraspanin family, primarily expressed on the surface of immune cells, principally in mature B cells but also, at lower levels, in T cells, macrophages/monocytes, granulocytes and dendritic cells (5) (6-8). CD37 plays a crucial role in various immune functions, including B cell activation, proliferation, and signaling, although its precise role still needs to be fully elucidated. CD37 interacts with multiple molecules, including SYK, LYN, CD19, CD22, PI3K δ , PI3K γ , and different integrins, among others (6-8). In mice, the lack of CD37 is paired with reduced T cell-dependent antibody-secreting cells and memory B cells, apparently due to the loss of CD37-mediated clustering of α 4 β 1 integrins (VLA-4) on germinal center B cells and decreased downstream activation of PI3K/AKT signaling and cell survival (5). Reflecting the expression pattern observed in normal lymphocytes, CD37 exhibits elevated expression in all mature B-cell lymphoid neoplasms, including most lymphoma subtypes, and absence in early progenitor cells or terminally differentiated plasma cells (6,8-14). In DLBCL, CD37 expression has been reported between 40% and 90% of cases across multiple studies performed using different antibodies (10,14-16). CD37-directed antibody- and, more recently, cellular-based approaches have shown preclinical (7,10-14,17-23) and early promising clinical activity (24-32). Among the CD37-targeting agents, naratuximab emtansine (Debio 1562, IMGN529) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that incorporates the anti-CD37 humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody K7153A conjugated to the maytansinoid DM1, as payload, via the thioether linker, N-succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) (10). Based on the initial in vitro and in vivo evidence of anti-tumor activity in lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (7,10), naratuximab emtansine entered the clinical evaluation as a single agent. The phase 1 study exploring naratuximab emtansine enrolled 39 patients with relapsed/refractory B cell lymphoma (27). The overall response rate (ORR) was 13% across all patients and 22% in DLBCL patients, including the only observed complete remission (CR) (27). In preliminary results of a phase 2 trial exploring the combination of naratuximab emtansine with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab (18), based on positive preclinical data (18), the ORR was 45% in 76 patients with DLBCL with 24 CRs (32%), 57% in 14 patients with follicular lymphoma (five CR), 50% in four MCL patients (2 CR) (31). Here, we studied the pattern of activity of naratuximab emtansine across a large panel of cell lines derived from DLBCL and other lymphoma subtypes and characterized two resistance mechanisms to the ADC.
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12
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Van Wagoner CM, Rivera-Escalera F, Delgadillo NJ, Chu CC, Zent CS, Elliott MR. Antibody-mediated phagocytosis in cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:128-141. [PMID: 37602915 PMCID: PMC10615698 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Unconjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have revolutionized the treatment of many types of cancer. Some of these mAbs promote the clearance of malignant cells via direct cytotoxic effects. More recently, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) has been appreciated as a major mechanism of action for a number of widely-used mAbs, including anti-CD20 (rituximab, obinutuzumab), anti-HER2 (trazituzumab), and anti-CD38 (daratumumab). However, as a monotherapy these ADCP-inducing mAbs produce insufficient levels of cytotoxicity in vivo and are not curative. As a result, these mAbs are most effectively used in combination therapies. The efficacy of these mAbs is further hampered by the apparent development of drug resistance by many patients. Here we will explore the role of ADCP in cancer immunotherapy and discuss the key factors that could limit the efficacy of ADCP-inducing mAbs in vivo. Finally, we will discuss current insights and approaches being applied to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M. Van Wagoner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Fátima Rivera-Escalera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Charles C. Chu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, NY, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Clive S. Zent
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, NY, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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13
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Lee W, Lee SM, Jung ST. Unlocking the Power of Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity: Engineering Strategies for the Development of Potent Therapeutic Antibodies for Cancer Treatments. BioDrugs 2023; 37:637-648. [PMID: 37486566 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a crucial part of the innate immune response, providing defense against invading pathogens and cancer cells. Recently, it has become evident that the complement system plays a significant role in anticancer activities, particularly through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), alongside antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP). With the discovery of new roles for serum complement molecules in the human immune system, various approaches are being pursued to develop CDC-enhanced antibody therapeutics. In this review, we focus on successful antibody engineering strategies for enhancing CDC, analyzing the lessons learned and the limitations of each approach. Furthermore, we outline potential pathways for the development of antibody therapeutics specifically aimed at enhancing CDC for superior therapeutic efficacy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Hiemstra IH, Santegoets KCM, Janmaat ML, De Goeij BECG, Ten Hagen W, van Dooremalen S, Boross P, van den Brakel J, Bosgra S, Andringa G, van Kessel-Welmers B, Verzijl D, Hibbert RG, Frerichs KA, Mutis T, van de Donk NWCJ, Ahmadi T, Satijn D, Sasser AK, Breij ECW. Preclinical anti-tumour activity of HexaBody-CD38, a next-generation CD38 antibody with superior complement-dependent cytotoxic activity. EBioMedicine 2023; 93:104663. [PMID: 37379657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HexaBody®-CD38 (GEN3014) is a hexamerization-enhanced human IgG1 that binds CD38 with high affinity. The E430G mutation in its Fc domain facilitates the natural process of antibody hexamer formation upon binding to the cell surface, resulting in increased binding of C1q and potentiated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). METHODS Co-crystallization studies were performed to identify the binding interface of HexaBody-CD38 and CD38. HexaBody-CD38-induced CDC, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), trogocytosis, and apoptosis were assessed using flow cytometry assays using tumour cell lines, and MM patient samples (CDC). CD38 enzymatic activity was measured using fluorescence spectroscopy. Anti-tumour activity of HexaBody-CD38 was assessed in patient-derived xenograft mouse models in vivo. FINDINGS HexaBody-CD38 binds a unique epitope on CD38 and induced potent CDC in multiple myeloma (MM), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) cells. Anti-tumour activity was confirmed in patient-derived xenograft models in vivo. Sensitivity to HexaBody-CD38 correlated with CD38 expression level and was inversely correlated with expression of complement regulatory proteins. Compared to daratumumab, HexaBody-CD38 showed enhanced CDC in cell lines with lower levels of CD38 expression, without increasing lysis of healthy leukocytes. More effective CDC was also confirmed in primary MM cells. Furthermore, HexaBody-CD38 efficiently induced ADCC, ADCP, trogocytosis, and apoptosis after Fc-crosslinking. Moreover, HexaBody-CD38 strongly inhibited CD38 cyclase activity, which is hypothesized to relieve immune suppression in the tumour microenvironment. INTERPRETATION Based on these preclinical studies, a clinical trial was initiated to assess the clinical safety of HexaBody-CD38 in patients with MM. FUNDING Genmab.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kristine A Frerichs
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tuna Mutis
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels W C J van de Donk
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Burn Aschner C, Muthuraman K, Kucharska I, Cui H, Prieto K, Nair MS, Wang M, Huang Y, Christie-Holmes N, Poon B, Lam J, Sultana A, Kozak R, Mubareka S, Rubinstein JL, Rujas E, Treanor B, Ho DD, Jetha A, Julien JP. A multi-specific, multi-affinity antibody platform neutralizes sarbecoviruses and confers protection against SARS-CoV-2 in vivo. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf4549. [PMID: 37224226 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf4549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been responsible for a global pandemic. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been used as antiviral therapeutics; however, these therapeutics have been limited in efficacy by viral sequence variability in emerging variants of concern (VOCs) and in deployment by the need for high doses. In this study, we leveraged the multi-specific, multi-affinity antibody (Multabody, MB) platform, derived from the human apoferritin protomer, to enable the multimerization of antibody fragments. MBs were shown to be highly potent, neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 at lower concentrations than their corresponding mAb counterparts. In mice infected with SARS-CoV-2, a tri-specific MB targeting three regions within the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain was protective at a 30-fold lower dose than a cocktail of the corresponding mAbs. Furthermore, we showed in vitro that mono-specific MBs potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 VOCs by leveraging augmented avidity, even when corresponding mAbs lose their ability to neutralize potently, and that tri-specific MBs expanded the neutralization breadth beyond SARS-CoV-2 to other sarbecoviruses. Our work demonstrates how avidity and multi-specificity combined can be leveraged to confer protection and resilience against viral diversity that exceeds that of traditional monoclonal antibody therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Burn Aschner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Krithika Muthuraman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Iga Kucharska
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Hong Cui
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Katherine Prieto
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Manoj S Nair
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maple Wang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Betty Poon
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jessica Lam
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Azmiri Sultana
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Robert Kozak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Division of Microbiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Division of Microbiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Edurne Rujas
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Bebhinn Treanor
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Arif Jetha
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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16
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Goldberg BS, Spencer DA, Pandey S, Ordonez T, Barnette P, Yu Y, Gao L, Dufloo J, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Ackerman ME, Hessell AJ. Complement contributes to antibody-mediated protection against repeated SHIV challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221247120. [PMID: 37155897 PMCID: PMC10193994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221247120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The first clinical efficacy trials of a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) resulted in less benefit than expected and suggested that improvements are needed to prevent HIV infection. While considerable effort has focused on optimizing neutralization breadth and potency, it remains unclear whether augmenting the effector functions elicited by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may also improve their clinical potential. Among these effector functions, complement-mediated activities, which can culminate in the lysis of virions or infected cells, have been the least well studied. Here, functionally modified variants of the second-generation bNAb 10-1074 with ablated and enhanced complement activation profiles were used to examine the role of complement-associated effector functions. When administered prophylactically against simian-HIV challenge in rhesus macaques, more bNAb was required to prevent plasma viremia when complement activity was eliminated. Conversely, less bNAb was required to protect animals from plasma viremia when complement activity was enhanced. These results suggest that complement-mediated effector functions contribute to in vivo antiviral activity, and that their engineering may contribute to the further improvements in the efficacy of antibody-mediated prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Spencer
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Tracy Ordonez
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Philip Barnette
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Yun Yu
- Biostatistics Shared Resources, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR97239
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Lina Gao
- Biostatistics Shared Resources, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR97239
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015Paris, France
- Université de Paris, École doctorale BioSPC 562, 75013Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, 94000Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, 94000Créteil, France
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
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17
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Mohammadi M, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Golsaz-Shirazi F, Arjmand M, Torkashvand F, Bahadori T, Judaki MA, Shiravi F, Ahmadi Zare H, Notash Haghighat F, Mobini M, Shokri F, Amiri MM. A Novel Fc-Engineered Anti-HER2 Bispecific Antibody With Enhanced Antitumor Activity. J Immunother 2023; 46:121-131. [PMID: 36939675 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression has been demonstrated in a variety of cancers. Targeted therapy with anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been approved as a therapeutic modality. Despite the efficacy of mAbs in tumor treatment, many patients do not benefit from this therapeutic platform. Fragment crystallizable (Fc) engineering is a common approach to improve the efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. Five Fc-engineered mAbs have so far been approved by FDA. We have recently developed an anti-HER2 bispecific mAb, BiHT, constructed from variable domains of trastuzumab, and our novel humanized anti-HER2 mAb, hersintuzumab. BiHT displayed promising antitumor activity as potently as the combination of the parental mAbs. Here, we aimed to modify the Fc of BiHT to improve its therapeutic efficacy. The Fc-engineered BiHT (MBiHT) bound to recombinant HER2 and its subdomains with an affinity similar to BiHT. It also recognized native HER2 on different cell lines, inhibited their proliferation, downregulated HER2 expression, and suppressed downstream signaling pathways similar to BiHT. Compared with BiHT, MBiHT displayed enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity against various tumor cell lines. It also inhibited the growth of ovarian xenograft tumors in nude mice more potently than BiHT. Our findings suggest that MBiHT could be a potent therapeutic candidate for the treatment of HER2-overexpressing cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Forough Golsaz-Shirazi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | | | | | - Tannaz Bahadori
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Mohammad Ali Judaki
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Fariba Shiravi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | | | | | - Maryam Mobini
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Amiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
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18
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An anti-HER2 biparatopic antibody that induces unique HER2 clustering and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1394. [PMID: 36914633 PMCID: PMC10011572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an oncogenic role in breast, gastric and other solid tumors. However, anti-HER2 therapies are only currently approved for the treatment of breast and gastric/gastric esophageal junction cancers and treatment resistance remains a problem. Here, we engineer an anti-HER2 IgG1 bispecific, biparatopic antibody (Ab), zanidatamab, with unique and enhanced functionalities compared to both trastuzumab and the combination of trastuzumab plus pertuzumab (tras + pert). Zanidatamab binds adjacent HER2 molecules in trans and initiates distinct HER2 reorganization, as shown by polarized cell surface HER2 caps and large HER2 clusters, not observed with trastuzumab or tras + pert. Moreover, zanidatamab, but not trastuzumab nor tras + pert, elicit potent complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against high HER2-expressing tumor cells in vitro. Zanidatamab also mediates HER2 internalization and downregulation, inhibition of both cell signaling and tumor growth, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP), and also shows superior in vivo antitumor activity compared to tras + pert in a HER2-expressing xenograft model. Collectively, we show that zanidatamab has multiple and distinct mechanisms of action derived from the structural effects of biparatopic HER2 engagement.
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19
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Cable J, Saphire EO, Hayday AC, Wiltshire TD, Mousa JJ, Humphreys DP, Breij ECW, Bruhns P, Broketa M, Furuya G, Hauser BM, Mahévas M, Carfi A, Cantaert T, Kwong PD, Tripathi P, Davis JH, Brewis N, Keyt BA, Fennemann FL, Dussupt V, Sivasubramanian A, Kim PM, Rawi R, Richardson E, Leventhal D, Wolters RM, Geuijen CAW, Sleeman MA, Pengo N, Donnellan FR. Antibodies as drugs-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1519:153-166. [PMID: 36382536 PMCID: PMC10103175 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies have broad indications across diverse disease states, such as oncology, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. New research continues to identify antibodies with therapeutic potential as well as methods to improve upon endogenous antibodies and to design antibodies de novo. On April 27-30, 2022, experts in antibody research across academia and industry met for the Keystone symposium "Antibodies as Drugs" to present the state-of-the-art in antibody therapeutics, repertoires and deep learning, bispecific antibodies, and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK.,Cancer Research UK Cancer Immunotherapy Accelerator, London, UK.,Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Jarrod J Mousa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Esther C W Breij
- Translational Research and Precision Medicine, Genmab BV, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Broketa
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France
| | - Genta Furuya
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthieu Mahévas
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre de Référence des Cytopénies Auto-immunes de l'adulte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Andrea Carfi
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, The Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Prabhanshu Tripathi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Bruce A Keyt
- IGM Biosciences, Inc., Mountainview, California, USA
| | | | - Vincent Dussupt
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Philip M Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eve Richardson
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Rachael M Wolters
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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20
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Kubacz M, Kusowska A, Winiarska M, Bobrowicz M. In Vitro Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Cell Line Models as Tools to Investigate Novel Immunotherapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010235. [PMID: 36612228 PMCID: PMC9818372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high incidence of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), its management constitutes an ongoing challenge. The most common DLBCL variants include activated B-cell (ABC) and germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) subtypes including DLBCL with MYC and BCL2/BCL6 rearrangements which vary among each other with sensitivity to standard rituximab (RTX)-based chemoimmunotherapy regimens and lead to distinct clinical outcomes. However, as first line therapies lead to resistance/relapse (r/r) in about half of treated patients, there is an unmet clinical need to identify novel therapeutic strategies tailored for these patients. In particular, immunotherapy constitutes an attractive option largely explored in preclinical and clinical studies. Patient-derived cell lines that model primary tumor are indispensable tools that facilitate preclinical research. The current review provides an overview of available DLBCL cell line models and their utility in designing novel immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Kubacz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kusowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bobrowicz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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21
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Gribkova IV. CAR NK-сells for the treatment of hematological malignancies: A review. JOURNAL OF MODERN ONCOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.26442/18151434.2022.3.201699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hematological malignant neoplasms include more than a hundred different subtypes and account for about 4.8% of all neoplastic diseases in Russia. Despite significant advances in diagnosis and treatment, many of them remain incurable. In recent years, cell-based therapy appears to be a promising approach to the treatment of these incurable hematologic malignancies, showing striking results in various clinical trials. The most studied and advanced cell therapy is the therapy with T-lymphocytes modified with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR). However, although the US Food and Drug Administration has approved CAR T cells for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, significant problems remain in terms of production, cost, and serious side effects. An alternative to the use of T cells can be the use of innate immune cells, in particular natural killer cells (NK), which have a high antitumor potential. Recent studies have shown the antitumor efficacy of a therapy that uses genetically modified natural killer cells CAR NK cells. The purpose of this review was to describe and systematize the experience of using CAR NK cells for the treatment of hematological neoplasms. The review presents the advantages and disadvantages of this method, as well as the problems that still have to be solved for its widespread introduction into clinical practice.
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22
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Wang Z, Wang G, Lu H, Li H, Tang M, Tong A. Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:35. [PMID: 36418786 PMCID: PMC9684400 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first monoclonal antibody drug, muromonab-CD3, was approved for marketing in 1986, 165 antibody drugs have been approved or are under regulatory review worldwide. With the approval of new drugs for treating a wide range of diseases, including cancer and autoimmune and metabolic disorders, the therapeutic antibody drug market has experienced explosive growth. Monoclonal antibodies have been sought after by many biopharmaceutical companies and scientific research institutes due to their high specificity, strong targeting abilities, low toxicity, side effects, and high development success rate. The related industries and markets are growing rapidly, and therapeutic antibodies are one of the most important research and development areas in the field of biology and medicine. In recent years, great progress has been made in the key technologies and theoretical innovations provided by therapeutic antibodies, including antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-conjugated nuclides, bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and other antibody analogs. Additionally, therapeutic antibodies can be combined with technologies used in other fields to create new cross-fields, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), CAR-natural killer cells (CAR-NK), and other cell therapy. This review summarizes the latest approved or in regulatory review therapeutic antibodies that have been approved or that are under regulatory review worldwide, as well as clinical research on these approaches and their development, and outlines antibody discovery strategies that have emerged during the development of therapeutic antibodies, such as hybridoma technology, phage display, preparation of fully human antibody from transgenic mice, single B-cell antibody technology, and artificial intelligence-assisted antibody discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaqing Lu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjian Li
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Tang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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23
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Oostindie SC, Rinaldi DA, Zom GG, Wester MJ, Paulet D, Al-Tamimi K, van der Meijden E, Scheick JR, Wilpshaar T, de Jong B, Hoff-van den Broek M, Grattan RM, Oosterhoff JJ, Vignau J, Verploegen S, Boross P, Beurskens FJ, Lidke DS, Schuurman J, de Jong RN. Logic-gated antibody pairs that selectively act on cells co-expressing two antigens. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1509-1519. [PMID: 35879362 PMCID: PMC9546771 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is constrained because single antigen targets often do not provide sufficient selectivity to distinguish diseased from healthy tissues. We present HexElect®, an approach to enhance the functional selectivity of therapeutic antibodies by making their activity dependent on clustering after binding to two different antigens expressed on the same target cell. lmmunoglobulin G (lgG)-mediated clustering of membrane receptors naturally occurs on cell surfaces to trigger complement- or cell-mediated effector functions or to initiate intracellular signaling. We engineer the Fc domains of two different lgG antibodies to suppress their individual homo-oligomerization while promoting their pairwise hetero-oligomerization after binding co-expressed antigens. We show that recruitment of complement component C1q to these hetero-oligomers leads to clustering-dependent activation of effector functions such as complement mediated killing of target cells or activation of cell surface receptors. HexElect allows selective antibody activity on target cells expressing unique, potentially unexplored combinations of surface antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Oostindie
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Derek A Rinaldi
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Michael J Wester
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rachel M Grattan
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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24
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Tommy Gambles M, Li J, Christopher Radford D, Sborov D, Shami P, Yang J, Kopeček J. Simultaneous crosslinking of CD20 and CD38 receptors by drug-free macromolecular therapeutics enhances B cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2022; 350:584-599. [PMID: 36037975 PMCID: PMC9561060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug-Free Macromolecular Therapeutics (DFMT) is a new paradigm in macromolecular therapeutics that induces apoptosis in target cells by crosslinking receptors without the need of low molecular weight drugs. Programmed cell death is initiated via a biomimetic receptor crosslinking strategy using a two-step approach: i) recognition of cell surface antigen by a morpholino oligonucleotide-modified antibody Fab' fragment (Fab'-MORF1), ii) followed by crosslinking with a multivalent effector motif - human serum albumin (HSA) grafted with multiple complementary morpholino oligonucleotides (HSA-(MORF2)x). This approach is effective in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo on cells from patients diagnosed with various B cell malignancies. We have previously demonstrated DFMT can be applied to crosslink CD20 and CD38 receptors to successfully initiate apoptosis. Herein, we show simultaneous engagement, and subsequent crosslinking of both targets ("heteroreceptor crosslinking"), can further enhance the apoptosis induction capacity of this system. To accomplish this, we incubated Raji (CD20+; CD38+) cells simultaneously with anti-CD20 and anti-CD38 Fab'-MORF1 conjugates, followed by addition of the macromolecular crosslinker, HSA-(MORF2)x to co-cluster the bound receptors. Fab' fragments from Rituximab and Obinutuzumab were employed in the synthesis of anti-CD20 bispecific engagers (Fab'RTX-MORF1 and Fab'OBN-MORF1), whereas Fab' fragments from Daratumumab and Isatuximab (Fab'DARA-MORF1 and Fab'ISA-MORF1) targeted CD38. All heteroreceptor crosslinking DFMT combinations demonstrated potent apoptosis induction and exhibited synergistic effects as determined by Chou-Talalay combination index studies (CI < 1). In vitro fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments confirmed the co-clustering of the two receptors on the cell surface in response to the combination treatment. The source of this synergistic therapeutic effect was further explored by evaluating the effect of combination DFMT on key apoptosis signaling events such as mitochondrial depolarization, caspase activation, lysosomal enlargement, and homotypic cell adhesion. Finally, a xenograft mouse model of CD20+/CD38+ Non Hodgkin lymphoma was employed to demonstrate in vivo the enhanced efficacy of the heteroreceptor-crosslinking DFMT design versus single-target systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tommy Gambles
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiahui Li
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - D Christopher Radford
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Douglas Sborov
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Paul Shami
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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25
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Gehlert CL, Rahmati P, Boje AS, Winterberg D, Krohn S, Theocharis T, Cappuzzello E, Lux A, Nimmerjahn F, Ludwig RJ, Lustig M, Rösner T, Valerius T, Schewe DM, Kellner C, Klausz K, Peipp M. Dual Fc optimization to increase the cytotoxic activity of a CD19-targeting antibody. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957874. [PMID: 36119088 PMCID: PMC9471254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting CD19 represents a promising strategy for the therapy of B-cell malignancies. Although non-engineered CD19 antibodies are poorly effective in mediating complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), these effector functions can be enhanced by Fc-engineering. Here, we engineered a CD19 antibody with the aim to improve effector cell-mediated killing and CDC activity by exchanging selected amino acid residues in the Fc domain. Based on the clinically approved Fc-optimized antibody tafasitamab, which triggers enhanced ADCC and ADCP due to two amino acid exchanges in the Fc domain (S239D/I332E), we additionally added the E345K amino acid exchange to favor antibody hexamerization on the target cell surface resulting in improved CDC. The dual engineered CD19-DEK antibody bound CD19 and Fcγ receptors with similar characteristics as the parental CD19-DE antibody. Both antibodies were similarly efficient in mediating ADCC and ADCP but only the dual optimized antibody was able to trigger complement deposition on target cells and effective CDC. Our data provide evidence that from a technical perspective selected Fc-enhancing mutations can be combined (S239D/I332E and E345K) allowing the enhancement of ADCC, ADCP and CDC with isolated effector populations. Interestingly, under more physiological conditions when the complement system and FcR-positive effector cells are available as effector source, strong complement deposition negatively impacts FcR engagement. Both effector functions were simultaneously active only at selected antibody concentrations. Dual Fc-optimized antibodies may represent a strategy to further improve CD19-directed cancer immunotherapy. In general, our results can help in guiding optimal antibody engineering strategies to optimize antibodies’ effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Lynn Gehlert
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Pegah Rahmati
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ammelie Svea Boje
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dorothee Winterberg
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steffen Krohn
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Theocharis
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elisa Cappuzzello
- Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anja Lux
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf J. Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marta Lustig
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thies Rösner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Denis Martin Schewe
- Department of Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Matthias Peipp,
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26
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Mokhtary P, Pourhashem Z, Mehrizi AA, Sala C, Rappuoli R. Recent Progress in the Discovery and Development of Monoclonal Antibodies against Viral Infections. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081861. [PMID: 36009408 PMCID: PMC9405509 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), the new revolutionary class of medications, are fast becoming tools against various diseases thanks to a unique structure and function that allow them to bind highly specific targets or receptors. These specialized proteins can be produced in large quantities via the hybridoma technique introduced in 1975 or by means of modern technologies. Additional methods have been developed to generate mAbs with new biological properties such as humanized, chimeric, or murine. The inclusion of mAbs in therapeutic regimens is a major medical advance and will hopefully lead to significant improvements in infectious disease management. Since the first therapeutic mAb, muromonab-CD3, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986, the list of approved mAbs and their clinical indications and applications have been proliferating. New technologies have been developed to modify the structure of mAbs, thereby increasing efficacy and improving delivery routes. Gene delivery technologies, such as non-viral synthetic plasmid DNA and messenger RNA vectors (DMabs or mRNA-encoded mAbs), built to express tailored mAb genes, might help overcome some of the challenges of mAb therapy, including production restrictions, cold-chain storage, transportation requirements, and expensive manufacturing and distribution processes. This paper reviews some of the recent developments in mAb discovery against viral infections and illustrates how mAbs can help to combat viral diseases and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Mokhtary
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Zeinab Pourhashem
- Student Research Committee, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Akram Abouei Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Claudia Sala
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (R.R.)
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27
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Designing antibodies as therapeutics. Cell 2022; 185:2789-2805. [PMID: 35868279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibody therapeutics are a large and rapidly expanding drug class providing major health benefits. We provide a snapshot of current antibody therapeutics including their formats, common targets, therapeutic areas, and routes of administration. Our focus is on selected emerging directions in antibody design where progress may provide a broad benefit. These topics include enhancing antibodies for cancer, antibody delivery to organs such as the brain, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs, plus antibody developability challenges including immunogenicity risk assessment and mitigation and subcutaneous delivery. Machine learning has the potential, albeit as yet largely unrealized, for a transformative future impact on antibody discovery and engineering.
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28
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Oostindie SC, Lazar GA, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI. Avidity in antibody effector functions and biotherapeutic drug design. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:715-735. [PMID: 35790857 PMCID: PMC9255845 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are the cardinal effector molecules of the immune system and are being leveraged with enormous success as biotherapeutic drugs. A key part of the adaptive immune response is the production of an epitope-diverse, polyclonal antibody mixture that is capable of neutralizing invading pathogens or disease-causing molecules through binding interference and by mediating humoral and cellular effector functions. Avidity - the accumulated binding strength derived from the affinities of multiple individual non-covalent interactions - is fundamental to virtually all aspects of antibody biology, including antibody-antigen binding, clonal selection and effector functions. The manipulation of antibody avidity has since emerged as an important design principle for enhancing or engineering novel properties in antibody biotherapeutics. In this Review, we describe the multiple levels of avidity interactions that trigger the overall efficacy and control of functional responses in both natural antibody biology and their therapeutic applications. Within this framework, we comprehensively review therapeutic antibody mechanisms of action, with particular emphasis on engineered optimizations and platforms. Overall, we describe how affinity and avidity tuning of engineered antibody formats are enabling a new wave of differentiated antibody drugs with tailored properties and novel functions, promising improved treatment options for a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Oostindie
- Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Greg A Lazar
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. .,Sparring Bioconsult, Odijk, Netherlands. .,Lava Therapeutics, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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29
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Pande K, Hollingsworth SA, Sam M, Gao Q, Singh S, Saha A, Vroom K, Ma XS, Brazell T, Gorman D, Chen SJ, Raoufi F, Bailly M, Grandy D, Sathiyamoorthy K, Zhang L, Thompson R, Cheng AC, Fayadat-Dilman L, Geierstanger BH, Kingsley LJ. Hexamerization of Anti-SARS CoV IgG1 Antibodies Improves Neutralization Capacity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864775. [PMID: 35603164 PMCID: PMC9114490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and particularly the emerging variants have deepened the need for widely available therapeutic options. We have demonstrated that hexamer-enhancing mutations in the Fc region of anti-SARS-CoV IgG antibodies lead to a noticeable improvement in IC50 in both pseudo and live virus neutralization assay compared to parental molecules. We also show that hexamer-enhancing mutants improve C1q binding to target surface. To our knowledge, this is the first time this format has been explored for application in viral neutralization and the studies provide proof-of-concept for the use of hexamer-enhanced IgG1 molecules as potential anti-viral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Pande
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Miranda Sam
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Qinshan Gao
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sujata Singh
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anasuya Saha
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Karin Vroom
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Xiaohong Shirley Ma
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tres Brazell
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dan Gorman
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shi-Juan Chen
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Fahimeh Raoufi
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marc Bailly
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David Grandy
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Lan Zhang
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Rob Thompson
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alan C. Cheng
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Laura J. Kingsley
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
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30
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Boghaert ER, Cox MC, Vaidya KS. Pathophysiological and pharmacological considerations to improve the design and application of antibody-drug conjugates. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1858-1869. [PMID: 35298624 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) have emerged as one of the pillars of clinical disease management in oncology. The biggest hurdle to widespread development and application of ADCs has been a narrow therapeutic index. Advances in antibody technologies and formats as well as novel linker and payload chemistries have begun to facilitate structural improvements to ADCs. However, the interplay of structural characteristics with physiologic and pharmacologic factors determining therapeutic success has garnered less attention. This review elaborates on the pharmacology of ADCs, the pathophysiology of cancerous tissues, and the reciprocal consequences on ADC properties and functions. While most currently approved ADCs utilize either microtubule inhibition or DNA damage as primary mechanisms of action, we present arguments to expand this repertoire and highlight the need for payload mechanisms that exploit disease-specific vulnerabilities. We promote the idea that the choice of antibody format, targeting antigen, linker properties, and payload of an ADC should be deliberately fit for purpose by taking the pathophysiology of disease and the specific pharmacology of the drug entity into account, thus allowing a higher probability of clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan C Cox
- Abbvie, Inc., North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kedar S Vaidya
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals (United States), Palo Alto, CA, United States
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31
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Perutelli F, Jones R, Griggio V, Vitale C, Coscia M. Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Advances and Challenges. Front Oncol 2022; 12:837531. [PMID: 35265527 PMCID: PMC8898826 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.837531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-based therapeutic strategies have drastically changed the landscape of hematological disorders, as they have introduced the concept of boosting immune responses against tumor cells. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies have been the first form of immunotherapy successfully applied in the treatment of CLL, in the context of chemoimmunotherapy regimens. Since then, several immunotherapeutic approaches have been studied in CLL settings, with the aim of exploiting or eliciting anti-tumor immune responses against leukemia cells. Unfortunately, despite initial promising data, results from pilot clinical studies have not shown optimal results in terms of disease control - especially when immunotherapy was used individually - largely due to CLL-related immune dysfunctions hampering the achievement of effective anti-tumor responses. The growing understanding of the complex interactions between immune cells and the tumor cells has paved the way for the development of new combined approaches that rely on the synergism between novel agents and immunotherapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the most successful and promising immunotherapeutic modalities in CLL, including both antibody-based therapy (i.e. monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, bi- or tri- specific killer engagers) and adoptive cellular therapy (i.e. CAR T cells and NK cells). We also provide examples of successful new combination strategies and some insights on future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perutelli
- University Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (A.O.U.) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Rebecca Jones
- University Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (A.O.U.) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Griggio
- University Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (A.O.U.) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Candida Vitale
- University Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (A.O.U.) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Coscia
- University Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (A.O.U.) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marta Coscia,
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32
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Yan X, Zhou Q, Zhu H, Liu W, Xu H, Yin W, Zhao M, Jiang X, Ren C. The clinical features, prognostic significance, and immune heterogeneity of CD37 in diffuse gliomas. iScience 2021; 24:103249. [PMID: 34755091 PMCID: PMC8564053 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse glioma is the most prevalent and malignant brain tumor. The function and significance of CD37 in diffuse gliomas remain largely unknown. Here, we showed CD37 was abnormally expressed in diverse cancers, especially glioma by pan-cancer differential expression analysis. In addition, we found CD37 was upregulated in higher grade and IDH or IDH1-wildtype gliomas, which was further validated by qPCR and IHC. Survival analysis revealed CD37 served as an independent indicator for unfavorable prognosis of patients with diffuse gliomas. Functional enrichment analysis revealed CD37 was associated with immunological processes. Moreover, immune infiltration analyses suggested gliomas with high-expression CD37 had greater infiltration of M2 macrophages and neutrophils, and lower NK cell abundance. CD37 was closely correlated to immune checkpoint molecules, including CD276, CD80, CD86, and PD-L2. Our results indicated CD37 is an independent prognostic factor and plays an immunosuppressive role in diffuse gliomas. Targeting CD37 could be a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for diffuse gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Yan
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Quanwei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hecheng Zhu
- Changsha Kexin Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410205, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Hongjuan Xu
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wen Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Changsha Kexin Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410205, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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33
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Tsao LC, Force J, Hartman ZC. Mechanisms of Therapeutic Antitumor Monoclonal Antibodies. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4641-4651. [PMID: 34145037 PMCID: PMC8448950 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are a major component of cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize the different therapeutic mAbs that have been successfully developed against various tumor-expressed antigens and examine our current understanding of their different mechanisms of antitumor action. These mechanisms of action (MOA) largely center on the stimulation of different innate immune effector processes, which appear to be principally responsible for the efficacy of most unconjugated mAb therapies against cancer. This is evident in studies of mAbs targeting antigens for hematologic cancers, with emerging data also demonstrating the critical nature of innate immune-mediated mechanisms in the efficacy of anti-HER2 mAbs against solid HER2+ cancers. Although HER2-targeted mAbs were originally described as inhibitors of HER2-mediated signaling, multiple studies have since demonstrated these mAbs function largely through their engagement with Fc receptors to activate innate immune effector functions as well as complement activity. Next-generation mAbs are capitalizing on these MOAs through improvements to enhance Fc-activity, although regulation of these mechanisms may vary in different tumor microenvironments. In addition, novel antibody-drug conjugates have emerged as an important means to activate different MOAs. Although many unknowns remain, an improved understanding of these immunologic MOAs will be essential for the future of mAb therapy and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chung Tsao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jeremy Force
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zachary C Hartman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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34
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Harrison N, Koo CZ, Tomlinson MG. Regulation of ADAM10 by the TspanC8 Family of Tetraspanins and Their Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136707. [PMID: 34201472 PMCID: PMC8268256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) functions as a “molecular scissor”, by cleaving the extracellular regions from its membrane protein substrates in a process termed ectodomain shedding. ADAM10 is known to have over 100 substrates including Notch, amyloid precursor protein, cadherins, and growth factors, and is important in health and implicated in diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s. The tetraspanins are a superfamily of membrane proteins that interact with specific partner proteins to regulate their intracellular trafficking, lateral mobility, and clustering at the cell surface. We and others have shown that ADAM10 interacts with a subgroup of six tetraspanins, termed the TspanC8 subgroup, which are closely related by protein sequence and comprise Tspan5, Tspan10, Tspan14, Tspan15, Tspan17, and Tspan33. Recent evidence suggests that different TspanC8/ADAM10 complexes have distinct substrates and that ADAM10 should not be regarded as a single scissor, but as six different TspanC8/ADAM10 scissor complexes. This review discusses the published evidence for this “six scissor” hypothesis and the therapeutic potential this offers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neale Harrison
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (N.H.); (C.Z.K.)
| | - Chek Ziu Koo
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (N.H.); (C.Z.K.)
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Michael G. Tomlinson
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (N.H.); (C.Z.K.)
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)121-414-2507
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35
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Elshiaty M, Schindler H, Christopoulos P. Principles and Current Clinical Landscape of Multispecific Antibodies against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5632. [PMID: 34073188 PMCID: PMC8198225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Building upon the resounding therapeutic success of monoclonal antibodies, and supported by accelerating progress in engineering methods, the field of multispecific therapeutic antibodies is growing rapidly. Over 140 different molecules are currently in clinical testing, with excellent results in recent phase 1-3 clinical trials for several of them. Multivalent bispecific IgG-modified formats predominate today, with a clear tendency for more target antigens and further increased valency in newer constructs. The strategies to augment anticancer efficacy are currently equally divided between disruption of multiple surface antigens, and additional redirection of cytotoxic T or NK lymphocytes against the tumor. Both effects complement other modern modalities, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies, with which multispecifics are increasingly applied in combination or merged, for example, in the form of antibody producing CAR-T cells and oncolytics. While mainly focused on B-cell malignancies early on, the contemporary multispecific antibody sector accommodates twice as many trials against solid compared to hematologic cancers. An exciting emerging prospect is the targeting of intracellular neoantigens using T-cell receptor (TCR) fusion proteins or TCR-mimic antibody fragments. Considering the fact that introduction of PD-(L)1 inhibitors only a few years ago has already facilitated 5-year survival rates of 30-50% for per se highly lethal neoplasms, such as metastatic melanoma and non-small-cell lung carcinoma, the upcoming enforcement of current treatments with "next-generation" immunotherapeutics, offers a justified hope for the cure of some advanced cancers in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Elshiaty
- Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.E.); (H.S.)
- Translational Lung Cancer Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Schindler
- Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.E.); (H.S.)
- Translational Lung Cancer Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.E.); (H.S.)
- Translational Lung Cancer Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Golubovskaya V, Zhou H, Li F, Valentine M, Sun J, Berahovich R, Xu S, Quintanilla M, Ma MC, Sienkiewicz J, Huang Y, Wu L. Novel CD37, Humanized CD37 and Bi-Specific Humanized CD37-CD19 CAR-T Cells Specifically Target Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050981. [PMID: 33652767 PMCID: PMC7956426 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy represents a major advancement in cancer treatment. Recently, FDA approved CAR-T cells directed against the CD19 protein for treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. In spite of impressive clinical responses with CD19-CAR-T cells, some patients demonstrate disease relapse due to either antigen loss, cancer heterogeneity or other mechanisms. Novel CAR-T cells and targets are important for the field. This report describes novel CD37, humanized CD37 and bispecific humanized CD37-CD19-CAR-T cells targeting both CD37 and CD19. The study demonstrates that these novel CAR-T cells specifically targeted either CD37 positive or CD37 and CD19-positive cells with endogenous and exogenous protein expression and provides a basis for future clinical studies. Abstract CD19 and CD37 proteins are highly expressed in B-cell lymphoma and have been successfully targeted with different monotherapies, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. The goal of this study was to target lymphoma with novel CD37, humanized CD37, and bi-specific humanized CD37-CD19 CAR-T cells. A novel mouse monoclonal anti-human CD37 antibody (clone 2B8D12F2D4) was generated with high binding affinity for CD37 antigen (KD = 1.6 nM). The CD37 antibody specifically recognized cell surface CD37 protein in lymphoma cells and not in multiple myeloma or other types of cancer. The mouse and humanized CD37-CAR-T cells specifically killed Raji and CHO-CD37 cells and secreted IFN-gamma. In addition, we generated bi-specific humanized hCD37-CD19 CAR-T cells that specifically killed Raji cells, CHO-CD37, and Hela-CD19 cells and did not kill control CHO or Hela cells. Moreover, the hCD37-CD19 CAR-T cells secreted IFN-gamma against CD37-positive and CD19-positive target CHO-CD37, Hela-CD19 cells, respectively, but not against CD19 and CD37-negative parental cell line. The bi-specific hCD37-CD19 significantly inhibited Raji xenograft tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival in NOD scid gamma mouse (NSG) mouse model. This study demonstrates that novel humanized CD37 and humanized CD37-CD19 CAR-T cells specifically targeted either CD37 positive or CD37 and CD19-positive cells and provides a basis for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hua Zhou
- Promab Biotechnologies, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Promab Biotechnologies, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA
- Biology and Environmental Science College, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China
| | | | - Jinying Sun
- Promab Biotechnologies, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA
| | | | - Shirley Xu
- Promab Biotechnologies, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA
| | | | - Man Cheong Ma
- Promab Biotechnologies, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA
| | - John Sienkiewicz
- Promab Biotechnologies, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA
| | - Yanwei Huang
- Promab Biotechnologies, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA
| | - Lijun Wu
- Promab Biotechnologies, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA
- Forevertek Biotechnology, Janshan Road, Changsha Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Changsha 410205, China
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37
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Bobrowicz M, Kubacz M, Slusarczyk A, Winiarska M. CD37 in B Cell Derived Tumors-More than Just a Docking Point for Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249531. [PMID: 33333768 PMCID: PMC7765243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD37 is a tetraspanin expressed prominently on the surface of B cells. It is an attractive molecular target exploited in the immunotherapy of B cell-derived lymphomas and leukemia. Currently, several monoclonal antibodies targeting CD37 as well as chimeric antigen receptor-based immunotherapies are being developed and investigated in clinical trials. Given the unique role of CD37 in the biology of B cells, it seems that CD37 constitutes more than a docking point for monoclonal antibodies, and targeting this molecule may provide additional benefit to relapsed or refractory patients. In this review, we aimed to provide an extensive overview of the function of CD37 in B cell malignancies, providing a comprehensive view of recent therapeutic advances targeting CD37 and delineating future perspectives.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Tetraspanins/immunology
- Tetraspanins/metabolism
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Potent Preclinical Efficacy of DuoHexaBody-CD37 in B-Cell Malignancies. Hemasphere 2020; 5:e504. [PMID: 33324950 PMCID: PMC7732266 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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The Role of Complement in the Mechanism of Action of Therapeutic Anti-Cancer mAbs. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040058. [PMID: 33126570 PMCID: PMC7709112 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unconjugated anti-cancer IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) activate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by natural killer (NK) cells and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by macrophages, and these activities are thought to be important mechanisms of action for many of these mAbs in vivo. Several mAbs also activate the classical complement pathway and promote complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), although with very different levels of efficacy, depending on the mAb, the target antigen, and the tumor type. Recent studies have unraveled the various structural factors that define why some IgG1 mAbs are strong mediators of CDC, whereas others are not. The role of complement activation and membrane inhibitors expressed by tumor cells, most notably CD55 and CD59, has also been quite extensively studied, but how much these affect the resistance of tumors in vivo to IgG1 therapeutic mAbs still remains incompletely understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that complement activation has multiple effects beyond target cell lysis, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity mediated by soluble complement fragments, such as C3a and C5a, and by stimulating complement receptors expressed by immune cells, including NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells. Complement activation can enhance ADCC and ADCP and may contribute to the vaccine effect of mAbs. These different aspects of complement are also briefly reviewed in the specific context of FDA-approved therapeutic anti-cancer IgG1 mAbs.
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van der Horst HJ, Nijhof IS, Mutis T, Chamuleau MED. Fc-Engineered Antibodies with Enhanced Fc-Effector Function for the Treatment of B-Cell Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3041. [PMID: 33086644 PMCID: PMC7603375 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy has rapidly changed the field of cancer therapy. In 1997, the CD20-targeting mAb rituximab was the first mAb to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of cancer. Within two decades, dozens of mAbs entered the clinic for treatment of several hematological cancers and solid tumors, and numerous more are under clinical investigation. The success of mAbs as cancer therapeutics lies in their ability to induce various cytotoxic machineries against specific targets. These cytotoxic machineries include antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), which are all mediated via the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of mAbs. In this review article, we will outline the novel approaches of engineering these Fc domains of mAbs to enhance their Fc-effector function and thereby their anti-tumor potency, with specific focus to summarize their (pre-) clinical status for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), and multiple myeloma (MM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilma J. van der Horst
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.S.N.); (T.M.); (M.E.D.C.)
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Hofmann T, Krah S, Sellmann C, Zielonka S, Doerner A. Greatest Hits-Innovative Technologies for High Throughput Identification of Bispecific Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6551. [PMID: 32911608 PMCID: PMC7554978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have shown a tremendous increase and diversification in antibody-based therapeutics with advances in production techniques and formats. The plethora of currently investigated bi- to multi-specific antibody architectures can be harnessed to elicit a broad variety of specific modes of actions in oncology and immunology, spanning from enhanced selectivity to effector cell recruitment, all of which cannot be addressed by monospecific antibodies. Despite continuously growing efforts and methodologies, the identification of an optimal bispecific antibody as the best possible combination of two parental monospecific binders, however, remains challenging, due to tedious cloning and production, often resulting in undesired extended development times and increased expenses. Although automated high throughput screening approaches have matured for pharmaceutical small molecule development, it was only recently that protein bioconjugation technologies have been developed for the facile generation of bispecific antibodies in a 'plug and play' manner. In this review, we provide an overview of the most relevant methodologies for bispecific screening purposes-the DuoBody concept, paired light chain single cell production approaches, Sortase A and Transglutaminase, the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system, and inteins-and elaborate on the benefits as well as drawbacks of the different technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hofmann
- Advanced Cell Culture Technologies, Merck Life Sciences KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Simon Krah
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Carolin Sellmann
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Achim Doerner
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
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Motais B, Charvátová S, Hrdinka M, Šimíček M, Jelínek T, Ševčíková T, Kořístek Z, Hájek R, Bagó JR. A Bird's-Eye View of Cell Sources for Cell-Based Therapies in Blood Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1333. [PMID: 32456165 PMCID: PMC7281611 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
: Hematological malignancies comprise over a hundred different types of cancers and account for around 6.5% of all cancers. Despite the significant improvements in diagnosis and treatment, many of those cancers remain incurable. In recent years, cancer cell-based therapy has become a promising approach to treat those incurable hematological malignancies with striking results in different clinical trials. The most investigated, and the one that has advanced the most, is the cell-based therapy with T lymphocytes modified with chimeric antigen receptors. Those promising initial results prepared the ground to explore other cell-based therapies to treat patients with blood cancer. In this review, we want to provide an overview of the different types of cell-based therapies in blood cancer, describing them according to the cell source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Motais
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (M.H.); (M.Š.); (T.J.); (T.Š.); (Z.K.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Sandra Charvátová
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (M.H.); (M.Š.); (T.J.); (T.Š.); (Z.K.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Matouš Hrdinka
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (M.H.); (M.Š.); (T.J.); (T.Š.); (Z.K.); (R.H.)
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šimíček
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (M.H.); (M.Š.); (T.J.); (T.Š.); (Z.K.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Jelínek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (M.H.); (M.Š.); (T.J.); (T.Š.); (Z.K.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Ševčíková
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (M.H.); (M.Š.); (T.J.); (T.Š.); (Z.K.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Kořístek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (M.H.); (M.Š.); (T.J.); (T.Š.); (Z.K.); (R.H.)
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hájek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (M.H.); (M.Š.); (T.J.); (T.Š.); (Z.K.); (R.H.)
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Juli R. Bagó
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (M.H.); (M.Š.); (T.J.); (T.Š.); (Z.K.); (R.H.)
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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